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Keywords = millimeter wave identification (MMID)

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13 pages, 34149 KiB  
Article
Simple Millimeter Wave Identification System Based on 60 GHz Van Atta Arrays
by Kamil Trzebiatowski, Mateusz Rzymowski, Lukasz Kulas and Krzysztof Nyka
Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9809; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249809 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2214
Abstract
The paper presents a proof-of-concept of a millimeter-wave identification system based on Van Atta array tags in the 60 GHz band. For interrogation of the tags, a vector network analyzer and a measurement transceiver were employed in alternative test configurations. The design, fabrication [...] Read more.
The paper presents a proof-of-concept of a millimeter-wave identification system based on Van Atta array tags in the 60 GHz band. For interrogation of the tags, a vector network analyzer and a measurement transceiver were employed in alternative test configurations. The design, fabrication and measurements of co- and cross-polarized Van Atta arrays are presented in the paper. They can be treated as simple chipless RFID tags with frequency-response-based identification. Tags with various resonance frequencies are designed by scaling an optimized base model. The designed 57–67 GHz co-polarized and cross-polarized tags have small dimensions of approximately 23 mm × 21 mm and 40 mm × 25 mm, and they exhibit radar cross-section (RCS) levels of −16 dBsm and −21 dBsm, respectively. Owing to the retrodirective properties of Van Atta arrays, the RCS can be maintained at a high level within a broad range of angles of incidence. The system was validated in an anechoic chamber where the spectral responses of all the manufactured tags can be clearly distinguished from the environment, enabling their identification. Tests in a reflective environment were also performed, and they have shown that only the cross-polarized tags could be detected and identified in the presence of reflections from the tags’ surroundings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Poland 2021-2022)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Principle of the frequency-encoding chipless RFID system.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The Van Atta array: (<b>a</b>) schematic of the operation principle; (<b>b</b>) comparison of the RCS values of a Van Atta array (20 mm × 18 mm), those of a flat metal plate (23 mm × 29 mm), and those of a corner reflector (12 mm × 12 mm × 12 mm), all at a frequency of 62 GHz.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The co-polarized Van Atta arrays: (<b>a</b>) design and dimensions, and (<b>b</b>) photograph of the manufactured tag.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The cross-polarized Van Atta array: (<b>a</b>) design and dimensions, and (<b>b</b>) photograph of the manufactured tag.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Schematic of the measurement setup in the anechoic chamber.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The measurement setup in the anechoic chamber.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Schematic of the measurement setup in the indoor environment.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The measurement setup in the indoor environment.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>RCS values of the co-polarized arrays and the flat plate of the same size (Plate) vs. frequency, at the following angles of incidence: (<b>a</b>) 0° and (<b>b</b>) 30°. Meas—measured results and Sim—simulated results. The resonance frequencies of the three manufactured Van Atta tags (in GHz) are 57, 62 and 67.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>RCS values of the co-polarized arrays vs. angle of incidence, at frequencies of: (<b>a</b>) 57 GHz, (<b>b</b>) 62 GHz and (<b>c</b>) 67 GHz.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>RCS values of the cross-polarized arrays vs. frequency, at angles of incidence of: (<b>a</b>) 0° and (<b>b</b>) 30°. Meas—measured results and Sim—simulated results. The resonance frequencies of the three manufactured Van Atta tags (in GHz) are 57, 62 and 67.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>RCS values of the cross-polarized arrays, at frequencies of: (<b>a</b>) 57 GHz, (<b>b</b>) 62 GHz and (<b>c</b>) 67 GHz.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>The measured received signal level in the NI measurement setup with the cross-polarized arrays placed on a door, vs. the frequency, at angles of incidence of: (<b>a</b>) 0° and (<b>b</b>) 30°. ReflEnv—measurement in the reflective environment and Chamber—normalized anechoic chamber measurement results for visual reference. The resonance frequencies of the three manufactured Van Atta tags (in GHz) are 57, 62 and 67.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>The measured received signal level in the NI measurement setup with the co-polarized array placed on a door, vs. frequency, at a 0° angle of incidence.</p> Full article ">
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