Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Properties of Positive Solutions of a Kind for Fractional Pantograph Problems using Technique Fixed Point Theory

Hamid Boulares

¹,

Abbes Benchaabane

¹,

Nuttapol Pakkaranang

^2,*

Ramsha Shafqat

and

Bancha Panyanak

^4,5,*

Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Differential Equations “ACED”, Department of Mathematics, Faculty MISM, University of Guelma, Guelma 24000, Algeria

Mathematics and Computing Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Phetchabun 67000, Thailand

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Lahore, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan

⁴

Research Group in Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

⁵

Data Science Research Center, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Fractal Fract. 2022, 6(10), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6100593

Submission received: 13 September 2022 / Revised: 3 October 2022 / Accepted: 8 October 2022 / Published: 14 October 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Initial and Boundary Value Problems for Differential Equations)

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Abstract

The current paper intends to report the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for nonlinear pantograph Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equations. As part of a procedure, we transform the specified pantograph fractional differential equation into an equivalent integral equation. We show that this equation has a positive solution by utilising the Schauder fixed point theorem (SFPT) and the upper and lower solutions method. Another method for proving the existence of a singular positive solution is the Banach fixed point theorem (BFPT). Finally, we provide an example that illustrates and explains our conclusions.

Keywords:

fractional differential equations; positive solution; upper and lower solution; pantograph equation; fixed point theorem

MSC:

26A33; 34A12; 34K37; 34G20

1. Introduction

Differential equations have been shown to be effective tools for describing a wide range of phenomena in modern-world problems. There has been meaningful progress in the study of different classes of differential equations. Traditional integer-order derivatives have recently lost popularity in recent decades in favor of fractional-order derivatives. This is because a variety of mathematical models for current issues involving fractional-order derivatives have been investigated, and their findings have been considerable. In contrast to integer-order derivatives, which are local operators, noninteger-order derivatives have the advantage of being global operators that yield precise and consistent results. Numerous classes of differential equations have been reorganized and constructed in terms of fractional-order derivatives as a result of these great benefits.

One of the major classes of differential equations is the class of implicit differential equations. These equations are useful in management and economic sciences. The differential equations in the equilibrium state are typical of the implicit type in economic difficulties. Related to this, we can use implicit functions to explore important aspects of most real-world graphs or surface geometry.

Mathematicians, physicists, biologists, engineers, and economists all share an attraction to the background of fractional differential equations (FDEs). It has been in development since the end of the 17th century. The quantity of papers and scientific conferences devoted to this idea in recent years shows the significance of the questions answered by this concept, which is more theoretical in nature than applied. It has expanded into a whole discipline. Experts believe that the story starts at the end of

1695

(see [1,2,3]).

FDEs bear an abundance of applications in science and engineering. Many authors have devoted their attention on problems relating to qualitative investigation of the positive aspects of these solutions for FDEs, see [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13] and the references therein. Niazi et al. [14], Iqbal et al. [15], Shafqat et al. [16], Alnahdi [17], Khan [18] and Abuasbeh et al. [19,20,21] investigated the existence and uniqueness of the FFEEs. Kalidass et al. [22] and Hammouch et al. [23] worked on fractional order and numerical solutions of differential equations.

The generalised pantograph equation has a variety of applications. Only applications in number theory are mentioned [24], in electrodynamics [25] and in the absorption of energy by the pantograph of an electronic locomotive [26].

Recently, in [4], where

1 < α \leq 2

, and

f \in C ([0, 1] \times [0, \infty), [0, \infty))

this is produced. The nonlinear FDE boundary value problem (BVP)

\{\begin{matrix} D^{α} x (t) + f (t, x (t)) = 0, 0 < α < 1, \\ x (0) = x (1) = 0, \end{matrix}

to use certain FPTs on cone, the existence and multitude of consequences of positive solutions have been created.

In [8], the existence and uniqueness of the positive solution of the FDE was examined

\{\begin{matrix} ^{C} D^{α} x (t) = f (t, x (t)), 0 < α \leq 1, \\ x (0) = 0, x^{'} (0) = θ > 0, \end{matrix}

where

1 < α \leq 2

^{C} D^{α}

is the usual Caputo fractional derivative,

f : [0, 1] \times [0, \infty) \to [0, \infty)

continuous function. The researchers obtained positive results by using the upper and lower solutions technique and FPTs.

The exploration of subjective theory for problems of positive solutions to pantograph FDEs is the focus of this study. The above mentioned works have motivated and inspired this work [8,27], and we concentrate on the PS for pantograph FDE and the connections therein

\{\begin{matrix} D_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς) = ϖ (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) + D_{1}^{ν - 1} ℏ (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς)), ς \in [1, ℑ], \\ ϰ (1) = θ_{1} > 0, ϰ^{'} (1) = θ_{2} > 0, \end{matrix}

(1)

where

λ \in (0, \frac{ℑ - 1}{ℑ}),

ϰ (1 + λ) = ϰ_{0} > 0,

D_{1}^{ν}

is the standard Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivatives of order

1 < ν \leq 2

ℏ, ϖ : [1, ℑ] \times [0, \infty) \times [0, \infty) \to [0, \infty),

are continuous functions, ℏ is non-decreasing on

ϰ

and

θ_{2} \geq ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})

. We convert (1) into an integral equation and then utilise the upper and lower solution method and the Schauder and Banach FPTs to establish the existence and uniqueness of the positive solution.

The following is a breakdown of the paper structure. Section 2 describes some key concepts, lemmas, and theorems that will be used throughout this study. Reversal of (1) and the BFPT also are presented. We refer the reader to [28] for more details on the Banach and Schauder FPTs. In Section 3, we present and explain our chief goal findings on positive solution. The new results in this article are superior and more general than those in [8,27].

2. Preliminaries

This section introduces some important fundamental definitions that will be needed for obtaining our results in the next sections. For more details see [1,3,6,7,27,29,30,31,32,33].

Let

X = C ([1, ℑ])

be the Banach space of all real-valued continuous functions, with the maximum norm defined on the compact interval

[1, ℑ]

Create the

A = \{ϰ \in X : ϰ (ς) \geq 0, ς \in [1, ℑ]\}

subset of X.

ϰ (ς) > 0

1 \leq ς \leq ℑ

, is said to function as a positive solution

ϰ \in X

Suppose

a, b \in R^{+}

as a

b > a

. For any

ϰ, y \in [a, b]

, we propose the upper-control function

U (ς, ϰ, y) = sup \{ϖ (ς, υ, μ) : a \leq υ \leq ϰ, a \leq μ \leq y\},

and lower-control function

L (ς, ϰ, y) = inf \{ϖ (ς, υ, μ) : ϰ \leq υ \leq b, y \leq μ \leq b\} .

Clearly,

U (ς, ϰ, y)

and

L (ς, ϰ, y)

are monotonous non-decreasing on the arguments

ϰ, y

and

L (ς, ϰ, y) \leq ϖ (ς, ϰ, y) \leq U (ς, ϰ, y)

Definition 1

([1,3,6]). The Riemann–Liouville fractional integral (RLFI) of order

ν > 0

for a function

ϰ : [0, + \infty) \to R

given by

I^{ν} ϰ (ς) = \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{0}^{ς} {(ς - τ)}^{ν - 1} ϰ (τ) d τ,

where Γ the Euler gamma function is stated as follows

Γ (ν) = \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{- ς} ς^{ν - 1} d ς .

Definition 2

([1,3,6]). The Hadamard fractional integral (HFI) of order

ν > 0

for a continuous function

ϰ : [1, + \infty) \to R

is referred to as

I_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς) = \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϰ (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} .

Definition 3

([1,3,6]). The RLF derivative of order

ν > 0

for a function

ϰ : [0, + \infty) \to R

is intended by

D^{ν} ϰ (ς) = \frac{1}{Γ (n - ν)} \int_{0}^{ς} {(ς - τ)}^{n - ν - 1} ϰ^{(n)} (τ) d τ, n - 1 < ν < n, n \in N .

Definition 4

([1,3,6]). The Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative of order

ν > 0

for a continuous function

ϰ : [1, + \infty) \to R

is the aim of

D_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς) = \frac{1}{Γ (n - ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{n - ν - 1} δ^{n} ϰ (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ}, ν \in (n - 1, n),

where

δ^{n} = {(ς \frac{d}{d ς})}^{n}, n \in N

Lemma 1

([1,3,6]). Let

n - 1 < ν \leq n

n \in N

. The notion of equal

(I_{1}^{ν} D_{1}^{ν} ϰ) (ς) = 0

is valid if

ϰ (ς) = \overset{n}{\sum_{k = 1}} c_{k} {(log ς)}^{ν - k} for each ς \in [1, \infty),

where

c_{k} \in R,

k = 1, \dots, n

are constants.

Lemma 2

([1,3,6]). Let

m - 1 < ν \leq m

m \in N

and

ϰ \in C^{n - 1} [1, \infty)

. Then

I_{1}^{ν} [D_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς)] = ϰ (ς) - \sum_{k = 0}^{m - 1} \frac{(δ^{k} ϰ) (1)}{Γ (k + 1)} {(log ς)}^{k} .

Lemma 3

([1,3,6]). For everyone

μ > 0

ν > - 1,

\frac{1}{Γ (μ)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{μ - 1} {(log τ)}^{ν} \frac{d τ}{τ} = \frac{Γ (ν + 1)}{Γ (μ + ν + 1)} {(log ς)}^{μ + ν} .

Lemma 4

([1,3,6]). Let

ϰ (ς) = {(log ς)}^{μ}

, where

μ \geq 0

and enable

m - 1 < ν \leq m

m \in N

. Then

D_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς) = \{\begin{matrix} 0 if μ \in {0, 1, \dots, m - 1}, \\ \frac{Γ (ν + 1)}{Γ (μ + ν + 1)} {(log ς)}^{μ - ν} if μ \in N, μ \geq m or μ \notin N, μ > m - 1 . \end{matrix}

Lemma 5.

Assume

ϰ \in C^{1} ([1, ℑ])

ϰ^{(2)}

and

\frac{\partial ℏ}{\partial ς}

exist, so ϰ is a solution of (1) equivalent

\begin{matrix} ϰ (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} . \end{matrix}

(2)

Proof.

Let

ϰ

be a solution of (1). First, we will write this equation as

I_{1}^{ν} D_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς) = I_{1}^{ν} (ϖ (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) + D_{1}^{ν - 1} ℏ (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς))), 1 < ς \leq ℑ .

From Lemma 1, we obtained

\begin{matrix} ϰ (ς) - ϰ (1) - ϰ^{'} (1) log ς & = I_{1}^{ν} D_{1}^{ν - 1} ℏ (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς)) + I_{1}^{ν} ϖ (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \\ = I_{1} I_{1}^{ν - 1} D_{1}^{ν - 1} ℏ (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς)) + I_{1}^{ν} ϖ (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \\ = I_{1} (ℏ (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς)) - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) + I_{1}^{ν} ϖ (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \\ = \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0}) log ς \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ}, \end{matrix}

the result is (2). So that each process is reversible, the inverse is simple. The proof is now available. □

Finally, we give the FPTs that allow us to demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution to (1).

Definition 5.

Suppose that

(X, ∥.∥)

is a Banach space and

Φ : X \to X

. If there is a

l \in (0, 1)

such that

ϰ, y \in X

, Φ is a contraction operator

∥Φ ϰ - Φ y∥ \leq l ∥ϰ - y∥ .

Theorem 1

(Banach [28]). Assume

Υ \neq \emptyset

to be a closed-convex subset of a Banach space X and

Φ : Υ \to Υ

to be a contraction operator. Eventually, there is a unique

ϰ \in Υ

with

Φ ϰ = ϰ

Theorem 2

(Schauder [28]). Let

Υ \neq \emptyset

be a closed-convex subset of a Banach space X and

Φ : Υ \to Υ

be a continuous compact operator. Thus, Φ has a fixed point in Υ.

3. Main Results

This part contains the details we explore at the existence results or a number of events of FDE (1). We also provide necessary conditions for the uniqueness of (1).

We construct an operator

Φ : A ⟶ X

by converting (2) to be applied to SFPT

\begin{matrix} (Φ ϰ) (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ}, ς \begin{matrix} \in \end{matrix} [1, ℑ], \end{matrix}

(3)

where the determined fixed point required to find the identity operator equation is satisfied

Φ ϰ = ϰ

For the next set of results, the following models are applied.

(F 1)

Let

ϰ^{+}, ϰ_{-} \in A

, as well as

a \leq ϰ_{-} (ς) \leq ϰ^{+} (ς) \leq b

\{\begin{matrix} D_{1}^{ν} ϰ^{+} (ς) - D_{1}^{ν - 1} ℏ (ς, ϰ^{+} (1 + λ ς)) \geq U (ς, ϰ^{+} (ς), ϰ^{+} (1 + λ ς)), \\ D_{1}^{ν} ϰ_{-} (ς) - D_{1}^{ν - 1} ℏ (ς, ϰ_{-} (1 + λ ς)) \leq L (ς, ϰ_{-} (ς), ϰ_{-} ((1 + λ ς))), \end{matrix}

(4)

for any

ς \in [1, ℑ]

(F 2)

For

ς \in [1, ℑ]

and

ϰ_{1}, ϰ_{2}, y_{1}, y_{2} \in X

, there exist positive real numbers

β_{1}, β_{2}, β_{3} > 0

such that

\begin{matrix} |ℏ (ς, y_{1}) - ℏ (ς, ϰ_{1})| & \leq β_{1} ∥y_{1} - ϰ_{1}∥, \\ |ϖ (ς, y_{1}, y_{2}) - ϖ (ς, ϰ_{1}, ϰ_{2})| & \leq β_{2} ∥y_{1} - ϰ_{1}∥ + β_{3} ∥y_{2} - ϰ_{2}∥ . \end{matrix}

(5)

For (1), the functions

ϰ^{+}

and

ϰ_{-}

are referred to as the upper and lower solution, respectively.

Theorem 3.

(F 1)

is valid, then FDE (1) has at least one solution

ϰ \in X

that satisfies

ϰ_{-} (ς) \leq ϰ (ς) \leq ϰ^{+} (ς),

ς \in [1, ℑ]

Proof.

Consider

Υ = \{ϰ \in A : ϰ_{-} (ς) \leq ϰ (ς) \leq ϰ^{+} (ς), ς \in [1, ℑ]\}

, to be equipped with norm

∥ϰ∥ = {max}_{ς \in [1, ℑ]} |ϰ (ς)|

, then we get

∥ϰ∥ \leq b

. Hence, As a result,

Υ

is a closed, convex, and bounded subset of the Banach space of X. Additionally,

ℏ

and

ϖ

is a continuous function and imply

Φ

is a continuous function on

Υ

marked by (3). If

ϰ \in Υ

, there exist positive constants

c_{ϖ}

and

c_{ℏ}

as well as

max {ϖ (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) : ς \in [1, ℑ], ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς) \leq b} < c_{ϖ},

(6)

and

max {ℏ (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς)) : ς \in [1, ℑ], ϰ (1 + λ ς) \leq b} < c_{ℏ} .

(7)

Then

\begin{matrix} |(Φ ϰ) (ς)| & \leq |θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς| + \int_{1}^{ς} |ϖ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ))| \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} |ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ))| \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ \leq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} + c_{0} + c_{ℏ}) log ℑ + \frac{c_{ϖ} {(log ℑ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)}, \end{matrix}

(8)

where

|ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})| = c_{0} .

Thus,

∥Φ ϰ∥ \leq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} + c_{0} + c_{ℏ}) log ℑ + \frac{c_{ϖ} {(log ℑ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} .

(9)

As a result,

Φ (Υ)

is uniformly bounded. The equi-continuity of

Φ (Υ)

is then proven. Let

ϰ \in Υ

and

1 \leq ς_{_{1}} < ς_{_{2}} \leq ℑ

, then

\begin{matrix} |(Φ ϰ) (ς_{_{1}}) - (Φ ϰ) (ς_{_{2}})| & \leq (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) (log ς_{_{2}} - log ς_{_{1}}) \\ + |\int_{1}^{ς_{_{1}}} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} - \int_{1}^{ς_{_{2}}} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ}| \\ + |\frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς_{_{1}}} {(log \frac{ς_{_{1}}}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ - \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς_{_{2}}} {(log \frac{ς_{_{2}}}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ}| \\ \leq (θ_{2} + c_{0}) (log ς_{_{2}} - log ς_{_{1}}) + |\int_{ς_{_{1}}}^{ς_{_{2}}} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ}| \\ + |\frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς_{_{1}}} ({(log \frac{ς_{_{1}}}{τ})}^{ν - 1} - {(log \frac{ς_{_{2}}}{τ})}^{ν - 1}) ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ}| \\ + |\frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{ς_{_{1}}}^{ς_{_{2}}} {(log \frac{ς_{_{2}}}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ}| \\ \leq (θ_{2} + c_{0} + c_{ℏ}) (log ς_{_{2}} - log ς_{_{1}}) \\ + \frac{c_{ϖ}}{Γ (ν + 1)} ({(log ς_{_{2}})}^{ν} - {(log ς_{_{1}})}^{ν} + 2 {(log \frac{ς_{_{2}}}{ς_{_{1}}})}^{ν}) . \end{matrix}

(10)

The right-hand side of the above inequality approaches to zero as

ς_{_{1}} \to ς_{2}

. As a consequence,

Φ (Υ)

is equi-continuous.

Φ : Υ ⟶ X

is compact, according the Arzelà–Ascoli Theorem. The only way to use SFPT is to demonstrate that

Φ (Υ) \subseteq Υ

. Let

ϰ \in Υ

, then we have assumptions.

\begin{matrix} (Φ ϰ) (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ \leq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ^{+} (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} U (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ \leq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ^{+} (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} U (τ, ϰ^{+} (τ), ϰ^{+} (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ \leq ϰ^{+} (ς), \end{matrix}

(11)

and

\begin{matrix} (Φ ϰ) (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ \geq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ_{-} (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} L (ς, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ \geq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ_{-} (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} L (ς, ϰ_{-} (τ), ϰ_{-} (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ \geq ϰ_{-} (ς) . \end{matrix}

(12)

Consequently,

ϰ_{-} (ς) \leq (Φ ϰ) (ς) \leq ϰ^{+} (ς),

ς \in [1, ℑ]

, that is,

Φ (Υ) \subseteq Υ

. The operator

Φ

has at least one fixed point

ϰ \in Υ

according to SFPT. As a conclusion, for the FDE (1) there is at least one positive solution

ϰ \in X

, and

ϰ_{-} (ς) \leq ϰ (ς) \leq ϰ^{+} (ς), ς \in [1, ℑ]

. □

After that, we consider a variety of various uses of the preceding theorem.

Corollary 1.

Suppose that continuous functions

φ_{1}, φ_{2}, φ_{3}

and

φ_{4}

exist, so that

\begin{matrix} 0 & < φ_{1} (ς) \leq ℏ (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \leq φ_{2} (ς) < \infty, (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \in [1, ℑ] \times [0, + \infty), \\ θ_{2} & \geq φ_{1} (1), θ_{2} \geq φ_{2} (1), \end{matrix}

(13)

and

0 < φ_{3} (ς) \leq ϖ (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \leq φ_{4} (ς) < \infty, (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \in [1, ℑ] \times {([0, + \infty))}^{2} .

(14)

The FDE (1) must thus have at least one positive solution

ϰ \in X

. Furthermore,

\begin{matrix} θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - φ_{1} (1)) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} φ_{1} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} + I_{1}^{ν} φ_{3} (ς) \\ \leq ϰ (ς) \\ \leq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - φ_{2} (1)) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} φ_{2} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} + I_{1}^{ν} φ_{4} (ς) . \end{matrix}

(15)

Proof.

We have a command (14) and the description of control function, we have

φ_{3} (ς) \leq L (ς, ϰ, y) \leq U (ς, ϰ, y) \leq φ_{4} (ς)

(ς, ϰ (ς), y (ς)) \in [1, ℑ] \times [a, b] \times [a, b]

. We consider the equations

\{\begin{matrix} D_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς) = φ_{3} (ς) + D_{1}^{ν - 1} φ_{1} (ς), ϰ (1) = θ_{1}, ϰ^{'} (1) = θ_{2}, \\ D_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς) = φ_{4} (ς) + D_{1}^{ν - 1} φ_{2} (ς), ϰ (1) = θ_{1}, ϰ^{'} (1) = θ_{2} . \end{matrix}

(16)

Formula (16) is clearly comparable to

\begin{matrix} ϰ (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - φ_{1} (1)) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} φ_{1} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} + I_{1}^{ν} φ_{3} (ς), \\ ϰ (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - φ_{2} (1)) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} φ_{2} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} + I_{1}^{ν} φ_{4} (ς) . \end{matrix}

(17)

Hence, the first implies

ϰ (ς) - θ_{1} - (θ_{2} - φ_{1} (1)) log ς - \int_{1}^{ς} φ_{1} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} = I_{1}^{ν} φ_{3} (ς) \leq I_{1}^{ν} (L (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς))),

(18)

and the second suggests

ϰ (ς) - θ_{1} - (θ_{2} - φ_{2} (1)) log ς - \int_{1}^{ς} φ_{2} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} = I_{1}^{ν} φ_{4} (ς) \geq I_{1}^{ν} (U (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς))) .

(19)

Equations (16) and (17), both have upper and lower solution. The FDE (1) has at least one solution

ϰ \in X

and satisfies (15) when Theorem 3 is performed. □

Corollary 2.

Suppose (13) obtains

0 < σ < φ (ς) = {lim}_{ϰ, y \to \infty} ϖ (ς, ϰ, y) < \infty

for

ς \in [1, ℑ]

. The FDE (1) must then have at least one positive solution

ϰ, y \in X

Proof.

Theoretically, if

ϰ, y > ρ > 0

, then

0 \leq |ϖ (ς, ϰ, y) - φ (ς)| < σ

for any

ς \in [1, ℑ]

. Hence,

0 < φ (ς) - σ \leq ϖ (ς, ϰ, y) \leq φ (ς) + σ

for

ς \in [1, ℑ]

and

ρ < ϰ, y < + \infty

. If

max \{ϖ (ς, ϰ, y) : ς \in [1, ℑ], ϰ, y \leq ρ\} \leq ν

, then

φ (ς) - σ \leq ϖ (ς, ϰ, y) \leq φ (ς) + σ + ν

for

ς \in [1, ℑ]

, and

0 < ϰ, y < + \infty

. By Corollary 2, the FDE (1) has at least one positive solution

ϰ \in X

provides

\begin{matrix} θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - φ_{1} (1)) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} φ_{1} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} + I_{1}^{ν} φ (ς) - \frac{σ {(log ς)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} \\ \leq ϰ (ς) \\ \leq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - φ_{2} (1)) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} φ_{2} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} + I_{1}^{ν} φ (ς) + \frac{(σ + ν) {(log ς)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} . \end{matrix}

(20)

□

Corollary 3.

Assuming that

0 < σ < ϖ (ς, ϰ (ς), ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \leq γ_{1} ϰ (ς) + γ_{2} ϰ (1 + λ ς) + η < \infty

for

ς \in [1, ℑ]

, and

σ, η,

γ_{1}

and

γ_{2}

are positive constants. So, the FDE (1) has at least one positive solution

ϰ \in C ([1, δ])

, where

δ > 1

Proof.

We take the equation

\{\begin{matrix} D_{1}^{ν} ϰ (ς) = γ_{1} ϰ (ς) + γ_{2} ϰ (1 + λ ς) + η + D_{1}^{ν - 1} ℏ (ς, ϰ (1 + λ ς)), 1 < ς \leq ℑ, \\ ϰ (1) = θ_{1} > 0, ϰ^{'} (1) = θ_{2} > 0, ϰ (1 + λ) = ϰ_{0} > 0 . \end{matrix}

(21)

Calculus (21) is linked to analytical solution

\begin{matrix} ϰ (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} (γ_{1} ϰ (ς) + γ_{2} ϰ (1 + λ ς)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{η {(log ς)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} + \frac{γ_{1}}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϰ (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{γ_{2}}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϰ (1 + λ τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} . \end{matrix}

(22)

Let

ω

be a positive constant and

ϕ \in (0, 1)

, there exists

δ > 1

such that

0 < \frac{(γ_{1} + γ_{2}) {(log δ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} < ϕ < 1

and

ω > {(1 - ϕ)}^{- 1} (θ_{1} + (θ_{2} + c_{0} + c_{ℏ}) log δ + \frac{η {(log δ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)})

. Then, if

1 \leq ς \leq δ

, the set

B_{ω} = \{ϰ \in X : |ϰ (ς)| \leq ω, 1 \leq ς \leq δ\}

is convex, closed, and bounded subset of

C ([1, δ])

. The operator

Φ

: B_{ω} ⟶ B_{ω}

supplied by

\begin{matrix} (Φ ϰ) (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{η {(log ς)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} + \frac{γ_{1}}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϰ (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{γ_{2}}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϰ (1 + λ τ) \frac{d τ}{τ}, \end{matrix}

(23)

is compact in the same sense as that of the proof of Theorem 3. Similarly,

|(Φ ϰ) (ς)| \leq θ_{1} + (θ_{2} + c_{0} + c_{ℏ}) log ℑ + \frac{η {(log ℑ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} + \frac{(γ_{1} + γ_{2}) {(log ℑ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} ∥ϰ∥ .

(24)

ϰ \in B_{ω}

, so

|(Φ ϰ) (ς)| \leq (1 - ϕ) ω + ϕ ω = ω,

that is

∥Φ ϰ∥ \leq ω

. Consequently, the SFPT promotes that the operator

Φ

has at least one fixed point in

B_{ω}

, and then Equation (21) has at least one positive solution

ϰ^{+} (ς)

, where

1 < ς < δ

. Thus, if

ς \in [1, ℑ]

one can claim that

\begin{matrix} ϰ^{+} (ς) & = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ^{+} (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{η {(log ς)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} + \frac{γ_{1}}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϰ^{+} (τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{γ_{2}}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} ϰ^{+} (1 + λ τ) \frac{d τ}{τ} . \end{matrix}

(25)

The concept control function means

U (ς, ϰ^{+} (ς), ϰ^{+} (1 + λ ς)) \leq γ_{1} ϰ^{+} (ς) + γ_{2} ϰ^{+} (1 + λ ς) + η = D_{1}^{ν} ϰ^{+} (ς) - D_{1}^{ν - 1} ℏ (ς, ϰ^{+} (1 + λ ς)),

(26)

then

ϰ^{+}

is an upper positive solution of FDE (1). Secondly, one can consider

ϰ_{-} (ς) = θ_{1} + (θ_{2} - ℏ (1, ϰ_{0})) log ς + \int_{1}^{ς} ℏ (τ, ϰ_{-} (1 + λ τ)) \frac{d τ}{τ} + \frac{σ {(log ς)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)},

(27)

as a lower positive solution of (1). By Theorem 3, the FDE (1) has at least one positive solution

ϰ \in C ([1, δ])

, where

δ > 1

and

ϰ_{-} (ς) \leq ϰ (ς) \leq ϰ^{+} (ς)

. □

The end outcome is the uniqueness of the positive solution of (1) using the Banach contraction principle.

Theorem 4.

Take the following

(F 1)

and

(F 2)

are satisfied and

β_{1} log ℑ + \frac{(β_{2} + β_{3}) {(log ℑ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} < 1 .

(28)

So, the FDE (1) has a unique positive solution

ϰ \in Υ

Proof.

The FDE (1) has at least one positive solution in

Υ

according to Theorem 3. As a consequence, all we have to do is show that the mapping specified in (3) is a contraction on X. In reality, for any

ϰ, y \in X

, we obtain

\begin{matrix} |(Φ ϰ) (ς) - (Φ y) (ς)| \\ \leq \int_{1}^{ς} |ℏ (τ, ϰ (1 + λ τ)) - ℏ (τ, y (1 + λ τ))| \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ + \frac{1}{Γ (ν)} \int_{1}^{ς} {(log \frac{ς}{τ})}^{ν - 1} |ϖ (τ, ϰ (τ), ϰ (1 + λ τ)) - ϖ (τ, y (τ), y (1 + λ τ))| \frac{d τ}{τ} \\ \leq (β_{1} log ℑ + \frac{(β_{2} + β_{3}) {(log ℑ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)}) ∥ϰ - y∥ . \end{matrix}

(29)

Consequently, by (28) the

Φ

is a contraction mapping. Thus, the FDE (1) has a unique positive solution on

ϰ \in Υ

. □

We present an example to demonstrate our finding.

4. Example

We consider the pantograph fractional equation

\{\begin{matrix} D_{1}^{\frac{3}{2}} ϰ (ς) - D_{1}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{ϰ (ς) + 1}{2 + ϰ (ς)} = \frac{1}{3 + ς} (3 + \frac{ς (ϰ (ς) + y (ς))}{2 + ϰ (ς) + y (ς)}), 1 < ς \leq e, \\ ϰ (1) = 1, ϰ^{'} (1) = θ_{2} \geq 1, \end{matrix}

(30)

where

ϰ (1 + λ) = ϰ_{0} > 0,

θ_{1} = 1

ℑ = e

ℏ (ς, ϰ) = \frac{ϰ + 1}{2 + ϰ}

and

ϖ (ς, ϰ, y) = \frac{1}{3 + ς} (3 + \frac{ς (ϰ + y)}{2 + ϰ + y})

ℏ

is non-decreasing on

ϰ

lim_{ϰ ⟶ \infty} \frac{ϰ + 1}{2 + ϰ} = lim_{ϰ, y ⟶ \infty} \frac{1}{3 + ς} (3 + \frac{ς (ϰ + y)}{2 + ϰ + y}) = 1,

(31)

and

\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} & \leq ℏ (ς, ϰ) \leq 1, \\ \frac{3}{3 + e} & \leq \frac{1}{3 + e} (3 + \frac{e (ϰ + y)}{2 + ϰ + y}) \leq ϖ (ς, ϰ, y) \leq 1, \end{matrix}

(32)

for

(ς, ϰ, y) \in [1, e] \times [0, + \infty) \times [0, + \infty)

, as a consequence, the Equation (30) has a positive solution corresponding to any of the above corollaries. We have

β_{1} log ℑ + \frac{(β_{2} + β_{3}) {(log ℑ)}^{ν}}{Γ (ν + 1)} ≃ 0.900425 < 1,

(33)

the Equation (30) has a unique positive solution as according to the Theorem 4.

5. Conclusions

In our paper, we have demonstrated the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to the (1). The novelties in our study are in finding a positive solution to a new type of equation, namely “pantograph fractional differential equation”. Using the Schauder fixed point theorem, we demonstrate the existence of a positive solution of (1). Moreover, we use Banach fixed point theorem to demonstrate the existence of a unique positive solution. In addition, future protected work may include the expansion of the concept introduced in this area, and the addition of the possibility of other generalizations to the exclusive output of this fecund field with many research projects that can lead to a wide range of applications and theories.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.B.; data curation, H.B.; formal analysis, A.B.; funding acquisition, A.B., N.P. and B.P.; methodology, N.P. and B.P.; resources, N.P. and B.P.; supervision, R.S.; visualization, R.S.; writing original draft, R.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The third author was financial supported by the Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (grant No. RGNS 65-168). The fifth author was funded by Chiang Mai University and the NSRF via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation (grant number B05F640183).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The third author would like to thank Poom Kumam from King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand for his advice and comments to improve quality the results of this paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Boulares, H.; Benchaabane, A.; Pakkaranang, N.; Shafqat, R.; Panyanak, B. Qualitative Properties of Positive Solutions of a Kind for Fractional Pantograph Problems using Technique Fixed Point Theory. Fractal Fract. 2022, 6, 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6100593

AMA Style

Boulares H, Benchaabane A, Pakkaranang N, Shafqat R, Panyanak B. Qualitative Properties of Positive Solutions of a Kind for Fractional Pantograph Problems using Technique Fixed Point Theory. Fractal and Fractional. 2022; 6(10):593. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6100593

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boulares, Hamid, Abbes Benchaabane, Nuttapol Pakkaranang, Ramsha Shafqat, and Bancha Panyanak. 2022. "Qualitative Properties of Positive Solutions of a Kind for Fractional Pantograph Problems using Technique Fixed Point Theory" Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 10: 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6100593

APA Style

Boulares, H., Benchaabane, A., Pakkaranang, N., Shafqat, R., & Panyanak, B. (2022). Qualitative Properties of Positive Solutions of a Kind for Fractional Pantograph Problems using Technique Fixed Point Theory. Fractal and Fractional, 6(10), 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6100593

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Qualitative Properties of Positive Solutions of a Kind for Fractional Pantograph Problems using Technique Fixed Point Theory

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Main Results

4. Example

5. Conclusions

Author Contributions

Funding

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

References

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