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Search Results (4,172)

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21 pages, 1526 KiB  
Article
Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Bacteria Isolated from Vitis vinifera Leaves
by Camilla Mandorino, Flavia Angela Maria Maggiolini, Margherita D’Amico, Annalisa Prencipe, Antonella Salerno, Carlo Bergamini, Carlo Pazzani, Maria Francesca Cardone and Antonio Domenico Marsico
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16030055 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1
Abstract
It is known that plant-associated microorganisms must be considered as key drivers for plant health, productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. Much attention has been paid to the exploration of the plant-associated microbiome in search of new microorganisms with antagonistic activity against various [...] Read more.
It is known that plant-associated microorganisms must be considered as key drivers for plant health, productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. Much attention has been paid to the exploration of the plant-associated microbiome in search of new microorganisms with antagonistic activity against various phytopathogens. P. viticola represents one of the main fungal agents of grape yield losses during the pre-harvest stage. To date, the use of chemical pesticides is the main method to control downy mildew infection in vineyards. In recent years, innovative and more environmentally suitable control strategies, such as Biological Control Agents (BCAs), have been greatly improved. In this study, 16 new bacterial strains, isolated from the leaves of three table grape cultivars, were tested for their in vivo effectiveness against downy mildew of grape, resulting in one B. velenzensis (‘BLG_B4), one P. pleuroti (‘BLG_B5), one P. psychrotolerans (‘BLG_B1.3’) and one B. subtilis (‘BLG_B1.1.1’) bacterial strains that were marked as good BCAs. As possible mechanisms of action, a genetic analysis was performed to evaluate the ability of selected bacterial strains to reduce the expression of two P. viticola effectors. Finally, their effectiveness against a wide range of fungal pathogens and their safety for human health was also evaluated. Full article
17 pages, 5520 KiB  
Article
Inhibition Effects of Infrared Radiation Prior to Cold Storage Against Alternaria alternata on Yellow Peach (Amygdalus persica)
by Longxiao Liu, Kai Fan, Qingwen Huang, Xinyi Wang, Dongxia Nie, Zheng Han, Zhizhong Li and Zhihui Zhao
Toxins 2025, 17(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030106 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 41
Abstract
During postharvest storage, the yellow peach (Amygdalus persica) is susceptible to infection by Alternaria alternata, which causes fruit decay and produces multiple Alternaria toxins (ATs), leading to economic losses and potential health risks. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects [...] Read more.
During postharvest storage, the yellow peach (Amygdalus persica) is susceptible to infection by Alternaria alternata, which causes fruit decay and produces multiple Alternaria toxins (ATs), leading to economic losses and potential health risks. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of infrared radiation treatment against A. alternata on yellow peaches. Our in vitro experimental results indicated that infrared radiation at 50 °C for 30 min could completely inhibit fungal growth and AT production. Furthermore, infrared treatments prior to cold storage effectively delayed the onset of decay and significantly reduced the lesion diameter, decay rate, and AT levels in the yellow peaches inoculated with A. alternata. After the peaches underwent infrared radiation at 50 °C for 30 min and then cold storage for 60 days, the levels of tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, and altenuene in the yellow peaches decreased by 95.1%, 98.6%, 76.1%, and 100.0%, respectively. Additionally, infrared radiation caused slight changes in their firmness, total soluble solids, and concentrations of sugar and organic acids, indicating minor negative impacts on the quality of the yellow peaches. Therefore, the present work provides a novel strategy for controlling A. alternata and AT contamination, thereby extending the shelf-life of yellow peaches, and improving food safety administration. Full article
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<p>Inhibitory effects of infrared (IR) treatments on the colony morphology of <span class="html-italic">Alternaria alternata</span> on PDA medium (<b>A</b>). Inhibitory effects of infrared treatments on the colony diameter of <span class="html-italic">A. alternata</span> with different heating temperatures (<b>B</b>), durations (<b>C</b>), and applied periods (<b>D</b>).</p>
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<p>Inhibitory effect of infrared (IR) treatments on the production of <span class="html-italic">Alternaria</span> toxins (ATs) in PDA medium with different heating temperatures (<b>A</b>), durations (<b>B</b>), and applied periods (<b>C</b>). TeA = tenuazonic acid; AOH = alternariol; AME = alternariol methyl ether; and ALT = altenuene. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). Circles indicate that the AT level was lower than the limit of quantification (LOQ).</p>
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<p>Effects of different infrared (IR) treatments on the appearance alterations (<b>A</b>), lesion diameter (<b>B</b>), and decay rate (<b>C</b>) in the yellow peaches inoculated with <span class="html-italic">A. alternata</span> kept at 4 °C and 70% relative humidity for 60 days.</p>
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<p>Effects of different infrared (IR) treatments on the contents of (<b>A</b>) tenuazonic acid (TeA), (<b>B</b>) alternariol (AOH), (<b>C</b>) altenuene (ALT), and (<b>D</b>) alternariol methyl ether (AME) in yellow peaches inoculated with <span class="html-italic">A. alternata</span> kept at 4 °C and 70% relative humidity for 60 days. Different lowercase letters within samples at the specified time indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). Circles indicate that the <span class="html-italic">Alternaria</span> toxin level was lower than the limit of quantification (LOQ).</p>
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<p>SEM images showing morphological alterations in untreated spores (<b>A</b>) and spores treated with infrared at 45 °C (<b>B</b>), 50 °C (<b>C</b>), and 55 °C (<b>D</b>), as well as untreated mycelia (<b>E</b>) and mycelia treated with infrared at 45 °C (<b>F</b>), 50 °C (<b>G</b>), and 55 °C (<b>H</b>).</p>
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<p>Contents of citric acid (<b>A</b>), malic acid (<b>B</b>), and tartaric acid (<b>C</b>) in yellow peaches stored at 4 °C and 70% relative humidity for 30 days. Different letters within samples at the specified time indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p>
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<p>Contents of fructose (<b>A</b>), glucose (<b>B</b>), and sucrose (<b>C</b>) in yellow peaches stored at 4 °C and 70% relative humidity for 30 days. Different letters within samples at the specified time indicate significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p>
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15 pages, 5555 KiB  
Article
Obesity as a Risk Factor in Pediatric Sepsis: A Retrospective Comparative Study Under the Phoenix Definition
by Koichi Yuki and Sophia Koutsogiannaki
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051568 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 32
Abstract
Background: The relationship between sepsis outcomes and obesity has attracted significant interest in the medical community. However, this association has not been tested under Phoenix criteria, which represent the new pediatric sepsis definition, defining sepsis as life-threatening organ dysfunction in the setting of [...] Read more.
Background: The relationship between sepsis outcomes and obesity has attracted significant interest in the medical community. However, this association has not been tested under Phoenix criteria, which represent the new pediatric sepsis definition, defining sepsis as life-threatening organ dysfunction in the setting of infection. Methods: A single-center, observational, retrospective study of pediatric sepsis patients from January 2014 to December 2019. The PICU was located within a tertiary pediatric center in the United States. Children more than one month old, but less than 18 years old, with a diagnosis of sepsis were included. Results: Six hundred and twenty-seven patients with a diagnosis of sepsis based on the Sepsis-2 definition were identified. Within the cohort, 554 patients met the definition of sepsis under the Phoenix criteria. Patients were classified based on the body habitus as underweight, normal, overweight, and obese. Obese patients had significantly higher mortality compared to the normal weight group (p = 0.033). More renal dysfunction was also seen in the obesity group (p = 0.0007). No difference in the frequency of identified Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial, viral, or fungal sepsis was observed between normal-weight and obese patients. Conclusions: In our cohort of pediatric sepsis, obesity was significantly associated with a higher degree of organ dysfunction and mortality. However, no difference in the incidence of identified bacterial, fungal, or viral sepsis was observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intensive Care)
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<p>Comparison of Sepsis-2, Sepsis-3, and Phoenix criteria-based sepsis definition. SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.</p>
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<p>Comparison of demographics and mortality of septic patients based on Sepsis-2 per body habitus. Age, gender, and mortality were compared among underweight, normal, overweight, and obese patients. Dunn’s multiple comparison tests were used for age. For gender and mortality, logistic regression analysis was performed. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. ns = not significant.</p>
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<p>Comparison of average organ scores of septic patients based on Sepsis-2 per body habitus. Dunn’s multiple comparison tests were used. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01. ns = not significant.</p>
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<p>Comparison of maximum organ scores of septic patients based on Sepsis-2 per body habitus. Dunn’s multiple comparison tests were used. *, **, and *** denote <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, &lt;0.01, and &lt;0.001, respectively. Ns = not significant.</p>
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<p>Comparison of demographics and mortality of septic patients based on Phoenix score per body habitus. Age, gender, and mortality were compared among underweight, normal, overweight, and obese patients. Dunn’s multiple comparison tests were used for age. For gender and mortality, logistic regression analysis was performed. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. ns = not significant.</p>
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<p>Comparison of average organ scores of septic patients based on Phoenix score per body habitus. Dunn’s multiple comparison tests were used. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. ns = not significant.</p>
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<p>Comparison of maximum organ scores of septic patients based on Phoenix score per body habitus. Dunn’s multiple comparison tests were used. *, **, and *** denote <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, and <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, respectively. ns = not significant.</p>
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<p>Comparison of frequency of bacterial, viral, and fungal sepsis per Phoenix criteria per body habitus. Logistic regression analysis was performed. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. ns = not significant.</p>
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20 pages, 1496 KiB  
Article
Fungi Assessment in Indoor and Outdoor Environment of Four Selected Hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia
by Nurul Izzah Ahmad, Nurul Farehah Shahrir, Anis Syuhada Omar Hamdan, Nur Amalina Kamarudin, Noraishah Mohammad Sham, Jamilah Mahmood, Yin-Hui Leong and Ratna Mohd Tap
J. Fungi 2025, 11(3), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11030182 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 159
Abstract
Hospital buildings require special attention to protect patients and healthcare workers from hospital-acquired infections and sick building illnesses. This is the first study to assess the prevalence of fungus in indoor air, outdoor air, and their contamination on surfaces at selected locations in [...] Read more.
Hospital buildings require special attention to protect patients and healthcare workers from hospital-acquired infections and sick building illnesses. This is the first study to assess the prevalence of fungus in indoor air, outdoor air, and their contamination on surfaces at selected locations in four highly contaminated hospitals (A, B, C, and D) in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 294 indoor air samples, 106 scrapped and 169 swabbed, were collected from July 2019 to August 2020. Bioaerosol concentrations were calculated using the colony-forming unit (CFU)/m3. Molecular identification was performed on the cultures. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the rRNA gene of the isolates was amplified by PCR. Results showed that fungal burden was in the range between 18 and 2597 CFU/m3. Fungal load in selected locations at Hospital D were in the higher range between 106 and 2597 CFU/m3, with two locations exceeding the national guidelines. Fungal genera were highly identified in air samples (47) compared to swabbed (29) and scrapped (18) samples. The dominant species were C. halotolerans, C. tenuissimum, P. alfredii, P. brevicompactum, P. brocae, P. cataractarum, and A. aculeatus. Fungal loads were higher in the Orthopedic and Oral Surgeon Clinic, the On Call Emergency Room, wards, and pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Mycological Research in Southeast Asia)
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<p>Location of studied hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia.</p>
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<p>Number of samples collected using three different sampling procedures at four selected hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia.</p>
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<p><span class="html-italic">Penicillium species</span> (27) identified from indoor air, outdoor air, and surface samples in four selected hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia.</p>
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<p><span class="html-italic">Aspergillus species</span> (23) identified from indoor air, outdoor air, and surface samples in four selected hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia.</p>
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<p><span class="html-italic">Cladosporium species</span> (9) identified from indoor air, outdoor air, and surface samples in four selected hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia.</p>
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8 pages, 214 KiB  
Editorial
Biology, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Therapy of Fungal Infections: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Professor David A. Stevens: Editorial
by Raquel Sabino and David A. Stevens
J. Fungi 2025, 11(3), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11030179 - 25 Feb 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
The fungi command our attention, as there are >5 million species alive sharing our planet today, and they are plant pathogens resulting in up to 50% of crop losses in some countries [...] Full article
13 pages, 2162 KiB  
Article
Identification and Expression Analyses of IL-17/IL-17R Gene Family in Snakehead (Channa argus) Following Nocardia seriolae Infection
by Xiufeng Han, Xue Su, Mingyue Che, Lanhao Liu, Pin Nie and Su Wang
Genes 2025, 16(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16030253 - 22 Feb 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, known for its proinflammatory properties, is important in immune responses against bacterial and fungal infections. To exert its immune function, the IL-17 family typically binds to IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) to facilitate signal transduction. Methods: This study identified, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, known for its proinflammatory properties, is important in immune responses against bacterial and fungal infections. To exert its immune function, the IL-17 family typically binds to IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) to facilitate signal transduction. Methods: This study identified, cloned and analyzed seven IL-17 and nine IL-17R family members in snakeheads. Results: A duplication event occurred in snakehead IL-17s and IL-17Rs, but bioinformatics analyses indicated that these genes were conserved in both protein domains and evolutionary processes. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that IL-17s/IL-17Rs were widely distributed in the detected tissues, with relatively high expression levels in immune tissues. Upon Nocardia seriolae stimulation, most members were expressed, particularly IL-17C2, IL-17D, IL-17N, IL-17RA1, IL-17RA2, IL-17RC1, and IL-17RE1, which were significantly upregulated in gill and intestine. Conclusions: These results suggested that IL-17s and IL-17Rs played a crucial role in mucosal immunity against bacterial infection, providing insights into immunoprophylactic strategies for bacterial diseases in aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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<p>Conserved domains and exon/intron structures of IL-17s (<b>A</b>) and IL-17Rs (<b>B</b>) in snakeheads. The domains were represented by different colors and shapes. Yellow boxes represented exons. The length of protein and gene sequence could be inferred by the scale.</p>
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<p>Phylogenetic relationships of IL-17s (<b>A</b>) and IL-17Rs (<b>B</b>) from the snakehead and other selected species. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method with 1000 bootstrap replications using MEGA 7. Subfamily genes were marked with different colors. IL-17/IL-17R family member of snakehead was marked in red font. GenBank accession numbers of IL-17 and IL-17R amino acid sequences used here were listed in <a href="#app1-genes-16-00253" class="html-app">Table S1</a>.</p>
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<p>Expression pattern of <span class="html-italic">IL-17s/IL-17Rs</span> in various tissues of healthy snakeheads. The relative expressions of <span class="html-italic">IL-17/IL-17R</span> mRNAs were normalized to <span class="html-italic">β-actin</span>. The data were shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3).</p>
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<p>Expression levels of <span class="html-italic">IL-17/IL-17R</span> genes in gills, intestines, and skin were measured at different time points (12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h) after <span class="html-italic">N. seriolae</span> infection, with 0 h as control. The results were presented as the mean ± SE of fold changes. One-way ANOVA was conducted to assess the variability between the experimental and control groups (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p>
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16 pages, 4673 KiB  
Communication
Antimicrobial Activity of the Peptide C14R Against Ab Initio Growing and Preformed Biofilms of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candidozyma auris
by Jan-Christoph Walter, Ann-Kathrin Kissmann, Daniel Gruber, Daniel Alpízar-Pedraza, Ernesto M. Martell-Huguet, Nico Preising, Armando Rodriguez-Alfonso, Ludger Ständker, Christoph Kleber, Wolfgang Knoll, Steffen Stenger, Carolina Firacative and Frank Rosenau
Biomolecules 2025, 15(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15030322 - 21 Feb 2025
Viewed by 320
Abstract
Biofilms are the predominant lifeforms of microorganisms, contributing to over 80% of infections, including those caused by Candida species like C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and Candidozyma auris. These species form biofilms on medical devices, making infections challenging to treat, especially with [...] Read more.
Biofilms are the predominant lifeforms of microorganisms, contributing to over 80% of infections, including those caused by Candida species like C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and Candidozyma auris. These species form biofilms on medical devices, making infections challenging to treat, especially with the rise in drug-resistant strains. Candida infections, particularly hospital-acquired ones, are a significant health threat due to their resistance to antifungals and the risk of developing systemic infections (i.e., sepsis). We have previously shown that C14R reduces the viability of C. albicans and C. auris, but not of C. parapsilosis. Here, we show that C14R not only inhibits viability by pore formation, shown in a resazurin reduction assay, and in a C. parapsilosis and fluorescence-based permeabilization assay, but it also halts biofilm maturation and significantly reduces the biomass of preformed biofilms by over 70%. These findings suggest C14R could be an effective option for treating severe fungal infections, offering a potential new treatment approach for biofilm-related diseases. Further research is needed to fully understand its biofilm dispersal potential and to optimize its use for future applications as an antifungal in clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art and Perspectives in Antimicrobial Peptides)
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<p>(<b>A</b>) Three-dimensional prediction gained via an ab initio method using AlphaFold2 from Google Colabs (<a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/sokrypton/ColabFold/" target="_blank">https://colab.research.google.com/github/sokrypton/ColabFold/</a>, 19 February 2025) of the peptide C14R with the sequence NH<sub>2</sub>-CSSGSLWRLIRRFLRR, as well as the following properties: amino acid sequence, length, theoretical isoelectric point (pI), the aliphatic index and the grand average hydropathy index (GRAVY) of C14R calculated with ExPASy ProtParam. (<b>B</b>) Example of a 96-well polystyrene microtiter plate (Sarstedt AG &amp; Co. KG, Nümbrecht, Germany) filled with 200 µL of RPMI-1640 media and inoculated with cells of <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span>. (<b>C</b>) Example of a 96-well microtiter plate (Sarstedt AG &amp; Co. KG, Nümbrecht, Germany) after performing the staining of <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> biofilm cells with crystal violett. (<b>D</b>) Schematic overview of the lifecycle of <span class="html-italic">Candida</span> biofilm in four steps: adherence, growth initiation, maturation and dispersal.</p>
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<p>Kinetic of biofilm formation at the time points 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of (<b>A</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span>, (<b>B</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. auris,</span> and (<b>C</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. parapsilosis</span>, all determined using the crystal violet assay. All experiments were conducted in triplicate with error bars representing standard deviations.. <span class="html-italic">p</span> values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. ns denotes not significant. * denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, and *** denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p>
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<p>Inhibition of biofilm formation by incubation of <span class="html-italic">Candida</span> cells with the antimicrobial peptide C14R simultaneously with inoculation. Graphs show the formed biofilms after an incubation time of 24 h. Biofilm mass was analyzed using the crystal violet assay. The resulting effective MBIC dose was 50 µg/mL for <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> (<b>A</b>), 200 µg/mL for <span class="html-italic">C. auris</span> (<b>B</b>), and 50 µg/mL for <span class="html-italic">C. parapsilosis</span> (<b>C</b>). <span class="html-italic">p</span> values &lt; 0.05 were considered as significant; * denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; *** denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 while ns denotes not significant.</p>
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<p>Inhibition of further biofilm growth in the incubation phase with C14R, phase 2 (24–48 h) compared to the biofilm mass of phase 1 (24 h of incubation without C14R, red bar). For <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> (<b>A</b>), an inhibition of gain in biofilm-biomass could be detected at concentrations ≥ 100 µg/mL. For <span class="html-italic">C. auris</span> (<b>B</b>), a concentration of 50 µg/mL led to an inhibition of further biofilm growth, while concentrations ≥ 100 µg/mL could decay the biomass compared to the phase 1 biofilm mass. The concentration for inhibition of further growth of <span class="html-italic">C. parapsilosis</span> (<b>C</b>) was 50–100 µg/mL, while ≥200 µg/mL led to a biofilm decay of <span class="html-italic">C. parapsilosis</span>.</p>
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17 pages, 315 KiB  
Article
Effects of AFB1 and Aspergillus flavus Spores on Root Rhizospheric Fungal Population, Seedling Emergence, Plant Growth, and Yield
by Simangele C. Ngwenya, Nkanyiso J. Sithole, Doctor M. N. Mthiyane, Mulunda Mwanza, Damian C. Onwudiwe and Khosi Ramachela
Agronomy 2025, 15(3), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030523 - 21 Feb 2025
Viewed by 211
Abstract
Maize is susceptible to fungal infections that can lead to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination, and this could have dire consequences on plant growth and yield. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of AFB1 and the Aspergillus flavus fungus on [...] Read more.
Maize is susceptible to fungal infections that can lead to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination, and this could have dire consequences on plant growth and yield. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of AFB1 and the Aspergillus flavus fungus on root rhizospheric fungal population, maize seedling emergence, growth, and yield. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment was conducted in two sites in 5 (AFB1/A. flavus spores’ treatments) × 3 replicates of 12 pots per experimental unit. This study showed that there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the colony forming unit (CFU) with the increase in A. flavus in the soil and a significant effect on reducing soil pH. It was observed that in all the maize that was exposed to AFB1 and A. flavus spores, there was a significant linear decrease in emergence percentage and speed of emergence with the increase in AFB1 and A. flavus spores in the soil, whereby the maize that was exposed to 320 ppb/kg of AFB1 also reported the lowest emergence percentage (51.4%), emergence rate index (5.0), and emergence speed (2.06). AFB1 also exerted a depressive effect on plant height and number of leaves, thus reducing the grain yield per plant. This study showed that A. flavus had a non-significant effect on growth and yield in maize when compared to AFB1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)
18 pages, 11716 KiB  
Article
Optimization and Metabolite Profiling of Mycotoxin Enniatin B Biodegradation by Bacillus tequilensis
by Yaxin Zhang, Xu Wang, Xinyi Liu, Yiying Li, Dantong Feng, Shuo Kang, Yidan Wang, Yang Liu, Xu Su, Shiyu Wei, Zhaoyu Li, Yali Wang and Yongqiang Tian
Agronomy 2025, 15(3), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030522 - 21 Feb 2025
Viewed by 164
Abstract
Fusarium avenaceum is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for root rot in Angelica crops and poses a serious threat to their commercial quality and yield in China. This fungus produces enniatin B (ENN B), a toxin that could be a pathogenicity and virulence [...] Read more.
Fusarium avenaceum is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for root rot in Angelica crops and poses a serious threat to their commercial quality and yield in China. This fungus produces enniatin B (ENN B), a toxin that could be a pathogenicity and virulence factor in plant–pathogen interactions. Yet whether ENN B exacerbates host infection and the onset of root rot in Angelica spp. caused by F. avenaceum is surprisingly understudied. Pathogenicity assays revealed that ENN B co-inoculation with F. avenaceum significantly increased the root rot disease index in Angelica sinensis from 83.33% (pathogen alone) to 92.86% (p < 0.05). Toxin degradation experiments showed that the bacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus tequilensis were capable of degrading 60.69% and 70.02% of ENN B, respectively. Response surface optimization (24.5 °C, 22.01 mg/L ENN B, 0.99% inoculum) enhanced degradation by B. tequilensis to 81.94%, a 11.74% improvement. Three ester compounds were identified by LC-HRMS as potential degradation products of ENN B. In planta trials demonstrated that the disease index was 50.01% for the group co-inoculated with ENN B degradation products and F. avenaceum, a 42.85% reduction compared to the group co-inoculated with ENN B and F. avenaceum. This study provides a new microbial strategy for controlling root rot in Angelica crops from a mycotoxin degradation perspective, which can be applied to promote sustainable agricultural production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)
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<p>Role of the mycotoxin ENN B in the infestation of host <span class="html-italic">Angelica sinensis</span> roots by the fungal pathogen <span class="html-italic">Fusarium avenaceum</span> (at 7 days). (<b>A</b>) Blank control; (<b>B</b>) the ENN B treatment; (<b>C</b>) <span class="html-italic">F. avenaceum</span> treatment; and (<b>D</b>) <span class="html-italic">F. avenaceum</span> co-treated with ENN B. Each scale bar = 1 cm.</p>
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<p>Differences in the proportion of ENN B degraded among different cell components of <span class="html-italic">Bacillus tequilensis</span>. These experiments were performed in triplicate. Error bars are the standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences, at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05.</p>
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<p>Effects of different carbon (<b>A</b>) and nitrogen (<b>B</b>) sources on the degradation of ENN B by the bacterial strain <span class="html-italic">Bacillus tequilensis</span> SY89. These experiments were performed in triplicate. Error bars are the standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences, at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05.</p>
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<p>Effects of differing culture conditions on the degradation of ENN B by the bacterial strain <span class="html-italic">Bacillus tequilensis</span> SY89: (<b>A</b>) time; (<b>B</b>) temperature; (<b>C</b>) initial substrate concentration; (<b>D</b>) pH level; and (<b>E</b>) inoculum concentration. These experiments were performed in triplicate. Error bars are the standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences, at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05.</p>
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<p>Response surface plots showing the interactive effects of various factors on the degradation rate of ENN B: (<b>A</b>,<b>D</b>) temperature and Initial substrate concentration; (<b>B</b>,<b>E</b>) temperature and inoculum concentration; (<b>C</b>,<b>F</b>) initial substrate concentration and inoculum concentration.</p>
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<p>Analysis of the ENN B degradation products and their predicted structures. (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>) Changes in the content of products A, B, C in the controls and treatments, Error bars are the standard error of the mean; (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>) high-resolution mass spectrometry and inferred structures of products A, B, C.</p>
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<p>Determination of the toxicity to <span class="html-italic">Angelica sinensis</span> roots from the ENN B degradation products (at 7 days). (<b>A</b>) ENN B treatment after 5 days of degradation; (<b>B</b>) ENN B treatment after 9 days of degradation; (<b>C</b>) <span class="html-italic">Fusarium avenaceum</span> co-treated with ENN B after 5 days of degradation; and (<b>D</b>) <span class="html-italic">F. avenaceum</span> co-treated with ENN B after 9 days of degradation. Each scale bar = 1 cm.</p>
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10 pages, 5506 KiB  
Case Report
Fungal Empyema Thoracis Associated with Clavispora lusitaniae—First Report in a Domestic Cat
by Radka Garnoeva and Velina Dinkova
J. Fungi 2025, 11(3), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11030170 - 20 Feb 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are life-threatening conditions that always pose a challenge to veterinary practitioners. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in a case of pleural effusion in a domestic cat with a 7-day history of progressive tachypnea were described. Fungal pyothorax was diagnosed on [...] Read more.
Invasive fungal infections are life-threatening conditions that always pose a challenge to veterinary practitioners. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in a case of pleural effusion in a domestic cat with a 7-day history of progressive tachypnea were described. Fungal pyothorax was diagnosed on the basis of the clinical signs, radiography findings, complete blood counts, and isolation of the pathogen from pleural effusion samples on two occasions. After three thoracenteses for evacuation of the pleural exudate and 15-day therapy with terbinafine, the general condition of the patient was very good; the complete blood count and respiratory and heart rates returned to normal; and no diagnostic imaging signs of pleural effusion were present. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of empyema thoracis caused by Clavispora lusitaniae in a domestic cat. The described case emphasises the primary importance of timely identification of pathogenic agent(s) of feline pyothorax and appropriately prescribed treatment for the prevention of severe complications and fatal outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diseases in Animals, 3rd Edition)
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<p>Right lateral (RL), left lateral (LL), and dorsoventral (DV) radiographs of the patient before the thoracentesis, demonstrating accumulated fluid (arrows; RL view), retraction of the lung lobes (black arrowheads, LL and DV views), pleural fissure lines (arrows, LL and DV views), and displacement of the trachea (orange arrowheads, DV view).</p>
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<p>Evacuation of pleural fluid from the left-side 8th intercostal space (<b>left</b>) and gross appearance of the exudate (<b>right</b>).</p>
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<p>Cytological smear from the pleural fluid demonstrating lymphocytes, degenerated neutrophils (arrows), and macrophages (arrowheads). May–Grünwald Giemsa staining; scale bar 100 μm (<b>left</b>) and 10 μm (<b>right</b>).</p>
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<p>Growth of the pathogen 48 h after subculturing on blood agar at 37 °C (<b>left</b>) and Sabouraud dextrose agar at 37 °C (<b>right</b>).</p>
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<p>(<b>Left</b>): Gram-stained smear from a 24 h single colony subcultured on blood agar; (<b>Right</b>): enlarged view of rectangular area shows budding Gram-positive yeast cells. Scale bar = 5 μm.</p>
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<p>Right lateral (RL), left lateral (LL), and dorsoventral (DV) radiographs of the patient during the control examination 15 days after the end of antifungal therapy: areas of moderate atelectasis (arrowheads on RL and LL views); uniform radiopacity in the area of the costophrenic angle (black arrows; DV view).</p>
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17 pages, 7213 KiB  
Article
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Lectin-like Protein Llp1 Secreted by Ustilago maydis upon Infection of Maize
by Marvin Christ, Itzel Rubio Elizalde, Paul Weiland, Antonia Kern, Thomas Iwen, Christopher-Nils Mais, Jan Pané-Farré, Stephan Kiontke, Florian Altegoer, Johannes Freitag and Gert Bange
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020164 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 362
Abstract
The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis, which causes smut disease in maize, secretes numerous proteins upon plant colonization. Some of them, termed effectors, help to evade plant defenses and manipulate cellular processes within the host. The function of many proteins specifically secreted during [...] Read more.
The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis, which causes smut disease in maize, secretes numerous proteins upon plant colonization. Some of them, termed effectors, help to evade plant defenses and manipulate cellular processes within the host. The function of many proteins specifically secreted during infection remains elusive. In this study, we biochemically characterized one such protein, UMAG_00027, that is highly expressed during plant infection. We show that UMAG_00027 is a secreted protein with a lectin-like fold and therefore term it Llp1 (lectin-like-protein 1). Llp1 decorated the fungal cell wall of cells grown in axenic culture or proliferating in planta, which is in agreement with its potential sugar-binding ability. We were unable to identify the precise sugar moieties that are bound by Llp1. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of llp1 reveals that the gene is not essential for fungal virulence. A structural search shows the presence of several other lectin-like proteins in U. maydis that might compensate for the function of Llp1 in ∆llp1 mutants. We therefore speculate that Llp1 is part of a family of lectin-like proteins with redundant functions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Understanding of Smut Biology)
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<p>Llp1 is one of the highest upregulated transcripts during the early infection phase and persists in a monomeric conformation and crystallized in three-dimensional pyramids. (<b>a</b>) Top 20 abundant transcripts with their respective UMAG-number during <span class="html-italic">U. maydis</span> infection at 4 days post-infection (dpi). Characterized effector proteins are shown in green and uncharacterized in gray. Llp1 is marked in red. (<b>b</b>) Number of Llp1 transcripts under axenic conditions and during infection. (<b>c</b>) Size-exclusion coupled with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) analysis of Llp1 reveals a predominantly monomeric organization at both pH 7.5 (green) and pH 5.0 (red). At pH 7.5, a minor fraction of the protein remains in a tetrameric state. The inset shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE gel of the peak fraction (<b>d</b>) Three-sided pyramidal crystals of Llp1 appeared within 7 days.</p>
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<p>Llp1 structure reveals a β-sandwich with a lectin-like structure. (<b>a</b>) Secondary structure organization of the Llp1. The yellow, numbered asterisks indicate the position of the six cysteines that form disulfide bridges 1 to 3. (<b>b</b>) Cartoon model of Llp1 colored by secondary structure elements in red and blue and disulfide bridges in yellow. (<b>c</b>) Superposition of the β-sandwich ribbon of Llp1 (red) and ConA (white, 1JBC). The characteristic concave and convex architecture of the β-strands is highlighted in gray. The metal binding sides are shown in purple and green. The blue sphere is intended to represent the sugar-binding pocket. Shown are glucose and mannose molecules.</p>
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<p>Llp1 is masking the fungal but not the plant cell wall, and it appears not to affect cell wall or membrane integrity or responses to osmotic stressors. (<b>a</b>) HA-tagged <span class="html-italic">llp1</span> under the control of the constitutive <span class="html-italic">otef</span> promoter complementing a SG200 <span class="html-italic">llp1</span> deletion strain is secreted and decorates the fungal cell wall of <span class="html-italic">U. maydis</span> hyphae grown on a Parafilm M surface. (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">llp1</span> is HA-tagged in its native locus and is secreted during infection decorating only the fungal but not the plant cell wall. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Confocal microscopy of respectively SG200 strains expressing HA-tagged <span class="html-italic">llp1</span> (left) and SG200 without HA-tagged gene (right) incubated with primary HA-tag antibody and AF488 conjugated secondary antibody. Top panels show images with green fluorescent protein channels and low panels show differential interference contrast images. Scale bar = 10 µm. (<b>c</b>) Stress assay of <span class="html-italic">U. maydis</span> strains SG200, SG200∆<span class="html-italic">llp1</span>, and SG200∆<span class="html-italic">llp1</span>-P<sub>OTEF</sub>-<span class="html-italic">llp1</span>. Serial 10-fold dilutions, starting with OD<sub>600</sub> of 1, were spotted on CM agar supplemented with glucose as a carbon source and the respective stressors.</p>
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<p>Llp1 is obsolete for the infection and <span class="html-italic">U. maydis</span> has more Llps that are regulated during the infection. (<b>a</b>) Maize infection assay using deletion strains in the solopathogenic strain SG200 at 4 and 12 dpi (<b>b</b>). Maize infection assay using deletion strains in the haploid strains FB1 and FB2 at 12 dpi (<b>c</b>). Superposition of the β-sheet core from all identified lectin-like proteins, with Llp1 highlighted in red. (<b>d</b>) AlphaFold models of the identified Llp proteins. The β-sheet core of each lectin-like domain is highlighted in red. The number under each gene identifier represents the RMSD value of the Cα superposition of the respective β-sheet core to that of Llp1. (<b>e</b>) Transcript levels of all identified lectin-like proteins during <span class="html-italic">U. maydis</span> infection of maize.</p>
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22 pages, 1054 KiB  
Review
Antifungal Policy and Practice Across Five Countries: A Qualitative Review
by David W. Denning, John R. Perfect, Neda Milevska-Kostova, Artes Haderi, Hannah Armstrong, Maarten C. Hardenberg, Emily Chavez, Bruce Altevogt, Patrick Holmes and Jalal A. Aram
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020162 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
The burden of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is increasing worldwide. National, regional, and local policies on IFI management should respond to the changing landscape. We assessed antifungal policies from five countries of varying size, IFI burden, and geography: the Netherlands, Italy, South Korea, [...] Read more.
The burden of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is increasing worldwide. National, regional, and local policies on IFI management should respond to the changing landscape. We assessed antifungal policies from five countries of varying size, IFI burden, and geography: the Netherlands, Italy, South Korea, China, and India. These countries were selected as a representative sample reflecting different types of economic and health systems that patients and providers access worldwide. This assessment focused on a comprehensive range of antifungal policy elements, including recognition and prioritization, awareness and education, prevention and monitoring, diagnosis and coordinated care, access to appropriate treatment, and diagnostic and treatment innovation. Although countries in this analysis all have some form of policy for IFI management, we have identified substantial gaps, including low prioritization of IFI diagnostics, omission of fungal pathogens from antimicrobial resistance policies, and a general lack of awareness and healthcare professional (HCP) training on IFI management. The gaps identified are intended to inform HCPs and policy- and decision-makers about aspects to consider in reducing the IFI burden for patients and health systems while demonstrating responsible antifungal stewardship. Full article
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<p>Framework of policy analysis (AMR—antimicrobial resistance; HCP—healthcare provider; R&amp;D—research and development).</p>
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<p>Summary of research findings. Green indicates established policies/initiatives AND/OR evidence of policy/initiative implementation. Yellow indicates that policies/initiatives exist but are limited in scope or timeframe, OR there is a lack of policies/programs currently but evidence of future developments. Red indicates a scarcity of current and future policies/initiatives.</p>
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10 pages, 211 KiB  
Article
Outcome Analysis of Breakthrough Invasive Aspergillosis on Anti-Mold Azole Prophylaxis and Treatment: 30-Year Experience in Hematologic Malignancy Patients
by Hiba Dagher, Anne-Marie Chaftari, Andrea Haddad, Ying Jiang, Jishna Shrestha, Robin Sherchan, Peter Lamie, Jennifer Makhoul, Patrick Chaftari, Ray Hachem and Issam Raad
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020160 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 164
Abstract
Background: Anti-mold azoles have improved the outcomes of invasive aspergillosis (IA) when used therapeutically, but they are extensively used as prophylaxis. There are limited data regarding the outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancy who develop breakthrough IA on anti-mold azoles. We aimed to [...] Read more.
Background: Anti-mold azoles have improved the outcomes of invasive aspergillosis (IA) when used therapeutically, but they are extensively used as prophylaxis. There are limited data regarding the outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancy who develop breakthrough IA on anti-mold azoles. We aimed to determine whether breakthrough IA on azole prophylaxis shows worse outcomes compared to no prophylaxis. Methods: We compared outcomes including therapy response and mortality between antifungal regimens in hematologic malignancy patients with IA between July 1993 and July 2023. Results: Compared to an amphotericin B-containing regimen (AMB), an anti-mold azole as the primary therapy was independently associated with successful response at the end of therapy (OR = 4.38, p < 0.0001), protective against 42-day IA-associated mortality (OR = 0.51, p = 0.024) or all cause mortality (OR = 0.35, p < 0.0001), and protective against 84-day mortality, both IA-associated (OR = 0.50, p = 0.01) and all-cause mortality (OR = 0.27, p < 0.0001). Azole prophylaxis was independently associated with higher IA-associated mortality at 42 days (OR = 1.91, p = 0.012) and 84 days (OR = 2.03, p = 0.004), compared to fluconazole or no prophylaxis. Conclusions: Patients with breakthrough IA on anti-mold azole prophylaxis show a worse prognosis than those on other or no prophylaxis, possibly related to the emergence of azole resistance due to their widespread use as prophylaxis agents. On the other hand, anti-mold azole primary therapy is superior to AMB therapy in the treatment of IA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)
16 pages, 2059 KiB  
Article
Screening of Antagonistic Trichoderma Strains to Enhance Soybean Growth
by Na Yu, Yijia Gao, Feng Chang, Wenting Liu, Changhong Guo and Hongsheng Cai
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020159 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 254
Abstract
This study investigates the isolation and screening of Trichoderma strains that exhibit antagonistic properties against soybean root-infecting Fusarium species, particularly F. oxysporum. From soybean rhizosphere soil, 37 antagonistic Trichoderma strains were identified using the plate confrontation method, demonstrating inhibitory effects ranging from [...] Read more.
This study investigates the isolation and screening of Trichoderma strains that exhibit antagonistic properties against soybean root-infecting Fusarium species, particularly F. oxysporum. From soybean rhizosphere soil, 37 antagonistic Trichoderma strains were identified using the plate confrontation method, demonstrating inhibitory effects ranging from 47.57% to 72.86% against F. oxysporum. Strain 235T4 exhibited the highest inhibition rate at 72.86%. Molecular identification confirmed that the strains belonged to eight species within the Trichoderma genus, with notable strains promoting soybean growth in greenhouse tests. In pot experiments, the application of Trichoderma significantly reduced the disease index of soybean plants inoculated with F. oxysporum, particularly with strain 223H16, which achieved an 83.78% control efficiency. Field applications further indicated enhanced soybean growth metrics, including increased pod numbers and plant height, when treated with specific Trichoderma strains. Additionally, Trichoderma application enriched the fungal diversity in the soybean rhizosphere, resulting in a significant reduction of Fusarium populations by approximately 50%. This study highlights the potential of Trichoderma species as biological control agents to enhance soybean health and productivity while improving soil fungal diversity. Full article
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<p>The effects of <span class="html-italic">Trichoderma</span> treatment on the phenotype and biomass of potted soybean plants. (<b>A</b>) Phenotype of soybeans after Trichoderma treatment. (<b>B</b>) plant height (cm). (<b>C</b>) root length (cm). (<b>D</b>) fresh weight (g). (<b>E</b>) dry weight (g). Data are present as means ± standard deviation; Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences between different treatments (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p>
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<p>Differences in fungal community compositions among <span class="html-italic">Trichoderma</span> treatments. This column chart displays the relative abundances of species at the phylum level.</p>
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<p>Relative abundance of <span class="html-italic">Fusarium</span> species in soybean rhizosphere soil in the field. Data are present as means ± standard deviation; Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences between different treatments (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p>
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23 pages, 698 KiB  
Review
Fungal-Induced Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Literature Review in Non-HIV Populations
by Chia-Yu Chiu, Rachel S. Hicklen and Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020158 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 279
Abstract
We performed a thorough search of the literature published through December 2024 with no date exclusions on invasive fungal infection (IFI)-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. The frequency of IFI-induced HLH reported across 16 articles was 9%. Of the [...] Read more.
We performed a thorough search of the literature published through December 2024 with no date exclusions on invasive fungal infection (IFI)-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. The frequency of IFI-induced HLH reported across 16 articles was 9%. Of the 116 identified cases with available clinical information, 53% occurred in immunocompromised patients. IFIs were usually disseminated (76%), with Histoplasma capsulatum being the most common pathogen (51%). IFI and HLH were diagnosed simultaneously in most cases (78%). The 30-day survival rate was 64%. Reported cases had significant heterogeneity in patient characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Infections: New Challenges and Opportunities, 3rd Edition)
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<p>Flow diagram of the literature review methodology used to identify all reported cases of fungal-induced HLH in non-HIV patients, with no date restriction applied until December 2024. Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HLH, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.</p>
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