Search Results (659)

Anticancer drugs cause anemia in patients through eryptosis and hemolysis. We thus studied the in vitro toxicity of galangin (GAL) in red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs were exposed to 50–500 μM of GAL and analyzed for markers of eryptosis and hemolysis. Ca²⁺ nucleation, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, oxidative stress, and cell size were detected via fluorescence-activated cell sorting using Fluo4/AM, annexin-V-FITC, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, and forward scatter (FSC), respectively. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured via Ellman’s assay and ultrastructural morphology was examined via scanning electron microscopy. Membrane rupture and extracellular hemoglobin, aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assessed via colorimetric methods. Distinct experiments were carried out to identify protective agents and signaling pathways using small-molecule inhibitors. GAL triggered sucrose-sensitive hemolysis with AST and LDH leakage, increased annexin-V-FITC and Fluo4 fluorescence, and decreased FSC and AChE activity which was associated with the formation of granulated echinocytes. Ca²⁺ omission and energy replenishment with glucose, adenine, and guanosine blunted PS externalization and preserved cellular volume. Moreover, caffeine, Trolox, heparin, and uric acid had similar ameliorative effects. Hemolysis was abrogated via caffeine, Trolox, heparin, mannitol, lactate, melatonin, and PEG 8000. Notably, co-treatment of cells with GAL and staurosporin, D4476, or acetylsalicylic acid prevented PS externalization whereas only the presence of SB203580 and NSC23766 rescued the cells from GAL-induced hemolysis. Ca²⁺ nucleation and metabolic collapse mediated by PKC/CK1α/COX/p38/Rac1 drive GAL-induced eryptosis and hemolysis. These novel findings carry ramifications for the clinical prospects of GAL in anticancer therapy. Full article

Green tea kombucha (GTK) has emerged as a promising probiotic fermented beverage. Few studies have investigated its effect on human health, mainly focusing on intestinal health, microbiota composition, and metabolomics. The present study is a pioneer in investigating the effect of GTK consumption in individuals with excess body weight. This is a randomized controlled trial, lasting ten weeks, with two groups placed under an energy-restricted diet: control (CG, n = 29), kombucha (KG, n = 30; 200 mL/d). Biological samples and questionnaires were collected before and after the intervention. Microbiota analysis used an amplification of the V4 region of 16S rRNA. Serum untargeted metabolomics used HPLC-TOF mass spectrometry. Intestinal permeability considered the urine excretion of lactulose and mannitol, plasma zonulin, and LPS-binding protein. After the intervention, no differences related to intestinal permeability and microbiota were found between groups, but only the CG had increased fecal pH, lactulose/mannitol ratio, and zonulin. In addition to this, the KG reported lower gastrointestinal symptoms related to motility compared to the CG, and discriminant metabolites (e.g., diethyl malonate) were found strictly in the KG. GTK did not significantly improve gut microbiota and intestinal permeability. However, GTK ameliorated gastrointestinal symptoms and positively influenced the serum metabolome, which may contribute to enhancing the metabolic health of individuals with excess body weight. Full article

Background. Lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) offer a promising method for delivering methylprednisolone (MePD) to treat lung inflammation, addressing aggregation issues seen with polymer-only formulations. Objectives. This study aimed to develop LPHNPs for MePD delivery, assessing their physicochemical properties, drug loading, cytocompatibility, and release profiles, ultimately enabling inhalable microparticle-based powder. Methods. The nanoparticles were formulated using α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-DL-aspartamide-g-Rhodamine B-g-poly(lactic acid) (PHEA-g-RhB-g-PLA) and phospholipids DPPC, DOTAP, and DSPE-PEG2000 in a 45:30:25 weight ratio. Their size, redispersion after freeze-drying, drug loading (DL%), and controlled release were evaluated. Cytocompatibility was assessed on 16-HBE cell lines, measuring anti-inflammatory effects via IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Spray drying was optimized to produce microparticles using mannitol (MAN), leucine (LEU), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Results. The nanoparticles had a size of 186 nm and a DL% of 2.9% for MePD. They showed good cytocompatibility, significantly reducing IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Spray drying yielded microparticles with a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 62.3% and a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 3.9 µm. Inclusion of LPHNPs@MePD (0.25% w/v) resulted in FPF and MMAD values of 56.7% and 4.4 µm. In conclusion, this study described the production of novel inhalable powders as carriers for MePD-loaded nanostructures with favorable physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility, and promising aerosol performance, indicating their potential as an effective inhalable therapy for lung inflammation with corticosteroids, especially for treating chronic diseases. Full article

The sugar transporter (STP) gene family is a key regulator of plant development, which is crucial for the efficient transport and utilization of sugars during plant growth and development. In this study, we identified the MeSTP7 gene, which is highly expressed in cassava fibrous roots, early storage roots, and under hormonal treatment, including IAA, MeJA, ABA, and GA₃, and abiotic stressors, such as mannitol and NaCl. A strong response was observed with exoqenous IAA. Transfecting MeSTP7 into Arabidopsis promoted early seedling growth, particularly in lateral root development. The content of endogenous hormones (IAA and MeJA) as well as soluble sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose) was elevated in transgenic Arabidopsis. Hormone treatments with IAA, MeJA, GA₃, and ABA on transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that transgenic Arabidopsis responded positively to added 20 μM IAA. They also exhibited co-induced regulation of lateral root formation by GA₃, MeJA, and ABA. qRT-PCR analysis showed that overexpression of MeSTP7 upregulated the expression of IAA14, ARF7, and ARF19 in Arabidopsis. Under IAA treatment, the expression of these genes was similarly upregulated but downregulated under MeJA treatment. These results suggest that MeSTP7 may promote Arabidopsis seedling development by increasing the content of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in roots, which in turn influences IAA-based hormonal signaling. Full article

Ubiquitin-specific proteases (UBPs), the largest subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), are critical for plant growth and development as well as abiotic-stress responses. In this study, we discovered that the expression of the ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (UBP15) gene of the gene ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (UBP15) was induced by salt, mannitol and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. Further research revealed that UBP15 is involved in modulation of salt, drought tolerance and ABA signaling during seed germination, early seedling development, post-germination root growth or adult-plant stage. Enrichment analysis showed that many genes related to abiotic stresses and metabolic pathways were altered in the ubp15-1 mutant. Through the joint analysis of the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and differentially-expressed gene relationship network, we found that UBP15 may mainly regulate salt-stress tolerance by modulating the dwarf and delayed flowering 1 (DDF1) pathway through a cascade reaction. In the regulation of drought-stress responses, ring domain ligase1 (RGLG1) may be a direct substrate of UBP15. Moreover, we cannot exclude the possibility that UBP15 acts in a feed-forward loop mechanism in the regulation of drought-stress responses via ethylene response factor 53 (ERF53) and its ubiquitin (Ub) ligase RGLG1. In ABA signal transduction, UBP15 may play a role in at least three aspects of the ABA signaling pathway: ABA synthesis, stomatal closure regulated by ABA signaling, and transcription factors in the ABA pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that UBP15 is involved in salt, osmotic, and drought-stress tolerance and the ABA signaling pathway by directly regulating the stability of key substrates or indirectly affecting the expression of genes related to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our research provides new germplasm resources for stress-resistant crops cultivation. These results demonstrate that UBP15 is a key regulator of salt, drought and ABA tolerance in Arabidopsis. Full article

Background: This study investigated the effect of mannitol administration on postoperative renal function during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: Patients with RCC who underwent RAPN at eight Japanese facilities between March 2016 and November 2023 were enrolled. In this study, patients were categorized into two groups according to those who received mannitol during RAPN (Group I) and those who did not receive mannitol (Group II). Differences in covariates between the two groups were adjusted using propensity score matching (PSM). Results: The study included 1530 patients with RCC who underwent RAPN. PSM was performed on 531 participants in each group. No difference was observed in perioperative outcomes between the two groups in terms of length of hospital stay, surgical outcomes, achievement ratio of Trifecta, and estimated glomerular filtration rate at 28 days, 90 days, and 1 year postoperatively. Conclusions: Intraoperative mannitol administration during RAPN for improving renal function may be unnecessary. Full article

Introduction: This systematic review aims to analyze the current literature regarding 30-day mortality and postoperative acute kidney disease (AKI) in complex abdominal aortic aneurysms (cAAAs), which included juxtarenal aortic aneurysm (JAA), suprarenal aortic aneurysm (SRAA), and type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) open surgery (OS), to evaluate the impact of renal perfusion on AKI and to try to define which is the best way to perform it. Methods: A literature search in PubMed and Cochrane Library was performed, and articles published from January 1986 to January 2024 reporting on JAA, SRAA, and TAAA type IV open surgery management were identified. Multicenter studies, single-center series, and case series with ≥10 patients were considered eligible. Comparisons of outcomes of patients who underwent OS for complex abdominal aortic aneurysms (cAAAs) with or without perfusion of the renal arteries were analyzed when available. The titles, abstracts, and full texts were evaluated by two authors independently. The primary outcomes included AKI and 30-day mortality rates. The new-onset dialysis rate was considered a secondary outcome. Results: A total of 295 articles were evaluated, and 21 were included, totaling 5708 patients treated for cAAAs with OS. The male patients totaled 4094 (71.7%), with a mean age of 70.35 ± 8.01 and a mean renal ischemia time of 32.14 ± 12.89 min. Data were collected and analyzed, at first in the entire cohort and then divided into two groups (no perfusion of the renal arteries—group A vs. selective perfusion—group B), with 2516 patients (44.08%) who underwent cAAAs OS without perfusion of the renal arteries and 3192 patients (55.92%) with perfusion. In group B, four types of renal perfusion were reported. Among the 21 studies included, 10 reported on selective renal perfusion in cAAA OS, with several types of fluids described: (1) “enriched” Ringer’s solution, (2) “Custodiol” (Istidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate or Custodiol HTKsolution), (3) other cold (4 °C) solutions (i.e., several combinations of 4 °C isotonic heparinized balanced salt solution containing mannitol, sodium bicarbonate, and methylprednisolone), and (4) warm blood. Thirty-day mortality for patients in group A was 4.25% (107/2516) vs. 4.29% (137/3192) in group B. The reported incidence of AKI and new onset of dialysis was, respectively, 22.14% (557/2516) and 5.45% (137/2516) for group A and 22.49% (718/3192) and 4.32% (138/3192) for group B. A total of 579 patients presented with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at admission across all studies, which included 350 (13.91%) in group A vs. 229 (7.17%) in group B. Acute kidney injury, 30-day mortality, and new-onset dialysis rate were reported in four subgroups: (1) In the “Ringer” group, 30-day mortality was 2.52% (3/113), AKI affected 27.73% (33/119) of patients, and the new-onset dialysis rate was 2.52% (3/113). (2) In the “Custodiol” group, 30-day mortality was 3.70% (3/81), AKI affected 20.17% (24/81) of patients, and the new-onset dialysis rate was 2.46% (2/81). (3) In the “cold solutions” group (i.e., NaCl and mannitol), 30-day mortality was 4.38% (130/2966), AKI affected 21.81% (647/2966) of patients, and the new-onset dialysis rate was 4.48% (133/2966). (4) In the “Warm blood” group, 30-day mortality was 3.85% (1/26), AKI affected 53.84% (14/26) of patients, and the new-onset dialysis rate was 0% (0/26). Conclusions: This systematic review highlights the lack of standard definitions for AKI, CKD, and the type of renal perfusion. Despite similar results in terms of AKI and 30-day mortality, renal perfusion seems to be protective of the new-onset hemodialysis rate. Moreover, Custodiol appears to have lower rates of AKI and hemodialysis than the other perfusion types. A prospective randomized controlled trial to perform further subgroup analysis and research the various types of renal perfusion may be necessary to identify possible benefits. Full article

The demand for food-grade β-mannanases, ideal for high-temperature baking, is increasing. Using the Komagataella phaffii (P. pastoris) expression system for β-mannanase production, this study aimed to enhance purification methods. We evaluated better conditions for production and purification of β-mannanase (PpRmMan134A) from recombinant P. pastoris X-33, focusing on a higher purity and reducing the production of endogenous secretory proteins in fermentation. By adjusting carbon and nitrogen sources, culture time, and temperature, we controlled cell growth to reduce the production of endogenous secretory proteins. The better-evaluated conditions involved culturing recombinant P. pastoris in 70 mL buffered glycerol complex medium for 24 h at 30 °C, then in modified buffered methanol-complex medium with 0.91% (w/v) methanol, 0.56% (w/v) sorbitol, and 0.48% (w/v) mannitol for another 24 h, which improved the PpRmMan134A yield and reduced endogenous secretory proteins, shortening the fermentation time by 72 h. An affordable purification method using ultrafiltration and salt-out precipitation was utilized. PpRmMan134A showed thermostability up to 100 °C and effectively degraded locust bean gum into smaller fragments, mainly producing mannotriose. In conclusion, with its enhanced purity due to reduced levels of endogenous secretory proteins, purified PpRmMan134A emerges as a promising enzyme for high-temperature baking applications. Full article

Background/objectives: The porcine intestinal epithelium plays a fundamental role as a defence interface against pathogens. Its alteration can cause severe inflammatory conditions and diseases. Hyperosmotic stress under physiological conditions and upon pathogen challenge can cause malabsorption. Different cell types counteract the osmolarity increase by accumulating organic osmolytes such as betaine, taurine, and myo-inositol through specific transporters. Betaine is known for protecting cells from hyperosmotic stress and has positive effects when fed to pigs. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the modulation of osmolyte transporters gene expression in IPEC-J2 during osmolarity changes and assess the effects of betaine. Methods: IPEC-J2 were seeded in transwells, where differentiate as a polarized monolayer. Epithelial cell integrity (TEER), oxidative stress (NO) and gene expression of osmolyte transporters, tight junction proteins (TJp) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Results: Cells treated with NaCl hyperosmolar medium (500 mOsm/L) showed a TEER decrease at 3 h and detachment within 24 h, associated with an osmolyte transporters reduction. IPEC-J2 treated with mannitol hyperosmolar medium (500 mOsm/L) upregulated taurine (TauT), myo-inositol (SMIT) and betaine (BGT1) transporters expression. A decrease in TJp expression was associated with a TEER decrease and an increase in TNFα, IL6, and IL8. Betaine could attenuate the hyperosmolarity-induced reduction in TEER and TJp expression, the NO increase and cytokines upregulation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the expression of osmolyte transporters in IPEC-J2, which was upregulated upon hyperosmotic treatment. Betaine counteracts changes in intracellular osmolarity by contributing to maintaining the epithelial barrier function and reducing the inflammatory condition. Compatible osmolytes may provide beneficial effects in therapies for diseases characterized by inflammation and TJp-related dysfunctions. Full article

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of developmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and behavioral patterns. Children with ASD may face nutritional challenges, primarily due to their restrictive behaviors and frequent gastrointestinal issues. Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess nutritional status, dietary habits, and intestinal permeability in a sample of individuals with ASD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 24 children and adolescents (both sexes), aged 4 to 18 years, living in two cities of Mexico (Aguascalientes and Querétaro). Weight and height were measured, and body mass index for age was calculated and compared using WHO Z-scores. Diet was assessed through three 24 h dietary recalls and a food frequency questionnaire. Intestinal permeability was evaluated using a lactulose/mannitol test by HPLC. Results: A high prevalence of malnutrition was observed; 12.5% of the participants were underweight, and 45.8% were overweight or obese. Children had a low intake of fiber, vitamin E, folate, potassium, zinc, and phosphorus and a high intake of sodium. On average, the intestinal permeability ratio was 0.09 ± 0.05, with 54.2% of the children exhibiting high intestinal permeability. Conclusions: It is advisable to develop food counseling strategies for children with ASD to prevent micronutrient deficiencies, promote healthy weight, and improve gastrointestinal integrity. Full article

Understanding the responses of olive trees to drought stress is crucial for improving cultivation and developing drought-tolerant varieties. Water transport and storage within the plant is a key factor in drought-tolerance strategies. Water management can be based on a variety of factors such as stomatal control, osmoprotectant molecules, proteins and wood properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate the water management strategy under drought stress from an anatomical and biochemical point of view in three young Italian olive cultivars (Giarraffa, Leccino and Maurino) previously distinguished for their physiological and metabolomic responses. For each cultivar, 15 individuals in pots were exposed or not to 28 days of water withholding. Every 7 days, the content of sugars (including mannitol), proline, aquaporins, osmotins, and dehydrins, in leaves and stems, as well as the chemical and anatomical characteristics of the wood of the three cultivars, were analyzed. ‘Giarraffa’ reduced glucose levels and increased mannitol production, while ‘Leccino’ accumulated more proline. Both ‘Leccino’ and ‘Maurino’ increased sucrose and aquaporin levels, possibly due to their ability to remove embolisms. ‘Maurino’ and ‘Leccino’ accumulated more dehydrins and osmotins. While neither genotype nor stress affected wood chemistry, ‘Maurino’ had a higher vessel-to-xylem area ratio and a larger hydraulic diameter, which allows it to maintain a high transpiration rate but may make it more susceptible to cavitation. The results emphasized the need for an integrated approach, highlighting the importance of the relative timing and sequence of each parameter analyzed, allowing, overall, to define a “strategy” rather than a “response” to drought of each cultivar. Full article

Camellia luteoflora is a rare and endangered plant endemic to China. It has high ornamental and potential economic and medicinal value, and is an important germplasm resource of Camellia. To understand the distributions and differences in metabolites from different parts of C. luteoflora, in this study, we used liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to examine the types and contents of chemical constituents in five organs of C. luteoflora: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. The results showed that a total of 815 metabolites were identified in the five organs and were classified into 18 main categories, including terpenoids (17.1%), amino acids (10.4%), flavonoids (10.3%), sugars and alcohols (9.8%), organic acids (9.0%), lipids (7.1%), polyphenols (4.8%), alkaloids (4.8%), etc. A total of 684 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in five organs were obtained and annotated into 217 KEGG metabolic pathways, among which metabolic pathways, ABC transporters, the biosynthesis of cofactors, and the biosynthesis of amino acids were significantly enriched. In DEMs, flowers are rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, organic acids, and steroids; fruits are rich in amino acids, alkaloids, vitamins, and xanthones; stems are rich in lignans; and leaves have the highest relative content of phenylpropanoids, ketoaldehydic acids, quinones, sugars and alcohols, terpenoids, coumarins, lipids, and others; meanwhile, the metabolite content is lower in roots. Among the dominant DEMs, 58 were in roots, including arachidonic acid, lucidone, isoliquiritigenin, etc.; 75 were in flowers, including mannose, shikimic acid, d-gluconic acid, kaempferol, etc.; 45 were in the fruit, including pterostilbene, l-ascorbic acid, riboflavin, etc.; 27 were in the stems, including salicylic acid, d-(-)-quinic acid, mannitol, (-)-catechin gallate, etc.; there was a maximum number of 119 dominant metabolites in the leaves, including oleanolic acid, l-glucose, d-arabitol, eugenol, etc. In sum, the rich chemical composition of C. luteoflora and the significant differences in the relative contents of metabolites in different organs will provide theoretical references for the study of tea, flower tea, edible oil, nutraceuticals, and the medicinal components of C. luteoflora. Full article

The research work was carried out with the progeny of two soybean cultivars, Richy and Izidor, from the years 2019 and 2020. Plants were grown from seeds pretreated with low temperature (2–5 °C) before sowing for two periods of treatment: 12 days marked as “treated control” (tr. K) and 22 days marked as “treated” (tr.); and “non-treated” (K0) used as a control. Transcriptional profiles of the gene encoding a stress protein kinase were evaluated after the application of abiotic stresses caused by the following: 150 mM NaCl solution/salinity stress/for 24 h; 350 mM mannitol solution/drought stress/for 24 h; and low temperature (4 °C) for 72 h. Transcript levels were established by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in leaf tissue collected from seedlings of the 2019 and 2020 progeny of “tr. K”, “tr.”, and “K0” samples. Analyses determining the quantity of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were performed. The expression of investigated stress kinase was highly upregulated after the application of abiotic stress caused by 150 mM solution of NaCl and to a lesser extent by 350 mM solution of mannitol. Detected transcript levels depend on the type of sample out of “tr. K”, “tr.”, and “K0”; the progeny; and the genotype. Full article

Background and Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent component of the human flora; however, it can cause various pathological conditions. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MR-SA) has been significantly influenced by the overuse and inappropriate administration of antibiotics. The frequency of MR-SA nasal colonization among healthcare workers (HCWs) is increasing, and MR-SA is not restricted to hospital settings, with a notable rise in infections among individuals unrelated to HCWs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among students at Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), a Government School (GS), and a Private School (PS) to characterize the phenotypic traits of isolates and evaluate antimicrobial resistance profiles. Materials and Methods: A total of 1200 nasal swabs were inoculated on blood and mannitol salt agar, followed by phenotypic identification of S. aureus and MR-SA using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was performed using the broth dilution method. Additionally, nuc and mecA gene amplification through PCR aided in isolate identification. Results: The results revealed that 14% (168) of students harbored S. aureus in their nasal cavities, with 8.5% (102) carrying methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 5.5% (66) carrying MR-SA. Male students exhibited higher S. aureus (57.7%) and MR-SA (21.4%) prevalence compared to females (42.3% and 17.9%, respectively). Urban students showed a higher S. aureus prevalence (54.2%), while rural students exhibited a higher MR-SA rate (22%). Overall, 80.3% of S. aureus isolates displayed resistance to erythromycin followed by fluoroquinolones (47.6%) and clindamycin (42.2%). All the S. aureus isolates, including MR-SA, remained susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. PCR results revealed that 95.5% (63) of MR-SA isolates carried the mecA gene. Conclusions: The high prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus raises significant public health concerns, with educational institutions potentially serving as reservoirs for bacterial transmission. The improper use of antibiotics contributes to bacterial resistance and increased infection rates. It is crucial to implement measures to prevent antibiotic misuse and develop comprehensive strategies within educational settings to effectively combat S. aureus and MR-SA prevalence. Full article

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and terpenoids are important components of its active constituents. The methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is one of the major pathways for the synthesis of terpene precursors in plants, and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is the first rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. DXS has been shown to be associated with increased stress tolerance in plants. In this experiment, two DXS genes were extracted from the D. fragrans transcriptome and named DfDXS1 and DfDXS2. Based on phylogenetic tree and conserved motif analyses, DXS was shown to be highly conserved evolutionarily and its localization to chloroplasts was determined by subcellular localization. Prokaryotic expression results showed that the number and growth status of recombinant colonies were better than the control under 400 mM NaCl salt stress and 800 mM mannitol-simulated drought stress. In addition, the DfDXS1 and DfDXS2 transgenic tobacco plants showed improved resistance to drought and salt stress. DfDXS1 and DfDXS2 responded strongly to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and PEG-mimicked drought stress following exogenous hormone and abiotic stress treatments of D. fragrans. The transcriptional active sites were investigated by dual luciferase and GUS staining assays, and the results showed that the STRE element (AGGGG), the ABRE element (ACGTGGC), and the MYC element (CATTTG) were the important transcriptional active sites in the promoters of the two DXS genes, which were closely associated with hormone response and abiotic stress. These results suggest that the DfDXS gene of D. fragrans plays an important role in hormone signaling and response to stress. This study provides a reference for analyzing the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in D. fragrans. Full article