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Search Results (12,204)

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24 pages, 9483 KiB  
Article
Development of Methodology for Estimation of Energy-Efficient Building Renovation Using Application of MINLP-Optimized Timber–Glass Upgrade Modules
by Maja Lešnik Nedelko, Stojan Kravanja, Miroslav Premrov and Vesna Žegarac Leskovar
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010319 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
Vertical addition to already-existing structures is an approach to energy-efficient building renovation. It presents an opportunity for the densification of built-up areas and the construction of new usable spaces. While many studies have dealt with the subject of renovating buildings with a focus [...] Read more.
Vertical addition to already-existing structures is an approach to energy-efficient building renovation. It presents an opportunity for the densification of built-up areas and the construction of new usable spaces. While many studies have dealt with the subject of renovating buildings with a focus on energy efficiency, far fewer studies have specifically examined the potential of vertically extending existing buildings, an approach which could be introduced in new sustainable building policies. The objective of this study is to redevelop optimal timber–glass upgrade modules, considering the ideal proportions of glazing for all cardinal directions, by using discrete Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming optimization. The novelty of the suggested method resides in the synchronous optimization of the upgrade modules’ daylighting and energy-efficiency performance, resulting in the creation of optimization methods that can determine the optimal glazing proportions for all cardinal directions and incorporate rational design and window measurement. The impact of the developed Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming-optimized upgrade modules is compared to previously designed optimized upgrade modules. Finally, a methodology for estimating the energy efficiency of building renovations incorporating vertical additions using the timber–glass upgrade modules was developed, supporting the quick assessment of the reduction in hybrid buildings’ energy consumption for heating and cooling according to boundary conditions, presuming that they undergo the suggested renovations. The findings are applicable (not exclusively) to Slovenia’s residential building stock, which makes up around 20% of the country’s current housing stock and was mainly constructed between 1946 and 1970. This offers a substantial opportunity to improve the overall sustainability and energy efficiency of the country’s housing stock. The proposed approach offers a holistic solution to drive sustainable development in the built environment by incorporating all three pillars of sustainability (environmental, social, and economic). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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<p>The fundamental approach to refurbishing current structures using energy-efficient timber–glass upgrade modules ((<b>a</b>) refurbishing current structures; (<b>b</b>) design of timber–glass upgrade modules; (<b>c</b>) application of timber–glass upgrade modules onto refurbished structures).</p>
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<p>Flowchart of research.</p>
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<p>The selected typologies of EBs (length of south- and north-oriented façades, a; length of east- and west-oriented façades, b).</p>
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<p>Module types based on their primary design parameters.</p>
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<p>Diagram for the multi-parametric MINLP optimization approach.</p>
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<p>Ideal proportion of glazing for north-, south-, and east-facing façades (<span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_n</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_s</sub></span>, and <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_e</sub></span>) of single-story (M<sub>1</sub>) upgrade modules of different module floor areas (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>m</sub></span>) considering <span class="html-italic">DF</span><sub>1</sub> and <span class="html-italic">DF</span><sub>2</sub> boundary conditions.</p>
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<p>Ideal proportion of glazing for north-, south-, and east-facing façades (<span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_n</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_s</sub></span>, and <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_e</sub></span>) of two-story (M<sub>2</sub>) upgrade modules of different module floor areas (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>m</sub></span>) considering <span class="html-italic">DF</span><sub>1</sub> and <span class="html-italic">DF</span><sub>2</sub> boundary conditions.</p>
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<p>South-facing rooms’ daylight factors (<span class="html-italic">DF<sub>s</sub></span>) in single-story (M<sub>1</sub>) upgrade modules of different module floor areas (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>m</sub></span>) corresponding to the ideal proportion of glazing for south-facing windows (<span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_s</sub></span>).</p>
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<p>South-facing rooms’ daylight factors (<span class="html-italic">DF<sub>s</sub></span>) in two-story (M<sub>2</sub>) upgrade modules of different module floor areas (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>m</sub></span>) corresponding to the ideal proportion of glazing for south-facing windows (<span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_s</sub></span>).</p>
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<p>Demand for heating and cooling energy (<span class="html-italic">Q<sub>h</sub></span> + <span class="html-italic">Q<sub>c</sub></span>) of single-story (M<sub>1</sub>) upgrade modules of different module floor areas (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>m</sub></span>) corresponding to the ideal proportion of glazing for north-, south-, east-, and west-facing façades (<span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_n</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_s</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_e</sub></span>, and <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_w</sub></span>).</p>
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<p>Demand for heating and cooling energy (<span class="html-italic">Q<sub>h</sub></span> + <span class="html-italic">Q<sub>c</sub></span>) of two-story (M<sub>2</sub>) upgrade modules of different module floor areas (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>m</sub></span>) corresponding to the ideal proportion of glazing for north-, south-, east-, and west-facing façades (<span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_n</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_s</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_e</sub></span>, and <span class="html-italic">AGAW<sub>opt_MINLP_w</sub></span>).</p>
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<p>Demand for heating and cooling energy (<span class="html-italic">Q<sub>h</sub></span> + <span class="html-italic">Q<sub>c</sub></span>) based on varying heights of REB A, vertically extended with each of the previously developed timber–glass upgrade module types (single story, left; two stories, right).</p>
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<p>Demand for heating and cooling energy (<span class="html-italic">Q<sub>h</sub></span> + <span class="html-italic">Q<sub>c</sub></span>) based on varying heights of REB B, vertically extended with each of the previously developed timber–glass upgrade module types (single story, left; two stories, right).</p>
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<p>Demand for heating and cooling energy (<span class="html-italic">Q<sub>h</sub></span> + <span class="html-italic">Q<sub>c</sub></span>) based on varying heights of the REB C, vertically extended with each of the previously developed timber–glass upgrade module types (single story, left; two stories, right).</p>
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<p>Energy savings (%) for building vertical addition using various types of single-story (M<sub>1</sub>) upgrade modules with different heights of the REB (averaging the values for hybrid buildings (REB A + M, REB B + M, and REB C + M)).</p>
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<p>Energy savings (%) for building vertical addition using various types of two-story (M<sub>2</sub>) upgrade modules with different heights of REBs (averaging the values for hybrid buildings (REB A + M, REB B + M, and REB C + M)).</p>
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19 pages, 10571 KiB  
Article
Efficient Urban Soil Improvement Using Soil Squeezing Technology for Constrained Environments
by Shinya Inazumi, Kuo Chieh Chao, Tetsuo Iida and Takeshi Yamada
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010317 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study introduces soil squeezing technology (SST) as an innovative approach to soil improvement that addresses the limitations of conventional methods in urban geotechnical projects. Unlike traditional in situ mixing, SST uses displacement, compaction, and controlled solidification to effectively increase soil cohesion and [...] Read more.
This study introduces soil squeezing technology (SST) as an innovative approach to soil improvement that addresses the limitations of conventional methods in urban geotechnical projects. Unlike traditional in situ mixing, SST uses displacement, compaction, and controlled solidification to effectively increase soil cohesion and strength while reducing voids. By minimizing reliance on large mixing plants and bulky machinery, SST offers significant advantages in confined urban spaces, providing accessibility and operational efficiency. This paper describes the mechanism of SST, field application procedures, and adaptability to different soil types including humus and organic-rich soils. The compaction-driven approach ensures the consistent formation of dense, high-strength columnar soil structures, even in challenging geotechnical environments. Field studies demonstrate SST’s superior bearing capacity, uniformity, and reduced site disturbance compared to conventional methods, making it suitable for modern infrastructure. Quality control through real-time inspection further highlights the operational reliability of SST. This research underscores SST’s potential as a cost-effective, scalable solution that meets the stringent demands of urban development while minimizing environmental impact and optimizing resource use. Full article
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<p>Overview of the soil squeezing technology (SST) construction scene.</p>
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<p>Schematic diagram of the SST excavation process.</p>
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<p>Schematic diagram of the mixing of improved soil in the SST process.</p>
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<p>Schematic diagram of construction of improved soil columns using SST.</p>
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<p>Schematic diagram of the SST auger compaction mechanism.</p>
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<p>Detailed SST auger compaction process.</p>
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<p>Improved soil column uniformity achieved by SST.</p>
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<p>Borehole log and improvement section for topsoil project.</p>
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<p>Soil improvement plan layout for topsoil project.</p>
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<p>Borehole log and improvement section for clay and black soil project.</p>
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<p>Soil improvement plan layout for the loam and black soil project.</p>
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<p>Standard penetration test results of the SST improved soil column.</p>
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<p>Log P–log S curve from vertical load test on SST improved soil column.</p>
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23 pages, 467 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Industrial and Commercial Capital Influx on Sustainable Agricultural Development: Evidence from 30 Provinces in China from 2013 to 2022
by Hongli Yang and Fengjuan Wang
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010312 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
Promoting the sustainable development of agriculture is the basis of reducing the poverty rate, ensuring food security, and promoting common prosperity. In order to explore the impact of industrial capital and commercial capital on the sustainable development of agriculture, this paper starts from [...] Read more.
Promoting the sustainable development of agriculture is the basis of reducing the poverty rate, ensuring food security, and promoting common prosperity. In order to explore the impact of industrial capital and commercial capital on the sustainable development of agriculture, this paper starts from the perspective of agriculture and conducts empirical tests based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China (except Tibet) from 2013 to 2022, using the fixed-effect model and spatial spillover effect model. The results included the following: (1) industrial capital and commercial capital can significantly promote the sustainable development of agriculture, and this conclusion was still valid after endogenous test and robustness test; (2) a heterogeneity test showed that industrial capital and commercial capital has a stronger role in promoting the sustainable development of agriculture in non-major grain producing areas, areas with high marketization level and central and western regions; (3) the test of the transmission mechanism showed that industrial capital and commercial capital can promote the sustainable development of agriculture by optimizing agricultural production conditions, improving rural environment and promoting farmers’ poverty reduction and common prosperity; (4) further research showed that industrial and commercial capital has a positive spillover effect on the sustainable development of agriculture in neighboring areas while promoting the sustainable development of agriculture in this region. Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as improving rural infrastructure construction, strengthening efforts to guide industrial and commercial capital to the countryside, and paying attention to the differentiation of industrial and commercial capital investment development. Full article
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<p>Framework diagram of the mechanism of the impact of industrial capital and commercial capital on the sustainable development of agriculture.</p>
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20 pages, 5071 KiB  
Article
Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Mechanical and Hygroscopic Properties of an Innovative Clay–Sand Composite Reinforced with Juncus acutus Fibers
by Hana Ouerghi, Lamine Hassini, Amar Benazzouk and Mohamed Afif Elcafsi
Materials 2025, 18(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010177 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
The viability of using Juncus acutus fibers as reinforcement material for developing lightweight sustainable non-structural construction materials in compliance with the valorization of local by-products has been investigated in this work. This study aims to investigate the effect of the chemical treatment of [...] Read more.
The viability of using Juncus acutus fibers as reinforcement material for developing lightweight sustainable non-structural construction materials in compliance with the valorization of local by-products has been investigated in this work. This study aims to investigate the effect of the chemical treatment of Juncus acutus fibers on the mechanical and hygric properties of bio-sourced clay–sand–Juncus acutus fiber composite. This lightweight specimen has been produced from a mixture of 60% natural clay and 40% sand by mass, as a matrix, and reinforced with different amounts of Juncus fibers. The fibers were used as a partial replacement of sand in the mixture by volume at 0% (control specimen), 5%, 10%, and 20%. In order to enhance interfacial bonding between the fibers and the binder matrix, which seriously limits the strength development of the composite, the fibers have undergone an NaOH alkali treatment with different concentrations of 1 and 2 wt. %. Morphological and elementary chemical component evaluations based on SEM micrographs and EDX analyses revealed that the 1 wt. % NaOH alkali treatment exhibited the most beneficial effect due to the removal of impurity deposits without significant surface damage to the fibers. This finding was highlighted through the tensile tests carried out which showed the tensile stress value of 81.97 MPa compared to those of the treated fibers with 2% NaOH (74.45 MPa) and the untreated fibers (70.24 MPa). However, mechanical test results, carried out according to the European Standard EN 196-1, highlighted the beneficial effect of the fiber alkali treatment on both the compressive and flexural strengths, particularly for the fiber contents of 5% and 10%, which corresponds to a strengthening rate of 25% and 30%, respectively. The examination of the hygroscopic properties of the samples, including capillary water absorption, water diffusivity, and moisture buffering capacity under the dynamic conditions have indicated that the specimen containing treated fibers exhibited a better moisture regulating property than that obtained with untreated fibers. However, the specimens with treated fibers are classified as excellent hygric regulators based on their moisture buffer values (MBV > 2 g/(m2.%RH)), according to the NORDTEST classification. The results also indicated that the capillary water absorption and the apparent moisture diffusivity of composites were lowered due to high fiber-matrix interfacial bond after fiber treatment. Consequently, the composite with treated fibers is less diffusive compared to that with untreated fibers, and thus expected to be more durable in a humid environment. Full article
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<p><span class="html-italic">Juncus acutus</span> plant (<b>a</b>), <span class="html-italic">Juncus acutus</span> stems (<b>b</b>), and clipped steams called Juncu fibers (<b>c</b>).</p>
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<p>Tensile testing machine (<b>a</b>) and the disposition of the <span class="html-italic">Juncus acutus</span> stem (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>Mechanical test machines: Compressive test (<b>a</b>) and three-point bending test (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>Capillary water absorption setup.</p>
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<p>SEM micrographs of natural fiber surface (<b>a</b>) and treated fiber surface with NaOH concentrations of 1% (<b>b</b>), 2% (<b>c</b>), and 10% (<b>d</b>).</p>
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<p>Tensile stress–strain curve of untreated stem and treated stems with 1 and 2 wt. % NaOH alkali solutions.</p>
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<p>Compressive stress–strain diagrams for specimens reinforced with different volumes of treated fibers (<b>a</b>) and untreated fibers (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>Flexural load–deflection diagrams for specimens reinforced with different volumes of treated fibers (<b>a</b>) and untreated fibers (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>SEM micrographs and X-ray analysis of control specimen (<b>a</b>), specimen reinforced with treated fibers CS10F (<b>b</b>), and specimen reinforced with untreated fibers CS10TF (<b>c</b>).</p>
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<p>Water absorption rate of specimens reinforced with different volumes of untreated fibers (<b>a</b>) and treated fibers (<b>b</b>).</p>
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<p>Moisture uptake and release for CS5TF and CS5UTF specimens (<b>a</b>), and the cyclic variation in relative humidity in the climatic chamber during the MBV test (<b>b</b>).</p>
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21 pages, 6143 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Construction Procedure and Safety Oversight of the Mechanical Shaft Technique: Insights Gained from the Guangzhou Intercity Railway Project
by Jianwang Li, Wenrui Qi, Xinlong Li, Gaoyu Liu, Jian Chen and Huawei Tong
Buildings 2025, 15(1), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010129 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
Currently, subway and underground engineering projects are vital for alleviating urban congestion and enhancing citizens’ quality of life. Among these, excavation engineering for foundation pits involves the most accidents in geotechnical engineering. Although there are various construction methods, most face issues such as [...] Read more.
Currently, subway and underground engineering projects are vital for alleviating urban congestion and enhancing citizens’ quality of life. Among these, excavation engineering for foundation pits involves the most accidents in geotechnical engineering. Although there are various construction methods, most face issues such as a large footprint, high investments, resource waste, and low mechanization. Addressing these, this paper focuses on a subway foundation pit project in Guangzhou using mechanical shaft sinking technology. Using intelligent cloud monitoring, we analyzed the stress–strain patterns of the cutting edge and segments. The results showed significant improvements in construction efficiency, cost reduction, safety, and resource conservation. Based on this work, this paper makes the following conclusions: (1) The mechanical shaft sinking method offers advantages such as small footprint, high mechanization, minimal environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. The achievements include a 22.22% reduction in construction time, a 20.27% decrease in investment, and lower worker risk. (2) Monitoring confirmed that all cutting edge and segment values remained safe, demonstrating the method’s feasibility and rationality. (3) Analyzing shaft monitoring data and field uncertainties, this study proposes recommendations for future work, including precise segment lowering control and introducing high-precision total stations and GPS technology to mitigate tunneling and assembly inaccuracies. The research validates the mechanical shaft sinking scheme’s scientific and logical nature, ensuring safety and contributing to technological advancements. It offers practical insights, implementable suggestions, and significant economic benefits, reducing project investment by RMB 41,235,600. This sets a benchmark for subway excavation projects in South China and beyond, providing reliable reference values. Furthermore, the findings provide valuable insights and guidance for industry peers, enhancing overall efficiency and sustainable development in subway construction. Full article
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<p>Subway pit collapse with extensive damage: (<b>a</b>) Singapore MRT foundation pit; (<b>b</b>) Nanning Greenland deep foundation pit.</p>
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<p>Construction area surrounding environment and formation conditions. (<b>a</b>) Surrounding environment of construction site; (<b>b</b>) geological condition.</p>
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<p>The mechanical shaft excavation system: (<b>a</b>) overall schematic diagram of mechanical shaft machine; (<b>b</b>) the shaft excavation machine; (<b>c</b>) settlement System; (<b>d</b>) separation plant.</p>
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<p>Mechanical shaft sinking method construction process: (<b>a</b>) cutting edge positioning; (<b>b</b>) 0-ring segment splicing; (<b>c</b>) shaft excavation machine installation; (<b>d</b>) underwater grouting.</p>
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<p>Construction process and method.</p>
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<p>Shaft sinking method and schematic diagram of the sinking system.</p>
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<p>JTM-MCU automated data.</p>
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<p>Crack gauge monitoring.</p>
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<p>Segment and cutting edge stress and strain monitoring: (<b>a</b>) segment sensor layout; (<b>b</b>) cutting edge sensor layout.</p>
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<p>Cutting edge force monitoring: (<b>a</b>) cutting edge slope contact soil pressure; (<b>b</b>) cutting edge steel plate strain.</p>
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<p>Contact soil pressure of fifth ring segment: (<b>a</b>) ring joint contact soil pressure; (<b>b</b>) longitudinal joint contact soil pressure.</p>
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<p>Concrete strain of fifth ring segment: (<b>a</b>) segment longitudinal concrete strain; (<b>b</b>) segment circumferential concrete strain.</p>
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<p>The opening width of fifth ring segment: (<b>a</b>) the opening width of segment ring joint; (<b>b</b>) the opening width of segment longitudinal joint.</p>
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22 pages, 10161 KiB  
Article
Exploring Spatio-Temporal Variations in Water and Land Resources and Their Driving Mechanism Based on the Coupling Coordination Model: A Case Study in Western Jilin Province, China
by Lujuan Zhang, Guzailinuer Aihemaitijiang, Zihao Wan, Mingtang Li, Jiquan Zhang, Feng Zhang and Chunli Zhao
Agriculture 2025, 15(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15010098 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
Water and land resources (WLR) are the most important basic resources for social and economic development. The effective alignment of WLR is crucial for maximizing resource utilization and promoting sustainable regional development. This study focuses on Western Jilin Province (WJP), China, employing the [...] Read more.
Water and land resources (WLR) are the most important basic resources for social and economic development. The effective alignment of WLR is crucial for maximizing resource utilization and promoting sustainable regional development. This study focuses on Western Jilin Province (WJP), China, employing the degree of coupling coordination model, spatial autocorrelation, and the center of gravity transfer model to assess and characterize the spatio-temporal differentiation patterns of water and land resource matching from 2006 to 2020. Five indicators—annual average temperature (AAT), urbanization rate (UR), population density (PD), reclamation rate (RR), and water resource utilization rate (WRUR)—were selected as influencing factors. A Tobit model was constructed to elucidate the driving mechanisms behind the evolution of the WLR coupling coordination degree (CCD) in WJP. The results indicate the following: (1) From a temporal perspective, the coupling coordination degree of WLR in WJP has shown a year-on-year increase from 2006 to 2020, transitioning from a moderate imbalance to intermediate coordination, reflecting a trend of continuous improvement. (2) Regarding spatial distribution, the overall center of gravity of water and land resource coupling coordination remained relatively stable between 2006 and 2020; however, the direction of distribution gradually shifted from the northeast to the southwest and then from the northwest to the southeast. (3) The AAT, PD, and RR from 2006 to 2020 were all statistically significant at p < 0.01. Notably, the RR positively influences the CCD of WLR, whereas the AAT and PD exert a negative impact. In contrast, the UR and WRUR do not significantly affect the CCD of WLR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Water Management)
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<p>Study area.</p>
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<p>Research framework.</p>
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<p>Comprehensive index of water resources and comprehensive index of land resources in the study area.</p>
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<p>Time variations in the coupling coordination of water and land resources in the study area.</p>
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<p>Spatial changes in the coupling and coordination of water and land resources in the study area.</p>
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<p>Global spatial autocorrelation analysis of coupling coordination degree in the study area.</p>
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<p>Local spatial autocorrelation analysis of coupling coordination degree in the study area.</p>
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<p>The changes in the latitude and longitude of the center of gravity of the coupling coordination degree in the research area.</p>
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<p>Migration trajectory of the center of gravity of the coupled coordination degree in the study area.</p>
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21 pages, 1086 KiB  
Article
Research on the Sustainability of Construction Models for Rural Sewage Treatment Facilities
by Qin Li, Jingya Cui, Yayu Shao, Ziwei Zhang, Shuangning Lv, Yijun Liu and Wenlong Li
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010310 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
Against the backdrop of promoting rural revitalization and ecological protection, the quality of rural life and living environment has been greatly improved. But with the improvement in rural living standards, the amount of domestic sewage discharge has also increased, bringing enormous pressure to [...] Read more.
Against the backdrop of promoting rural revitalization and ecological protection, the quality of rural life and living environment has been greatly improved. But with the improvement in rural living standards, the amount of domestic sewage discharge has also increased, bringing enormous pressure to the rural environment. Therefore, strengthening the construction and management of sewage treatment facilities is an important part of achieving sustainable development. This article takes rural areas in western China as an example to investigate and analyze the characteristics and existing problems of their domestic sewage treatment facilities. A set of evaluation indicators for rural domestic sewage treatment facilities suitable for western regions is constructed, which covers three aspects of evaluation indicators: Technology, Environment, and Economy. The weights of each evaluation indicator are determined through the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Validate the model through specific cases to ensure the practicality and accuracy of the evaluation system. This provides a certain reference for the scientific management and sustainable development of domestic sewage treatment facilities in rural areas of western China. This article has important practical significance for promoting the scientific management and sustainable development of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities in western China and also provides useful reference for rural environmental protection in other regions. Full article
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<p>Research directions of scholars in China and abroad.</p>
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<p>Evaluation of the rural wastewater treatment facility.</p>
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18 pages, 10546 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Spatial Efficiency of Xi’an Rail Transit Station Areas Using a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Model
by Haiyan Tong, Quanhua Hou, Xiao Dong, Yaqiong Duan, Weiming Gao and Kexin Lei
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010384 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
To effectively and objectively evaluate the spatial efficiency of rail transit station areas, seventeen typical rail station areas in Xi’an were selected as the research object. An evaluation system for spatial efficiency was constructed based on data from field research, satellite images, Baidu [...] Read more.
To effectively and objectively evaluate the spatial efficiency of rail transit station areas, seventeen typical rail station areas in Xi’an were selected as the research object. An evaluation system for spatial efficiency was constructed based on data from field research, satellite images, Baidu heat maps, and station passenger flow statistics. Key factors such as land use, transportation systems, social aspects, and spatial efficiency are considered in the framework. A data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was used to evaluate the spatial efficiency of these sample station areas. The results are as follows. ① An incomplete symmetric relationship exists between the Constant Returns to Scale Technical Efficiency (Crste) and the Variable Returns to Scale Technical Efficiency (Vrste) of station area spatial efficiency. The keys to improving station area spatial efficiency include reducing redundant resource investments and establishing a rational resource allocation structure. ② For high-efficiency station areas, the Crste and Vrste are relatively high, with an overall increasing return to scale efficiency (Scale). In medium-efficiency station areas, the Crste is relatively high, but either Vrste or Scale is low. In low-efficiency station areas, the Crste is moderate, and both Vrste and Scale are low. The findings provide a reference for the intensive use of land around Xi’an rail stations, as well as support for the sustainable operation of rail transit. Full article
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<p>Research object and scope.</p>
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<p>Diagram of the research framework.</p>
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<p>Construction of the evaluation indicator system.</p>
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<p>Histograms of input and output indicators.</p>
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<p>Spatial efficiency values of seventeen rail transit station areas calculated using the BCC and SBM super-efficiency models based on full-factor indexes.</p>
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<p>Input and output redundancy for seventeen rail transit station areas using BCC and SBM super-efficiency models based on full-factor indexes.</p>
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<p>Spatial efficiency values for seventeen rail transit station areas with reduced dimensionality, calculated using the BCC and SBM super-efficiency models.</p>
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<p>Input and output redundancy of seventeen rail transit station areas with reduced dimensionality based on BCC and SBM super-efficiency models.</p>
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<p>Efficiency gradient map.</p>
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<p>Classification and analysis of Vrste and Scale.</p>
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22 pages, 1495 KiB  
Article
The Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire: Validation Among Portuguese Population
by Luzia Arantes and Bruno Barbosa Sousa
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010305 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to validate the Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ) for the Portuguese population, ensuring its reliability and applicability across the dimensions of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to sustainability. This validation is crucial for ensuring the SCQ captures [...] Read more.
The primary objective of this study is to validate the Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ) for the Portuguese population, ensuring its reliability and applicability across the dimensions of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to sustainability. This validation is crucial for ensuring the SCQ captures local cultural nuances and provides reliable data to inform educational and policy strategies for promoting sustainability. To achieve this goal, a quantitative methodology was adopted, involving the translation and cultural adaptation of the SCQ into Portuguese. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 630 participants, aged 17 to 83, using an online platform. Ethical procedures were rigorously followed, including obtaining informed consent from all participants and ensuring data confidentiality. The factor structure of the SCQ was analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The analysis confirmed a three-dimensional factor structure aligned with the environmental, social, and economic pillars of sustainability, as well as significant correlations between these dimensions and real-world sustainable practices such as recycling and energy conservation. The results confirmed the construct validity of the SCQ, demonstrating robust reliability indicators across its scales and acceptable model fit indices (CFI = 0.860; TLI = 0.851; RMSEA = 0.045). These findings highlight the questionnaire’s utility as a measurement tool for sustainable consciousness in the Portuguese context. The SCQ provides a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and researchers. For instance, educators can use the SCQ to identify gaps in students’ sustainability knowledge, policymakers can prioritise areas for intervention based on public attitudes, and researchers can explore relationships between awareness and sustainable behaviours to design effective programs. Furthermore, this study contributes to Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by enabling data-driven strategies to integrate sustainability education into curricula, fostering a deeper understanding of sustainable practices and behaviours essential for achieving global education goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Niche Tourism and Sustainable Marketing Trends)
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<p>Sustainability consciousness. K = knowingness; A = attitudes; B = behaviour; ECO = economic; SOC = social; ENV = environmental. Source: adaptation from [<a href="#B3-sustainability-17-00305" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</p>
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<p>Relationships between the constructs (three-order model). K = knowingness; A = attitudes; B = behaviour; ECO = economic; SOC = social; ENV = environmental; SUS CONS = sustainability consciousness. Source: adapted from [<a href="#B3-sustainability-17-00305" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</p>
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<p>The factor structure of the SCQ-L. K = knowingness; A = attitudes; B = behaviour; ECO = economic; SOC = social; ENV = environmental; SUS CONS = sustainability consciousness.</p>
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<p>The factor structure of the SCQ-S. K = knowingness; A = attitudes; B = behaviour; ECO = economic; SOC = social; ENV = environmental; SUS CONS = sustainability consciousness.</p>
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38 pages, 1885 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Sustainability in Bridge Projects: A Framework Integrating Risk Analysis and BIM with LCSA According to ISO Standards
by Dema Munef Ahmad, László Gáspár and Rana Ahmad Maya
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010383 - 3 Jan 2025
Abstract
Building bridges sustainably is essential for advancing infrastructure development and ensuring long-term environmental, social, and economic viability. This study presents a framework that integrates risk management strategies and Building Information Modeling (BIM) with Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) standards to enhance bridge project [...] Read more.
Building bridges sustainably is essential for advancing infrastructure development and ensuring long-term environmental, social, and economic viability. This study presents a framework that integrates risk management strategies and Building Information Modeling (BIM) with Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) standards to enhance bridge project sustainability. Through a targeted survey, the study evaluates risks across bridge lifecycle phases, identifying the main processes that significantly impact sustainability. Using the Pareto Principle, the framework prioritizes these processes and associated risks, guiding the creation of targeted improvement guidelines aligned with ISO 9001:2015, BIM, and LCSA standards, which support high quality and efficiency. The results reveal that 38 of 55 identified risks account for 80% of the lifecycle impact, and they include the majority of those derived from international standards, underscoring their significance in sustainability efforts. Additionally, 36 of 47 main processes are subject to 80% of the impact from these vital risks, highlighting phases like Construction and Supervision as priority areas for intervention. By linking specific risks to each process within these phases, the study outlines essential guidelines and strategic measures, ensuring a focused approach to sustainable bridge development that aligns with international standards and maximizes lifecycle sustainability outcomes. Full article
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<p>Research methodology.</p>
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<p>Example of a risk matrix.</p>
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<p>Pareto chart for risks.</p>
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<p>Pareto chart for the average impact of the vital risks on the main processes.</p>
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19 pages, 3993 KiB  
Article
A Local–Transit Percolation and Clustering-Based Method for Highway Segment Importance Ranking
by Huizhe Lyu, Yang Li, Chenxu Liu, Zhonghao Li, Lin Xu, Wei Wang and Jun Chen
Systems 2025, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010028 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
The impact of disturbances on a transportation network varies depending on the location and characteristics of the affected highway segments. Given limited resources, it is crucial to prioritize the protection and repair of highway segments based on their importance to maintaining overall network [...] Read more.
The impact of disturbances on a transportation network varies depending on the location and characteristics of the affected highway segments. Given limited resources, it is crucial to prioritize the protection and repair of highway segments based on their importance to maintaining overall network performance during disruptions. This paper proposes a novel method for ranking the importance of highway segments, leveraging a novel local–transit percolation and clustering-based method. Initially, the highway network is constructed by Graph theory, and the k-means clustering method is applied considering each segment’s transit and local traffic flows. Subsequently, a local–transit percolation model is constructed to generate an initial ranking of segments based on the size of the second-largest clusters during the percolation phase transition. A secondary ranking is performed by refining the results from the clustering phase. Results of a control experiment show that, compared to baselines, the proposed ranking approach demonstrates a significantly improved ability to sustain network demand and connectivity when high-ranked segments are moved. The model uncertainty analysis was conducted by adding noise to the gantry records, and the experiments demonstrated that the model exhibits robustness under noisy conditions. These findings highlight the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. Full article
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<p>Framework of the proposed local–transit percolation and clustering-based method for highway segment importance ranking.</p>
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<p>Directed graph of the study area.</p>
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<p>Gantry flow statistics in study area.</p>
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<p>Gantry Clustering Results.</p>
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<p>Variations in GC and SLC in Local–Transit Percolation Simulation. (<b>a</b>) 3D Plot of GC Size Variation. (<b>b</b>) 3D Plot of SLC Size Variation. (<b>c</b>) Plane Plot of GC Size Variation. (<b>d</b>) Plane Plot of SLC Size Variation.</p>
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<p>Results of Highway Importance Ranking.</p>
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<p>Number of Failure Edges and Size of the SLC.</p>
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<p>Overlap of the Top 100 Edges Ranked by the Three Strategies.</p>
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<p>Results of the Control Experiment. (<b>a</b>) Variation in Local Traffic Flow. (<b>b</b>) Variation in Transit Traffic Flow. (<b>c</b>) Variation in the Size of the GC. (<b>d</b>) Variation in the Network Demand Impedance ratio. (<b>e</b>) Variation in the Standard Deviation of the Demand Impedance Ratio. (<b>f</b>) Variation in Reciprocal Sum of Travel Time.</p>
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<p>Results of Highway Importance Ranking under Uncertainty.</p>
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22 pages, 4783 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of Air-Entrained Grout-Enriched Vibrated Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (GECSGR) for Improving Frost and Thawing Resistance in CSGR Dams
by Wambley Adomako Baah, Jinsheng Jia, Cuiying Zheng, Baozhen Jia, Yue Wang and Yangfeng Wu
Materials 2025, 18(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010155 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
Cemented Sand, Gravel, and Rock (CSGR) dams have traditionally used either Conventional Vibrated Concrete (CVC) or Grout-Enriched Roller Compacted Concrete (GERCC) for protective and seepage control layers in low- to medium-height dams. However, these methods are complex, prone to interference, and uneconomical due [...] Read more.
Cemented Sand, Gravel, and Rock (CSGR) dams have traditionally used either Conventional Vibrated Concrete (CVC) or Grout-Enriched Roller Compacted Concrete (GERCC) for protective and seepage control layers in low- to medium-height dams. However, these methods are complex, prone to interference, and uneconomical due to significant differences in the expansion coefficient, elastic modulus, and hydration heat parameters among CSGR, CVC, and GERCC. This complexity complicates quality control during construction, leading to the development of Grout-Enriched Vibrated Cemented Sand, Gravel, and Rock (GECSGR) as an alternative. Despite its potential, GECSGR has limited use due to concerns about freeze–thaw resistance. This project addresses these concerns by developing an air-entrained GECSGR grout formulation and construction technique. The study follows a five-phase approach: mix proportioning of C1806 CSGR; optimization of the grout formulation; determination of grout addition rate; evaluation of small-scale lab samples of GECSGR; and field application. The results indicate that combining 8–12% of 223 kg/m3 cement grout with 2–2.23 kg/m3 of admixtures, mud content of 15%, a marsh time of 26–31 s. and a water/cement ratio of 0.5–0.6 with the C1806 parent CSGR mixture achieved a post-vibration in situ air content of 4–6%, excellent freeze–thaw resistance (F300: mass loss <5% or initial dynamic modulus ≥60%), and permeability resistance (W12: permeability coefficient of 0.13 × 10−10 m/s). The development of a 2-in-1 slurry addition and vibration equipment eliminated performance risks and enhanced efficiency in field applications, such as the conversion of the C1804 CSGR mixture into air-entrained GECSGR grade C9015W6F50 for the 2.76 km Qianwei protection dam. Economic analysis revealed that the unit cost of GECSGR production is 18.3% and 6.33% less than CVC and GERCC, respectively, marking a significant advancement in sustainable cement-based composite materials in the dam industry. Full article
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<p>Cross-section of Qianwei CSGR Dike with GECSGR layer (courtesy of Wu et al., 2024) [<a href="#B5-materials-18-00155" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p>
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<p>Particle size distribution curve of aggregates.</p>
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<p>Newly developed 2-in-1 grouting and vibration equipment for GECSGR production.</p>
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<p>Compressive strength of CSGR using the varieties of aggregate gradations.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Average air content for the grout containing organic air-entraining admixture; (<b>b</b>) average air content for grout containing synthetic air-entraining admixture.</p>
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<p>Effect of slurry rate on GECSGR performance. (<b>a</b>) Effect of slurry rate, slump, and air content. (<b>b</b>) Effect of slurry rate on compressive strength. (<b>c</b>) Effect of slurry rate on permeability coefficient. (<b>d</b>) Effect of slurry rate on frost/thawing resistance.</p>
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<p>Air content in grout under varying admixture conditions.</p>
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<p>Air content in GECSGR under varying admixture conditions.</p>
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<p>Freeze–thaw resistance of GECSGR. (<b>a</b>) Percentage of initial dynamic modulus of GECSGR. (<b>b</b>) Freeze–thaw samples after 300 cycles.</p>
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<p>Average performance values of freeze–thaw resistance of GECSGR. (<b>a</b>) Average value of % of initial dynamic modulus of GECSGR. (<b>b</b>) Average value of mass loss of GECSGR after 300 cycles per admixture condition.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Construction of the dam body and GECSGR; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) upstream face T-shaped waterstop structure.</p>
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<p>The completion of Qianwei Dike: (<b>a</b>) upstream face showing hardened GECSGR; (<b>b</b>) aerial view of the dike and nearby settlement after completing before impoundment; (<b>c</b>) downstream cascaded face of hardened GECSGR.</p>
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<p>Qianwei Dike under successful full operation with the Tangba community downstream.</p>
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32 pages, 1349 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Green Investment Decisions for a Sustainable Supply Chain with an Overconfident Manufacturer
by Jiajun He, Yiming Zhao, Beijia Zhang, Lin Chen and Xiuxiu Ma
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010284 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
Driven by the principles of green consumption and social responsibility, more companies are making strategic green investments by adopting blockchain technology to achieve sustainable development goals. However, in the real market, upstream manufacturers often tend to be overconfident. This can have a significant [...] Read more.
Driven by the principles of green consumption and social responsibility, more companies are making strategic green investments by adopting blockchain technology to achieve sustainable development goals. However, in the real market, upstream manufacturers often tend to be overconfident. This can have a significant impact on decision-making processes and even influence other members within the sustainable supply chain. This paper investigates the influence of blockchain technology on investment decisions in sustainable supply chains for a manufacturer exhibiting overconfidence. We construct a supply chain with an overconfident manufacturer and a rational retailer and discuss the performance of supply chains by comparing two scenarios: without blockchain and with blockchain. First, we find that overconfident manufacturer can only benefit from blockchain adoption if the actual operating cost is below this threshold. Then, the maximum adoption cost acceptable to manufacturer increases with the carbon tax rate and the consumers’ green sensitivity coefficient. Furthermore, with blockchain, manufacturer is likely to make more profit as the level of overconfidence increases compared to the case without blockchain. We also found that the retailer benefits from adopting blockchain technology only when the manufacturer’s overconfidence is at a low level. Otherwise, only when the blockchain operating cost is less than a certain threshold can the retailer increase their revenue. Finally, we find that when the level of overconfidence increases, blockchain adoption can boost consumer surplus and social welfare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue E-commerce Engineering and Sustainable Management)
18 pages, 3484 KiB  
Review
Performance of Timber-Concrete Composite (TCC) Systems Connected with Inclined Screws: A Literature Review
by Shadi Esmaeildoust, Douglas Tomlinson and Ying Hei Chui
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9010013 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 191
Abstract
Timber–concrete composite (TCC) systems present a viable alternative to conventional timber or reinforced concrete systems. TCC leverages the advantages of both materials, resulting in an enhanced composite structure. Historically, traditional mechanical connectors such as nails, bolts, and dowels have been used in TCC [...] Read more.
Timber–concrete composite (TCC) systems present a viable alternative to conventional timber or reinforced concrete systems. TCC leverages the advantages of both materials, resulting in an enhanced composite structure. Historically, traditional mechanical connectors such as nails, bolts, and dowels have been used in TCC systems to join timber and concrete components. However, these connectors often fall short in providing sufficient load transfer efficiency. Therefore, the use of screws and, more recently, inclined screws in TCC systems has increased due to their enhanced load transfer efficiency and greater stiffness compared to traditional connections. This review paper consolidates findings from contemporary experimental studies and analytical models, examining the influence of factors such as screw type and inclination angle on the performance of TCC systems for both connection and beam specimens in ultimate and serviceability limit states. Key issues addressed include the shear strength, stiffness, and long-term behaviour of the connection type. By offering a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge, this paper aims to inform design practices and contribute to the development of more resilient and efficient TCC systems, supporting their increased adoption in sustainable construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sustainable Cement-Based Composites)
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<p>Connection test specimens: (<b>a</b>) two-member test method; (<b>b</b>) three-member test method, left: concrete–timber–concrete, right: timber–concrete–timber.</p>
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<p>Screw connection in TCC systems: (<b>a</b>) cross pair; (<b>b</b>) perpendicular to the shear plane.</p>
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<p>Common failure modes in TCC systems: (<b>a</b>) screw connections; (<b>b</b>) notched connections.</p>
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<p>Common long-term test apparatus: (<b>a</b>) column and lever system for connection long-term testing; (<b>b</b>) TCC beam under 4-point bending test (up) and UDL (down).</p>
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22 pages, 18898 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Building Standards in the Galapagos Islands: Definition, Simulation, and Implementation in Representative Living Labs
by Jorge Torres-Barriuso, Iñigo Lopez-Villamor, Aitziber Egusquiza, Antonio Garrido-Marijuan, Ander Romero-Amorrortu and Ziortza Egiluz
Buildings 2025, 15(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010122 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 241
Abstract
The Galapagos Islands are undeniably a highly attractive ecosystem for scientists worldwide. However, the energy efficiency and sustainability aspects of their building stock have not yet been studied in depth, which directly hinders the achievement of sustainability goals for the Archipelago, such as [...] Read more.
The Galapagos Islands are undeniably a highly attractive ecosystem for scientists worldwide. However, the energy efficiency and sustainability aspects of their building stock have not yet been studied in depth, which directly hinders the achievement of sustainability goals for the Archipelago, such as reducing resource consumption, minimizing emissions, and improving overall comfort in buildings. Addressing these issues is critical to preserving the islands’ unique ecosystem, as current construction practices are unsustainable and exacerbate environmental pressures, causing over-consumption of local resources and upsetting the delicate ecological balance that sustains this fragile environment. In line with the National Energy Efficiency Plan promoted by the Government of Ecuador for the Archipelago, this study provides transparent and reliable information and data on the building stock of the islands. This work quantifies the impact of buildings on the use of resources and analyses the potential savings of different strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Various representative typologies are established based on the collection of architectural, construction, and usage information. For each of these typologies, various energy models are developed to establish the baseline and to analyse the demand and comfort of the buildings under different renovation scenarios in order to validate the sustainable construction strategies to be implemented. Moreover, new standards are also defined in order to reduce energy and water consumption and increase indoor air quality and comfort in buildings. In an attempt to generate evidence and facilitate the replication and implementation of sustainable construction standards, three Living Labs (LLs) are created to validate different strategies and technological solutions in different locations, according to the defined standards: a school in Santa Cruz, a hotel in Isabela, and a residential building in San Cristóbal. The findings highlight the effectiveness of specific energy-saving strategies and water conservation measures validated through Living Labs implemented in different locations across the islands. Furthermore, the knowledge generated is transferred through local training of the agents of the construction chain and administration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the REHABEND 2024 Congress)
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<p>Graphical summary of the methodology applied in this study.</p>
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<p>ERCA learning methodology [<a href="#B25-buildings-15-00122" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</p>
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<p>Annual comfort according to ASHRAE Standard 55 without the strategies.</p>
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<p>Annual comfort according to ASHRAE Standard 55 with applied comfort strategies.</p>
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<p>Energy model for calculating the baseline and the rehabilitation model of the residential Living Lab.</p>
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<p>Energy model for calculating the baseline and the rehabilitation model of the school Living Lab.</p>
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<p>Energy model for calculating the baseline and the rehabilitation model of the hotel Living Lab.</p>
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<p>Impact of the ventilated under-roof.</p>
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<p>Impact of light-coloured finishes with high reflectance index.</p>
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<p>Impact of applying thermal insulation on roof and facades.</p>
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<p>Impact of applying solar control films.</p>
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<p>Impact of using vegetation as a shading element.</p>
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<p>Proposed scheme for improving natural ventilation in the hotel.</p>
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<p>Comparison of thermal comfort levels for the hotel LL.</p>
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<p>Sectional view of the proposed improvement of natural ventilation in the school and the residential building.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Original state, (<b>b</b>) retrofit design, and (<b>c</b>) final result after the retrofit of the residential Living Lab.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Original state, (<b>b</b>) retrofit design, and (<b>c</b>) final result after the retrofit of the school Living Lab.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Original state, (<b>b</b>) retrofit design, and (<b>c</b>) final result after the retrofit of the hotel Living Lab.</p>
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