Carl Gustaf Mosander

Carl Gustaf Mosander
Carl Gustaf Mosander
	Carl Gustaf Mosander
Born	10 September 1797; Kalmar
Died	15 October 1858 (aged 61); Lovö, Stockholm County
Nationality	Swedish
Alma mater	Karolinska Institute
Known for	lanthanum; erbium; terbium
	Scientific career
Fields	chemistry
Institutions	Karolinska Institute

Carl Gustaf Mosander (10 September 1797 – 15 October 1858) was a Swedish chemist. He discovered the rare earth elements lanthanum, erbium and terbium.

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Born in Kalmar, Mosander attended school there until he moved to Stockholm with his mother in 1809. In Stockholm, he became an apprentice at the Ugglan pharmacy. He took his pharmacy examination in 1817, but had an interest in medicine and joined the Karolinska Institute in 1820. He passed his medical examination in 1825.^[1]^: 38 He worked in the laboratory of Jöns Jakob Berzelius and became a close friend of fellow student Friedrich Wöhler.^[1]^: 38

In 1832 Jöns Jakob Berzelius retired in favor of Mosander, his student, who succeeded him as professor of chemistry and pharmacy in the Karolinska Institute.^[1]^: 38 From 1845 Mosander was also a professor at and inspector for the Pharmaceutical Institute.^[1]^: 38 Mosander was an assistant curator of the mineralogical collections of the Swedish Museum of Natural History,^[2] founded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1819.^[3]^[4] From 1825 he was the owner of a spa in Stockholm where people could go to drink the waters.^[1]^: 38

Thumb — The mineral ytterbite (later named gadolinite). Lanthanum can be obtained from the black portion.

Mosander discovered lanthanum in 1838. This came from the Cerite-(Ce) from Bastnaes, Sweden, which at the time was the only abundant source for "Cerium", which had been discovered therein by Berzelius and Hisinger, and independently by Klaproth, in 1803. At that time, one of the two known components of the mineral ytterbite (later named gadolinite) was a white oxide called ceria. Mosander partially decomposed ceria by heating it and treating the resulting salt with dilute nitric acid.^[5]^[6]^[7] He was hesitant to report his results, both for fear of embarrassing his mentor Berzelius, by showing that his discovery cerium was not an element; and because he was uncertain that he himself had reduced cerium to all of its components. Berzelius eventually suggested the name "lanthan", for "hidden" for this new discovery.^[8]

By 1840, Mosander had separated cerium oxide into yellow cerium oxide, white lanthanum oxide and a pinkish third component which he called "didymium" meaning "twin".^[8]^[7] Didymium was accepted as an element for many years, appearing in Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic system as number 95, with the symbol Di. In 1874, Per Teodor Cleve predicted that didymium contained at least two elements.^[9] In 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated samarium,^[9] while in 1885 Carl Auer von Welsbach separated the two remaining elements through repeated fractional crystallizations. Welsbach named them praseodidymium (green didymium) and neodidymium (new didymium). They came to be known as praseodymium and neodymium. ^[7]

In 1843 Mosander discovered terbium and erbium as components of yttria.^[1]^[10]^: 701^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] ^[15] However, this discovery was hotly contested. Spectroscopist Nils Johan Berlin denied that two elements existed, failing to confirm the existence of "erbia" and suggesting that its name be applied to "terbia". In 1864, Marc Delafontaine used optical spectroscopy to conclusively prove that yttrium, terbium and erbium were separate elements.^[16] Ironically, however, the confusion that had been introduced between the names continued. Mosander's proposed names were switched, giving the amethyst compound the name "erbium" oxide and the yellow substance the name "terbium" oxide, instead of the other way around as originally proposed.^[17]^[15]^[16]

Mosander was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1833.

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Mosander married Hulda Philippina Forsström on 20 December 1832. They had four children, two sets of twins.^[1]^: 38

Mosander suffered from cataracts in later life. He died in 1858, at his summer house on the island of Lovön, Stockholm County.^[1]^: 38

[1]
Tansjö, Levi (December 6, 2012). "Carl Gustaf Mosander and His Research on Rare Earths". In Evans, C. H. (ed.). Episodes from the History of the Rare Earth Elements. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 38–55. ISBN 9789400902879.
[2]
Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The lost elements : the periodic table's shadow side. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 9780199383344.
[3]
Dahlgren, Erik Wilhelm (1915). Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien : Personförteckningar 1739–1915. Uppsala: Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. p. 16.
[4]
Ihde, Aaron J. (1970). The Development of Modern Chemistry (Dover reprint of the 1970 3rd printing by Harper and Row ed.). New York: Harper and Row/Dover. p. 375. ISBN 9780486642352.
[5]
Jha, A.R. (June 17, 2014). Rare Earth Materials: Properties and Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466564039.
[6]
Enghag, Per (2004), Encyclopedia of the elements, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 444–454, ISBN 978-3-527-30666-4
[7]
Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2017). "The neodymium neologism". Nature Chemistry. 9 (2): 194. Bibcode:2017NatCh...9..194T. doi:10.1038/nchem.2722. PMID 28282053.
[8]
Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2019). "Seekers of the lost lanthanum". Nature Chemistry. 11 (2): 188. Bibcode:2019NatCh..11..188T. doi:10.1038/s41557-018-0208-3. PMID 30679779.
[9]
Helmenstine, Anne Marie (November 1, 2018). "Didymium Facts and Uses What You Need to Know About Didymium". Thought Co. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
[10]
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956). The discovery of the elements (6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
[11]
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XVI. The rare earth elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (10): 1751–1773. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1751W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1751.
[12]
Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (October 31, 2014). "Northern Scandinavia: An Elemental Treasure Trove". Science history : a traveler's guide. Vol. 1179. ACS Symposium Series. pp. 209–257. doi:10.1021/bk-2014-1179.ch011. ISBN 9780841230200.
[13]
Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015). "Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Beginnings" (PDF). The Hexagon: 41–45. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
[14]
Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015). "Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years" (PDF). The Hexagon: 72–77. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
[15]
Piguet, Claude (21 March 2014). "Extricating erbium". Nature Chemistry. 6 (4): 370. Bibcode:2014NatCh...6..370P. doi:10.1038/nchem.1908. PMID 24651207.
[16]
Friend, John Newton (1917). A Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 4. Griffin & Company. pp. 221–223. ISBN 9781130017649.
[17]
Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (December 16, 2015). Extractive metallurgy of rare earths (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 9781466576346.

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[Evans-1] [1]
Tansjö, Levi (December 6, 2012). "Carl Gustaf Mosander and His Research on Rare Earths". In Evans, C. H. (ed.). Episodes from the History of the Rare Earth Elements. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 38–55. ISBN 9789400902879.

[Fontani-2] [2]
Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The lost elements : the periodic table's shadow side. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 9780199383344.

[3] [3]
Dahlgren, Erik Wilhelm (1915). Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien : Personförteckningar 1739–1915. Uppsala: Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. p. 16.

[Ihde-4] [4]
Ihde, Aaron J. (1970). The Development of Modern Chemistry (Dover reprint of the 1970 3rd printing by Harper and Row ed.). New York: Harper and Row/Dover. p. 375. ISBN 9780486642352.

[Jha-5] [5]
Jha, A.R. (June 17, 2014). Rare Earth Materials: Properties and Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466564039.

[Enghag-6] [6]
Enghag, Per (2004), Encyclopedia of the elements, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 444–454, ISBN 978-3-527-30666-4

[Thornton-7] [7]
Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2017). "The neodymium neologism". Nature Chemistry. 9 (2): 194. Bibcode:2017NatCh...9..194T. doi:10.1038/nchem.2722. PMID 28282053.

[Burdette-8] [8]
Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2019). "Seekers of the lost lanthanum". Nature Chemistry. 11 (2): 188. Bibcode:2019NatCh..11..188T. doi:10.1038/s41557-018-0208-3. PMID 30679779.

[Helmenstine-9] [9]
Helmenstine, Anne Marie (November 1, 2018). "Didymium Facts and Uses What You Need to Know About Didymium". Thought Co. Retrieved 13 December 2019.

[Weeks-10] [10]
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956). The discovery of the elements (6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.

[XVI-11] [11]
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XVI. The rare earth elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (10): 1751–1773. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1751W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1751.

[James-12] [12]
Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (October 31, 2014). "Northern Scandinavia: An Elemental Treasure Trove". Science history : a traveler's guide. Vol. 1179. ACS Symposium Series. pp. 209–257. doi:10.1021/bk-2014-1179.ch011. ISBN 9780841230200.

[Beginnings-13] [13]
Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015). "Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Beginnings" (PDF). The Hexagon: 41–45. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[Virginia-14] [14]
Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015). "Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years" (PDF). The Hexagon: 72–77. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[Piguet-15] [15]
Piguet, Claude (21 March 2014). "Extricating erbium". Nature Chemistry. 6 (4): 370. Bibcode:2014NatCh...6..370P. doi:10.1038/nchem.1908. PMID 24651207.

[Friend-16] [16]
Friend, John Newton (1917). A Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 4. Griffin & Company. pp. 221–223. ISBN 9781130017649.

[Krishnamurthy-17] [17]
Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (December 16, 2015). Extractive metallurgy of rare earths (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 9781466576346.

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Carl Gustaf Mosander

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Carl Gustaf Mosander
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Born	(1797-09-10)10 September 1797 Kalmar
Died	15 October 1858(1858-10-15) (aged 61) Lovö, Stockholm County
Nationality	Swedish
Alma mater	Karolinska Institute
Known for	lanthanum erbium terbium
Scientific career
Fields	chemistry
Institutions	Karolinska Institute