-je
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Appendix:Variations of "je"
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
Suffix
-je n (plural -jes)
- Alternative form of -tje
Pronunciation
Suffix
-je
- Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
- (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
- Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
- (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
- (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
- (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
- Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
- Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)
- (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
- Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
- jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
- legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
Usage notes
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
Declension
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -je | — |
| accusative | -jét | — |
| dative | -jének | — |
| instrumental | -jével | — |
| causal-final | -jéért | — |
| translative | -jévé | — |
| terminative | -jéig | — |
| essive-formal | -jeként | — |
| essive-modal | -jéül | — |
| inessive | -jében | — |
| superessive | -jén | — |
| adessive | -jénél | — |
| illative | -jébe | — |
| sublative | -jére | — |
| allative | -jéhez | — |
| elative | -jéből | — |
| delative | -jéről | — |
| ablative | -jétől | — |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
-jéé | — |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
-jééi | — |
Suffix
-je
- (personal suffix) Used to form the definite third-person singular present tense of front-vowel verbs (in subjunctive mood).
Usage notes
- (personal suffix) See harmonic variants and the assimilation of j in the table below.
| Person | Back vowel |
Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem | |
| te | 2nd person singular | -d | ||
| long form | -jad | -jed | ||
| ő maga / ön |
3rd person singular | -ja | -je | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek | |
| ők maguk / önök |
3rd person plural | -ják | -jék | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | |||
| s sz z dz |
The -j assimilates to the verb ending: keres → keress metsz → metssz hoz → hozz edz → eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | |||
| st szt |
The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz: fest → fess fáraszt → fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | |||
| long vowel + t or consonant + t |
The -j becomes -s: segít → segíts bont → bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | |||
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s: mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | |||
Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings
See also
Etymology
From Proto-Northern Jê *de (“ergative, stimulus”).
Pronunciation
Suffix
-je
- out of (stimulus)
Derived terms
- kurêje
- pymaje, umaje
- kraxje
Suffix
-je
- -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)
Usage notes
The j of this suffix merges with certain preceding consonants to create palatalized consonants not followed by j:
- d + j → ź
- zd + j → zdź
- g + j → z
- k + j → c
- ch + j → š
- ł + j → l
- t + j → ś
- st + j → sć
Synonyms
Derived terms
Etymology
From Old Frisian -ia, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-je (type 1 form -e)
- Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.
Conjugation
For verbs ending in -n, -l and -r:
| Grúundfoarme | -je | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | tou -jen | ||||||
| Present tense | Past tense | ||||||
| iek | -je | wie | -je | iek | -de | wie | -den |
| du | -st | jie | -je | du | -dest | jie | -den |
| hie/ju/dät | -t | jo | -je | hie/ju/dät | -de | jo | -den |
| Present participle | Imperative | Auxiliary | Past participle | ||||
| -jend | Singular | - | häbe | -d | |||
| Plural | -jet | ||||||
Conjugation of -je (weak type 2)
For verbs ending in other consonants:
| Grúundfoarme | -je | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | tou -jen | ||||||
| Present tense | Past tense | ||||||
| iek | -je | wie | -je | iek | -ede | wie | -eden |
| du | -est | jie | -je | du | -edest | jie | -eden |
| hie/ju/dät | -et | jo | -je | hie/ju/dät | -ede | jo | -eden |
| Present participle | Imperative | Auxiliary | Past participle | ||||
| -jend | Singular | - | häbe | -ed | |||
| Plural | -jet | ||||||
Conjugation of -je (weak type 2)
Derived terms
References
- Horst Haider Munske, editor (2001), “Das Saterfriesische”, in Handbuch des Friesischen [Handbook of Frisian studies], Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 414
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьje.
Suffix
-je (Cyrillic spelling -је)
- Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.
See also
Etymology
From Old Frisian -ia, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from various Proto-Indo-European suffixes.
Suffix
-je
- Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.
Inflection
Derived terms
| ALIV | -je |
|---|---|
| Brazilian standard | -je |
| New Tribes | -je |
Pronunciation
Suffix
-je
- serves as an attributivizer to convert nouns into adverbs that can serve as attributes of other nouns or adverbial complements to a clause
- serves as an attributivizer to allow verbs nominalized with -tojo to function adverbially as a predicate in a subordinate clause of purpose with the meaning ‘in order to X’, ‘for X-ing’
- Synonym: -me
- serves as an attributivizer to allow borrowed verbs to function adverbially as a predicate when subordinated to ö'dü (for intransitive use) or üdü (for transitive use)
Usage notes
Unlike -me, with which it is sometimes interchangeable, this suffix does not usually cause syllable reduction, though it occasionally does when following the plural marker -komo. Phonologically it is a clitic rather than a suffix.
Derived terms
References
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