Violales

Violales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants and takes its name from the included family Violaceae; it was proposed by Lindley (1853).^[1] The name has been used in several systems,^[2] although some systems used the name Parietales for similar groupings.^[3] In the 1981 version of the influential Cronquist system, order Violales was placed in subclass Dilleniidae with a circumscription consisting of the families listed below.^[4] Some classifications such as that of Dahlgren placed the Violales in the superorder Violiflorae (also called Violanae).^[5]

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system does not recognize order Violales; Violaceae is placed in order Malpighiales and the other families are reassigned to various orders as indicated.^[6]

order Violales Perleb 1826^[2]
family Achariaceae → order Malpighiales

family Ancistrocladaceae → order Caryophyllales

family Begoniaceae → order Cucurbitales

family Bixaceae → order Malvales

family Caricaceae → order Brassicales

family Cistaceae → order Malvales

family Cucurbitaceae → order Cucurbitales

family Datiscaceae → order Cucurbitales

family Dioncophyllaceae → order Caryophyllales

family Flacourtiaceae → included in family Salicaceae, in order Malpighiales

family Fouquieriaceae → order Ericales

family Frankeniaceae → order Caryophyllales

family Hoplestigmataceae → uncertain position

family Huaceae → eurosids I (direct placement)

family Lacistemataceae → order Malpighiales

family Loasaceae → order Cornales

family Malesherbiaceae → order Malpighiales (optionally inside Passifloraceae)

family Passifloraceae → order Malpighiales

family Peridiscaceae → order Saxifragales

family Scyphostegiaceae → included in family Salicaceae, in order Malpighiales

family Stachyuraceae → order Crossosomatales

family Tamaricaceae → order Caryophyllales

family Turneraceae → order Malpighiales (optionally inside Passifloraceae)

family Violaceae → order Malpighiales

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Cronquist, A (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231038805.
Dahlgren, R. M. T. (February 1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 80 (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x.
Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. "Violales". The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans. pp. 326−347.
Sharma, O. P. (2009) [1993]. "Violales". Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 43, 172, 249. ISBN 978-1-259-08137-8.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
Reveal, James L (27 January 1999). "pbio 450 Lecture Notes: Syllabus Spring 1999 Advanced Plant Taxonomy. Violales Perleb, 1826". Plant systematics. University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

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[FOOTNOTELindley1853-1] [1]
Lindley 1853.

[FOOTNOTEReveal1999-2] [2]
Reveal 1999.

[FOOTNOTESharma2009-3] [3]
Sharma 2009.

[FOOTNOTECronquist1981-4] [4]
Cronquist 1981.

[FOOTNOTEDahlgren1980-5] [5]
Dahlgren 1980.

[FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-6] [6]
APG IV 2016.

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Violales

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