Etymology 1
From the *mtᴕ̈ second-person personal pronoun of the ancestor language after it was appended to the base word.
Suffix
-d
- (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular informal, single possession)
- hajó (“boat”) → a hajód (“your boat”)
- kocsi (“car”) → a kocsid (“your car”)
- palota (“palace”) → a palotád (“your palace”)
- érme (“coin”) → az érméd (“your coin”)
- (personal suffix) Second-person singular personal suffix:
- Definite forms of transitive verbs (followed by a linking vowel in indicative present/past and subjunctive moods; with no linking vowel in conditional mood).
- tud (“to know”) → tudod, tudtad, tudjad, tudnád (“you know / knew / should know / would know it”)
- kér (“to ask [for sth]”) → kéred, kérted, kérjed, kérnéd (“you ask / asked / should ask / would ask for it”)
- Combined form of a covert (∅) allophone of -j (subjunctive suffix) and the regular suffix -(a/e)d (above), marking the short form of the above person of the definite subjunctive (attached directly to a verb stem).
- tud + -d → tudd (= tudjad (“you should know it”)
- kér + -d → kérd (= kérjed) (“you should ask for it”)
- Forming conjugated infinitives (here: “for you to do sth”).
- tanulni (“to study”) + -d → tanulnod kell (“you need to study”, literally “for_you_to_study is_necessary”)
- Csak kérned kell. ― All you have to do is ask [for it]. (literally, “only for_you_to_ask is_necessary”)
- Declined and postpositional forms of the second-person personal pronoun te (“you”).
- -ban/-ben (“in”) + -d → benned (“in you”)
- elé (“in front of”) + -d → eléd (“in front of you”)
Usage notes
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- (personal suffix) See variants in the table below.
More information Person, Back vowel ...
| Person |
Back
vowel |
Front
vowel |
| én |
1st person singular |
-jam |
-jem |
| te |
2nd person singular |
-d |
| long form |
-jad |
-jed |
ő
maga / ön |
3rd person singular |
-ja |
-je |
| mi |
1st person plural |
-juk |
-jük |
| ti |
2nd person plural |
-játok |
-jétek |
ők
maguk / önök |
3rd person plural |
-ják |
-jék |
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and
second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |
| Verb ending |
Assimilation rules of -j |
s
sz
z
dz |
The -j assimilates to the verb ending:
keres → keress
metsz → metssz
hoz → hozz
edz → eddz
(No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person
singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) |
st
szt |
The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:
fest → fess
fáraszt → fárassz
Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. |
long vowel + t
or
consonant + t |
The -j becomes -s:
segít → segíts
bont → bonts
Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss
Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. |
| short vowel + t |
Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:
mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress
Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. |
Close
Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings
Etymology 2
It can be traced back to Proto-Finno-Ugric *-nt.[1]
Suffix
-d
- (noun-forming suffix) Originally, it was probably a diminutive suffix. In this sense, it is no longer productive. It can be found in place names, given names, and a few other words.
- apró (“tiny”) → apród (“page boy”)
- gyenge (“weak”) → gyengéd (“gentle”)
- Árpád (“a male given name”)
- (verb-forming suffix) A frequentative suffix or denoting the beginning of a process.
- -dék
- imád
- szenved
- (fraction-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a fraction. It is used with a linking vowel, see -ad, -od, -ed, -öd.
- száz (“hundred”) → század (“hundredth”)