List of communist states

The following are lists of current and former states that claimed to be communist states.

Thumb — A map of communist states:
Current

Former

The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism. They are listed here together with the year of their founding and their respective ruling parties.^[1]

More information Country, Local name ...

Overview of current states espousing Marxism–Leninism
Country	Local name	Since	Ruling party	Ideology
People's Republic of China^{[nb 1]}	Chinese: 中华人民共和国 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó	1 October 1949 (1949-10-01)	Communist Party of China	Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Republic of Cuba	Spanish: República de Cuba	1 January 1959 (1959-01-01) 24 February 1976 (1976-02-24) (communist constitution adopted)	Communist Party of Cuba	Castroism Guevarism
Lao People's Democratic Republic	Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ Lao romanisation: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao	2 December 1975 (1975-12-02)	Lao People's Revolutionary Party	Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
Socialist Republic of Vietnam	Vietnamese: Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam	2 September 1945 (North Vietnam^{[nb 2]}) 30 April 1975 (South Vietnam) 2 July 1976 (unified)	Communist Party of Vietnam	Ho Chi Minh Thought

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Disputed

Although founded as a Marxist–Leninist state, North Korea began moving away from orthodox Marxism–Leninism and replaced all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea with Juche in 1992.^[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.^[3] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.^[4] The government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism. The ruling Workers' Party of Korea reinstated its goal towards communism in 2021.^[5] Some communists, especially the anti revisionists, call the DPRK a non marxist socialist state.

More information Country, Local name ...


Country	Local name	Since	Ruling party	Ideology
Democratic People's Republic of Korea	Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국 MR: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk	9 September 1948 (1948-09-09)	Workers' Party of Korea	Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism

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There are multi-party states with communist parties leading the government. Such states are not considered to be communist states because the countries themselves allow for multiple parties and do not provide a constitutional role for their communist parties. Nepal was previously ruled by the Nepal Communist Party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) between 1994 and 1998 and then again between 2008 and 2018 while states formerly ruled by one or more communist parties include San Marino (1945–1957 and 1978-1990), Moldova (2001–2009), Cyprus (2008–2013), and Guyana (1992–2015).

Nicaragua has been ruled by a socialist party from 1984–1990, and from 2007 on by Daniel Ortega, who is a Sandinista.

Venezuela is currently ruled by Nicolás Maduro, who has been President since 2013 (disputed since 2019). Maduro is the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which is considered far-left and Marxist.^[6]

During the socialist Free Peru party's rule over Peru, many international observers described the party as being somewhat Marxist^[7]^[8]^[9] or even Marxist–Leninist.^[10]^[11]

In 2024, Anura Kumara Dissanayake of the Marxist-Leninist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) was elected President of Sri Lanka, and the JVP's broader coalition, National People's Power won a landslide in parliamentary elections shortly thereafter. This represents the first time a communist party has been the ruling party of Sri Lanka.^[12]

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     Officially ruling parties in communist states
     Communist parties as ruling parties or part of a governing coalition in multi-party states
     Formerly ruling in a one-party system
     Formerly ruling in a parliamentary majority or minority government
     Formerly ruling as a coalition partner or supporter

The following communist states were socialist states committed to communism. Some were short-lived and preceded the widespread adoption of Marxism–Leninism by most communist states.

Russia
- Chita Republic (1905–1906)
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)
  - Amur Socialist Soviet Republic (1918)
  - Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924)
  - Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941)
  - Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
  - Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
  - Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
  - Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1924)
  - Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)
  - Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1941; 1944–1945)
  - Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
  - Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1990)
  - Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991)
  - Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1925–1936)
  - Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)
  - Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
  - Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
  - Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935–1943; 1957–1991)
  - Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
  - Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
  - Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
  - Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
  - North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1993)
  - Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
  - Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1957)
  - Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961–1992)
  - Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
- Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar (1917–1918)
- Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (1918)
- Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (1919)
- Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
- Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Ukraine
- Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (1917–1918)
- Odessa Soviet Republic (1918)
- Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (1918)
- Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (1919)
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
  - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
    - Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1940)
    - Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1991–1992)
Finland
- Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918)
- Finnish Democratic Republic (1939–1940).^[13]^[14]^[15]
- Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
Germany
- Münster rebellion (1534–1535)^[16]^[17]
- Free Socialist Republic of Germany (1918–1919)^[18]
  - Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council (1918)
  - Bremen Soviet Republic (1919)^[19]
  - Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)^[20]^[21]^[22]
  - Würzburg Soviet Republic (1919)^[23]^[24]
  - People's State of Bavaria (1918–1919)^[25]^[26]
- Ruhr Council Republic (1920)
- Soviet Republic of Stormam (1923)
- Soviet occupation of Germany (1945–1949)
  - Soviet occupation of Berlin (1945–1949)
- German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)^[27]
  - East Berlin (1949–1990)
France
- June Rebellion (1832)
- Communard France (1870–1871)^[28]^[29]
  - Second Paris Commune (1870)^[30]
  - Lyon Commune (1870–1871)^[31]^[32]
  - Third Paris Commune (1871)
- Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic (1918)
Estonia
- Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919)^[33]
- First Soviet occupation of Estonia (1940–1941)^[34]
- Second Soviet occupation of Estonia (1944–1991)
Latvia
- Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia (1917–1918)
- Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920)
- First Soviet occupation of Latvia (1940–1941)
- Second Soviet occupation of Latvia (1944–1991)
Lithuania
- Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)
- Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
- First Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1940–1941)
- Second Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1944–1991)
Belarus
- Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
- Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
Hungary
- Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919)^[35]^[36]
- Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic (1921)
- Soviet occupation of Hungary (1944–1946)
- Second Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)
- Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)
- Revolutionary Workers'-Peasants' Government of Hungary (1956)
Azerbaijan
- Baku Commune (1918)
- Mughan Soviet Republic (1919)
- Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
  - Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)
Czechoslovakia
- Slovak Soviet Republic (1919)
- Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia (1944–1948)
- Fourth Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)
- Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
  - Czech Socialist Republic (1969–1990)
  - Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)
Tajikistan
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
- Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991)
Turkmenistan
- Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
- Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1925–1991)
Uzbekistan
- Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
- Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)
  - Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1929)
  - Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1932–1991)
Iran
- Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1921)
- Soviet occupation of Iran (1941–1946)
- Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946)
- Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947)
Poland
- Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
- Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
- Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)
Armenia
- Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)
Georgia
- Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)
  - Adjar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
  - Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1931–1996)
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)
Mongolia
- Provisional People's Government of Mongolia (1921–1924)
- Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
China
- Hailufeng Soviet (1927)
- Shanghai Commune (1927)
- Hunan Soviet (1927)
- Guangzhou Commune (1927)
- Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949)
  - Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)
    - Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)
- People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934)
- Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation (1935–1936)
- Tibetan People's Republic (1936)
- Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)
- Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945)
- Soviet occupation of Manchuria (1945–1946)
- Sinkiang (1934-1941)
Spain
- Cantonalists (1873-1874)
  - Canton of Cartagena (1873-1874)
  - Canton of Málaga (1873)
  - Valencian Canton (1873)
  - Canton of Alicante (1873)
- Asturian Socialist Republic (1934)
- Sovereign Council of Asturias and León (1936-1937)
- Revolutionary Catalonia (1936–1937)
- Regional Defence Council of Aragon (1936–1937)
Kazakhstan
- Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
Kyrgyzstan
- Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
Romania
- Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee
- Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (1940)
- Soviet occupation of Romania (1944–1947)
- Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)
- Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
Moldova
- Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991)
- Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
Greece
- Political Committee of National Liberation (1944–1949)
- Provisional Democratic Government (1947–1949)
Albania
- Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
- People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
- People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1992)
Bulgaria
- Strandzha Commune (1903)
- Soviet occupation of Bulgaria (1944–1946)
- People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
Norway
- Soviet occupation of Northern Norway (1944–1946)
Denmark
- Soviet occupation of Bornholm (1945–1946)
Japan
- Soviet occupation of the Kuril Islands (1945)
Korea
- Soviet Civil Administration (1945–1946)
- Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947)
- People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948)
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–1992/2009)^{[nb 3]}
Yugoslavia
- Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
  - Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992)
  - Socialist Republic of Croatia (1945–1991)
  - Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1945–1991)
  - Socialist Republic of Montenegro (1945–1992)
  - Socialist Republic of Serbia (1945–1992)
  - Socialist Republic of Slovenia (1945–1991)
Colombia
- Marquetalia Republic (1948–1958)
Vietnam
- Workers' Republic of Vietnam (1945)
  - Saigon Commune (1945)
  - Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune (1945)
- Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931)
- Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1954–1975)
- Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976)
Yemen
- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1990)
- Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)
Somalia
- Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)
Republic of the Congo
- People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992)
Ethiopia
- Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987)
- People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1991)
Mozambique
- People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)
Angola
- People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)
Benin
- People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990)
Cambodia
- Democratic Kampuchea (1976–1979)
- People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
- State of Cambodia (1989–1992)
- Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1992)
- Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (1994–1998)
Afghanistan
- Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987)
- Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992)
Grenada
- People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979–1983)^[39]
Burkina Faso
- National Council for the Revolution (1984–1987)
Turkey
- Strandzha Commune (1903)^[40]^[41]
Chile
- Socialist Republic of Chile (1932)
Brazil
- Socialist Republic of Brazil (1935)
Seychelles
- Republic of Seychelles (1977–1991)
Madagascar
- Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992)

Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Maquis of Fizi (1967-1986)

Italy
- Labin Republic (1921)
- Republic of Alto Monferrato (1944)
- Republic of Torriglia [it] (1944-1945)
- Republic of Montefiorino [it] (1944-1945)
- Republic of Corniolo [it] (1944)
- Red Republic of Caulonia (1945)
India
- Gram Rajyams of Telangana (1946-1951)
- Punnapra-Vayalar (1946)
- Naxalbari (1967)
- Naxalite Srikakulam (1967–1970)
- Naxalite Bhojpur (1970-2002)
Belgium
- Brussels Soldiers' Council (1918)
Mexico
- Morelos Commune (1911–1920)
- Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (1994–2023)
Philippines
- People's Government of the Philippines (1942-1951)
- Diliman Commune (1971)
Comoros
- State of the Comoros (1975-1978)
Gambia
- National Revolutionary Council (1981)

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[N 1]
Hong Kong and Macau are administrated under the "one country, two systems" principle.
[N 2]
Vietnam was divided on 21 July 1954
[N 3]
Although the government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism, it is still considered a socialist state. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea were dropped and replaced with Juche.^[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.^[37] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.^[38]

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[1]
"North Korea". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009.
[2]
Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). "The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications". Fordham International Law Journal. 27 (4): 1289–1305. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
[3]
Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). "Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" 북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 [First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
[4]
Worden, Robert L. (2008). North Korea: A Country Study (PDF) (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0.
[5]
"북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용" [Major revisions to North Korea's Workers' Party rules]. Yonhap News Agency. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
[6]
"Libro Rojo" [Red Book] (PDF). psuv.org.ve (in Spanish). December 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
[7]
"Pedro Castillo: The primary school teacher who became Peru's president". BBC News. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Casting himself as a man of the people, Mr Castillo was rarely seen without the traditional white, broad-rimmed hat of his Cajamarca region, and a huge inflatable pencil, the symbol of his Marxist Free Peru party which also represents his background in education.
[8]
"Peru president challenged by his own party over Cabinet". AP News. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
[9]
"Havana-Trained Marxist Pushes Peru's New President to the Left". Bloomberg. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
[10]
"Peru's Congress postpones Cabinet confirmation vote to next week". Reuters. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
[11]
"Peru confirms new moderate-left cabinet". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
[12]
https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/sri-lanka-election-2024-npp-victory-dissanayake-reforms-tamil-support-parliament-majority-economic-agenda/article68871257.ece
[13]
Tanner, Väinö (1956). The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114.
[14]
Trotter, William (2013). A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940. Algonquin Books. p. 58, 61.
[15]
Kokoshin, Andrei (1998). Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917–91. MIT Press. p. 93.
[16]
Tarnas, R. (2006). Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View. Viking. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-670-03292-1. Retrieved 6 February 2023 – via Google Books.
[17]
Gallardo, P.; Russell, E. (2014). Yesterday's Tomorrows: On Utopia and Dystopia. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4438-5877-9. Retrieved 6 February 2023 – via Google Books.
[18]
Hoffrogge, Ralf (2014). "Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution". In Müller, Richard (ed.). The Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-21921-2.
[19]
Till Schelze-Brandenburg, Till (2008). "Die Bremer Räterepublik" [The Bremen Soviet Republic]. University of Bremen. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008.
[20]
Hooglund, Eric James (1966). The Munich Soviet Republic of April, 1919. Orono, Maine: University of Maine – via Google Books.
[21]
Mitchell, Allan (1965). Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-1400878802.
[22]
Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 978-0820486062.
[23]
Kletzin, Jochen (1978). "Die Würzburger Sozialdemokratie in der Weimarer Republik" [The Würzburg Social Democracy in the Weimar Republic]. In Loew, Hans Werner; Schönhoven, Klaus (eds.). Würzburgs Sozialdemokraten: vom Arbeiterverein zur Sozialdemokratischen Volkspartei [Würzburg's Social Democrats. From the Workers' Association to the Social Democratic People's Party] (in German). Würzburg: Stürtz. pp. 60–64.
[24]
Stickler, Matthias (2007). "Neuanfang und Kontinuität: Würzburg in der Weimarer Republik." [New Beginnings and Continuity: Würzburg in the Weimar Republic.]. In Wagner, Ulrich (ed.). Geschichte der Stadt Würzburg [History of the City of Würzburg] (in German). Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 1269 note 18. ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9.
[25]
Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-14-303469-3.
[26]
Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-14-303469-3.
[27]
Major, Patrick; Osmond, Jonathan (2002). The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6289-6.
[28]
Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
[29]
Rougerie, Jacques (2014). La Commune de 1871. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-062078-5.
[30]
Gluckstein, Donny (2006). The Paris Commune: A Revolutionary Democracy. Bookmarks. ISBN 978-1-905192-14-4.
[31]
Archer, Julian P. W. (April 1972). "The Crowd in the Lyon Commune and the Insurrection of La Guillotiere". International Review of Social History. 17 (1): 183–188. doi:10.1017/S0020859000006489. ISSN 0020-8590. JSTOR 44594905.
[32]
Moissonnier, Maurice (1972). La premiere internationale et la commune a Lyon (1865–1871) [The international premiere and the commune in Lyon (1865–1871)] (in French). Paris: Editions sociales. OCLC 902707001.
[33]
Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991). Eesti ajalugu [History of Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261.
[34]
Attitudes of Major Soviet Nationalities (PDF). Vol. II. The Baltics. Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1973. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
[35]
Swanson, John C. (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8229-8199-2.
[36]
Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly. 1 (4): 58. ISSN 0012-8449.
[37]
Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). "Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" 북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 [First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
[38]
Worden, Robert L. (2008). North Korea: A Country Study (PDF) (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0.
[39]
Layne, Joseph Ewart (2014). We Move Tonight: The Making of the Grenada Revolution. Grenada Revolution Memorial Foundation.
[40]
Khadzhiev, Georgi (1992). "The Transfiguration Uprising and the 'Strandzha Commune': The First Libertarian Commune in Bulgaria". Nat︠s︡ionalnoto osvobozhdenie i bezvlastnii︠a︡t federalizŭm [National Liberation and Libertarian Federalism] (in Bulgarian). Translated by Firth, Will. Sofia: Artizdat-5. pp. 99–148. OCLC 27030696. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020.
[41]
Vasséva, Sonia (2 August 2013). "2 août: Insurrection de la Saint Elie et de la Transfiguration" [August 2: Insurrection of Saint Elijah and the Transfiguration] (in French). Radio Bulgaria. Retrieved 12 December 2016.

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General

References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.

19th National Congress (2017). Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party. Chinese Communist Party.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Gungwu, Wang (2012). China: Development and Governance. World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-9814425841.

Articles and journal entries

Bui, T. (2016). "Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform" (PDF). Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 11 (2). Cambridge University Press: 219–234. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2016.22.
Chang, Yu-nan (August 1956). "The Chinese Communist State System Under the Constitution of 1954". The Journal of Politics. 18 (3). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association: 520–546. doi:10.2307/2127261. JSTOR 2127261. S2CID 154446161.
Guins, George (July 1950). "Law Does not Wither Away in the Soviet Union". The Russian Review. 9 (3). Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 187–204. doi:10.2307/125763. JSTOR 125763.
Hand, Keith (2016). "An Assessment of Socialist Constitutional Supervision Models and Prospects for a Constitutional Supervision Committee in China: The Constitution as Commander?". Legal Studies Research Paper Series (150). University of California. SSRN 2624663.
Hazard, John (August 1975). "Soviet Model for Marxian Socialist Constitutions". Cornell Law Review. 60 (6). Cornell University: 109–118.
Imam, Zafar (July–September 1986). "The Theory of the Soviet State Today". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 47 (3). Indian Political Science Association: 382–398. JSTOR 41855253.
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[2] [N 1]
Hong Kong and Macau are administrated under the "one country, two systems" principle.

[3] [N 2]
Vietnam was divided on 21 July 1954

[41] [N 3]
Although the government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism, it is still considered a socialist state. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea were dropped and replaced with Juche.^[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.^[37] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.^[38]

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List of communist states

Disputed

General

Articles and journal entries

Books

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Current communist states

Multi-party states with governing communist parties

Former communist states

Notes

References

Bibliography