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The Grünbach Formation is an Austrian geological formation that dates to the early Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous. it forms part of the Gosau Group, and represents a marine regression event, representing a coastal/brackish environment, being underlain by the marine carbonate Maiersdorf Formation and overlain by the deep marine siliciclastic Piesting Formation. The main lithology is clay, marl, siltstone and sandstone, with a minor conglomerate component. Coal seams have also been noted.[1][2] It is notable for its fossils including those of dinosaurs and plants.
Grünbach Formation | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: Early Campanian | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Gosau Group (Grünbach Syncline) |
Sub-units | Dreistetten conglomerate |
Underlies | Piesting Formation |
Overlies | Maiersdorf Formation |
Area | Lower Austria |
Thickness | over 150 m (490 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Siltstone, sandstone, clay & marl |
Other | Conglomerate & coal |
Location | |
Region | Central Europe |
Country | Austria |
Extent | Grünbach Syncline |
Type section | |
Named for | Grünbach am Schneeberg |
All remains have been found at a single locality, which is a thin marl seam in the Konstantin mining tunnel, within the Felbering Mine in the Neue Welt area north west of Muthmannsdorf in Lower Austria.[3] The initial remains were discovered in 1859 after an ornithopod tooth was found in a piece of coal in a dump outside the mine by Professor Ferdinand Stoliczka, and the productive seam discovered thereafter. The first material was described by Emanuel Bunzel in 1871[4] and then additional material was described by Harry Seeley in 1881.[5] Due to mining activity in the area ceasing at the end of the 19th century, no additional remains have been recovered since.
Crocodyliformes of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Doratodon | D. carcharidens | Muthmannsdorf | "incomplete mandible, a fragmentary right maxilla, a parietal fragment, and isolated teeth"[6] | |||
Eusuchia | Indeterminate | Muthmannsdorf | "mandible fragment and some postcranial material" |
Choristoderes of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Choristodera | Indeterminate | Muthmannsdorf | "Two platycoelous vertebral centra"[7] |
Turtles of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Dortokidae[8] | Indeterminate | Muthmannsdorf | Shell fragments | |||
cf. Kallokibotioninae | Indeterminate | Muthmannsdorf | Shell fragments |
Pterosaurs of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
"Ornithocheirus" | "O". buenzeli | Muthmannsdorf | Remains found not diagnostic, remains referred to Azdarchidae and Pterodactyloidea indet. | |||
Azdarchidae | Indeterminate | Muthmannsdorf | "Proximal portion of a humerus"[9] | Previously referred to "O". buenzeli | ||
Pterodactyloidea | Indeterminate | Muthmannsdorf | "Articular region of a lower jaw, crushed phalangeal fragments" | Previously referred to "O". buenzeli |
Dinosaurs of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Mochlodon | M. suessi | Muthmannsdorf | Cranial and postcranial elements | |||
Struthiosaurus | S. austriacus | Muthmannsdorf | Cranial and postcranial elements | |||
Tetanurae | Indeterminate | Muthmannsdorf | "Two fragmentary teeth" | Referred to by the dubious name ‘Megalosaurus pannoniensis’[5] Nearly identical to teeth known from the Csehbánya Formation[10] |
Most of these specimens were recovered from mining dumps near Grünbach am Schneeberg in lower Austria. The flora of the formation is considered to represent that of a high humidity subtropical climate, typical of the Euro-Sinian phytogeographical region.[11][12][13]
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Bryophytes of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Material | Notes | Images |
Stereisporites | Indeterminate | Spore, representative of Sphagnaceae |
Lycopodiophytes of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Material | Notes | Images |
Camarozonosporites | Indeterminate | Spore, representative of Lycopodiaceae | ||||
Retitriletes | Indeterminate | Spore, representative of Lycopodium |
Pteridophytes of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Material | Notes | Images |
Appendicisporites | A. tricuspidatus | Spore, probable affinities with Schizaeaceae | ||||
Cicatricosisporites | Indeterminate | Spore, probable affinities with Schizaeaceae | ||||
Cingulatisporites | Indeterminate | Spore, affinities with Anemia | ||||
Cladophlebis | C. gosauensis | |||||
Coniopteris | ? | |||||
Cyathidites | Indeterminate | Spore | ||||
Echinatisporites | Indeterminate | Spore | ||||
Equisetites | Indeterminate | A horsetail | ||||
Gosauopteris | G. danaeoides | Probable affinities with Marattiaceae | ||||
Gleicheniidites | G. senonicus | Spore | ||||
Leiotriletes | Indeterminate | Spore, representative of Lygodium | ||||
Marsileaceaephyllum | M. campanica | Marsileaceae, very similar to extant Marsilea | ||||
Matonisporites | Indeterminate | Spore, Found in situ with Monheimia | ||||
Microphyllopteris | M. austriaca | |||||
Microtaenia | M. austriaca | |||||
Monheimia | M. ungerii | affinities with Matoniaceae, particularly Phanerosorus | ||||
Polypodiaceoisporites | Indeterminate | Spore | ||||
Raphaelia | R. lobifolia | |||||
Sphenopteris | S. gruenbachiana, S. ungeri | Probable affinities with Schizaeaceae |
Gymnosperms of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Material | Notes | Images |
Geinitzia | G. formosa, G. reichenbachii | Pinopsida, Taxodioid affinity | ||||
cf. Lindleycladus | L. lanceolatus | |||||
Nilsonia | N. cf. holyi | Bennettitales | ||||
Pagiophyllum | Indeterminate | |||||
Pityosporites | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Podozamites | Indeterminate | |||||
Taxiodiaceaepollenites | Indeterminate | Pollen, at least 2 taxa |
Monocots of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Material | Notes | Images |
Arecipites | Indeterminate | Pollen, representative of Palmae | ||||
Lysichiton | L. austriacus | Araceae, genus extant | ||||
Gruenbachia | G. pandanoides | Pandanaceae, reproductive organs of Pandanites | ||||
Pandanites | P. trinervis | Pandanaceae | ||||
Sabalites | S. longirhachis | Palm | ||||
Spinizonocolpites | Indeterminate | Pollen, representative of extant Nypa palm | ||||
Theiaiphyllum | T. kollmannii |
Dicots of the Grünbach Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic Position | Material | Notes | Images |
Brasenites | B. krasserii | affinity with Brasenia | ||||
Celastrophyllum | Indeterminate, C. johannae | Hamamelidae | ||||
Ceratoxylon | Indeterminate | Reproductive structure | ||||
Clavatipollenites | Indeterminate | Pollen, representative of Chloranthaceae | ||||
Complexiopollis | Indeterminate | Pollen, affinities with Myricaceae | ||||
Compositiphyllum | C. serratum | |||||
Debeya | D. insignis | |||||
Dicotylophyllum | Indeterminate | |||||
Ettingshausenia | E. gruenbachiana, E. cf. laevis, Indeterminate | Platanaceae | ||||
Extremipollis | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Grebenkia | G. europeica | |||||
cf. Grevilleophyllum | G. constans | |||||
Hungaropollis | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Juglandiphyllites | J. pelagicus | possible affinity with Juglandaceae | ||||
Krutzschipollites | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Laudaypollis | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Leguminosites | L. mucronata | |||||
Longanulipollis | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Menispermites | M. ettingshausenii, M. summesbergerii | |||||
Momipetes | Indeterminate | Pollen, similar to extant Engelhardtia | ||||
Myricophyllum | M. cf. zenkeri, M. serratum | Affinities with Myrica | ||||
Myrtacaedites | Indeterminate | Pollen, Representative of Myrtaceae | ||||
Normapolles | Indeterminate | Pollen, very abundant. possibly associated with Juglandaceae | ||||
Oculipollis | O. sp, O. parvoculus O.zaklinskaiaiae | Pollen | ||||
cf. Pandemophyllum | Indeterminate, P. cf. proteoides | |||||
Pseudoplicapollis | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Quereuxia | Q. angulata | Possible affinity with Trapa | ||||
Rogersia | Indeterminate | |||||
Semioculipollis | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Suemegipollis | Indeterminate | Pollen | ||||
Ternstroemites | T. (?) neueweltensis | |||||
Tricolpopollenites | Indeterminate | Pollen, At least 8 distinct taxa | ||||
Viburniphyllum | V. ermannii, V. austriacum |
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