Bitter orange

Description

The bitter orange has orange fruit with a distinctly bitter or sour taste. The tree has alternate simple leaves on long petioles; there are long thorns on the petiole. The trees require little care and may live for as long as 600 years. It grows in subtropical regions but can tolerate a brief frost.^[10]

Pests and diseases

The bitter orange has many of the same pests and diseases as other citrus fruits. Viral diseases include citrus tristeza virus, crinkly leaf virus, and xyloporosis. Among the many fungal diseases are anthracnose, dieback, and heart rot.^[10]

Varieties

• C. × aurantium var. myrtifolia is possibly a distinct species, Citrus myrtifolia. The 'Chinotto' cultivar is used to make the drink of the same name.^[11]
• C. × aurantium var. daidai, daidai, is used in Chinese medicine and in tea.^[10]
• C. × aurantium subsp. currassuviencis, laraha, grows on the Caribbean island of Curaçao. The dried peel is used in Curaçao liqueur.^[12]

Among the many related species is Citrus bergamia, the Bergamot orange. This is probably a bitter orange and limetta hybrid; it is cultivated in Italy for the production of bergamot oil, a component of many brands of perfume and tea, especially Earl Grey tea.^[13] It is a less hardy plant than other bitter orange varieties.^[10]

Culinary

While the raw pulp is not edible,^[14] bitter orange is widely used in cooking. The Seville orange (the usual name in this context) is prized for making British orange marmalade, being higher in pectin than the sweet orange, and therefore giving a better set and a higher yield. Once a year, oranges of this variety are collected from trees in Seville and shipped to Britain to be used in marmalade. However, the fruit is rarely consumed locally in Andalusia.^[15] This reflects the historic Atlantic trading relationship with Portugal and Spain; an early recipe for 'marmelet of oranges' was recorded by Eliza Cholmondeley in 1677.^[16] Bitter orange—bigarade—was used in all early recipes for duck à l'orange, originally called canard à la bigarade.^[17] In Malta too, bitter oranges are used for marmalade.^[18][19]

In Finland, mämmi is a fermented malted rye dough flavoured with ground Seville orange zest.^[20] Across Scandinavia, bitter orange peel is used in dried, ground form in baked goods such as Christmas bread^[21] and gingerbread.^[22] In Greece, the nerántzi is one of the most prized fruits used for spoon sweets.^[23] In Adana province, Turkey, bitter orange jam is a principal dessert.^[24] Bitter oranges are made into chutneys in India, either in the style of a raita with curds, or roasted, spiced, and sweetened to form a condiment that can be preserved in jars.^[25] In Yucatán (Mexico), it is a main ingredient of the cochinita pibil.^[26] In Suriname, its juice is used in the well-known dish pom.^[27]

An essential oil is extracted from the peel of dried unripe bitter oranges; C. aurantium var. curassaviensis in particular is used in Curaçao liqueur.^[10] An oil is pressed from the fresh peel of ripe fruit in many countries and used in ice creams, puddings, sweets, soft and alcoholic drinks, and pharmaceuticals.^[10] The flowers are distilled to yield Neroli oil^[10] and orange flower water,^[28] with similar uses.^[10] Neroli oil is also employed in perfumes.^[29] The peel of bitter oranges is used as a spice in Belgian Witbier (white beer), for orange-flavored liqueurs such as Cointreau, and to produce bitters such as Oranjebitter.^[30] It is a component of Nordic hot spiced wine, glögg.^[31]

• 
  English marmalade is traditionally homemade in the winter
• 
  "Bitter Campari" poster, Leonetto Cappiello, c. 1921
• 
  1965 Albanian postage stamp
• 
  Narthangai juice, India
• 
  Homemade pepparkakor gingerbread, Sweden

Rootstock, wood, and soap

The bitter orange is used as a rootstock in groves of sweet orange.^[10] The fruit and leaves make lather and can be used as soap.^[10] The hard, white or light-yellow wood is used in woodworking and made into baseball bats in Cuba.^[10]

Herbal stimulant

Extracts of bitter orange and its peel have been marketed as dietary supplements purported to act as a weight-loss aid and appetite suppressant.^[32][33] Bitter orange contains the tyramine metabolites N-methyltyramine, octopamine, and synephrine,^[34] substances similar to epinephrine, which act on the α₁ adrenergic receptor to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure and heart rate.^[35][36]

Following bans on the herbal stimulant ephedra in the U.S., Canada, and elsewhere, bitter orange has been substituted into "ephedra-free" herbal weight-loss products by dietary supplement manufacturers.^[37] Bitter orange is believed to cause the same spectrum of adverse events as ephedra.^[38] Case reports have linked bitter orange supplements to strokes,^[39][40] angina,^[34] ischemic colitis,^[41] and myocardial infarction.^[42] The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health found "little evidence that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra."^[33]