Eco-Friendly Microwave Synthesis of Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Hydrogels for Effective Curcumin Delivery and Controlled Release
"> Figure 1
<p>FTIR spectra of hydrogels 4A_1CH; 1A_1CH; and 1A_4CH.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>FTIR spectra of pure hydrogels 4A_1CH; with incorporated curcumin; and complex.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>FTIR spectra of pure hydrogels 1A_1CH; with incorporated curcumin; and with complex.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>FTIR spectra of pure hydrogels 1A_4CH; with incorporated curcumin; and with complex.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>DSC thermographs of Alg-Chi hydrogels.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>DSC thermographs of Alg-Chi hydrogels with incorporated (<b>a</b>) curcumin and (<b>b</b>) curcumin-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex.</p> "> Figure 6 Cont.
<p>DSC thermographs of Alg-Chi hydrogels with incorporated (<b>a</b>) curcumin and (<b>b</b>) curcumin-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Swelling of Alg-Chi hydrogels at pH 7.4.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>SEM micrographs of samples: (<b>a</b>) 1A_1CH; (<b>b</b>) 1A_4CH; (<b>c</b>) 4A_1CH.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>SEM micrographs of the xerogels with incorporated curcumin: (<b>a</b>) 1A_1CH_Cu; (<b>b</b>) 1A_4CH_Cu; (<b>c</b>) 4A_1CH_Cu.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>SEM micrographs of the xerogels with incorporated complex curcumin:2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: (<b>a</b>) 1A_1CH_Com; (<b>b</b>) 1A_4CH_Com; (<b>c</b>) 4A_1CH_Com.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Profile of curcumin release, depending on time (t) in hours (h), from: (<b>a</b>) 1A_4CH_Cu, (<b>b</b>) 1A_4CH_Com, (<b>c</b>) 1A_1CH_Cu, (<b>d</b>) 1A_1CH_Com, (<b>e</b>) 4A_1CH_Cu, and (<b>f</b>) 4A_1CH_Com.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. FTIR Results
2.2. DSC Results
2.3. Swelling Properties
2.4. SEM
2.5. Loading Efficiency and Release of Curcumin from Alg-Chi Hydrogels
- 1A_4CH_Cu: w = 24.236 + 0.25 × t (Release rate: 0.25 µg/h/g of gel)
- 1A_1CH_Cu: w = 26.681 + 0.245 × t (Release rate: 0.245 µg/h/g of gel)
- 4A_1CH_Cu: w = 7.132 + 1.363 × t (Release rate: 1.363 µg/h/g of gel)
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Synthesis of Hydrogels
4.3. Obtaining of the Curcumin:2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Complex
4.4. Incorporation of Curcumin and Curcumin:2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Complex
4.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
4.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
4.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.8. Swelling Properties of Hydrogels
4.9. Release of Curcumin from Hydrogels
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | pH 7.4 | pH 6.7 | pH 3.7 |
---|---|---|---|
1A_4CH | 254 ± 7 | 267 ± 9 | 284 ± 12 |
1A_2CH | 295 ± 9 | 297 ± 7 | 295 ± 10 |
1A_1CH | 280 ± 11 | 277 ± 13 | 285 ± 10 |
2A_1CH | 322 ± 15 | 312 ± 9 | 325 ± 10 |
4A_1CH | 338 ± 10 | 328 ± 9 | 337 ± 12 |
Sample | η, (%) | Curcumin Release Rate (µg/h ggel) |
---|---|---|
1A_4CH_Cu | 47.9 | 0.25 |
1A_4CH_Com | 76.6 | 154 |
1A_1CH_Cu | 35.9 | 0.245 |
1A_1CH_Com | 87.7 | 58.6 |
4A_1CH_Cu | 29.7 | 1.363 |
4A_1CH_Com | 83.6 | 26.9 |
Kinetic Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Higuchi | Korsmeyer–Peppas | ||||
Sample | kH | R2 | kKP | n | R2 |
1A_4CH_Cu | 6.555 | −0.394 | 48.7 | 0.11685 | 0.9891 |
1A_4CH_Com | 3.65 | −1.114 | 30.887 | 0.11658 | 0.989 |
1A_1CH_Cu | 6.085 | −0.669 | 36.91 | 0.106 | 0.990 |
1A_1CH_Com | 4.57 | −1.101 | 42.83 | 0.226 | 0.995 |
4A_1CH_Cu | 1.786 | −0.283 | 11.09 | 0.549 | 0.9675 |
4A_1CH_Com | 9.4 | −0.373 | 50.01 | 0.1742 | 0.9799 |
Sample | Na-Alginate 2%, g | Chitosan 2%, g | Curcumin, mg | Cu from Cu:HPβCD Complex, mg |
---|---|---|---|---|
1A_4CH | 0.8 | 3.2 | / | / |
1A_4CH_Cu | 0.8 | 3.2 | 3.5928 | / |
1A_4CH_Com | 0.8 | 3.2 | / | 4.50035 |
1A_2CH | 1.3 | 2.7 | / | / |
1A_1CH | 2 | 2 | / | / |
1A_1CH_Cu | 2 | 2 | 2.6948 | / |
1A_1CH_Com | 2 | 2 | / | 5.15125 |
2A_1CH | 2.7 | 1.3 | / | / |
4A_1CH | 3.2 | 0.8 | / | / |
4A_1CH_Cu | 3.2 | 0.8 | 2.22725 | / |
4A_1CH_Com | 3.2 | 0.8 | / | 4.91075 |
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Ristić, I.; Nikolić, L.; Cakić, S.; Nikolić, V.; Tanasić, J.; Zvezdanović, J.; Krstić, M. Eco-Friendly Microwave Synthesis of Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Hydrogels for Effective Curcumin Delivery and Controlled Release. Gels 2024, 10, 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100637
Ristić I, Nikolić L, Cakić S, Nikolić V, Tanasić J, Zvezdanović J, Krstić M. Eco-Friendly Microwave Synthesis of Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Hydrogels for Effective Curcumin Delivery and Controlled Release. Gels. 2024; 10(10):637. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100637
Chicago/Turabian StyleRistić, Ivan, Ljubiša Nikolić, Suzana Cakić, Vesna Nikolić, Jelena Tanasić, Jelena Zvezdanović, and Marija Krstić. 2024. "Eco-Friendly Microwave Synthesis of Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Hydrogels for Effective Curcumin Delivery and Controlled Release" Gels 10, no. 10: 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100637