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  • Review Article
  • Published:

Non-perennial segments in river networks

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment volume 4, pages 815–830 (2023)Cite this article

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A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 15 December 2023

This article has been updated

Abstract

Non-perennial river segments — those that recurrently cease to flow or frequently dry — occur in all river networks and are globally more abundant than perennial (always flowing) segments. However, research and management have historically focused on perennial river segments. In this Review, we outline how non-perennial segments are integral parts of river networks. Repeated cycles of flowing, non-flowing and dry phases in non-perennial segments influence biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics at different spatial scales, from individual segments to entire river networks. Varying configurations of perennial and non-perennial segments govern physical, chemical and ecological responses to changes in the flow regimes of each river network, especially in response to human activities. The extent of non-perennial segments in river networks has increased owing to warming, changing hydrological patterns and human activities, and this increase is predicted to continue. Moreover, the dry phases of flow regimes are expected to be longer, drier and more frequent, albeit with high regional variability. These changes will likely impact biodiversity, potentially tipping some ecosystems to compromised stable states. Effective river-network management must recognize ecosystem services (such as flood risk management and groundwater recharge) provided by non-perennial segments and ensure their legislative and regulatory protection, which is often lacking.

Key points

  • Non-perennial segments comprise over half of the global river network. Ongoing climate change and human activities will further increase the occurrence of river drying.

  • Recurrent cycles of flowing, non-flowing and dry phases influence exchanges of water, energy, nutrients and organisms between non-perennial segments and connected perennial waters.

  • Physical, chemical and biological processes in non-perennial segments affect water quality and quantity, and ecological integrity in downstream receiving waters and entire river networks.

  • Historically, river science and management have focused on perennial river segments, neglecting the ubiquity and importance of non-perennial segments. This imbalance has often led to environmental problems such as poor water quality, loss of biodiversity and alteration of natural flow regimes at the river-network scale.

  • Sustaining the water quality and ecological integrity of entire river networks and associated downstream waters requires integrated management strategies that explicitly consider non-perennial segments and their connections with perennial ones.

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Fig. 1: Non-perennial river segments: definition, abundance and flow regimes.
Fig. 2: The connections between non-perennial and perennial river segments.
Fig. 3: Effects of non-perenniality on river-scale leaf litter decomposition and transport.
Fig. 4: Non-perenniality impacts on biodiversity patterns at the river-network scale.
Fig. 5: The future hydrological and biological fate of non-perennial rivers.
Fig. 6: Examples of ecosystem processes and services occurring in non-perennial segments and management opportunities.
Fig. 7: Examples of threats on non-perennial river segments.

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Acknowledgements

T.D. and N.C. received support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme through the DRYvER project (Securing Biodiversity, Functional Integrity and Ecosystem Services in Drying River Networks, award number 869226). The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the USEPA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INRAE, UR RiverLy, Centre Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne, France

    Thibault Datry

  2. Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia

    Andrew J. Boulton

  3. Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Ken Fritz

  4. School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

    Rachel Stubbington

  5. IRTA Marine and Continental Waters Programme, La Ràpita, Catalonia, Spain

    Nuria Cid

  6. FEHM-Lab (Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management), Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain

    Nuria Cid

  7. Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR GEOLAB, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Julie Crabot

  8. Senckenberg Society for Nature Research and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Klement Tockner

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T.D., A.J.B., K.F.: conceptualization, writing — original draft preparation. J.C., K.T., N.C., R.S.: writing — original draft preparation. All: writing — reviewing and editing.

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Glossary

β-Diversity

Spatial and temporal variability in community composition.

Dry phases

In a non-perennial river segment, a period of time with no spatially continuous flowing or non-flowing surface water, although disconnected surface-water pools and subsurface water can be present.

Drying phase

In a non-perennial river segment, the transitional period between a flowing or non-flowing phase and a dry phase, during which most or all surface water is lost.

Ephemeral

A non-perennial flow regime in which water only flows in response to rainfall events, and flowing phases are thus unpredictable and typically short (hours to weeks).

Flow cessation

The point in time at which surface water ceases to flow from upstream to downstream in a non-perennial segment.

Flowing phases

In a non-perennial river segment, the periods of time in which water flows from upstream to downstream.

Flow regime

The temporal variability in the quantity and timing of discharge.

Gaining segments

Stream segments in which flow increases owing to the upwelling of groundwater into the surface channel.

Intermittent

A non-perennial flow regime, often seasonal, that is typically characterized by long flowing phases (usually multiple months) and short dry phases.

Losing segments

Stream segments in which flow decreases owing to the infiltration of surface water into the streambed towards the groundwater.

Megadroughts

Droughts that exceed the duration of most droughts in the instrumental record.

Non-flowing phases

In a non-perennial river segment, the periods of time in which spatially continuous non-flowing (still or lentic) surface water is present.

Non-perennial segments

Stream segments in which surface water recurrently stops flowing. These segments lose all or most of their surface water.

Perennial segments

Stream segments in which surface water never stops flowing.

Rewetting phase

In a non-perennial river segment, the transitional period between a dry phase and a flowing or non-flowing phase.

Synchrony

The degree of concurrent change across spatially distinct segments or populations.

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Datry, T., Boulton, A.J., Fritz, K. et al. Non-perennial segments in river networks. Nat Rev Earth Environ 4, 815–830 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00495-w

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