Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled.
 
 
Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Article Types

Countries / Regions

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Search Results (6,993)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = demand response

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
14 pages, 483 KiB  
Article
Enhanced In-Network Caching for Deep Learning in Edge Networks
by Jiaqi Zhang, Wenjing Liu, Li Zhang and Jie Tian
Electronics 2024, 13(23), 4632; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13234632 (registering DOI) - 24 Nov 2024
Viewed by 69
Abstract
With the deep integration of communication technology and Internet of Things technology, the edge network structure is becoming increasingly dense and heterogeneous. At the same time, in the edge network environment, characteristics such as wide-area differentiated services, decentralized deployment of computing and network [...] Read more.
With the deep integration of communication technology and Internet of Things technology, the edge network structure is becoming increasingly dense and heterogeneous. At the same time, in the edge network environment, characteristics such as wide-area differentiated services, decentralized deployment of computing and network resources, and highly dynamic network environment lead to the deployment of redundant or insufficient edge cache nodes, which restricts the efficiency of network service caching and resource allocation. In response to the above problems, research on the joint optimization of service caching and resources in the decentralized edge network scenario is carried out. Therefore, we have conducted research on the collaborative caching of training data among multiple edge nodes and optimized the number of collaborative caching nodes. Firstly, we use a multi-queue model to model the collaborative caching process. This model can be used to simulate the in-network cache replacement process on collaborative caching nodes. In this way, we can describe the data flow and storage changes during the caching process more clearly. Secondly, considering the limitation of storage space of edge nodes and the demand for training data within a training epoch, we propose a stochastic gradient descent algorithm to obtain the optimal number of caching nodes. This algorithm entirely takes into account the resource constraints in practical applications and provides an effective way to optimize the number of caching nodes. Finally, the simulation results clearly show that the optimized number of caching nodes can significantly improve the adequacy rate and hit rate of the training data, with the adequacy rate reaching 84% and the hit rate reaching 100%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Distributed Computing and Its Applications)
15 pages, 851 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Storage and Flexibility in Transfer Capacities: Strategies and Uses for Vulnerable Power Grids
by Gustavo Adolfo Gómez-Ramírez, Luis García-Santander, José Rodrigo Rojas-Morales, Markel Lazkano-Zubiaga and Carlos Meza
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5878; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235878 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024
Viewed by 197
Abstract
The integration of renewable energy sources into electrical power systems presents enormous challenges in technical terms, especially with energy storage. Battery electrochemical storage systems (BESSs) are becoming a crucial solution for reducing the intermittency of renewable energy supply and enhance the stability of [...] Read more.
The integration of renewable energy sources into electrical power systems presents enormous challenges in technical terms, especially with energy storage. Battery electrochemical storage systems (BESSs) are becoming a crucial solution for reducing the intermittency of renewable energy supply and enhance the stability of power networks. Nonetheless, its extensive implementation confronts constraints, including expense, life expectancy, and energy efficiency. Simultaneously, these technologies present prospects for improved energy management, increase the hosting capacity of renewable energy, and diminish reliance on fossil fuels. This paper investigates the obstacles of integrating electrochemical storage into electrical power systems, explores solutions to use its promise for creating more resilient and sustainable grids, and presents a method for the size estimation and strategic allocation of electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs). The aim is to improve grid voltage profiles, manage demand response, increase the adoption of renewable energy resources, enhance power transfer among various areas, and subsequently improve the stability of a power system during large disturbances. The methodology utilizes a multi-stage optimization process based on economic considerations supported by dynamic simulation. This methodology was tested employing a validated dynamic model of the Interconnected Electrical System of the Central American Countries (SIEPAC). The system experienced multiple significant blackouts in recent years, primarily due to the increasing amount of renewable energy generation without adequate inertial support and limited power transfer capabilities among countries. Based on the results of using the technique, EESSs can effectively lower the risk of instability caused by an imbalance between power generation and demand during extreme situations, as seen in past event reports. Based on economical constraints, it has been determined that the cost of installing EESSs for the SIEPAC, which amounts to 1200 MWh/200 MW, is 140.91 USD/MWh. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities for Renewable Energy)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Methodological framework for improving the flexibility of transfer capabilities among various areas.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Interconnection voltage behaviour without electrochemical storage.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Interconnection power behaviour without electrochemical storage.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Seven states sequence of the collapse explained in case study.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Interconnection frequency behaviour without electrochemical storage.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Siting and sizing for electrochemical storage in Central American power system according to <a href="#energies-17-05878-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Interconnection frequency behaviour with electrochemical storage.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Interconnection power behaviour with electrochemical storage.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Sequence of power system states shown in case study and proposed solution.</p>
Full article ">
17 pages, 1023 KiB  
Article
Maintenance of Bodily Expressions Modulates Functional Connectivity Between Prefrontal Cortex and Extrastriate Body Area During Working Memory Processing
by Jie Ren, Mingming Zhang, Shuaicheng Liu, Weiqi He and Wenbo Luo
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121172 - 22 Nov 2024
Viewed by 290
Abstract
Background/Objectives: As a form of visual input, bodily expressions can be maintained and manipulated in visual working memory (VWM) over a short period of time. While the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an indispensable role in top-down control, it remains largely unclear whether this [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: As a form of visual input, bodily expressions can be maintained and manipulated in visual working memory (VWM) over a short period of time. While the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an indispensable role in top-down control, it remains largely unclear whether this region also modulates the VWM storage of bodily expressions during a delay period. Therefore, the two primary goals of this study were to examine whether the emotional bodies would elicit heightened brain activity among areas such as the PFC and extrastriate body area (EBA) and whether the emotional effects subsequently modulate the functional connectivity patterns for active maintenance during delay periods. Methods: During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, participants performed a delayed-response task in which they were instructed to view and maintain a body stimulus in working memory before emotion categorization (happiness, anger, and neutral). If processing happy and angry bodies consume increased cognitive demands, stronger PFC activation and its functional connectivity with perceptual areas would be observed. Results: Results based on univariate and multivariate analyses conducted on the data collected during stimulus presentation revealed an enhanced processing of the left PFC and left EBA. Importantly, subsequent functional connectivity analyses performed on delayed-period data using a psychophysiological interaction model indicated that functional connectivity between the PFC and EBA increases for happy and angry bodies compared to neutral bodies. Conclusions: The emotion-modulated coupling between the PFC and EBA during maintenance deepens our understanding of the functional organization underlying the VWM processing of bodily information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)
12 pages, 1608 KiB  
Review
The Biotechnological Potential of Crickets as a Sustainable Protein Source for Fishmeal Replacement in Aquafeed
by Aldo Fraijo-Valenzuela, Joe Luis Arias-Moscoso, Oscar Daniel García-Pérez, Libia Zulema Rodriguez-Anaya and Jose Reyes Gonzalez-Galaviz
BioTech 2024, 13(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13040051 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 241
Abstract
As aquaculture production grows, so does the demand for quality and cost-effective protein sources. The cost of fishmeal (FM) has increased over the years, leading to increased production costs for formulated aquafeed. Soybean meal (SBM) is commonly used as an FM replacer in [...] Read more.
As aquaculture production grows, so does the demand for quality and cost-effective protein sources. The cost of fishmeal (FM) has increased over the years, leading to increased production costs for formulated aquafeed. Soybean meal (SBM) is commonly used as an FM replacer in aquafeed, but anti-nutritional factors could affect the growth, nutrition, and health of aquatic organisms. Cricket meal (CM) is an alternative source with a nutrient profile comparable to FM due to its high protein content, digestibility, and amino acid profile. CM use in aquafeed influences growth and reproductive performance while modulating the gut microbiota and immune response of fish and shrimp. However, consistent regulation and scaling up are necessary for competitive prices and the marketing of CM. Moreover, the chitin content in CM could be an issue in some fish species; however, different strategies based on food biotechnology can improve the protein quality for its safe use in aquafeed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural and Food Biotechnology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Nutritional composition of cricket meal. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 9 October 2024).</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Illustration of cricket meal’s effects on aquaculture. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 9 October 2024).</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Illustration of different processing methods to improve protein quality of cricket meal. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 9 October 2024).</p>
Full article ">
34 pages, 4812 KiB  
Article
A Novel Neural Network-Based Droop Control Strategy for Single-Phase Power Converters
by Saad Belgana and Handy Fortin-Blanchette
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5825; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235825 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 260
Abstract
Managing parallel−connected single−phase distributed generators in low−voltage microgrids is challenging due to the volatility of renewable energy sources and fluctuating load demands. Traditional droop control struggles to maintain precise power sharing under dynamic conditions and varying line impedances, leading to inefficiency. This paper [...] Read more.
Managing parallel−connected single−phase distributed generators in low−voltage microgrids is challenging due to the volatility of renewable energy sources and fluctuating load demands. Traditional droop control struggles to maintain precise power sharing under dynamic conditions and varying line impedances, leading to inefficiency. This paper presents a novel adaptive droop control strategy integrating artificial neural networks and particle swarm optimization to enhance microgrid performance. Unlike prior methods that optimize artificial neural network parameters, the proposed approach uses particle swarm optimization offline to generate optimal dq−axis voltage references that compensate for line effects and load variations. These serve as training data for the artificial neural network, which adjusts voltage in real time based on line impedance and load variations without online optimization. This decoupling ensures computational efficiency and responsiveness, maintaining voltage and frequency stability during rapid load changes. Addressing dynamic load fluctuations and line impedance mismatches without inter−generator communication enhances reliability and reduces complexity. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed strategy maintains stability, achieves accurate power sharing with errors below 0.5%, and reduces total harmonic distortion, outperforming conventional droop control methods. These findings advance adaptive control in microgrids, supporting seamless renewable energy integration and enhancing the reliability and stability of distributed generation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Simplified model of power transfer through a transmission line.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Droop characteristics for inductive line impedance.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>CDC scheme for inductive line impedance.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Droop characteristics for resistive line impedance.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>CDC scheme for resistive line impedance.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Structure of the proposed droop control.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Structure of the distributed generator.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Structure of the proposed control unit.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Structure of the second−order generalized integrator (SOGI).</p>
Full article ">Figure 10
<p><math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> model of the single−phase inverter.</p>
Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Control structure of the single−phase inverter in the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> frame.</p>
Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Structure of the ANN.</p>
Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Displacement of particles in the search space.</p>
Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Structure of the proposed PSO−based droop control.</p>
Full article ">Figure 15
<p>PSO data training.</p>
Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Microgrid configuration with a common bus structure.</p>
Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Microgrid configuration with a mesh grid structure.</p>
Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Linear loads in the mesh grid structure.</p>
Full article ">Figure 19
<p>Nonlinear loads in the mesh grid structure.</p>
Full article ">Figure 20
<p>Simulation results of four DGs with inductive wire.</p>
Full article ">Figure 21
<p>Simulation results of four DGs with mixed wire.</p>
Full article ">Figure 22
<p>Load Voltage.</p>
Full article ">Figure 23
<p>Simulation results of four DGs with inductive wire using CDC.</p>
Full article ">Figure 24
<p>Simulation results of four DGs with inductive wire using proposed droop control.</p>
Full article ">Figure 25
<p>Simulation results of four DGs with mixed wire using CDC.</p>
Full article ">Figure 26
<p>Simulation results of four DGs with mixed wire using proposed droop control.</p>
Full article ">Figure 27
<p>Current FTT for inductive wire for CDC.</p>
Full article ">Figure 28
<p>Current FTT for inductive wire for proposed droop control.</p>
Full article ">Figure 29
<p>Current FTT for mixed wire for CDC.</p>
Full article ">Figure 30
<p>Current FTT for mixed wire for CDC.</p>
Full article ">Figure 31
<p>Voltage FTT for inductive wire for CDC.</p>
Full article ">Figure 32
<p>Voltage FTT for inductive wire for proposed droop control.</p>
Full article ">Figure 33
<p>Voltage FTT for mixed wire for CDC.</p>
Full article ">Figure 34
<p>Voltage FTT for mixed wire for proposed droop control.</p>
Full article ">
8 pages, 265 KiB  
Opinion
The Inappropriate Use of GLP-1 Analogs: Reflections from Pharmacoepidemiology
by Sofía Echeverry-Guerrero, Salomé González-Vélez, Ana-Sofía Arévalo-Lara, Juan-Camilo Calvache-Orozco, Sebastián Kurt Villarroel-Hagemann, Luis Carlos Rojas-Rodríguez, Andrés M. Pérez-Acosta and Carlos-Alberto Calderon-Ospina
Pharmacoepidemiology 2024, 3(4), 365-372; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharma3040025 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 425
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have emerged as a potent therapeutic option for the management of obesity, demonstrating exceptional efficacy in several large-scale clinical trials. Despite their promising therapeutic outcomes, the rising popularity of these agents raises significant concerns, particularly regarding their [...] Read more.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have emerged as a potent therapeutic option for the management of obesity, demonstrating exceptional efficacy in several large-scale clinical trials. Despite their promising therapeutic outcomes, the rising popularity of these agents raises significant concerns, particularly regarding their off-label use by individuals seeking weight loss for aesthetic reasons rather than addressing underlying metabolic health conditions. This article critically evaluates the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 RAs in obesity management. Additionally, it explores the economic implications and ethical challenges associated with the increasing demand for GLP-1 RAs. By addressing these dimensions, this article aims to facilitate informed and responsible decision-making in clinical practice, highlighting the need for individualized patient assessments and careful consideration of both short- and long-term safety risks. Full article
9 pages, 857 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Seasonal Variation on Salivary Hormone Responses During Simulated Mountain Warfare
by Jesse A. Stein, Laura J. Palombo, Andrea C. Givens, Jake R. Bernards, Emily B. Kloss, Daniel W. Bennett, Brenda A. Niederberger and Karen R. Kelly
Physiologia 2024, 4(4), 424-432; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia4040028 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 279
Abstract
Military personnel routinely complete stressful training exercises in harsh environmental conditions to prepare for intense operational demands. Purpose: This study determined the effect of environmental conditions on salivary hormone profiles in Marines during a mountain warfare training exercise (MTX). Methods: Two cohorts of [...] Read more.
Military personnel routinely complete stressful training exercises in harsh environmental conditions to prepare for intense operational demands. Purpose: This study determined the effect of environmental conditions on salivary hormone profiles in Marines during a mountain warfare training exercise (MTX). Methods: Two cohorts of Marines (age 22 ± 4, height 174 ± 7 cm, body mass 79.2 ± 11.5 kg) completed an MTX (elevation 2100 to 3500 m) in the Fall (n = 63, temperature 11 ± 2 °C) and Winter (n = 64, temperature −5 ± 4 °C). Saliva samples were provided before (PRE), during (MID), and after (POST) the MTX, and were assayed for α-amylase, cortisol, DHEA, testosterone, and osteocalcin. Results: Linear mixed models were used to determine significant interactions (time × season) and found differences in DHEA, testosterone, and osteocalcin. Testosterone and DHEA were lower at MID compared to PRE and POST during the Fall MTX. Testosterone was higher at MID compared to PRE and POST during the Winter MTX, while DHEA remained stable. Osteocalcin was higher in Fall participants compared to Winter but demonstrated a similar trend to increase at MID and decrease at POST in both groups. Cortisol was higher during the Winter MTX compared to the Fall. Conclusions: These findings highlight the differential physiological stress responses in varying seasonal conditions, suggesting the need for tailored training strategies to enhance military readiness and prevent hormonal dysregulation. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these seasonal effects. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Between-group differences in salivary biomarkers throughout mountain warfare training exercise (MTX). AA, Cort, DHEA, OST, and Test represent alpha-amylase, cortisol, DHEA, osteocalcin, and testosterone, respectively. Bars and error bars represent mean and standard error, respectively. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.005.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Salivary biomarkers throughout mountain warfare training exercise (MTX). Lines and bands represent mean and standard error, respectively. AA, Cort, DHEA, OST, and Test represent alpha-amylase, cortisol, DHEA, osteocalcin, and testosterone, respectively. * Significance within Fall MTX. + Significance within Winter MTX. */<sup>+</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ***/<sup>+++</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.005.</p>
Full article ">
30 pages, 2746 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Microgrid Performance: Integrating Unscented Transformation and Enhanced Cheetah Optimization for Renewable Energy Management
by Ali S. Alghamdi
Electronics 2024, 13(22), 4563; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224563 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 281
Abstract
The increased integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), such as photovoltaic and wind turbine systems, in microgrids poses significant challenges due to fluctuating weather conditions and load demands. To address these challenges, this study introduces an innovative approach that combines Unscented Transformation (UT) [...] Read more.
The increased integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), such as photovoltaic and wind turbine systems, in microgrids poses significant challenges due to fluctuating weather conditions and load demands. To address these challenges, this study introduces an innovative approach that combines Unscented Transformation (UT) with the Enhanced Cheetah Optimization Algorithm (ECOA) for optimal microgrid management. UT, a robust statistical technique, models nonlinear uncertainties effectively by leveraging sigma points, facilitating accurate decision-making despite variable renewable generation and load conditions. The ECOA, inspired by the adaptive hunting behaviors of cheetahs, is enhanced with stochastic leaps, adaptive chase mechanisms, and cooperative strategies to prevent premature convergence, enabling improved exploration and optimization for unbalanced three-phase distribution networks. This integrated UT-ECOA approach enables simultaneous optimization of continuous and discrete decision variables in the microgrid, efficiently handling uncertainty within RESs and load demands. Results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly improves microgrid performance, achieving a 10% reduction in voltage deviation, a 10.63% decrease in power losses, and an 83.32% reduction in operational costs, especially when demand response (DR) is implemented. These findings validate the model’s efficacy in enhancing microgrid reliability and efficiency, positioning it as a viable solution for optimized performance under uncertain renewable inputs. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Flowchart of the proposed UT-based ECOA for optimal solving of EM problems.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The mean values of (<b>a</b>) wind speed, (<b>b</b>) solar irradiance, and (<b>c</b>) load demand.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Microgrid’s Optimal generation scheduling.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>DR’s effect on the hourly load curve.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Optimal results of the PV’s power generation, bus, and phase locations.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Optimal results of the grid’s power generation, bus, and phase locations.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Optimal results of the WT’s power generation, bus, and phase locations.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Optimal results of the DG’s power generation, bus, and phase locations.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Optimal results of the MT’s power generation, bus, and phase locations.</p>
Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Optimal results of the BESS’s power generation, bus, and phase locations.</p>
Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Voltage deviations before and after the proposed optimization EM model.</p>
Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Microgrid losses before and after the proposed optimization EM model.</p>
Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Convergence curves of the comparative algorithms in solving the problem.</p>
Full article ">
16 pages, 5881 KiB  
Article
Projection of Changes in Stream Water Use Due to Climate Change
by Young-Ho Seo, Junehyeong Park, Byung-Sik Kim and Jang Hyun Sung
Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10120; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210120 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 320
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of rising temperatures on residential water use (RWU) in Seoul from 2015 to 2021, addressing the challenges of urban water sustainability under climate change. Using advanced models—convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM) Networks, eXtreme Gradient Boosting [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of rising temperatures on residential water use (RWU) in Seoul from 2015 to 2021, addressing the challenges of urban water sustainability under climate change. Using advanced models—convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM) Networks, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs)—we examined RWU prediction accuracy and incorporated a method to quantify prediction uncertainties. As a result, the BNN model emerged as a robust alternative, demonstrating competitive predictive accuracy and the capability to account for uncertainties in predictions. Recent studies highlight a strong correlation between rising temperatures and increased RWU, especially during summer, with tropical nights (with temperatures above 25 °C) becoming more common; Seoul experienced a record 26 consecutive tropical nights in July 2024, underscoring a trend toward higher RWU. To capture these dynamics, we employed Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios and downscaled the KACE-1-0-G Global Climate Model (GCM) for Seoul, projecting a progressive increase in RWU: 0.49% in the F1 period (2011–2040), 1.53% in F2 (2041–2070), and 2.95% in F3 (2071–2100), with significant rises in maximum RWU across these intervals. Our findings highlight an urgent need for proactive measures to secure water resources in response to the anticipated increase in urban water demand driven by climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Pungnap water intake Facility and Paldang Dam.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>RWU and temperatures in Seoul.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The structures of the deep learning models.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Training and validation histories of the artificial neural networks: (<b>a</b>) CNN, (<b>b</b>) LSTM, and (<b>c</b>) BNN.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>RWU Predictions with the regression models: (<b>a</b>) CNN, (<b>b</b>) LSTM, (<b>c</b>) XGBoost, and (<b>d</b>) BNN.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The regression models’ predictions with observations across temperature Ranges.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>BNN ensemble of RWU: (<b>a</b>) monthly and (<b>b</b>) seasonal predictions.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Projection of RWU changes during the future period.</p>
Full article ">
22 pages, 10036 KiB  
Article
Analytical Fragility Surfaces and Global Sensitivity Analysis of Buried Operating Steel Pipeline Under Seismic Loading
by Gersena Banushi
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10735; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210735 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 248
Abstract
The structural integrity of buried pipelines is threatened by the effects of Permanent Ground Deformation (PGD), resulting from seismic-induced landslides and lateral spreading due to liquefaction, requiring accurate analysis of the system performance. Analytical fragility functions allow us to estimate the likelihood of [...] Read more.
The structural integrity of buried pipelines is threatened by the effects of Permanent Ground Deformation (PGD), resulting from seismic-induced landslides and lateral spreading due to liquefaction, requiring accurate analysis of the system performance. Analytical fragility functions allow us to estimate the likelihood of seismic damage along the pipeline, supporting design engineers and network operators in prioritizing resource allocation for mitigative or remedial measures in spatially distributed lifeline systems. To efficiently and accurately evaluate the seismic fragility of a buried operating steel pipeline under longitudinal PGD, this study develops a new analytical model, accounting for the asymmetric pipeline behavior in tension and compression under varying operational loads. This validated model is further implemented within a fragility function calculation framework based on the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), allowing us to efficiently assess the probability of the pipeline exceeding the performance limit states, conditioned to the PGD demand. The evaluated fragility surfaces showed that the probability of the pipeline exceeding the performance criteria increases for larger soil displacements and lengths, as well as cover depths, because of the greater mobilized soil reaction counteracting the pipeline deformation. The performed Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) highlighted the influence of the PGD and soil–pipeline interaction parameters, as well as the effect of the service loads on structural performance, requiring proper consideration in pipeline system modeling and design. Overall, the proposed analytical fragility function calculation framework provides a useful methodology for effectively assessing the performance of operating pipelines under longitudinal PGD, quantifying the effect of the uncertain parameters impacting system response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Pipeline subjected to longitudinal PGD: (<b>a</b>) 3D view; (<b>b</b>) 2D schematic representation.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Pipeline response to longitudinal PGD according to analytical model in [<a href="#B11-applsci-14-10735" class="html-bibr">11</a>], assuming symmetric material behavior for tension and compression: (<b>a</b>) case I; (<b>b</b>) case II.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic representation of operating pipeline response subjected to longitudinal PGD: (<b>a</b>) pipeline displacement subjected to longitudinal soil block movement (case II); (<b>b</b>) soil–pipeline system behaving like a pull-out test under tension (region I) and compression (region IV).</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Schematic representation of the axial constitutive behavior of the steel pipe material, defined within the associated von Mises plasticity with isotropic hardening [<a href="#B30-applsci-14-10735" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The comparison between the numerical, the conventional [<a href="#B8-applsci-14-10735" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B11-applsci-14-10735" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B13-applsci-14-10735" class="html-bibr">13</a>], and the proposed analytical models, evaluating the pipeline performance under longitudinal PGD (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span> = 300 m) in terms of maximum tensile and compressive pipe strain as a function of the ground displacement <span class="html-italic">δ</span>.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The variation of the critical soil block length, <span class="html-italic">L<sub>cr</sub></span> = (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>t,max</sub></span> − <span class="html-italic">F<sub>c,max</sub></span>)/<span class="html-italic">f<sub>s</sub></span>, as a function of the ground displacement <span class="html-italic">δ</span>, with an indication of the critical values (<span class="html-italic">δ<sub>cr,i</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">L<sub>cr,i</sub></span>) associated with the achievement of the pipeline performance limit states.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The peak axial strain magnitude in the pressurized pipeline (<span class="html-italic">P<sub>i</sub></span>/<span class="html-italic">P<sub>max</sub></span> = 0.75, Δ<span class="html-italic">T</span> = 50 °C) as a function of the PGD length <span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span> and displacement <span class="html-italic">δ</span> for (<b>a</b>) tension and (<b>b</b>) compression. The dashed horizontal curves represent the strain isolines corresponding to the NOL and PIL performance limit states.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The peak axial strain magnitude in the unpressurized pipeline (<span class="html-italic">P<sub>i</sub></span>/<span class="html-italic">P<sub>max</sub></span> = 0, Δ<span class="html-italic">T</span> = 0 °C) as a function of the PGD length <span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span> and displacement <span class="html-italic">δ</span> for (<b>a</b>) tension and (<b>b</b>) compression. The dashed horizontal curves represent the strain isolines corresponding to the NOL and PIL performance limit states.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Fragility surface of buried pipeline (<span class="html-italic">H<sub>c</sub></span> = 1.5 m) for (<b>a</b>) Normal Operability Limit (NOL) and (<b>b</b>) Pressure Integrity Limit (PIL).</p>
Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Schematic representation of the performance assessment of the buried pipeline subjected to the PGD demand (<span class="html-italic">δ</span>, <span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span>), using the deterministic and fragility analysis framework.</p>
Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Fragility surface of buried pipeline for different cover depths and performance limit states: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">H<sub>c</sub></span> = 1.0 m, NOL; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">H<sub>c</sub></span> = 1.0 m, PIL and (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">H<sub>c</sub></span> = 2.0 m, NOL; and (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">H<sub>c</sub></span> = 2.0 m, PIL.</p>
Full article ">Figure 12
<p>The comparison of the first-order and total-order sensitivity indices of the system input parameters for the (<b>a</b>) NOL and (<b>b</b>) PIL performance limit states.</p>
Full article ">Figure A1
<p>Response of the pressurized pipeline (<span class="html-italic">P<sub>i</sub></span>/<span class="html-italic">P<sub>max</sub></span> = 0.75, Δ<span class="html-italic">T</span> = 50 °C) to longitudinal PGD with block length <span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span> = 200 m (case I): (<b>a</b>) pipe axial force; (<b>b</b>) pipe axial stress; (<b>c</b>) soil friction; (<b>d</b>) ground displacement; (<b>e</b>) pipe axial displacement; (<b>f</b>) pipe axial strain vs. distance from tension crack.</p>
Full article ">Figure A2
<p>Response of the unpressurized pipeline (<span class="html-italic">P<sub>i</sub></span>/<span class="html-italic">P<sub>max</sub></span> = 0, Δ<span class="html-italic">T</span> = 0 °C) to longitudinal PGD with block length <span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span> = 200 m (case I): (<b>a</b>) pipe axial force; (<b>b</b>) pipe axial stress; (<b>c</b>) soil friction; (<b>d</b>) ground displacement; (<b>e</b>) pipe axial displacement; (<b>f</b>) pipe axial strain vs. distance from tension crack.</p>
Full article ">Figure A3
<p>Response of the pressurized pipeline (<span class="html-italic">P<sub>i</sub></span>/<span class="html-italic">P<sub>max</sub></span> = 0.75, Δ<span class="html-italic">T</span> = 50 °C) to longitudinal PGD with block length <span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span> = 300 m (case II): (<b>a</b>) pipe axial force; (<b>b</b>) pipe axial stress; (<b>c</b>) soil friction; (<b>d</b>) ground displacement; (<b>e</b>) pipe axial displacement; (<b>f</b>) pipe axial strain vs. distance from tension crack.</p>
Full article ">Figure A4
<p>Response of the pressurized pipeline (<span class="html-italic">P<sub>i</sub></span>/<span class="html-italic">P<sub>max</sub></span> = 0, Δ<span class="html-italic">T</span> = 0 °C) to longitudinal PGD with block length <span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span> = 300 m (case II): (<b>a</b>) pipe axial force; (<b>b</b>) pipe axial stress; (<b>c</b>) soil friction; (<b>d</b>) ground displacement; (<b>e</b>) pipe axial displacement; (<b>f</b>) pipe axial strain vs. distance from tension crack.</p>
Full article ">
11 pages, 5242 KiB  
Article
Port Service Coordination Sustainability in the Yangtze River Delta in China Based on Spatial Effects
by Zhaohua Leng, Kebiao Yuan and Xiaohong Chen
Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10117; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210117 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 301
Abstract
With the prevalence of international trade protectionism and transformation and the upgrading of the domestic market structure, the contradiction between the demand for and the competitive development of the port market in the Yangtze River Delta in China has become increasingly prominent. The [...] Read more.
With the prevalence of international trade protectionism and transformation and the upgrading of the domestic market structure, the contradiction between the demand for and the competitive development of the port market in the Yangtze River Delta in China has become increasingly prominent. The 19 major ports of the Yangtze River Delta in China were selected for this study, and using the methods of index evaluation, gravitational model, and spatial interpolation, the spatial effects in the hinterland were calculated from three dimensions, central potential, spatial gravity and distribution convenience, and the regional coordination of port services. The results show that the potential of the Shanghai Port and Ningbo Zhoushan Port in China is stronger, and the difference in the distribution of the ports is quite clear. The spatial gravity of each port city can be superimposed over one another to form a clear dense semi-circular zone, and the ability of the marginal ports to participate in this zone is weak. The convenience of their distribution in the hinterland changes from being location-dependent to traffic-dependent. The service gap in the hinterland of the port system is more significant, but the expansion of spatial effects makes the sustainability of regional coordination gradually improve. Finally, several policy suggestions are proposed to ensure ecological responsibility among resource-oriented enterprises. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Study area and port layout.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Gravity grade distributions of port cities in Yangtze River Delta region in 2011 and 2017.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Distribution of port service intensity in Yangtze River Delta in 2011 and 2017.</p>
Full article ">
11 pages, 6594 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Structural Monitoring over Optical Ground Wire and Optical Phase Conductor via Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry
by Jorge Canudo, Pascual Sevillano, Andrea Iranzo, Sacha Kwik, Javier Preciado-Garbayo and Jesús Subías
Sensors 2024, 24(22), 7388; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227388 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 269
Abstract
Optimizing the use of existing high-voltage transmission lines demands real-time condition monitoring to ensure structural integrity and continuous service. Operating these lines at the current capacity is limited by safety margins based on worst-case weather scenarios, as exceeding these margins risks bringing conductors [...] Read more.
Optimizing the use of existing high-voltage transmission lines demands real-time condition monitoring to ensure structural integrity and continuous service. Operating these lines at the current capacity is limited by safety margins based on worst-case weather scenarios, as exceeding these margins risks bringing conductors dangerously close to the ground. The integration of optical fibers within modern transmission lines enables the use of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (DFOS) technology, with Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (CP-ΦOTDR) proving especially effective for this purpose. CP-ΦOTDR measures wind-induced vibrations along the conductor, allowing for an analysis of frequency-domain vibration modes that correlate with conductor length and sag across spans. This monitoring system, capable of covering distances up to 40 km from a single endpoint, enables dynamic capacity adjustments for optimized line efficiency. Beyond sag monitoring, CP-ΦOTDR provides robust detection of external threats, including environmental interference and mechanical intrusions, which could compromise cable stability. By simultaneously monitoring the Optical Phase Conductor (OPPC) and Optical Ground Wire (OPGW), this study offers the first comprehensive, real-time evaluation of both structural integrity and potential external aggressions on overhead transmission lines. The findings demonstrate that high-frequency data offer valuable insights for classifying mechanical intrusions and environmental interferences based on spectral content, while low-frequency data reveal the diurnal temperature-induced sag evolution, with distinct amplitude responses for each cable. These results affirm CP-ΦOTDR’s unique capacity to enhance line safety, operational efficiency, and proactive maintenance by delivering precise, real-time assessments of both structural integrity and external threats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Location of the experimental overhead line installation, shown in red.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Overhead installation scheme. (<b>b</b>) OPPC (fiber in red). (<b>c</b>) OPGW (fiber in red).</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>One-minute data record of CH552 for the OPPC (blue) and the OPGW (yellow). (<b>a</b>) Strain. (<b>b</b>) Frequency spectrum.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Frequency data of the OPPC with (blue) and without (red) mechanical intervention on the tower.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Measured strain during interventions on both the OPPC (blue) and the OPGW (red).</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Frequency spectrum of the screw loosening intervention (blue) and the material grinding (yellow).</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Some of the frequency lines detected by the algorithm in the 24 h monitored spectrogram of CH552.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Evolution of the 8th harmonic of CH552 (OPPC). (<b>b</b>) Peak-tracking algorithm data and polynomial fit of the harmonic mode.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Sag evolution in the 24 h period for CH552 obtained using CP-<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> </semantics></math>OTDR both in the OPPC and OPGW.</p>
Full article ">
24 pages, 3858 KiB  
Article
Transient and Steady-State Evaluation of Distributed Generation in Medium-Voltage Distribution Networks
by Daniel Guillén-López, Xavier Serrano-Guerrero, Antonio Barragán-Escandón and Jean-Michel Clairand
Energies 2024, 17(22), 5783; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225783 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 387
Abstract
As power generation systems with increasingly higher capacities are interconnected with distribution networks, a pressing need arises for a thorough analysis of their integration and the subsequent impacts on medium-voltage lines. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation, encompassing both steady-state and transient behaviours, [...] Read more.
As power generation systems with increasingly higher capacities are interconnected with distribution networks, a pressing need arises for a thorough analysis of their integration and the subsequent impacts on medium-voltage lines. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation, encompassing both steady-state and transient behaviours, leading to a holistic assessment of a real-world biogas generation system integrated into a medium-voltage network. Although the methodology does not introduce revolutionary concepts, its detailed application on a real feeder under various operating conditions adds practical value to the existing body of knowledge. The methodology explores various aspects, including voltage profiles, load capacity, power losses, short-circuit currents, and protection coordination in steady-state conditions. Additionally, a transient analysis is performed to examine the system’s response under fault conditions. This systematic approach provides a deep understanding of the system’s behaviour across diverse operational scenarios, enriching the field with practical insights. The key contributions of this study include identifying the effects of distributed generation systems (DGSs) on short-circuit currents, protection coordination, and defining voltage levels that briefly exceed the CBEMA quality curve. The benefits of incorporating a generation system into a distribution network are discussed from various technical perspectives. In a peak demand scenario, with a 1.72 MW generation capacity, the phase current experiences a notable reduction of 35.78%. Concurrently, the minimum peak demand voltage increases from 12.62 to 12.83 kV compared to a nominal voltage of 12.7 kV. Furthermore, the contribution of the generation system to the short-circuit current remains minimal, staying below 4% even under the most adverse conditions. However, our findings reveal that voltage levels exceed the upper limit of the CBEMA quality curve briefly during a single-phase fault with generation, which could potentially damage electronic equipment connected to the grid. Nonetheless, the likelihood of encountering a single-phase grounding fault with zero resistance remains low. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F2: Distributed Energy System)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>ITIC curve (CBEMA-2000, voltage tolerance curve) [<a href="#B21-energies-17-05783" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Methodology to evaluate DG in a medium-voltage network.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Location of the Pichacay biogas power plant.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Feeder 321 coverage area, Azuay, Ecuador (the DG is located in the green circle; the purple circles indicate the reclosers’ locations).</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Feeder 321 electric diagram.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Voltage profile of Feeder 321 at maximum demand.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Generator voltage profile at minimum demand.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Short-circuit current levels with and without generation according <a href="#energies-17-05783-t008" class="html-table">Table 8</a>.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Result of single-phase fault Census 1 without generation.</p>
Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Results of the single-phase fault recloser Census 1 with maximum generation.</p>
Full article ">
26 pages, 9914 KiB  
Article
Collaborative Optimization Scheduling of Source-Network-Load-Storage System Based on Ladder-Type Green Certificate–Carbon Joint Trading Mechanism and Integrated Demand Response
by Zhenglong Wang, Jiahui Wu, Yang Kou, Menglin Zhang and Huan Jiang
Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10104; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210104 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 365
Abstract
To fully leverage the potential flexibility resources of a source-network-load-storage (SNLS) system and achieve the green transformation of multi-source systems, this paper proposes an economic and low-carbon operation strategy for an SNLS system, considering the joint operation of ladder-type green certificate trading (GCT)–carbon [...] Read more.
To fully leverage the potential flexibility resources of a source-network-load-storage (SNLS) system and achieve the green transformation of multi-source systems, this paper proposes an economic and low-carbon operation strategy for an SNLS system, considering the joint operation of ladder-type green certificate trading (GCT)–carbon emission trading (CET), and integrated demand response (IDR). Firstly, focusing on the load side of electricity–heat–cooling–gas multi-source coupling, this paper comprehensively considers three types of flexible loads: transferable, replaceable, and reducible. An IDR model is established to tap into the load-side scheduling potential. Secondly, improvements are made to the market mechanisms: as a result of the division into tiered intervals and introduction of reward–penalty coefficients, the traditional GCT mechanism was improved to a more constraining and flexible ladder-type GCT mechanism. Moreover, the carbon offset mechanism behind green certificates serves as a bridge, leading to a GCT-CET joint operation mechanism. Finally, an economic low-carbon operation model is formulated with the objective of minimizing the comprehensive cost consisting of GCT cost, CET cost, energy procurement cost, IDR cost, and system operation cost. Simulation results indicate that by effectively integrating market mechanisms and IDR, the system can enhance its capacity for renewable energy penetration, reduce carbon emissions, and achieve green and sustainable development. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic diagram of SNLS system operation.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Operational principle of GCT mechanism.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Operational principle of CET mechanism.</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Joint operating principle of the GCT and CET mechanism.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Flowchart of the model-solving process.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Predicted outputs of wind and photovoltaic energy alongside load forecasts.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Comparison of renewable energy penetration in Scenarios 1–3.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Comparison of system comprehensive cost and carbon emission in Scenarios 2–4.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Comparison of GCT cost, CET cost, and system comprehensive cost in Scenarios 2–5.</p>
Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Load curve before and after optimization.</p>
Full article ">Figure 10 Cont.
<p>Load curve before and after optimization.</p>
Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Optimization result of supply–demand balance.</p>
Full article ">Figure 11 Cont.
<p>Optimization result of supply–demand balance.</p>
Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Optimization results based on varying green certificate–carbon trading basic prices.</p>
Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Optimization results based on varying reward coefficient.</p>
Full article ">
29 pages, 3443 KiB  
Article
How to Evaluate the Operating Performance of Mid-Deep Geothermal Heat Pump Systems (MD-GHPs): A Study on a Multistage Evaluation Index System
by Chenwei Peng, Jiewen Deng, Sishi Li, Xiaochao Guo, Yangyang Su, Yanhui Wang, Wenbo Qiang, Minghui Ma, Qingpeng Wei, Hui Zhang and Donglin Xie
Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10097; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210097 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 355
Abstract
Mid-deep geothermal heat pump systems (MD-GHPs) use mid-deep borehole heat exchangers (MDBHEs) to extract heat from the geothermal energy at a depth of 2–3 km, and have been used for space heating in China over the last decade. This paper proposes a comprehensive [...] Read more.
Mid-deep geothermal heat pump systems (MD-GHPs) use mid-deep borehole heat exchangers (MDBHEs) to extract heat from the geothermal energy at a depth of 2–3 km, and have been used for space heating in China over the last decade. This paper proposes a comprehensive and multilevel evaluation-index system to analyze and evaluate the energy performance of MD-GHPs. The multilevel evaluation index system consists of a target layer, a criterion layer, and an index layer, where the criterion layer is subdivided into six aspects and the index layer includes 26 specific indices, reflecting the geothermal resources, heat transfer performance of the MDBHEs, energy efficiency of the heat pump systems, building space heating demand, grid dynamic response capability, and energy-saving and economic benefits. Then, based on both expert survey results and case study data, the entropy weight method and the analytic hierarchy process are integrated to determine indicator weight coefficients among the multilevel evaluation indices, comprehensively considering both subjective and objective analyses. Furthermore, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is conducted to integrate these weighted indices into a multi-criteria evaluation of MD-GHP performance. Finally, the proposed method was applied to evaluate the practical performance of four projects, returning scores of 61.56, 58.33, 72.73, and 78.41. These evaluations enable an overall assessment of the energy performance of MD-GHPs, reflecting the technical weaknesses and offering optimization guidance for system design and operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Resources and Sustainable Utilization)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic Diagram of the Layout of the Paper.</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Structure diagram of MDBHE (The arrow shows the water flow direction).</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>System Overview and Monitoring Point Layout of MD-GHPs (The arrow shows the water flow direction).</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Multistage evaluation index system of the MD-GHPs.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Ground geothermal gradients of typical cities cross China’s climate regions.</p>
Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Flowchart of the Constructed Multistage Evaluation Index System for MD-GHPs.</p>
Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Comprehensive Weights of Index Layers for MD-GHPs.</p>
Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Evaluation Results of the Multistage Evaluation-Index System for the Field Test Projects.</p>
Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Comprehensive Score of the Multistage Evaluation-Index System for the Field Test Projects.</p>
Full article ">
Back to TopTop