Alfred Fowler

Alfred Fowler
Alfred Fowler
Born	22 March 1868; Yorkshire, England
Died	24 June 1940 (aged 72)
Awards	Valz Prize (1913); Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1915); Royal Medal (1918); Henry Draper Medal (1920); Bruce Medal (1934)
	Scientific career
Fields	Astronomy

Alfred Fowler, CBE FRS^[1] (22 March 1868, in Yorkshire – 24 June 1940) was an English astronomer and spectroscopist. ^[2]

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He was born in Wilsden on the outskirts of Bradford, Yorkshire and educated at London's Normal School of Science, which was later absorbed into Imperial College, London.

Fowler was appointed Instructor (later Assistant Professor) of Astrophysics at Imperial College and worked there until his death. He was an expert in spectroscopy, being one of the first to determine that the temperature of sunspots was cooler than that of surrounding regions.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1910, when his citation read

"Associate of the Royal College of Science. Assistant Professor of Physics (Astrophysics Department) Imperial College and Technology, South Kensington. Distinguished for his contributions to Astronomical Physics by spectroscopic observations of eclipses, solar prominences, and sunspots, and by experimental researches bearing on their interpretation. Associated in observations of total eclipses of the sun with Sir Norman Lockyer in 1893, 1896, 1898, 1900, and (with Prof Callendar) in 1905. "

He was awarded their Royal Medal in 1918 and delivered their Bakerian Lectures in 1914 and 1924.

Fowler was president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1919 to 1921 and died in Ealing, London in 1940.

Thumb — Fowler at the Fourth Conference International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research at Mount Wilson Observatory, 1910

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In 1896, Edward Charles Pickering published observations of previously unknown lines in the spectra of the star Zeta Puppis,^[3] which he attributed to hydrogen.^[4]^[5] Fowler managed to reproduce these lines experimentally from a hydrogen-helium mixture in 1912, and agreed with Pickering's interpretation that they were previously unknown features in the spectrum of hydrogen.^[6] These lines became known as the Pickering–Fowler series^[7] and turned out to be of great significance in understanding the nature of the atom.^[8] Niels Bohr included a theoretical examination of these lines in his 'trilogy'^[9]^[10] on atomic structure^[11] and concluded that they had been wrongly attributed to hydrogen, arguing instead that they arose from ionised helium, He⁺.^[12] Fowler was initially skeptical^[13] but was ultimately convinced^[14] that Bohr was correct,^[9] and by 1915 "spectroscopists had transferred [the Pickering–Fowler series] definitively [from hydrogen] to helium."^[8]^[15] Bohr's theoretical work on the series had demonstrated the need for "a re-examination of problems that seemed already to have been solved within classical theories" and provided important confirmation for his atomic theory.^[8]

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Awards

Valz Prize^[16] from the French Academy of Sciences (1913)
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1915)
Royal Medal (1918)
Fellow of the Royal Society^[1]
Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1920)^[17]
Bruce Medal (1934)
Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (1935)

Named after him

The crater Fowler on the Moon (jointly with Ralph H. Fowler)

The Spectra of Metallic Arcs in an Exhausted Globe (with H Page, (Proc Roy Soc, vol lxxii);
Formulae for Spectrum Series (with H Shaw, Astrophys Journ, vols xviii, xxi);
The Spectra of Antarian Stars in relation to the Fluted Spectrum of Titanium (Proc Roy Soc, vol lxxiii, 1904);
Observations of the Spectra of Sunspots, Region C to D (Monthly Notices Roy Astron Soc, vol lxv, 1905);
Spectroscopic Observations of the Great Sunspot (February, 1905) and Associated Prominences (ibid, vol lxv, 1905);
Total Solar Eclipse, 1905, August 30 (with H L Callendar) (Proc Roy Soc, vol lxxvii, 1905);
High Level Chromosperic Lines and their Behaviour in Sunspot Spectra (Monthly Notices Roy Astron Soc, vol lxvi, 1906);
Observations and Discussion of the Spectra of Sunspots, Region B to E (Trans Internat Union Solar Research, vol i, 1906);
Enhanced Lines of Iron in the Region F to C, and Note on Silicon in the Chromosphere (Monthly Notices, Roy Astron Soc vol lxvii, 1906);
The Fluted Spectrum of Titanium Oxide (Proc Roy Soc, vol lxxx, 1907);
The Origin of certain Bands in the Spectra of Sunspots (Monthly Notices, Roy Astron Soc, vol lxvii, 1907);
Report of Committee on Sunspot Spectra (Trans Internat Union Solar Research, vol ii, 1908);
The Spectrum of Scandium and its relation to Solar Spectra (Phil Trans, A, 1908);
The Reproduction of Prismatic Spectrum Photographs on a Uniform Scale of Wave-lengths (Astrophys Journ, vol xxviii, 1908);
Spectroscopic Comparison of o Ceti with Titanium Oxide (Monthly Notices, Roy Astron Soc, vol lxix, 1909).

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[1]
Dingle, H. (1941). "Alfred Fowler. 1868-1940". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (9): 483–497. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0016. S2CID 161223573.
[2]
Robotti, Nadia; Leone, Matteo, eds. (2007). "Fowler, Alfred". The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 380–381. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_472. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
[3]
Pickering, E. C. (1896). "Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable stars in Crux and Cygnus". Harvard College Observatory Circular. 12: 1–2. Bibcode:1896HarCi..12....1P. Also published as: Pickering, E. C.; Fleming, W. P. (1896). "Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable stars in Crux and Cygnus". Astrophysical Journal. 4: 369–370. Bibcode:1896ApJ.....4..369P. doi:10.1086/140291.
[4]
Pickering, E. C. (1897). "Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable Stars in Crux and Cygnus". Astronomische Nachrichten. 142 (6): 87–90. Bibcode:1896AN....142...87P. doi:10.1002/asna.18971420605.
[5]
Pickering, E. C. (1897). "The spectrum of zeta Puppis". Astrophysical Journal. 5: 92–94. Bibcode:1897ApJ.....5...92P. doi:10.1086/140312.
[6]
Fowler, A. (1912). "Observations of the Principal and other Series of Lines in the Spectrum of Hydrogen". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 73 (2): 62–63. Bibcode:1912MNRAS..73...62F. doi:10.1093/mnras/73.2.62.
[7]
Lakatos, Imre (1980). "Bohr: A Research Programme Progressing on Inconsistent Foundations". In Worrall, John; Currie, Gregory (eds.). The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–68. ISBN 9780521280310.
[8]
Robotti, Nadia (1983). "The Spectrum of ζ Puppis and the Historical Evolution of Empirical Data". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. 14 (1): 123–145. doi:10.2307/27757527. JSTOR 27757527.
[9]
Hoyer, Ulrich (1981). "Constitution of Atoms and Molecules". In Hoyer, Ulrich (ed.). Niels Bohr – Collected Works: Volume 2 – Work on Atomic Physics (1912–1917). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. pp. 103–316 (esp. pp. 116–122). ISBN 978-0720418002.
[10]
Kennedy, P. J. (1985). "A Short Biography". In French, A. P.; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–15. ISBN 978-0-674-62415-3.
[11]
Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part I" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (151): 1–25. Bibcode:1913PMag...26....1B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955.
Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part II: Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (153): 476–502. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993.
Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part III: Systems containing several nuclei". Philosophical Magazine. 26 (155): 857–875. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..857B. doi:10.1080/14786441308635031.
[12]
Bohr, N. (1913). "The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen". Nature. 92 (2295): 231–232. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..231B. doi:10.1038/092231d0. S2CID 11988018.
[13]
Fowler, A. (1913). "The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen". Nature. 92 (2291): 95–96. Bibcode:1913Natur..92...95F. doi:10.1038/092095b0. S2CID 3972599.
[14]
Fowler, A. (1913). "Reply to: The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen". Nature. 92 (2295): 232–233. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..232F. doi:10.1038/092232a0. S2CID 3981817.
[15]
Bohr, N. (1915). "The Spectra of Hydrogen and Helium". Nature. 95 (6–7): 6–7. Bibcode:1915Natur..95....6B. doi:10.1038/095006a0. S2CID 3947572.
[16]
Lockyer, Sir Norman (17 July 1913). "Notes". Nature. 91 (2281): 511–514. Bibcode:1913Natur..91..511.. doi:10.1038/091511a0.
[17]
"Henry Draper Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2011.

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Obituaries

[frs-1] [1]
Dingle, H. (1941). "Alfred Fowler. 1868-1940". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (9): 483–497. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0016. S2CID 161223573.

[2] [2]
Robotti, Nadia; Leone, Matteo, eds. (2007). "Fowler, Alfred". The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 380–381. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_472. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 11 January 2023.

[3] [3]
Pickering, E. C. (1896). "Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable stars in Crux and Cygnus". Harvard College Observatory Circular. 12: 1–2. Bibcode:1896HarCi..12....1P. Also published as: Pickering, E. C.; Fleming, W. P. (1896). "Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable stars in Crux and Cygnus". Astrophysical Journal. 4: 369–370. Bibcode:1896ApJ.....4..369P. doi:10.1086/140291.

[4] [4]
Pickering, E. C. (1897). "Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable Stars in Crux and Cygnus". Astronomische Nachrichten. 142 (6): 87–90. Bibcode:1896AN....142...87P. doi:10.1002/asna.18971420605.

[5] [5]
Pickering, E. C. (1897). "The spectrum of zeta Puppis". Astrophysical Journal. 5: 92–94. Bibcode:1897ApJ.....5...92P. doi:10.1086/140312.

[6] [6]
Fowler, A. (1912). "Observations of the Principal and other Series of Lines in the Spectrum of Hydrogen". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 73 (2): 62–63. Bibcode:1912MNRAS..73...62F. doi:10.1093/mnras/73.2.62.

[7] [7]
Lakatos, Imre (1980). "Bohr: A Research Programme Progressing on Inconsistent Foundations". In Worrall, John; Currie, Gregory (eds.). The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–68. ISBN 9780521280310.

[Robotti-8] [8]
Robotti, Nadia (1983). "The Spectrum of ζ Puppis and the Historical Evolution of Empirical Data". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. 14 (1): 123–145. doi:10.2307/27757527. JSTOR 27757527.

[Hoyer-9] [9]
Hoyer, Ulrich (1981). "Constitution of Atoms and Molecules". In Hoyer, Ulrich (ed.). Niels Bohr – Collected Works: Volume 2 – Work on Atomic Physics (1912–1917). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. pp. 103–316 (esp. pp. 116–122). ISBN 978-0720418002.

[10] [10]
Kennedy, P. J. (1985). "A Short Biography". In French, A. P.; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–15. ISBN 978-0-674-62415-3.

[11] [11]
Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part I" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (151): 1–25. Bibcode:1913PMag...26....1B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955.
Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part II: Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (153): 476–502. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993.
Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part III: Systems containing several nuclei". Philosophical Magazine. 26 (155): 857–875. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..857B. doi:10.1080/14786441308635031.

[12] [12]
Bohr, N. (1913). "The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen". Nature. 92 (2295): 231–232. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..231B. doi:10.1038/092231d0. S2CID 11988018.

[13] [13]
Fowler, A. (1913). "The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen". Nature. 92 (2291): 95–96. Bibcode:1913Natur..92...95F. doi:10.1038/092095b0. S2CID 3972599.

[14] [14]
Fowler, A. (1913). "Reply to: The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen". Nature. 92 (2295): 232–233. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..232F. doi:10.1038/092232a0. S2CID 3981817.

[15] [15]
Bohr, N. (1915). "The Spectra of Hydrogen and Helium". Nature. 95 (6–7): 6–7. Bibcode:1915Natur..95....6B. doi:10.1038/095006a0. S2CID 3947572.

[Nature1913-16] [16]
Lockyer, Sir Norman (17 July 1913). "Notes". Nature. 91 (2281): 511–514. Bibcode:1913Natur..91..511.. doi:10.1038/091511a0.

[Draper-17] [17]
"Henry Draper Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2011.

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Alfred Fowler

Obituaries

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Early life and career

Pickering–Fowler series

Honours

Published Papers

References

External links

Alfred Fowler

Born	(1868-03-22)22 March 1868 Yorkshire, England
Died	24 June 1940(1940-06-24) (aged 72)
Awards	Valz Prize (1913) Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1915) Royal Medal (1918) Henry Draper Medal (1920) Bruce Medal (1934)
Scientific career
Fields	Astronomy