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A lens flare refers to a phenomenon in which light is scattered or flashed in a lens system, often in response to bright light, sometimes creating an unwanted artifact in an image. This occurs due to the light scattered by the image mechanism itself, for example, due to internal reflection and distraction from material defects in the lens. Lenses with a large number of elements, such as magnification, tend to exhibit a greater increase in glare, since they contain a relatively large number of interfaces that can cause internal scattering. These mechanisms differ from the mechanism of generating a focused image, which depends on the rays from the refraction of light from the object itself.
The explosion manifests itself in two ways: in the form of visible artifacts and in the form of fog in the image. Smoke makes the image “washed out”, reducing contrast and color saturation (adding light to dark areas of the image and adding white to saturated areas, reducing their saturation). Visible artifacts, usually in the form of a lens iris, are formed when light travels through a lens that contains one or more reflections from the lens surfaces.
Flare is especially caused by very bright light sources. This most often occurs when shooting in the sun (when the sun is framed or the lens is pointing at the sun) and is reduced with a lens hood or other shade. For good quality optical systems and for most images (in which there is no bright light penetrating through the lens), the flare is a secondary effect that is widespread in the image and therefore not visible, although it reduces contrast.
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The spatial distribution of lens flare is usually manifested in the form of several bursts of stars, rings or circles in a row in the image or image. Lens flares of the lens usually spread widely on the scene and change location when moving the camera relative to light sources, tracking the position of the light and disappearing when the camera is directed away from bright light until it creates glare at all. The specific spatial distribution of glare depends on the shape of the aperture of the image forming elements. For example, if the lens has an aperture with 6 blades, the flare may have a hexagonal shape.
This internal dispersion is also present in the human eye and manifests itself in the form of undesirable veiled glare, which is especially noticeable when viewed in very bright light or highly reflective surfaces. In some situations, eyelashes can also create uneven similarities, although these are technically diffractive artifacts.
When a light source shines on the lens, but not in its field of vision, lens flares look like fog, which blurs the image and reduces contrast. This can be avoided by shading the lens with a lens hood. In the studio, you can attach a gobo or barn door kit to the light so that it does not glow on the camera. Filters can be attached to the camera lens, which will also reduce glare on the lens, which is especially useful for outdoor photographers.
When using an anamorphic lens, as is often the case in analog cinema, lens flare can appear in the form of horizontal lines. This is most often seen in car headlights in dark scenes and may be desirable as part of a “movie view”.