Technology-critical element

A technology-critical element (TCE) is a chemical element that is critical to modern and emerging technologies,^[1][2][3] resulting in a striking increase in their usage.^[1][4][5][6] Similar terms include critical elements,^[7] critical materials,^[1] critical raw materials,^[5][8] energy-critical elements^[4] and elements of security.^[9]

Many advanced engineering applications, such as clean-energy production, communications and computing, use emergent technologies that utilize numerous chemical elements.^[4] In 2013, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) created the Critical Materials Institute (CMI) to address the issue.^[10] In 2015, the European COST Action TD1407 created a network of scientists working and interested on TCEs, from an environmental perspective to potential human health threats.^[11]

A study estimated losses of 61 metals to help the development of circular economy strategies, showing that usespans of, often scarce, tech-critical metals are short.^[12][13]

The set of elements usually considered as TCEs vary depending on the source, but they usually include:

Seventeen rare-earth elements

The six platinum-group elements

Twelve assorted elements

Elements such as oxygen, silicon, and aluminum (among others) are also vital for electronics, but are not included in these lists due to their widespread abundance.

TCEs have a variety of engineering applications in fields such as energy storage, electronics, telecommunication, and transportation.^[14] These elements are utilized in cellular phones, batteries, solar panel(s), electric motor(s), and fiber-optic cables. Emerging technologies also incorporate TCEs. Most notably, TCEs are used in the data networking of smart devices tied to the Internet of Things (IoT) and automation.^[14]

The extraction and processing of TCEs may cause adverse environmental impacts. The reliance on TCEs and critical metals like cobalt can run the risk of the “green curse,” or using certain metals in green technologies whose mining may be damaging to the environment.^[15]

The clearing of soil and deforestation that is involved with mining can impact the surrounding biodiversity through land degradation and habitat loss. Acid mine drainage can kill surrounding aquatic life and harm ecosystems. Mining activities and leaching of TCEs can pose significant hazards to human health. Wastewater produced by the processing of TCEs can contaminate groundwater and streams. Toxic dust containing concentrations of metals and other chemicals can be released into the air and surrounding bodies of water.

Deforestation caused by mining results in the release of stored carbon from the ground to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂).^[15]

• Conflict resource
• List of elements facing shortage
• Rare-earth element
• Strategic material
• Renewable energy#Conservation areas, recycling and rare-earth elements