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Antibiotics & penicillin

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Piyush Verma

Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Chemotherapeutic agents are natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic chemicals used to treat bacterial and other microbial infections. Some common adverse effects of antibiotics include toxic effects on organs like the liver or kidneys, hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild rashes to anaphylactic shock, development of drug resistance, superinfections caused by disruption of normal microbiota, and vitamin deficiencies.

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A N T I B I O T I C S A R E S U B S T A N C E S P R O D U C E D B Y M I C R O O R G A N I S M W H I C H E I T H E R K I L L O R I N H I B I T T H E G R O W T H O F M I C R O O R G A N I S M . ANTIBIOTICS Piyush kumar verma 1
C H E M O T H E R A P E U T I C A G E N T S A R E N A T U R A L O R S E M I - S Y N T H E T I C O R S Y N T H E T I C C H E M I C A L U S E D I N T R E A T I N G B A C T E R I A L A N D O T H E R M I C R O - O R G A N I S M I N F E C T I O N . CHEMOTERAPEUTIC AGENTS Piyush kumar verma 2
Adverse Effect  Toxic Effects – Local Irritation & Abscess Formation At Site Of Injection Or Organ Toxicity Like Liver Or Kidney Damage.  Hypersensitivity Reaction – Mild Rashes To Sever Anaphylactic Shock In Susceptible Person.  Drug Resistance – Means Unresponsive For Some Drugs.  Super Infection – Appearing A New Infection While Treating Previous Infection.  Vitamins Deficiency – These Destroy The Bacterial Flora Of Our Body Which Synthesize The Vitamin B–complex And Vitamin K.  Toxic Effect Of Individual Drug – Eg. Chloramphenicol Causes The Bone Marrow Depression. Piyush kumar verma 3
According to mode of action According to range of effectiveness  Bacteriostatic – Which inhibit the growth of micro-organism. eg. Sulfonamides Tetracycline  Bacteriocidal – Which destroys or kills the micro-organism. eg. Penicillin cephalosporin  Broad spectrum- Which act against wide range of micro-organism. eg. Tetracycline's chloramphenicol  Narrow spectrum – which act against limited range of micro-organism. eg. Streptomycin erythromycin CLASSIFICATION According to range of effectiveness Piyush kumar verma 4
According To Chemical Structure  Sulfonamide  Beta- Lactum Antibiotic. Eg. Penicillin , Cephalosporin  Aminoglycoside. Eg.Streptomycin, Neomycin, Gentamycin  Tetracycline  Nitrobenzene Derivative Eg. Chloramphenicol  Macrolid Antibiotics Eg. Erythromycin  4-quinolones Eg. Nalidixic Acid  Nicotinic Acid Derivative Eg. Isoniazide , Pyrazinamide  Nitromidazole Eg. Metronidazole , Tinidazole  Polypeptide Eg. Polymyxin-b, Bacitracin  Others….. Piyush kumar verma 5
T H E P E N I C I L L I N W E R E T H E F I R S T A N T I B I O T I C S T O B E D I S C O V E R E D A N D U S E D C L I N I C A L L Y I N 1 9 4 1 . I T W A S I S O L A T E D F R O M T H E F U N G U S P E N I C I L L I U M N O T A T U M . A L L P E N I C I L L I N C O N T A I N S A B E T A - L A C T U M R I N G I N T H E I R S T R U C T U R E W H I C H I S R E S P O N S I B L E F O R T H E I R A N T I B A C T E R I A L A C T I V I T Y . PENICILLINE Piyush kumar verma 6
Mechanism Of Action Penicillin Inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall Bacterial cells swell and burst Bacterial cell lysis Bacteriocidal Piyush kumar verma 7
Classification Of Penicillin 1. On The Basis Of Resistance 2. On The Basis Of Extended Spectrum Of Penicillin • On The Basis Of Resistance • Acid Labile • Acid Resistance • On The Basis Of Extended Spectrum Penicillin • Aminopenicillin • Indanyl Penicillin • Amidinopenicillin • Ureidopenicillin Piyush kumar verma 8
CLASSIFICATION OF PENICILLIN TYPES OF PENICILLIN SHORT DESSCRIPTION USES DOSE & ROUTE EXCRET ION Benzyl penicillin (Penicillin-G) It is a narrow spectrum antibiotic and primarily act against gram+ organism. It is an acid labile penicillin. Streptococcal Pneumococcal Meningococcal Gonococcal Treponema pallidum Clostridial infection 1. Sod. Penicilline- G - 0.5- 5MU IM /IV (6-12 hourly) Etc…… Rapidly excrete by kidney Methicillin It is an acid labile penicillin. Mainly used against penicillinase producing staphylococci 1-2 gm IM/ IV (6 hourly) Kidney Piyush kumar verma 9
CLASSIFICATION OF PENICILLIN TYPES OF PENICILLIN SHORT DESSCRIPTION USES DOSE & ROUTE EXCRETI ON Phenoxymethyl penicillin It is acid resistance penicillin Similar to penicillin –G 250-500 mg orally (6 hourly) Renal excretion Cloxacillin It is acid resistance penicillin It is more active against penicillinase producing staphylococci 250-500 mg orally (6 hourly ) Renal excretion Ampicillin It is acid resistance penicillin UTI RTI Typhoid fever Gonorrhea Diarrhea 0.25-1 gm orally (6 hourly ) Renal excretion Piyush kumar verma 10
CLASSIFICATION OF PENICILLIN TYPES OF PENICILLIN SHORT DESSCRIPTION USES DOSE & ROUTE EXCRETI ON Amoxicillin Similar to penicillin –G Similar to penicillin –G 0.25-1 gm orally (8 hourly ) Renal excretion Azlocillin These are newer penicillin Pseudomonas infection 1-3 gm Injection form (6 hourly ) Renal excretion Piyush kumar verma 11
Adverse Reaction Of Penicillin  Pain and abscess formation may occur at the site of injection.  Hypersensitivity reaction may manifest in the form of rashes, itching, urticaria, fever, angioneurotic edema or anaphylaxis.  Drug induced diarrhea.  Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction in syphilitic patient. In this sudden release of spirochetal lytic products. Piyush kumar verma 12

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Antibiotics & penicillin

  • 1. A N T I B I O T I C S A R E S U B S T A N C E S P R O D U C E D B Y M I C R O O R G A N I S M W H I C H E I T H E R K I L L O R I N H I B I T T H E G R O W T H O F M I C R O O R G A N I S M . ANTIBIOTICS Piyush kumar verma 1
  • 2. C H E M O T H E R A P E U T I C A G E N T S A R E N A T U R A L O R S E M I - S Y N T H E T I C O R S Y N T H E T I C C H E M I C A L U S E D I N T R E A T I N G B A C T E R I A L A N D O T H E R M I C R O - O R G A N I S M I N F E C T I O N . CHEMOTERAPEUTIC AGENTS Piyush kumar verma 2
  • 3. Adverse Effect  Toxic Effects – Local Irritation & Abscess Formation At Site Of Injection Or Organ Toxicity Like Liver Or Kidney Damage.  Hypersensitivity Reaction – Mild Rashes To Sever Anaphylactic Shock In Susceptible Person.  Drug Resistance – Means Unresponsive For Some Drugs.  Super Infection – Appearing A New Infection While Treating Previous Infection.  Vitamins Deficiency – These Destroy The Bacterial Flora Of Our Body Which Synthesize The Vitamin B–complex And Vitamin K.  Toxic Effect Of Individual Drug – Eg. Chloramphenicol Causes The Bone Marrow Depression. Piyush kumar verma 3
  • 4. According to mode of action According to range of effectiveness  Bacteriostatic – Which inhibit the growth of micro-organism. eg. Sulfonamides Tetracycline  Bacteriocidal – Which destroys or kills the micro-organism. eg. Penicillin cephalosporin  Broad spectrum- Which act against wide range of micro-organism. eg. Tetracycline's chloramphenicol  Narrow spectrum – which act against limited range of micro-organism. eg. Streptomycin erythromycin CLASSIFICATION According to range of effectiveness Piyush kumar verma 4
  • 5. According To Chemical Structure  Sulfonamide  Beta- Lactum Antibiotic. Eg. Penicillin , Cephalosporin  Aminoglycoside. Eg.Streptomycin, Neomycin, Gentamycin  Tetracycline  Nitrobenzene Derivative Eg. Chloramphenicol  Macrolid Antibiotics Eg. Erythromycin  4-quinolones Eg. Nalidixic Acid  Nicotinic Acid Derivative Eg. Isoniazide , Pyrazinamide  Nitromidazole Eg. Metronidazole , Tinidazole  Polypeptide Eg. Polymyxin-b, Bacitracin  Others….. Piyush kumar verma 5
  • 6. T H E P E N I C I L L I N W E R E T H E F I R S T A N T I B I O T I C S T O B E D I S C O V E R E D A N D U S E D C L I N I C A L L Y I N 1 9 4 1 . I T W A S I S O L A T E D F R O M T H E F U N G U S P E N I C I L L I U M N O T A T U M . A L L P E N I C I L L I N C O N T A I N S A B E T A - L A C T U M R I N G I N T H E I R S T R U C T U R E W H I C H I S R E S P O N S I B L E F O R T H E I R A N T I B A C T E R I A L A C T I V I T Y . PENICILLINE Piyush kumar verma 6
  • 7. Mechanism Of Action Penicillin Inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall Bacterial cells swell and burst Bacterial cell lysis Bacteriocidal Piyush kumar verma 7
  • 8. Classification Of Penicillin 1. On The Basis Of Resistance 2. On The Basis Of Extended Spectrum Of Penicillin • On The Basis Of Resistance • Acid Labile • Acid Resistance • On The Basis Of Extended Spectrum Penicillin • Aminopenicillin • Indanyl Penicillin • Amidinopenicillin • Ureidopenicillin Piyush kumar verma 8
  • 9. CLASSIFICATION OF PENICILLIN TYPES OF PENICILLIN SHORT DESSCRIPTION USES DOSE & ROUTE EXCRET ION Benzyl penicillin (Penicillin-G) It is a narrow spectrum antibiotic and primarily act against gram+ organism. It is an acid labile penicillin. Streptococcal Pneumococcal Meningococcal Gonococcal Treponema pallidum Clostridial infection 1. Sod. Penicilline- G - 0.5- 5MU IM /IV (6-12 hourly) Etc…… Rapidly excrete by kidney Methicillin It is an acid labile penicillin. Mainly used against penicillinase producing staphylococci 1-2 gm IM/ IV (6 hourly) Kidney Piyush kumar verma 9
  • 10. CLASSIFICATION OF PENICILLIN TYPES OF PENICILLIN SHORT DESSCRIPTION USES DOSE & ROUTE EXCRETI ON Phenoxymethyl penicillin It is acid resistance penicillin Similar to penicillin –G 250-500 mg orally (6 hourly) Renal excretion Cloxacillin It is acid resistance penicillin It is more active against penicillinase producing staphylococci 250-500 mg orally (6 hourly ) Renal excretion Ampicillin It is acid resistance penicillin UTI RTI Typhoid fever Gonorrhea Diarrhea 0.25-1 gm orally (6 hourly ) Renal excretion Piyush kumar verma 10
  • 11. CLASSIFICATION OF PENICILLIN TYPES OF PENICILLIN SHORT DESSCRIPTION USES DOSE & ROUTE EXCRETI ON Amoxicillin Similar to penicillin –G Similar to penicillin –G 0.25-1 gm orally (8 hourly ) Renal excretion Azlocillin These are newer penicillin Pseudomonas infection 1-3 gm Injection form (6 hourly ) Renal excretion Piyush kumar verma 11
  • 12. Adverse Reaction Of Penicillin  Pain and abscess formation may occur at the site of injection.  Hypersensitivity reaction may manifest in the form of rashes, itching, urticaria, fever, angioneurotic edema or anaphylaxis.  Drug induced diarrhea.  Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction in syphilitic patient. In this sudden release of spirochetal lytic products. Piyush kumar verma 12