Iran–Turkey border

Ottoman era (1500s–1920)

The Ottoman Empire had conquered much of what is now Iraq from Safavid Persia in the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555. The war concluded with the Peace of Amasya, by which Ottoman rule over the region was confirmed.^[3][4] Ottoman control of Mesopotamia and eastern Turkey was confirmed following the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639), which ended with the Treaty of Zuhab.^[5][6][7][8] The Zuhab treaty stipulated that the boundary between the two empires would run between the Zagros Mountains and the Tigris River, though a precise lines was not drawn at that time.^[9]

During the Ottoman–Hotaki War (1722–1727) the Ottomans invaded Iran in league with Russia, gaining large parts of north-west Iran via the Treaty of Hamedan.^[9] Another war followed in the 1740s which was ended by the Treaty of Kerden in 1746, which restored Iran's western provinces and re-affirmed the 1639 Zuhab border.^[10][9]

The Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823) ended with the signing of the First Treaty of Erzurum, which re-affirmed the 1639 Zuhab border.^[11][12][9] A boundary commission involving Iranian, Ottoman, Russian and British officials assisted with the boundary delimitation, resulting in the Second Treaty of Erzurum of 1847 which affirmed the 1639 border with some small modifications.^[13][9] The four-way boundary commission resumed its work in the following years, and after much work and cartographic disputation a detailed map was produced in 1869.^[9] Some small modification were made in the vicinity of Qotur as a result of the Treaty of Berlin (1878).^[9]

Despite the work of the commission, disputes concerning the precise boundary alignment continued. The Ottomans and Iran agreed to work on a more precise demarcation in 1911 at the urging of Russia and the Britain, both of whom had colonial aspirations in the region.^{[9][14][15][16]} From November 1913-October 1914 a boundary commission established the Constantinople Protocol, providing a detailed delimitation of the entire boundary.^[9] The four-nation boundary commission then surveyed the border on the ground and demarcated it with pillars (excluding the Qotur area which remained in dispute), producing a detailed series of map depicting the confirmed frontier.^[9]

Post–Ottoman era (1920–present)

During the First World War an Arab Revolt, supported by Britain, succeeded in removing the Ottomans from most of the Middle East. As a result of the secret 1916 Anglo-French Sykes-Picot Agreement Britain gained control of the Ottoman Vilayets of Mosul, Baghdad and Basra, which it organised into the mandate of Iraq in 1920.^[9]

By the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres Anatolian Turkey was to be partitioned, with the areas north of the Mosul Vilayet to be included within an autonomous or independent Kurdish state.^[9][17] Turkish nationalists were outraged at the treaty, contributing to the outbreak the Turkish War of Independence; the Turkish success in this conflict rendered Sèvres obsolete.^[9] By the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne Turkey's independence was recognised and a far more generous territorial settlement was agreed upon, albeit at the cost of Turkey formally renouncing any claim to Arab lands.^[18] In the east the former Ottoman-Iran boundary was retained, now forming the borders between Iran and Iraq, and also Iran and the new Republic of Turkey.^[9]

On 9 April 1929 a treaty was signed in Ankara between Turkey and Iran to further delimit their border, partly in response to the Kurdish Ararat rebellion; this was then finalised at the 1932 Tehran Convention, resulting in some small exchanges of territory in the vicinity of Little Ararat, Bazhergah and Qotur.^{[9][19][20][21]} The border was then demarcated and a final agreement signed in Tehran on 26 May 1937.^[9]

From 2017, Turkey began construction a barrier along the Turkey-Iran border aimed at preventing illegal crossings and smuggling.^[22] The wall will cover 144 km (89 miles)^[23][24] of the border. As of December 2017, half of the border barrier had been finished.^[25] According to the responsible officials, the border barrier should have been completed by spring 2019.^[26] The national housing commission TOKİ is building the wall in the provinces Iğdır and Ağrı.^[23]

Iran

• Maku
• Qotur
• Seyah Cheshmeh
• Salmas
• Barduk

Turkey

• Doğubayazıt, Ağrı
• Kapıköy, Van
• Gürbulak, Ağrı
• Saray, Van
• Böğrüpek
• Atlılar
• Esendere, Hakkari
• Borualan, Iğdır