1938 New Zealand general election

1938 New Zealand general election
elected members →
All 80 seats in the New Zealand Parliament ; 41 seats were needed for a majority
	Results of the election.
Prime Minister before election; Michael Joseph Savage; Labour	Subsequent Prime Minister ; Michael Joseph Savage; Labour

The 1938 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 26th term. It resulted in the governing Labour Party being re-elected in a landslide, winning nearly 56% of the vote despite not gaining any more seats. Having replaced the United-Reform coalition, the newly founded National Party also gained a certain amount of ground.

Quick Facts All 80 seats in the New Zealand Parliament 41 seats were needed for a majority, First party ...

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This was the first election in which the Māori were given a secret ballot which had been available to white voters since 1870.

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The Labour Party had won a resounding victory in the 1935 elections, winning fifty-three seats. Shortly after the elections, the two Ratana-aligned MPs also merged into the Labour Party, giving Labour a total of fifty-five seats. The government, a coalition of the United Party and the Reform Party, had won only nineteen seats. Shortly after their defeat, United and Reform agreed to merge into the National Party, which positioned itself as the only alternative to the "socialist" Labour Party. However, Labour remained popular with the public, and the Prime Minister, Michael Joseph Savage, was widely praised for his welfare reform. The leadership of the National Party, by contrast, was closely associated by the public with the Great Depression, and struggled to gain traction.

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The date for the main 1938 elections was 15 October, a Saturday. Elections to the four Maori electorates were held the day before. 995,173 people were registered to vote, and there was a turnout of 92.9%. This turnout was the highest ever recorded at that point, although it was later exceeded in the two elections after World War II and in the 1984 elections. The number of seats being contested was 80, a number which had been fixed since 1902.^[1]

The 1938 election saw a decisive win for the governing Labour Party, which won fifty-three seats. This was a drop of two from what it held prior to the election. While Labour gained the seats of Bay of Islands, Motueka (previously held by Keith Holyoake), New Plymouth, Wellington Suburbs, and Northern Maori, it lost Tauranga and the rural seats of Manawatu, Rangitikei, Waikato, Mid-Canterbury, and Waipawa.

The National Party won twenty-five seats, an increase of six from that the United–Reform Coalition had previously won. Both Labour and National increased their share of the popular vote, with Labour winning 55.8% (up from 46.1%) and National winning 40.3% (up from 32.9%). This increase was at the expense of the Democrat Party (who had merged into National in 1936)^[2] and the agrarian monetary reformist Country Party, which saw its votes collapse completely. The Country Party lost the two seats it held (Bay of Islands and Franklin) as, unlike 1935, Labour stood candidates in the seats held by the two Country Party members. Hence Harold Rushworth did not stand in the Bay of Islands seat, and Arthur Sexton came third in Franklin.

Independent candidates also lost ground, with only two being elected, Harry Atmore (Nelson) and Charles Wilkinson (Egmont). As in 1935, the independents were tactically supported by one of the major parties who did not stand a candidate against them, and they generally voted with that party; Wilkinson and Wright had supported National while Atmore had supported Labour. But Robert Wright was defeated for the new electorate of Wellington West by Labour despite National not running a candidate against him.^[3]

An analysis of men and women on the rolls against the votes recorded showed that in the 1938 election 92.85% of those on the European rolls voted; men 93.43% and women 92.27%. In the 1935 election the figures were 90.75% with men 92.02% and women 89.46%. As the Māori electorates did not have electoral rolls they could not be included.^[4]^[5]

This was the first election in which the Māori were given a secret ballot. Secret ballots had been available to white voters since 1870, but it was not extended to Māori voters until the 1937 Electoral Amendment Act was passed. The number of votes cast in the Māori seats in the 1938 election rose 18.3% from the 1935 election. Opponents of the secret ballot for the Māori claimed that the Māori suffered from illiteracy, but only 2.28% of the ballots were ruled invalid. Member of Parliament Eruera Tirikatene praised the secret ballot for the Māori as he regarded it as one of the rights promised in the Treaty of Waitangi.^[6]^[7]

Party standings

More information Election results, Party ...


Election results
Party		Candidates	Votes	Percentage	Seats won	change
	Labour	78	528,290	55.80	53	-2*
	National	77	381,081	40.30	25	+9
	Country Party	5	2,199	0.23	0	-2
	Independents	16	34,823	3.65	2	-3
Total		176	946,393		80

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*includes two Ratana MPs (Toko Ratana, Eruera Tirikatene) who joined the Labour caucus after the 1935 election

Votes summary

More information Popular Vote ...

Popular Vote

Labour			55.80%
National			40.30%
Country Party			0.23%
Independent			3.65%

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More information Parliament seats ...

Parliament seats

Labour			66.25%
National			31.25%
Independent			2.50%

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Electorate results

The following table shows the detailed results:

Key

Labour National Country Party Independent Independent Liberal

More information Electorate, Incumbent ...

Electorate results for the 1938 New Zealand general election^[8]^[9]
Electorate	Incumbent		Winner		Majority	Runner up
General electorates
Auckland Central		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Bill Parry			6,181		Clifford Reid Dodd^[10]
Auckland East		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Bill Schramm			2,626		Harry Tom Merritt^[11]^[12]
Auckland Suburbs		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Rex Mason			4,862		Maxwell Stuart Walker^[13]
Auckland West		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Michael Joseph Savage			8,007		John W. Kealy^[14]
Avon		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Dan Sullivan			6,179		Hiram Hunter
Awarua		#CCDDFF"}]]}">James Hargest			660		Joseph Albert Beck^[15]
Bay of Islands		Harold Rushworth		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Charles Boswell	163		Harold Fisher Guy^[16]
Bay of Plenty		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Gordon Hultquist			169		Bill Sullivan
Buller		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Paddy Webb			6,144		Terry Maddison
Central Otago		#CCDDFF"}]]}">William Bodkin			1,231		James McIndoe Mackay^[17]
Christchurch East		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Tim Armstrong			7,179		Ken Armour
Christchurch North		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Sidney Holland			492		Robert Macfarlane
Christchurch South		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Ted Howard			5,995		Gladstone Ward^[18]
Clutha		#CCDDFF"}]]}">James Roy			714		Herbert Kerr Edie
Dunedin Central		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Peter Neilson			3,814		William John Meade
Dunedin North		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Jim Munro			3,557		Alexander Smith Falconer^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]
Dunedin South		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Fred Jones			4,314		Rev. Ernest Aderman
Dunedin West		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Dr Gervan McMillan			2,639		Stuart Sidey^[23]
Eden		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Bill Anderton			2,333		Donald Pool^[24]
Egmont		#E6E6E6"}]]}">Charles Wilkinson			1,402		Thomas Trask
Franklin		Arthur Sexton		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Jack Massey	2,057		Ernest Piggott^[16]
Gisborne		#FFBAA8"}]]}">David Coleman			3,640		Kenneth Jones
Grey Lynn		#FFBAA8"}]]}">John A. Lee			8,607		Joseph Alexander Govan^[11]
Hamilton		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Charles Barrell			1,860		Albert William Grant^[25]^[16]
Hauraki	#D82A20;"}]]}">	Robert Coulter	#00529F;"}]]}">	#CCDDFF;"}]]}">John Manchester Allen	1,188	#D82A20;"}]]}">	Robert Coulter
Hawkes Bay		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Ted Cullen			2,658		George Maddison^[26]^[27]
Hurunui		#CCDDFF"}]]}">George Forbes			535		Harold Denton
Hutt		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Walter Nash			6,814		Jack Andrews^[28]
Invercargill		#FFBAA8"}]]}">William Denham			2,156		Fred Hall-Jones^[23]
Kaiapoi		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Morgan Williams			1,535		George Warren
Kaipara		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Gordon Coates			1,689		Percy MacGregor Stewart^[16]
Lyttelton		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Terry McCombs			2,984		Isaac Wilson^[29]
Manawatu		Lorrie Hunter		#CCDDFF"}]]}">John Cobbe	1,644		Lorrie Hunter
Marlborough	New electorate			#FFBAA8;"}]]}">Ted Meachen	1,525		Edward Healy
Marsden		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Jim Barclay			557		Alfred Murdoch
Masterton		#FFBAA8"}]]}">John Robertson			190		Jack Irving
Mataura		David McDougall		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Tom Macdonald	1,515		David McDougall
Mid-Canterbury		Horace Herring		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Arthur Grigg	74		Horace Herring
Motueka		Keith Holyoake		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Jerry Skinner	870		Keith Holyoake
Napier		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Bill Barnard			3,937		John Ormond^[30]
Nelson		#E6E6E6"}]]}">Harry Atmore			886		John Robert Kerr
New Plymouth		Sydney George Smith		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Fred Frost	869		Sydney George Smith
Oamaru		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Arnold Nordmeyer			758		Frank Cooney^[31]
Onehunga	New electorate			#FFBAA8;"}]]}">Arthur Osborne	4,314		John Park^[32]^[33]
Otahuhu	New electorate			#FFBAA8;"}]]}">Charles Robert Petrie	2,267		Kenneth Tennent^[34]
Otaki		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Leonard Lowry			1,367		George Alexander Monk^[35]
Pahiatua		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Alfred Ransom			931		George Anders Hansen^[36]
Palmerston North		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Joe Hodgens			2,118		Jimmy Nash^[37]
Patea		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Harold Dickie			809		Charles Joseph Duggan^[38]^[39]
Raglan		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Lee Martin			604		Andy Sutherland^[40]
Rangitikei		Ormond Wilson		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Edward Gordon	311		Ormond Wilson
Remuera	New electorate			#CCDDFF;"}]]}">Bill Endean	2,861		Mary Dreaver^[41]
Riccarton		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Bert Kyle			87		Thomas Herbert Langford^[42]
Roskill		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Arthur Shapton Richards			2,141		Arthur Sagar Bailey^[13]
Rotorua		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Alexander Moncur			1,648		Henry William Nixon^[43]
Stratford		#CCDDFF"}]]}">William Polson			1,101		James Watson McMillan
Tauranga		Charles Burnett		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Frederick Doidge	1,138		Charles Burnett
Temuka		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Thomas Burnett			1,249		James Arnold Kearton
Thames		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Jim Thorn			2,295		William Alexander Clark
Timaru		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Clyde Carr			2,196		W H Hall
Waikato		Robert Coulter		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Stan Goosman	2,928		J W Neate
Waimarino		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Frank Langstone			2,940		Cecil Boles
Waipawa		Max Christie		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Albert Jull	446		Max Christie
Wairarapa		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Ben Roberts			777		James Frederick Thompson^[44]
Waitaki		David Barnes		#CCDDFF"}]]}">David Campbell Kidd	14		David Barnes
Waitemata		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Jack Lyon			2,261		John Ernest Close^[13]
Waitomo		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Walter Broadfoot			329		Jack Jones^[45]
Wallace		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Adam Hamilton			844		John James Lynch
Wanganui		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Joe Cotterill			3,920		Henry Charles Veitch
Wellington Central		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Peter Fraser			3,837		Will Appleton^[46]
Wellington East		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Bob Semple			4,736		William Long Barker^[47]
Wellington North		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Charles Chapman			3,278		Elizabeth Gilmer^[48]
Wellington South		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Robert McKeen			6,415		David Howlett^[49]
Wellington Suburbs		Robert Wright		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Harry Combs	3,163		Ossie Mazengarb
Wellington West	New electorate			#FFBAA8;"}]]}">Catherine Stewart	956		Robert Wright
Westland		#FFBAA8"}]]}">James O'Brien			3,729		Ted Taylor
Māori electorates
Eastern Maori		#CCDDFF"}]]}">Āpirana Ngata			1,064		Rēweti Kōhere
Northern Maori		Taurekareka Henare		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Paraire Karaka Paikea	2,011		Taurekareka Henare
Southern Maori		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Eruera Tirikatene			485		Thomas Kaiporohu Bragg
Western Maori		#FFBAA8"}]]}">Toko Ratana			4,267		Pei Te Hurinui Jones

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[1]
"General elections 1853-2005 - dates & turnout". Elections New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
[2]
Gustafson 1986, p. 7.
[3]
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[8]
"The General Election, 1938". National Library. 1939. pp. 1–6. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
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"Candidates for tomorrow's election". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 91. 14 October 1938. p. 18. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
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"Notice of Nominations Received and Polling Places Appointed". Auckland Star. Vol. LXVI, no. 268. 12 November 1935. p. 9. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
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"Parliamentary Election". Auckland Star. Vol. LXIX, no. 254. 27 October 1938. p. 4. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
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Gustafson 1986, pp. 26, 28.
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"Electoral". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. LXXV, no. 23180. 28 October 1938. p. 3. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
[14]
Gustafson 1986, p. 370.
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"Declaration of result of poll for the electoral district of Awarua". Western Star. 28 October 1938. p. 3. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
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"Electoral". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. LXXV, no. 23181. 29 October 1938. p. 25. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
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"Declaration of Result of Poll for the Electoral District of Central Otago". Alexandra Herald and Central Otago Gazette. 13 October 1943. p. 4. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
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"The By-Election". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVII, no. 128. 2 June 1939. p. 8. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
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"The Lyttelton seat: National Party candidate". The Press. Vol. LXXIV, no. 22464. 27 July 1938. p. 12. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
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Bremer, Robert James. "Ormond, John Davies Wilder". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
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"Otago Contests". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 73. 23 September 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
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[36]
"Labour Candidates". Evening Post. Vol. CXXV, no. 82. 7 April 1938. p. 17. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
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"J. A. Nash". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 89. 12 October 1938. p. 18. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
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"General Election". Auckland Star. Vol. LXIX, no. 116. 19 May 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
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"Wairarapa Electorate". Upper Hutt Weekly Review. Vol. III, no. 43. 14 October 1938. p. 3. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
[45]
"Mrs. R. Bleasel". Auckland Star. Vol. LXIX, no. 277. 23 November 1938. p. 4. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
[46]
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[47]
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[49]
"General Election". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 45. 22 August 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

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Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
Lipson, Leslie (2011) [1948]. The Politics of Equality: New Zealand's Adventures in Democracy. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0-86473-646-8.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

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[General_elections_1853-2005-1] [1]
"General elections 1853-2005 - dates & turnout". Elections New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2011.

[FOOTNOTEGustafson19867-2] [2]
Gustafson 1986, p. 7.

[3] [3]
Milne, Robert Stephen (1966). Political Parties in New Zealand. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. p. 76.

[4] [4]
New Zealand Official Year-book, 1942 p778

[5] [5]
"The New Zealand Official Year-Book, 1942". Government Printer. 28 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.

[6] [6]
"Progress of Maoris". Gisborne Herald. 14 July 1939. p. 5. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.

[7] [7]
"No Secret Ballot until 1937". New Zealand Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.

[General_election,_1938-8] [8]
"The General Election, 1938". National Library. 1939. pp. 1–6. Retrieved 8 February 2012.

[Party_affiliation,_1938-9] [9]
"Candidates for tomorrow's election". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 91. 14 October 1938. p. 18. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

[10] [10]
"Notice of Nominations Received and Polling Places Appointed". Auckland Star. Vol. LXVI, no. 268. 12 November 1935. p. 9. Retrieved 13 November 2013.

[AS_27_Oct-11] [11]
"Parliamentary Election". Auckland Star. Vol. LXIX, no. 254. 27 October 1938. p. 4. Retrieved 30 November 2014.

[FOOTNOTEGustafson198626,_28-12] [12]
Gustafson 1986, pp. 26, 28.

[NZH_28_Oct-13] [13]
"Electoral". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. LXXV, no. 23180. 28 October 1938. p. 3. Retrieved 30 November 2014.

[FOOTNOTEGustafson1986370-14] [14]
Gustafson 1986, p. 370.

[15] [15]
"Declaration of result of poll for the electoral district of Awarua". Western Star. 28 October 1938. p. 3. Retrieved 13 March 2021.

[Declaration_NZH_29_Oct-16] [16]
"Electoral". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. LXXV, no. 23181. 29 October 1938. p. 25. Retrieved 30 November 2014.

[17] [17]
"Declaration of Result of Poll for the Electoral District of Central Otago". Alexandra Herald and Central Otago Gazette. 13 October 1943. p. 4. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[18] [18]
"The By-Election". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVII, no. 128. 2 June 1939. p. 8. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

[19] [19]
Ammentorp, Steen. "Falconer". generals.dk. Retrieved 16 November 2013.

[20] [20]
"Alexander Smith Falconer". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 8 July 2022 – via Online Cenotaph.

[21] [21]
"Brigadier A. S. Falconer". New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. Retrieved 16 November 2013.

[FOOTNOTEGustafson1986362-22] [22]
Gustafson 1986, p. 362.

[conservative_children-23] [23]
"The Mantle of Seddon". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 90. 13 October 1938. p. 24. Retrieved 3 November 2013.

[24] [24]
"Election Review". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 83. 5 October 1938. p. 15. Retrieved 2 November 2013.

[FOOTNOTEGustafson1986366-25] [25]
Gustafson 1986, p. 366.

[26] [26]
Webb, Brendan (20 September 2010). "No Sign of Mayors". BayBuzz. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.

[27] [27]
"Hawke's Bay Seats". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 90. 13 October 1938. p. 11. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

[28] [28]
"Public Notices". The Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 82. 4 October 1938. p. 4. Retrieved 30 November 2014.

[29] [29]
"The Lyttelton seat: National Party candidate". The Press. Vol. LXXIV, no. 22464. 27 July 1938. p. 12. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

[30] [30]
Bremer, Robert James. "Ormond, John Davies Wilder". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 9 January 2010.

[31] [31]
"Otago Contests". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 73. 23 September 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 5 November 2013.

[32] [32]
"The Onehunga Seat". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 59. 7 September 1938. p. 5. Retrieved 5 November 2013.

[33] [33]
"Discover Onehunga's Rich History". Onehunga Business Association. Retrieved 5 November 2013.

[34] [34]
"Parliamentary Elections". Auckland Star. Vol. LXIX, no. 233. 3 October 1938. p. 11. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[35] [35]
"Public Notices". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 82. 4 October 1938. p. 4. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[36] [36]
"Labour Candidates". Evening Post. Vol. CXXV, no. 82. 7 April 1938. p. 17. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[37] [37]
"J. A. Nash". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 89. 12 October 1938. p. 18. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[38] [38]
"The Labour Party". Auckland Star. Vol. LXIX, no. 192. 16 August 1938. p. 5. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[39] [39]
"Labour Candidates". Evening Post. Vol. CX, no. 61. 9 September 1925. p. 6. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[FOOTNOTEGustafson1986345-40] [40]
Gustafson 1986, p. 345.

[41] [41]
Laracy, Hugh. "Dreaver, Mary Manson". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 22 July 2012.

[42] [42]
"Tammany Hall". Evening Post. Vol. CXL, no. 52. 30 August 1945. p. 9. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[43] [43]
"General Election". Auckland Star. Vol. LXIX, no. 116. 19 May 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 7 November 2013.

[44] [44]
"Wairarapa Electorate". Upper Hutt Weekly Review. Vol. III, no. 43. 14 October 1938. p. 3. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

[45] [45]
"Mrs. R. Bleasel". Auckland Star. Vol. LXIX, no. 277. 23 November 1938. p. 4. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

[46] [46]
Buchan, Allison. "Appleton, William". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 10 January 2012.

[47] [47]
"Public Notices". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 98. 22 October 1938. p. 5. Retrieved 30 November 2014.

[48] [48]
Labrum, Bronwyn. "Gilmer, Elizabeth May". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

[49] [49]
"General Election". Evening Post. Vol. CXXVI, no. 45. 22 August 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

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1938 New Zealand general election

Party standings

Votes summary

Electorate results

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Background

The election

Results

References

Other sources