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4.5 enzymes

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Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions in cells. They have several key characteristics - they are highly specific, needed in small amounts, and remain unchanged after reactions. Enzymes are produced inside cells by ribosomes and transported to their sites of action. Extracellular enzymes are secreted from cells. The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions depends on factors like temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentrations. Enzymes work by specifically binding substrates in their active sites to catalyze reactions, and are then released to bind more substrates. They have many uses in industries and daily life like food production and detergents.

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By: Fitri Suri Solehah bte Hj Mat Usen 4 UTM WELCOME
4.5 ENZYMES LEARNING OUTCOMES State what enzyme are Explain why enzymes are needed in life processes List the general characteristics of enzymes Relate the name of enzyme to substrate State sites where enzymes are synthesised State the meaning of intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes Explain the involvement of specific organelles in the production of extracellular enzymes
Explain the effects of pH,temperature,enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on enzyme activity Explain the mechanism of enzyme action Relate the mechanism of enzyme action with pH,temperature,enzyme concentration and substrate concentration Explain the uses of enzymes in daily life and industry using examples
Example of enzyme
Role of enzymes in organisms Enzymes are protein Enzymes are biological catalyst that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions in the cells Chemical reactions that occur within a living organism are called metabolism Metabolic reaction starts with the substrate and ends with product
General characteristics of enzymes Speed up the rates of chemical reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction Not destroyed by the reactions they catalyse Highly specific that is each enzyme can only catalyse one kind of substrate Needed in small quantities because they are not used up but released at the end of a reaction Enzyme-catalyses reaction are reversible Can be slowed down or completely stopped by inhibitors . -e.g. : heavy metals such as lead and mercury Require helper molecules called cofactors Cofactors are divide by two: organic cofactor like water soluble vitamin Inorganic cofactor like ferum and copper
Naming of enzymes An enzyme is named according to the name of the substrate it catalyses Other enzyme were named before a systematic way of naming enzyme was formed -e.g. : pepsin, trypsin and rennin
By adding suffix -ase at the end of the name of their substrate Enzyme for catalysing the hydrolysis Example : sucrase sucrose + water glucose + fructose
Pepton + polypeptide prote ase protein Maltose amyl ase starch Glycerol + fatty acid lip ase lipid Glucose cellul ase cellulose Glucose malt ase maltose glucose + galactose lact ase lactose products enzymes substrate
The sites of enzyme synthesis Ribosomes are attached to the roughed endoplasmic reticulum. Information for the synthesis of enzyme is carried by DNA The different of bases in DNA are codes to make different protein RNA is formed to translate the codes into a sequence of amino acids Amino acids are bonded together to form specific enzyme according to the DNA’s codes
Intracellular and extracellular enzyme Intracellular : synthesised and retained in the cell for the use of cell itself : found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast Example : 1) oxydoreductase catalyse biological oxidation 2) reduction in the mitochondria Extracellular : synthesised in the cell but secreted from the cell to work externally Example : 1) digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas are not used by cells in the pancreas but are transported to the duodenum
Production of extracellular enzymes Protein/Enzymes are synthesized in the ribosomes are transported through the spaces between the rough endoplasmic reticulum Protein depart from the RER wrapped in vesicles that bud off from the sides of the RER These transport vesicles fuse with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicles containing these modified protein bud off from the Golgi membrane and travel to the plasma membrane These vesicles will then fuse with the plasma membrane before releasing the proteins outside the cells as enzymes.
The mechanism of enzyme action The 'lock and key' hypothesis in of enzyme raection
Enzymes are complex protein made of one or more polypeptide chains These polypeptide chain are folded into three-dimensional shape which include a pocket called an active site The ‘lock and key’ hypothesis The ‘ substrate’ molecule represent the ‘key’ The ‘enzyme ’ molecule represent the ‘lock’ The substrate molecule binds to the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex The enzyme catalyses the substrate to form products , then leave the active site Enzyme molecule is now free to bind to more substrate molecules
Factor affecting enzyme activity Temperature At low temperatures , an enzyme-catalysed reaction takes place slowly For every 10 °C rise in temperature, the rate of reaction is doubled However, this is only true up to the optimum temperature Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme catalyses a reaction at the maximum rate Effect of temperature
Any increase in temperature will no longer increase the rate of reaction because the bonds that hold enzyme molecules together begin to break at high temperature, thus altering the three-dimensional shape eventually destroying active site Enzymes lose their activities and are said to be denatured So, organisms cannot survive at temperatures above 40°C A normal enzyme molecule
Ph The optimum pH is the pH at which the rate of reaction is at the maximum A change in pH can alter the charges on the active sites of the enzyme and the substrate surfaces,it can reduce the ability of both molecules to bind each other Pepsin can function in an acidic condition (pH 2) within in the stomach Trypsin can function in alkaline condition (pH 8.5) within the duodenum
Substrate concentration Increase in substrate concentration, more substrate molecule are available to bind the active sites of the enzyme Hence, more products will be produced Because more chances of collision between the substrate molecule and the enzyme molecules for a catalytic reaction to take place In increase in substrate concentration will only speed up the reaction if there are enough enzyme molecules to catalyse the additional substrate molecules The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration until the reaction reaches a maximum rate
After maximum rate, all active site of the enzyme molecules are filled and engaged in catalysis The enzyme is said to be saturated The concentration of enzyme becomes a limiting factor
Enzyme concentration When the concentration of an enzyme increases,more enzyme molecules are available The rate of of reaction will increase only if there is abundant supply of substrate molecules and other factors are constant because more active sites are made available for the catalytic reaction . The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the enzyme present until a maximum rate is achieved . After the maximum rate,the doncentration of substrate becomes a limiting factor . If the concentration of enzyme is doubled,the amount of substrate molecules also doubled.
The uses of enzymes Can as catalysts in industries The use of enzyme in industrial processes is known as enzyme technology . Enzyme are use widely in our daily life be use Effectively dissolve protein stain In detergent lipase amylase protease enzymes Ripening the cheese To convert starch to sugar in the making of syrup Tenderise meat uses

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4.5 enzymes

  • 1. By: Fitri Suri Solehah bte Hj Mat Usen 4 UTM WELCOME
  • 2. 4.5 ENZYMES LEARNING OUTCOMES State what enzyme are Explain why enzymes are needed in life processes List the general characteristics of enzymes Relate the name of enzyme to substrate State sites where enzymes are synthesised State the meaning of intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes Explain the involvement of specific organelles in the production of extracellular enzymes
  • 3. Explain the effects of pH,temperature,enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on enzyme activity Explain the mechanism of enzyme action Relate the mechanism of enzyme action with pH,temperature,enzyme concentration and substrate concentration Explain the uses of enzymes in daily life and industry using examples
  • 5. Role of enzymes in organisms Enzymes are protein Enzymes are biological catalyst that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions in the cells Chemical reactions that occur within a living organism are called metabolism Metabolic reaction starts with the substrate and ends with product
  • 6. General characteristics of enzymes Speed up the rates of chemical reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction Not destroyed by the reactions they catalyse Highly specific that is each enzyme can only catalyse one kind of substrate Needed in small quantities because they are not used up but released at the end of a reaction Enzyme-catalyses reaction are reversible Can be slowed down or completely stopped by inhibitors . -e.g. : heavy metals such as lead and mercury Require helper molecules called cofactors Cofactors are divide by two: organic cofactor like water soluble vitamin Inorganic cofactor like ferum and copper
  • 7. Naming of enzymes An enzyme is named according to the name of the substrate it catalyses Other enzyme were named before a systematic way of naming enzyme was formed -e.g. : pepsin, trypsin and rennin
  • 8. By adding suffix -ase at the end of the name of their substrate Enzyme for catalysing the hydrolysis Example : sucrase sucrose + water glucose + fructose
  • 9. Pepton + polypeptide prote ase protein Maltose amyl ase starch Glycerol + fatty acid lip ase lipid Glucose cellul ase cellulose Glucose malt ase maltose glucose + galactose lact ase lactose products enzymes substrate
  • 10. The sites of enzyme synthesis Ribosomes are attached to the roughed endoplasmic reticulum. Information for the synthesis of enzyme is carried by DNA The different of bases in DNA are codes to make different protein RNA is formed to translate the codes into a sequence of amino acids Amino acids are bonded together to form specific enzyme according to the DNA’s codes
  • 11. Intracellular and extracellular enzyme Intracellular : synthesised and retained in the cell for the use of cell itself : found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast Example : 1) oxydoreductase catalyse biological oxidation 2) reduction in the mitochondria Extracellular : synthesised in the cell but secreted from the cell to work externally Example : 1) digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas are not used by cells in the pancreas but are transported to the duodenum
  • 12. Production of extracellular enzymes Protein/Enzymes are synthesized in the ribosomes are transported through the spaces between the rough endoplasmic reticulum Protein depart from the RER wrapped in vesicles that bud off from the sides of the RER These transport vesicles fuse with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicles containing these modified protein bud off from the Golgi membrane and travel to the plasma membrane These vesicles will then fuse with the plasma membrane before releasing the proteins outside the cells as enzymes.
  • 13. The mechanism of enzyme action The 'lock and key' hypothesis in of enzyme raection
  • 14. Enzymes are complex protein made of one or more polypeptide chains These polypeptide chain are folded into three-dimensional shape which include a pocket called an active site The ‘lock and key’ hypothesis The ‘ substrate’ molecule represent the ‘key’ The ‘enzyme ’ molecule represent the ‘lock’ The substrate molecule binds to the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex The enzyme catalyses the substrate to form products , then leave the active site Enzyme molecule is now free to bind to more substrate molecules
  • 15. Factor affecting enzyme activity Temperature At low temperatures , an enzyme-catalysed reaction takes place slowly For every 10 °C rise in temperature, the rate of reaction is doubled However, this is only true up to the optimum temperature Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme catalyses a reaction at the maximum rate Effect of temperature
  • 16. Any increase in temperature will no longer increase the rate of reaction because the bonds that hold enzyme molecules together begin to break at high temperature, thus altering the three-dimensional shape eventually destroying active site Enzymes lose their activities and are said to be denatured So, organisms cannot survive at temperatures above 40°C A normal enzyme molecule
  • 17. Ph The optimum pH is the pH at which the rate of reaction is at the maximum A change in pH can alter the charges on the active sites of the enzyme and the substrate surfaces,it can reduce the ability of both molecules to bind each other Pepsin can function in an acidic condition (pH 2) within in the stomach Trypsin can function in alkaline condition (pH 8.5) within the duodenum
  • 18. Substrate concentration Increase in substrate concentration, more substrate molecule are available to bind the active sites of the enzyme Hence, more products will be produced Because more chances of collision between the substrate molecule and the enzyme molecules for a catalytic reaction to take place In increase in substrate concentration will only speed up the reaction if there are enough enzyme molecules to catalyse the additional substrate molecules The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration until the reaction reaches a maximum rate
  • 19. After maximum rate, all active site of the enzyme molecules are filled and engaged in catalysis The enzyme is said to be saturated The concentration of enzyme becomes a limiting factor
  • 20. Enzyme concentration When the concentration of an enzyme increases,more enzyme molecules are available The rate of of reaction will increase only if there is abundant supply of substrate molecules and other factors are constant because more active sites are made available for the catalytic reaction . The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the enzyme present until a maximum rate is achieved . After the maximum rate,the doncentration of substrate becomes a limiting factor . If the concentration of enzyme is doubled,the amount of substrate molecules also doubled.
  • 21. The uses of enzymes Can as catalysts in industries The use of enzyme in industrial processes is known as enzyme technology . Enzyme are use widely in our daily life be use Effectively dissolve protein stain In detergent lipase amylase protease enzymes Ripening the cheese To convert starch to sugar in the making of syrup Tenderise meat uses