墓

墓	U+5893, 墓 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5893

Stroke order

Han character

墓 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+10, 13 (Mainland China, Japan), 14 (Hong Kong) strokes, cangjie input 廿日大土 (TAKG), four-corner 4410₄, composition ⿱莫土)

Derived characters

𭂥, 𫮲, 𮁒

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 238, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5431
Dae Jaweon: page 476, character 19
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 470, character 9
Unihan data for U+5893

More information trad., simp. # ...

trad.		墓
simp. ^#		墓
2nd round simp.		圶

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Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 墓, Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) ...

Historical forms of the character 墓
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

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More information Old Chinese ...

	Old Chinese
蟆	*mraː
鬕	*mraːɡs
饃	*maːl
模	*maː
摸	maː, maːɡ
嫫	*maː
謨	*maː
膜	maː, maːɡ
摹	*maː
暮	*maːɡs
慕	*maːɡs
募	*maːɡs
墓	*maːɡs
慔	*maːɡs
莫	*maːɡ
寞	*maːɡ
漠	*maːɡ
幕	*maːɡ
鏌	*maːɡ
瘼	*maːɡ
鄚	*maːɡ
瞙	*maːɡ
嗼	maːɡ, mraːɡ
塻	*maːɡ
貘	*mraːɡ
驀	*mraːɡ

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Characters in the same phonetic series (莫) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *maːɡs) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation

More information Rime, Character ...

Rime
Character	墓
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫故切
Baxter	muH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muo^H/
Pan Wuyun	/muo^H/
Shao Rongfen	/mo^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mɔ^H/
Li Rong	/mo^H/
Wang Li	/mu^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/muo^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mou⁶

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More information Character, Reading # ...

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	墓
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mù
Middle Chinese	‹ mu^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.mˁak-s/
English	grave (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

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More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	墓
Reading #	1/1
No.	9250
Phonetic component	莫
Rime group	暮
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	暮
Old Chinese	/*maːɡs/

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Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): mù (mu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄨˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): mo⁴
Cantonese (Jyutping): mou⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): mu

(Meixian, Guangdong): mu⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): mu³
Eastern Min (BUC): muó
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): mou⁴ / bou⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): bō͘ / bōng / mò͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): mo⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶mu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mù
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mù
  - Wade–Giles: mu⁴
  - Yale: mù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muh
  - Palladius: му (mu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: mo⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mo²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: mou⁶
  - Yale: mouh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mou⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: mou⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mou̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mu
  - Hakka Romanization System: mu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /mu⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: mu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /mu⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: mu³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /mu⁴⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: muó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muɔ²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: mou⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔu⁴²/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: bou⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔu²¹/

Note:

mou4 - vernacular;
bou5 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Taipei, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bō͘
  - Tâi-lô: bōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bo
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /bɔ²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /bɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Lukang): /bɔ³¹/
  - IPA (Hui'an): /bɔ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Zhangpu, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bōng
  - Tâi-lô: bōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bong
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai): /bɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Zhangpu, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /bɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mò͘
  - Tâi-lô: mòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: mox
  - IPA (Longyan): /mõ²¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: mo⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mŏ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mo³⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶mu
  - MiniDict: mu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³mu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mu²³/

Middle Chinese: muH

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mˤak-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*maːɡs/

Definitions

墓

grave; tomb
a surname: Mu

Synonyms

(grave):

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		墳墓, 墳
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	墳
	Harbin	墳
	Singapore	墓, 墳墓
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	墳
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	墳
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	墳, 墳地, 塋地, 墳墓
	Wanrong	墳, 墓
	Xi'an	墳, 墓
	Xuzhou	墳墓, 墳
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	墳塋
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	墳
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	墳, 墳墓
	Chongqing	墳, 墳墓
	Wuhan	墳
	Guiyang	墳, 墳墓 large
	Guilin	墳
	Liuzhou	墳, 山
	Dagudi (Maliba)	墳堆
	Reshuitang (Longling)	墳堆
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	墳堆
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	墳
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	墳
	Yangzhou	墳, 墳攤, 墳攤堆子
	Hefei	墳堰
Mandarin	Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle)	墳
Cantonese	Guangzhou	山墳, 山, 墳
	Hong Kong	山墳, 墳, 墓, 墳墓, 山
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	墳頭
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	墳頭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	墳頭
	Macau	墳墓
	Taishan (Guanghai)	墳墓
	Dongguan	墓
	Yangjiang	山, 墳山
	Maoming (Xinpo)	墳山
	Nanning	墳山
	Wuzhou	墳山
	Yulin	墳山
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	墳山, 山
	Hepu (Shatian)	山
	Beihai	墳, 山
	Beihai (Nankang)	墳
	Beihai (Yingpan)	山, 墳山
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	墳墓, 墳頭, 墳山
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	墳墓, 墳山
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	墳墓
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	山墳, 義山
	Singapore (Guangfu)	墳墓
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	山墳
	Móng Cái	墳墓
	Mandalay (Taishan)	墳山, 墳墓
Gan	Nanchang	墳
	Lichuan	墳, 墳塋 large
	Jianning	地
	Taining	地
Hakka	Meixian	地, 墓
	Xingning	泥壠 first burial, 地 second burial
	Huidong (Daling)	地
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	墳頭
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	地, 地墳
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	地
	Wengyuan	地墳
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	地
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	地 second burial
	Liannan	墳
	Jiexi	地
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	地
	Pinghe (Jiufeng)	地
	Changting	地
	Shanghang	地
	Longyan (Yongding)	地
	Wuping	地
	Wuping (Yanqian)	地, 死佬
	Wuping (Pingyu)	地
	Liancheng	地
	Ninghua	地
	Qingliu	地
	Yudu	地
	Ruijin	地, 風水
	Shicheng	地
	Shangyou (Shexi)	地
	Tonggu (Sandu)	墳, 地
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	地
	Dayu	地
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	風水
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	風水
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	風水
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	風水
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	風水
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	地, 風水
	Hong Kong	墳頭
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	山
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	山, 山頭
	Xinyi (Sihe)	山地
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	墳山
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	墳地
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	墳山
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	墳地
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	墳, 墳地
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	墳, 地 without a body buried
	Mengshan (Xihe)	墳地
	Luchuan	山
	Senai (Huiyang)	墳, 風水, 義山
	Senai (Hepo)	墳墓, 地 dated
	Singkawang	地, 地門堂
	Pontianak (Meixian)	地
Jin	Taiyuan	墳, 墓
Northern Min	Jian'ou	塚
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	塚
	Songxi	塚
	Zhenghe	塚
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	塚
	Jianyang	塚
	Wuyishan	塚
	Pucheng (Shibei)	塚
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	墓
	Fuzhou (Changle)	墓
	Lianjiang	墓
	Fuqing	墓
	Pingtan	墓
	Yongtai	墓
	Minqing	墓
	Gutian	地, 墓
	Pingnan	墓
	Luoyuan	墓
	Fu'an	墓
	Ningde	墓
	Xiapu	墓
	Zherong	墓
	Shouning	墓
	Zhouning	墓
	Fuding	墓
Southern Min	Xiamen	墓, 墓仔, 風水
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	墓
	Quanzhou	墓, 風水
	Jinjiang	墓
	Nan'an	墓
	Shishi	墓
	Hui'an	墓
	Anxi	墓
	Yongchun	墓
	Dehua	墓
	Zhangzhou	墓, 墓仔, 風水
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	墓
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	墓
	Hua'an	墓
	Nanjing	墓
	Pinghe	墓仔
	Zhangpu	墓
	Yunxiao	墓
	Zhao'an	墓
	Dongshan	墓
	Tainan	墓, 風水
	Kinmen	墓
	Penang (Hokkien)	墓
	Singapore (Hokkien)	墓, 墓地, 公司山 dated
	Manila (Hokkien)	墓, 風水
	Longyan	墓
	Zhangping	墓
	Datian	墓
	Chaozhou	墳, 風水
	Lufeng	風水
	Haifeng	風水
	Bangkok (Teochew)	墳, 義山
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	墳
	Hat Yai (Teochew)	墳
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	墳, 義山
	Singapore (Teochew)	墳
	Leizhou	墓
	Haikou	墓
Puxian Min	Putian	墓
Puxian Min	Xianyou	墓
Central Min	Yong'an	墳
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	墳
	Sanming (Shaxian)	墳
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	墓
	Guangze	墓
	Jiangle	地
	Mingxi	地
	Shunchang	塚, 墳
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	墳墓, 山
Shehua	Fu'an	墓
	Fuding	墓
	Luoyuan	墳
	Sanming	墳
	Shunchang	墳
	Hua'an	墳
	Guixi (Zhangping)	墳
	Cangnan	墳
	Jingning (Hexi)	墳
	Lishui	墳
	Longyou	墳
	Chaozhou	墳
	Fengshun	墳
Wu	Shanghai	墳, 墳墓, 墓
	Shanghai (Chongming)	墳
	Suzhou	墳
	Danyang	墳墓
	Hangzhou	墳
	Ningbo	墳, 墓
	Wenzhou	墳
	Yiwu	墳頭
	Pucheng	墳
Xiang	Changsha	墳
	Loudi	墳, 墓
	Shuangfeng	墳, 墓
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	祖

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Dialectal synonyms of 墳 (“grave”) [map]

Compounds

丘墓
修墓
公墓 (gōngmù)
冢墓
墓券
墓園 / 墓园 (mùyuán)
墓地 (mùdì)
墓坑 (mùkēng)
墓室 (mùshì)
墓木
墓木已拱 (mùmùyǐgǒng)
墓生兒子 / 墓生儿子
墓田
墓碑 (mùbēi)
墓碣
墓祭 (mùjì)
墓穴 (mùxué)
墓群 (mùqún)
墓葬 (mùzàng)
墓表
墓記 / 墓记
墓誌 / 墓志 (mùzhì)
墓誌銘 / 墓志铭 (mùzhìmíng)
墓道 (mùdào)
墓門 / 墓门
墟墓
墳墓 / 坟墓 (fénmù)
壟墓 / 垄墓
封墓
廬墓 / 庐墓
徒不上墓
掃墓 / 扫墓 (sǎomù)
掘墓人 (juémùrén)
掃墓節 / 扫墓节 (Sǎomùjié)
易墓
痟狗舂墓壙 / 痟狗舂墓圹 (siáu káu cheng bōng-khòng) (Min Nan)
盜墓 / 盗墓 (dàomù)
省墓 (xǐngmù)
祖墓 (zǔmù)
自掘墳墓 / 自掘坟墓 (zìjuéfénmù)
覆墓
誓墓
諛墓 / 谀墓
鎮墓獸 / 镇墓兽
陵墓 (língmù)
鞭墓

Descendants

→ Khmer: ម៉ុង (mong)
→ Indonesian: bong
→ Javanese: ꦧꦺꦴꦁ (bong)

References

“墓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “墓”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 388.
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “墓”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 161.

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Kanji

墓

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

grave; graveyard

Readings

Go-on: も (mo)
Kan-on: ぼ (bo, Jōyō)
Kun: はか (haka, 墓, Jōyō)
Nanori: つか (tsuka)

Compounds

墓(ぼ)碣(けつ) (boketsu): a tombstone, a headstone
墓(ぼ)誌(し)銘(めい) (boshimei): an extra inscription at the end of a tombstone inscription, such as a short poem
墓(ぼ)表(ひょう) (bohyō): the text on a tombstone, giving the deceased's name, dates of birth and death, and other details
墓(ぼ)地(ち) (bochi): a cemetery, a graveyard
支(し)石(せき)墓(ぼ) (shisekibo): a dolmen

Etymology 1

More information Kanji in this term ...

Kanji in this term
墓
はか Grade: 5
kun'yomi

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From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *paka. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.^[1]

Ultimate derivation unknown. One possibility is that the final ka may be 処 (ka, suffix denoting place), as in the term 住み処 (sumika, “dwelling, home, abode”, literally “living place”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はか [hàkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[2]
IPA^(key): [ha̠ka̠]

Noun

墓(はか) • (haka)

a grave, a tomb

Derived terms

墓(はか)穴(あな) (hakāna): an open grave, the hole where someone is buried
墓(はか)場(ば) (hakaba): a graveyard, a cemetery
墓(はか)掘(ほ)り (hakahori): a gravedigger
墓(はか)屋(や) (hakaya): a graveyard or cemetery caretaker

Etymology 2

More information Kanji in this term ...

Kanji in this term
墓
ぼ Grade: 5
on'yomi

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From Middle Chinese 墓 (muoᴴ, “grave, tomb”). Compare modern Min Nan readings bō͘, bōng.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [bo̞]

Noun

墓(ぼ) • (bo)

a grave, a tomb

Usage notes

Seldom used in isolation. More commonly encountered in compounds.

Derived terms

墓(ぼ)域(いき) (boiki): a graveyard, a cemetery
墓(ぼ)地(ち) (bochi): a graveyard, a cemetery
墓(ぼ)穴(けつ) (boketsu): an open grave, the hole where someone is buried

References

[1]
“墓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
[2]
Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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Etymology 1

Irregularly shifted from Middle Chinese 墓 (MC muH), perhaps due to confusion with the hanja 廟 (myo, “temple”).

More information Historical Readings ...

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	몽〮 (Yale: mwó)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	무덤〮 (Yale: mwùtém)	묘〯 (Yale: mywǒ)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	분묘 (Yale: pwunmywo)	묘 (Yale: mywo)

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Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [mjo(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [묘(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

墓

Wikisource 墓 (eumhun 무덤 묘 (mudeom myo))

hanja form^? of 묘 (“grave; tomb”) [noun]
hanja form^? of 묘 (“grave; tomb”) [affix]

Compounds

묘비 (墓碑, myobi)
묘소 (墓所, myoso)
묘역 (墓域, myoyeok)
묘지 (墓地, myoji)
분묘 (墳墓, bunmyo)
성묘 (省墓, seongmyo)

Etymology 2

Presumably the original form.

Pronunciation

(Yukjin) IPA^(key): [mó]

Hanja

墓 (eumhun 무덤 모 (mudeom mo))

(Yukjin, Russia) hanja form^? of 모 (“grave; tomb”) [noun]

Usage notes

Yukjin speakers still use the orthodox pronunciation in compounds, e.g. 묘디(墓地) (myodi) for 묘지(墓地) (myoji).
This form appears to have historically been more common throughout the peninsula, as even southern dialects still sporadically have the derived term 못자리 (motjari, “gravesite”).

References

곽충구 (Kwak Chung-gu) (2018) “漢(한)字(자)語(어)(方(방)言(언)) 속의 特(특)異(이) 漢(한)字(자)音(음)—동북방언을 중심으로— [Unusual character readings in (dialectal) Sino-Korean vocabulary: focusing on the Northeastern dialect]”, in Gugeohak, volume 88, pages 3—32

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Han character

墓: Hán Nôm readings: mộ, mô, mồ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[KDJ2-1] [1]
“墓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-2] [2]
Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

墓

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Noun

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Noun

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Hanja

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Hanja

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