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Under the Merovingian dynasty, the mayor of the palace or majordomo.[1] (Latin: maior palatii or maior domus) was the manager of the household of the Frankish king. He was the head of the Merovingian administrative ladder and orchestrated the operation of the entire court. He was appointed by the king from among the magnates, the most powerful families.[2] Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy had their own mayor of the palace. After Chlothar II, who ruled over the entire Frankish Kingdom, had ordered the execution of Warnachar, the mayor of Burgundy, the magnates of Burgundy declared in 626 not to want their own mayor anymore; see Fredegar IV.54. This declaration marks the effective end of the Burgundian court and the beginning of the Neustrian-Burgundian political alliance against Austrasian influence. The Austrasian magnates revolted and the Battle of Tertry of 687 became the Austrasian victory with Pepin of Herstal as their leader and the new mayor of the palace.
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During the second half of the seventh century, the office evolved into the "power behind the throne". At that time the mayor of the palace held and wielded the real and effective power to make decisions affecting the kingdom, while the kings were increasingly reduced to performing merely ceremonial functions, which made them little more than figureheads (rois fainéants, 'do-nothing kings'). The office may be compared to that of the peshwa, shōgun, sarvadhikari or prime minister, all of which have similarly been the real powers behind some ceremonial monarchs.
In 687, after victory over the western kingdom of Neustria, the Austrasian mayor, Pippin of Herstal, took the title Duke of the Franks to signify his augmented rule. His son and successor, Charles Martel, ruled without elevating a new king during the last four years of his reign (737–741). His sons Carloman and Pepin the Short elevated another Merovingian king, Childeric III, but he was eventually deposed in 751 by Pepin, who was crowned king in his place.
See also Royal Administration of Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties.
Austrasia
| Name | In office | Family | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parthenius | 531–548 | court position is unknown | |
| Carloman, father of Pepin of Landen | c. 550-560 | ||
| Gogo | 567–581 | court position is mentioned as 'comes' and 'nutricius' | |
| Wandalenus | 581–583 | Waltrichs | |
| ... | |||
| Florentianus | um 589 | ||
| ... | |||
| Protadus | 595–600 | ||
| Claudius | 600 | ||
| Gondulphus | 600–612 | Merowingians (uncert.) | |
| Warnachar | 613 | Short after the assassination of Sigibert II | |
| Rado | 613–616/617 | ||
| Hugh (Chucus) | 617–622 | Hugobertins (uncert.) | |
| Pepin of Landen | 624/25–634 | Pippinids | First time |
| Adalgisel | 634–639 | ||
| Pepin of Landen | 639–640 | Pippinids | Second time |
| Otto | 640–643 | ||
| Grimoald I | 643–657 oder 662 | Pippinids | |
| Ansegisel | 657 oder 662–662 | Arnulfingians | |
| Wulfoald | 662–679 | Etichonen (uncert.) | |
| Pepin of Herstal | 679–714 | Pippinids | |
| Theudoald | 714–715 | Pippinids | de jure under his grandmother Plectrude |
| Charles Martel | 715–741 | Pippinids | After the Battle of Soissons (718) Maior Domus in all parts of the realm |
| Carloman | 741–747 | Pippinids | Austrasia containing also Alemania |
| Pepin the Short | 747–751 | Pippinids | Maior Domus for the whole realm |
Neustria
- Mummolin (566)
- Landric, under Clotaire II
- Gundoland (613 or 616–639)
- Aega (639–641), also in Burgundy
- Erchinoald (641–658)
- Ebroin (658–673), deposed
- Wulfoald (673–675), also in Austrasia (662–680)
- Leudesius (675), chosen but later deposed
- Ebroin (675–680), again
- Waratto (680 or 681–682), deposed by his son Gistemar
- Gistemar (682), usurper his father Waratton
- Waratto (682–684 or 686), again
- Berchar (686–688 or 689), murdered in 688 or 689
- Nordebert 687-695), under protection of Pippin of Herstal
- Grimoald II (695–714)
- Theudoald (714–715), also in Austrasia. Driven out of Neustria by the nobility, surrendered claim in 716.
- Ragenfrid (715–718), took power in Neustria in 714 or 715 but defeated by Charles Martel first in 717 and definitively in 718
- Charles Martel (718–741), also in Austrasia (715–741)
- Pepin the Short (741 or 742–751), became king of the Franks in 751
Burgundy
- Warnachar I (596–599)
- Berthoald (before 603–604)
- Protadius (604–606)
- Claudius
- Rado (613–617)
- Warnachar II (617–626), also in Austrasia
- Godinus (626–627)
- ...
- Aega (639–641), also in Neustria
- Flaochad (642)
- Radobertus (642–662)
Hereafter the office remained vacant, with Burgundy a separate realm under the King of Neustria and Burgundy. The administration of Burgundy was briefly separate under:
Aquitaine
- Brodulf (627–628)
- Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages, 476–918. London: Rivingtons, 1914.
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