Kickstart (Amiga)

Kickstart is the bootstrap firmware of the Amiga computers developed by Commodore International. Its purpose is to initialize the Amiga hardware and core components of AmigaOS and then attempt to boot from a bootable volume, such as a floppy disk. Most Amiga models were shipped with the Kickstart firmware stored on ROM chips.

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Commodore's AmigaOS was formed of both the Kickstart firmware and a software component provided on disk (with the software portion often termed as Workbench). For most AmigaOS updates the Kickstart version number was matched to the Workbench version number. Confusingly, Commodore also used internal revision numbers for Kickstart chips. For example, there were several Kickstart revisions designated as version 2.0.^[1]

Upon start-up or reset the Kickstart performs a number of diagnostic and system checks and then initializes the Amiga chipset and some core OS components. It will then check for connected boot devices and attempt to boot from the one with the highest boot priority. If no boot device is present a screen will be displayed asking the user to insert a boot disk – typically a floppy disk. Insertion of such a bootable disk (other than workbench-like disk) will result in:

a) a command line interface ("CLI") prompt to operate with ROM-internal and disks commands (including programs, scripts) (if the disk is non-workbench, or empty), or

b) a (basic) point and click UI named "Workbench" if the disk contains at least "loadwb" in the "startup-sequence" script residing inside the "s"-folder on this disk.

c) the disk booting into a customized workbench or an application, keeping the OS "alive" in the background.

d) a game or other application directly starting up, taking over all the hardware resources of this computer by avoiding to establish core Exec multitasking, driver initialization etc.

The Kickstart contains many of the core components of the Amiga's operating system, such as:

• Exec – the Amiga's multi-tasking kernel
• Intuition – functionality for GUI, screens, windowing and handling of input/output devices
• Autoconfig – functionality to automatically initialize or boot from compliant expansion hardware
• Floppy disk device driver and file system to read and boot from floppy disk
• DOS library for file access and handling
• AmigaDOS – command-line interface (CLI) functionality and a number of core CLI commands
• Graphics library for basic drawing and raster graphics functions using the native Amiga chipset
• Audio device driver for the native Amiga sound hardware
• Device drivers for the Amiga keyboard and mouse/gameports

Kickstart 1.3 is the first version to support booting from a hard disk drive.^[30]

From AmigaOS release 2.0 onwards Kickstart also contained device drivers to boot from devices on IDE controllers, support for PC Card ports and various other hardware built into Amiga models.

At power-on self-test will run from the ROM, this is a short program that can produce a color on the screen corresponding with a fault.

If everything works correctly, the following screen color sequence will be displayed on older Kickstarts:

• Dark grey – Hardware working and the registers are readable.^[31]
• Light grey – ROM verified.^[31]
• White – Initialization has succeeded and the Amiga is ready to boot.^[31]

The following colors indicate a problem:

• Red – Bad result on Kickstart-ROM test (Checksum error). A small fault in ROM data will cause a checksum error.^[32]
• Green – Bad result on lower part of chip RAM (256 KB). However, this does not always mean the RAM is at fault.^[32]
• Blue – Custom chip problem (Denise, Paula, Agnus) (used by kickstart 3.0 and higher)^[32]
• Cyan – Rev 0.x Kickstarts - Kickstart Error. ^[33]
• Yellow – CPU exception occurred, this is a CPU error detection by the processor itself and can be an illegal instruction executed or address bus error – Cause can be a bad CPU or a bad Zorro expansion card.^[32] CPU exception happened before the "Guru Meditation" trapping software took over the trapping of exceptions.^[31]
• Purple – Bad Paula on older kickstart Amigas. ^[32]
• Light green – CIA problem, not a color produced by the selftest.^[34]
• Light Grey – If it stops at grey the CIA may be defective.^[34]
• White - If it stops at white, the RAM chips that were used may not work well on an A500 mainboard in combination with other "RAM" chips.
• Black/stripes/glitching – random code (ROMs swapped/ROM garbage) or CIA problem.^[34]
• Black – No video output or CPU not running for some reason.^[34]

However, if an Amiga give a colorcode, it does not always mean that the error comes from a hardware fault, red can also happen if a ROM is mapped to fastmem or by ROM-patches from software. For yellow it can be unstable software in memory. Some Amigas can give a short color on screen at power-on which can be the last background color. Keep in mind that bad activity on the databus that should not be there can have effect on other chips on the bus.

The keyboard LED uses blink codes that come from the keyboard controller chip where:

• One blink means the keyboard ROM has a checksum error.^[34]
• Two blinks means keyboard RAM failure.^[34]
• Three blinks means watchdog timer failure.^[34]
• When the Caps Lock key is repeatedly pressed approx. 10 times, and the Caps Lock LED is not turning on and off each time it is pressed, the CPU is not reading out key presses and mostly indicate a CPU crash. The CIA-A serial register is used and a CIA interrupt can be used to pickup key presses from the keyboard buffer. If the Caps Lock LED sticks on or off, the CPU is probably not servicing CIA interrupt requests.^[34]

In general, to run a specific Workbench version, it is generally required to run a Kickstart with a corresponding or greater version number.

It is not generally possible to boot directly into the Workbench windowing environment from Kickstart alone. Though much of the functionality required for Workbench is contained in Kickstart, as some disk-based components are needed to launch it.

From release 2.0 onwards it is possible to enter a boot menu by holding down both mouse buttons at power on or reset. This allows the user to choose a boot device, set parameters for backwards compatibility and examine Autoconfig hardware.

With third-party software, it is possible to use an alternate Kickstart to the version stored in the embedded ROM chip. Such software allows a Kickstart version to be loaded from file into RAM – for example Kickstart 1.3 may be loaded in order to run old software incompatible with Kickstart 2.0 or later. Several third-party vendors produced hardware Kickstart switchers (dual-boot systems) in the form of socket doublers in order to allow two ROM chips to plug into a single motherboard socket with some mechanism to switch between them. These became popular with users who had problems with later Kickstart versions causing incompatibility with earlier software titles.

An MMU-enabled Amiga is able to "shadow" Kickstart from the embedded ROM chip (or from file) into RAM and pass control to it at start-up. This is often preferable as RAM access times are significantly faster than ROM, particularly on expanded systems. At subsequent resets the copy of Kickstart is re-used, reducing boot time and allowing faster access and execution of Kickstart functionality. Similar shadowing functions were also developed for some devices without MMU hardware.