Forests

28 pages, 31172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing GEDI Canopy Height Estimation and Analyzing Error Impact Factors Under Highly Complex Terrain and High-Density Vegetation Conditions

by Runbo Chen, Xinchuang Wang, Xuejie Liu and Shunzhong Wang

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112024 (registering DOI) - 17 Nov 2024

Abstract

The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) system provides essential data for estimating forest canopy height on a global scale. However, factors such as complex topography and dense canopy can significantly reduce the accuracy of GEDI canopy height estimations. We selected the South Taihang [...] Read more.

The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) system provides essential data for estimating forest canopy height on a global scale. However, factors such as complex topography and dense canopy can significantly reduce the accuracy of GEDI canopy height estimations. We selected the South Taihang region of Henan Province, China, as our study area and proposed an optimization framework to improve GEDI canopy height estimation accuracy. This framework includes correcting geolocation errors in GEDI footprints, screening and analyzing features that affect estimation errors, and combining two regression models with feature selection methods. Our findings reveal a geolocation error of 4 to 6 m in GEDI footprints at the orbital scale, along with an overestimation of GEDI canopy height in the South Taihang region. Relative height (RH), waveform characteristics, topographic features, and canopy cover significantly influenced the estimation error. Some studies have suggested that GEDI canopy height estimates for areas with high canopy cover lead to underestimation, However, our study found that accuracy increased with higher canopy cover in complex terrain and dense vegetation. The model’s performance improved significantly after incorporating the canopy cover parameter into the optimization model. Overall, the R² of the best-optimized model was improved from 0.06 to 0.61, the RMSE was decreased from 8.73 m to 2.23 m, and the rRMSE decreased from 65% to 17%, resulting in an accuracy improvement of 74.45%. In general, this study reveals the factors affecting the accuracy of GEDI canopy height estimation in areas with complex terrain and dense vegetation cover, on the premise of minimizing GEDI geolocation errors. Employing the proposed optimization framework significantly enhanced the accuracy of GEDI canopy height estimates. This study also highlighted the crucial role of canopy cover in improving the precision of GEDI canopy height estimation, providing an effective approach for forest monitoring in such regions and vegetation conditions. Future studies should further improve the classification of tree species and expand the diversity of sample tree species to test the accuracy of canopy height estimated by GEDI in different forest structures, consider the distortion of optical remote sensing images caused by rugged terrain, and further mine the information in GEDI waveforms so as to enhance the applicability of the optimization framework in more diverse forest environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)

22 pages, 6256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a Method to Estimate Above-Ground Carbon Stock of Forest Tree Species Pinus densata Using Remote Sensing and Climatic Data

by Kai Luo, Yafei Feng, Yi Liao, Jialong Zhang, Bo Qiu, Kun Yang, Chenkai Teng and Tangyan Yin

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112023 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 335

Abstract

Forest above-ground carbon stock (AGCS) is one of the primary ecological evaluation indicators, so it is crucial to estimate the AGCS accurately. In this research, we added the climatic and topographic factors to the estimation process by a remote sensing approach to explore [...] Read more.

Forest above-ground carbon stock (AGCS) is one of the primary ecological evaluation indicators, so it is crucial to estimate the AGCS accurately. In this research, we added the climatic and topographic factors to the estimation process by a remote sensing approach to explore their impact and to achieve more precise estimations. We hope to develop a more accurate estimation method for AGCS based on remote sensing data and climate data. The random forest (RF) method has good robustness and wide applicability. Therefore, we modeled and predicted the AGCS by RF based on sixty field sample plots of Pinus densata pure forests in southwest China and the factors extracted from Landsat 8 OLI images (source I), Sentinel-2A images (source II), and combined Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2A images (source III). We added the topographic and climatic factors to establish the AGCS estimation model and compared the results. The topographic factors contain elevation, slope, and aspect. Climatic factors contain mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, annual potential evapotranspiration, and monthly mean potential evapotranspiration. It was found that the R² and RMSE of the model based on source III were better than the R² and RMSE of the models based on source I and source II. Compared to the models based on source I and source II, the model based on source III improved R² by up to 0.08, reduced RMSE by up to 2.88 t/ha, and improved P by up to 4.29%. Among the models without adding factors, the model based on source III worked the best, with an R² of 0.87, an RMSE of 10.81 t/ha, an rRMSE of 23.19%, and a P of 79.71%. Among the models that added topographic factors, the model based on source III worked best after adding elevation, with an R² of 0.89, an RMSE of 10.01 t/ha, an rRMSE of 21.47%, and a P of 82.17%. Among the models that added climatic factors, the model that added the annual precipitation factor had the best modeling result, with an R² of 0.90, an RMSE of 9.53 t/ha, an rRMSE of 20.59%, and a P of 83.00%. The prediction result exhibited that the AGCS of the Pinus densata forest in 2021 was 9,737,487.52 t. The combination of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2A could improve the prediction accuracy of the AGCS. The addition of annual precipitation can effectively improve the accuracy of AGCS estimation. Higher resolution of climate data is needed to enhance the modeling in future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing-Based Methods for Forest Aboveground Biomass Estimation)

18 pages, 9757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Warming Will Drive Spatial Expansion of Prunus mira Koehne in Alpine Areas, Southeast Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

by Jinkai Gu, Qiang He, Qingwan Li, Qinglin Li, Shengjian Xiang, Wanchi Li, Aohang Jin, Shunbin Wang, Feipeng Liu and Guoyong Tang

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112022 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 337

Abstract

Abstract: Global climate change exerts great effects on plant distributions. However, the response of Prunus mira Koehne, one of the most important species for ecological protection in the southeast of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, to climate change remains unclear. To explore the ecological factors [...] Read more.

Abstract: Global climate change exerts great effects on plant distributions. However, the response of Prunus mira Koehne, one of the most important species for ecological protection in the southeast of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, to climate change remains unclear. To explore the ecological factors affecting the distribution of P. mira in the context of global climate change, the MaxENT model is used to predict suitable habitats for P. mira. Our study indicated that the distribution of Prunus mira Koehn is primarily influenced by temperature rather than precipitation, and warming can facilitate the growth of P. mira. When the temperature seasonality (bio4) ranges from 134 to 576 and the mean temperature of the coldest quarter (bio11) ranges from −2.6 °C to 2.7 °C, it is most conducive to the growth of P. mira. Among the four climate scenarios, the optimal habitat for P. mira is predominantly concentrated in river valley areas and is expected to expand into higher altitude regions, particularly in the north and southeast. SSP245 and SSP370 climate pathways are conducive to the growth and spatial expansion of P. mira. Our findings highlight the significant impact of temperature not precipitation on the distribution of P. mira, and this insight is crucial for the stability and conservation of this ecologically significant plant species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

13 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Combination of Traditional and Mechanized Logging for Protected Areas

by Natascia Magagnotti, Benno Eberhard and Raffaele Spinelli

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112021 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 192

Abstract

Teaming draught animals with modern forest machines may offer an innovative low-impact solution to biomass harvesting in protected areas. Machine traffic only occurs on pre-designated access corridors set 50 m apart, while trees are cut with chainsaws and dragged to the corridor’s edge [...] Read more.

Teaming draught animals with modern forest machines may offer an innovative low-impact solution to biomass harvesting in protected areas. Machine traffic only occurs on pre-designated access corridors set 50 m apart, while trees are cut with chainsaws and dragged to the corridor’s edge by draught horses. The operation presented in this study included one chainsaw operator, two draught horses with their driver, an excavator-based processor with its driver and a helper equipped with a chainsaw for knocking off forks and large branches, and a light forwarder (7 t) with his driver. Researchers assessed work productivity and harvesting cost through a time study repeated on 20 sample plots. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate productivity and cost benchmark figures, which were matched against the existing references for the traditional alternatives. The new system achieved a productivity in excess of 4 m³ over bark per scheduled hour (including delays). Harvesting cost averaged EUR 53 m⁻³, which was between 15% and 30% cheaper than the traditional alternatives. What is more, the new system increased labor and horse productivity by a factor of 2 and 7, respectively, which can effectively counteract the increasingly severe shortage of men and animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass and Bioenergy from Forests: Challenges and Prospects for the Future)

28 pages, 36390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scenic Influences on Walking Preferences in Urban Forest Parks from Top-View and Eye-Level Perspectives

by Jiahui Zou, Hongchao Jiang, Wenjia Ying and Bing Qiu

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2020; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112020 (registering DOI) - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 222

Abstract

Urban forest parks offer valuable spaces for walking activities that benefit both physical and mental health. However, trails in current park designs are often underutilised, and the scene layout does not fully meet the preferences of walkers. Therefore, understanding the connection between scene [...] Read more.

Urban forest parks offer valuable spaces for walking activities that benefit both physical and mental health. However, trails in current park designs are often underutilised, and the scene layout does not fully meet the preferences of walkers. Therefore, understanding the connection between scene characteristics and walking preferences is essential. This study aimed to develop an ensemble protocol to assess the role of scene characteristics in walking preferences, using Shanghai Gongqing Forest Park as an illustrative example. A walking preference heat map was created using a combination of crowdsourced GPS data. The scene characteristics were quantified using panoramic photographs, drone orthophotos, computer vision, and deep learning techniques. Taking spatial dependence into account, the key findings include the following: (1) From an overhead view, the shortest paths, waterbody density, and recreational facility selection positively influenced walking preferences, while secondary asphalt trails had a negative effect. (2) At the eye level, aesthetically pleasing landscape elements, such as flowers and bridges, attracted more pedestrians, while closed trails were less favoured. (3) Eye-level features explained 43.5% of the variation in walking preference, with a stronger influence on walking preference compared to 22.4% for overhead features. (4) Natural elements were generally more significant than artificial ones; the feature ranking of significant impact was flowers > NACHr1000 > visual perception > water body density > bridge > SVF > retail > entertainment > asphalt. This study proposes a flexible protocol that provides urban forest park managers and planners with practical tools to create a more walker-friendly environment and more accurate trail alignment, as well as a solid empirical basis for assessing the use of urban forest parks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Human Well-Being through Urban Forestry: Strategies for Planning, Policies and Management)

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19 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Operational Events in Mechanized Weed Control Operations by Offline Multi-Modal Data and Machine Learning Provides Highly Accurate Classification in Time Domain

by Stelian Alexandru Borz and Andrea Rosario Proto

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2019; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112019 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 242

Abstract

Monitoring of operations has become a critical activity in forestry, aiming to provide the data required by planning and production management. Conventional methods, on the other hand, come at a high expense of resources. A neural network was trained, validated, and tested in [...] Read more.

Monitoring of operations has become a critical activity in forestry, aiming to provide the data required by planning and production management. Conventional methods, on the other hand, come at a high expense of resources. A neural network was trained, validated, and tested in this study based on multi-modal data to classify relevant operational events in mechanized weed control operations. The architecture of a neural network was tuned in terms of the number of hidden layers and neurons, and the regularization term was set at various values to obtain optimally tuned models for three data modalities: triaxial acceleration data coupled with speed extracted from GNSS signals (AS), triaxial acceleration (A), and speed alone (S). In the training and validation phase, the models based on AS and A achieved a very high classification accuracy, accounting for 92 to 93% when considering four relevant events. In the testing phase, which was run on unseen data, the classification accuracy reached figures of 91 to 92%, indicating a good generalization ability of the models. The results point out that multimodal data are able to provide the features for distinguishing events and add spatial context to the monitored operations, standing as a suitable solution for offline, partly automated monitoring. Future studies are required to see how the capabilities of online, real-time technologies such as deep learning coupled with computer vision can add more context and improve classification performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Forest Operations Planning and Management)

18 pages, 4511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Variability of Soil CO₂ Emissions and Microbial Communities in a Mediterranean Holm Oak Forest

by Claudia Di Bene, Loredana Canfora, Melania Migliore, Rosa Francaviglia and Roberta Farina

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112018 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 234

Abstract

Forests play a key role in the global carbon (C) cycle through multiple interactions between above-ground and soil microbial communities. Deeper insights into the soil microbial composition and diversity at different spatial scales and soil depths are of paramount importance. We hypothesized that [...] Read more.

Forests play a key role in the global carbon (C) cycle through multiple interactions between above-ground and soil microbial communities. Deeper insights into the soil microbial composition and diversity at different spatial scales and soil depths are of paramount importance. We hypothesized that in a homogeneous above-ground tree cover, the heterogeneous distribution of soil microbial functional diversity and processes at the small scale is correlated with the soil’s chemical properties. From this perspective, in a typical Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) peri-urban forest, soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were measured with soil chambers in three different plots. In each plot, to test the linkage between above-ground and below-ground communities, soil was randomly sampled along six vertical transects (0–100 cm) to investigate soil physico-chemical parameters; microbial processes, measured using Barometric Process Separation (BaPS); and structural and functional diversity, assessed using T-RFLP and qPCR Real Time analyses. The results highlighted that the high spatial variability of CO₂ emissions—confirmed by the BaPS analysis—was associated with the microbial communities’ abundance (dominated by bacteria) and structural diversity (decreasing with soil depth), measured by H′ index. Bacteria showed higher variability than fungi and archaea at all depths examined. Such an insight showed the clear ecological and environmental implications of soil in the overall sustainability of the peri-urban forest system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Organic Carbon and Nutrient Cycling in the Forest Ecosystems)

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19 pages, 15862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Mechanical Properties and Basic Elastic Constants of Yunnan Dendrocalamus sinicus Chia et J. L. Sun

by Fengwei Zhou, Xingyu Wang, Yanrong Wang, Guofu Li and Chunlei Dong

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112017 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Yunnan Dendrocalamus sinicus Chia et J. L. Sun (YDS) is a giant bamboo species with a diameter at breast height of up to nearly 40 cm. It is endemic to Yunnan, China, and only a very small portion of it is directly used [...] Read more.

Yunnan Dendrocalamus sinicus Chia et J. L. Sun (YDS) is a giant bamboo species with a diameter at breast height of up to nearly 40 cm. It is endemic to Yunnan, China, and only a very small portion of it is directly used as load-bearing beams and columns in the dwellings of ethnic minorities, such as in Dai architecture. Due to the structural characteristics of its hollow and thin walls, systematic physical and mechanical property testing of this species faces significant challenges in terms of methods and means. This issue has become one of the main barriers to the realization of its large-scale industrial use. Therefore, this paper systematically tests and studies YDS’s three kinds of strength (tension, compression, and shear), modulus of elasticity, and six Poisson’s ratios with the help of digital image correlation (DIC) technology and self-created material testing methods. The (1) tensile, compressive, and shear strengths and moduli in longitudinal, radial, and chordal directions; (2) tensile strengths and moduli of bamboo green, flesh, and yellow layers in the thickness direction of the bamboo wall; and (3) six Poisson’s ratios under tensile and compressive stresses were obtained for YDS. It was also found that the tensile strength (378.8 MPa) of the green layer of YDS exceeded the yield strength (355 MPa) of 45# steel, making it a potential high-strength engineering material or fiber-reinforced material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)

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11 pages, 573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concentration of Nutrients in Individual Organs of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Seedlings and Root System Development as a Result of Different Fertilization

by Michał Jasik, Karolina Staszel-Szlachta, Stanisław Małek and Jacek Banach

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2016; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112016 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 185

Abstract

The large-scale dieback of spruce monocultures, especially in the lower alpine, has become a significant problem and has necessitated the restoration of these areas, mainly using seedlings produced in forest nurseries. The primary source of nutrients for seedlings can be slow-release fertilizers and [...] Read more.

The large-scale dieback of spruce monocultures, especially in the lower alpine, has become a significant problem and has necessitated the restoration of these areas, mainly using seedlings produced in forest nurseries. The primary source of nutrients for seedlings can be slow-release fertilizers and an appropriate dose of fertilizer improves the efficiency of its use and minimizes the negative environmental impact associated with the excessive use of mineral fertilizers. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying different fertilizer dose combinations on the accumulation of macronutrients in different parts of the seedlings (roots, shoots, and leaves) and on the morphology and development of fine roots. Methods: This research was carried out on producing beech seedlings with the application of starter soil fertilization with Yara Mila Complex (YMC) and Osmocote Exact Standard 3-4M (OES) fertilizers in four varying doses. Results: No deficiency of the analyzed macronutrients was noted in any of the tested fertilization variants. The highest content of all analyzed macronutrients was recorded in the leaves of beech seedlings, with values in roots and shoots being several times lower. The mixed fertilization variant OES 1.0 + YMC 1.0 shows a positive correlation with all analyzed elements and the parameters DQI (Dickson Quality Index), SA (Surface Area), RV (Root Volume), and mass. Conclusion: Results confirm the hypothesis that applying a mixture of fast-acting (YMC) and slow-acting (OES) fertilizer positively affects the nutrition and accumulation of macronutrients and the development of root systems in beech seedlings compared to fertilization with a single fertilizer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)

14 pages, 3218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reconstruction of Minimum May Temperatures in Northeast China Since 1797 AD Based on Tree Ring Width in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica

by Xinrui Wang, Zhaopeng Wang, Muxiao Liu, Dongyou Zhang, Taoran Luo, Xiangyou Li, Bingyun Du, Yang Qiu, Linlin Li and Yueru Zhao

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2015; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112015 (registering DOI) - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 217

Abstract

We developed a tree ring width chronology from 1797 to 2020 (224 years) for the northwestern foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains (GKMs) in northeastern China using 51 tree ring sample cores from 24 Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (PSM). Pearson’s correlation analysis [...] Read more.

We developed a tree ring width chronology from 1797 to 2020 (224 years) for the northwestern foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains (GKMs) in northeastern China using 51 tree ring sample cores from 24 Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (PSM). Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between tree ring width and regional climate factors. The standardized chronology was positively associated with the minimum temperature (T_min) in the previous May (r = 0.721, p < 0.01), indicating that this parameter was the main climatic factor limiting PSM growth in the region. We established a secure reconstruction equation for the May T_min from 1797 to 2020. There were 31 warm and 43 cold years in the 224-year reconstructed temperature series, accounting for 13.8% and 19.2% of the total years, respectively. Warm periods were observed in 1820–1829, 1877–1898, 1947–1958, and 1991–2020, whereas cold periods occurred in 1820, 1829–1870, 1899–1927, 1934–1947, and 1960–1988. The observed temperature sequence was highly consistent with the reconstructed sequence from the tree rings, which verified the reliability of the reconstructed results. The spatial correlation analysis indicated that the reconstructed temperature sequence accurately represented the temperature changes in the northwestern foothills of the GKM and surrounding areas. Multi-window spectral analysis and wavelet analysis revealed significant periodic fluctuations from 2 to 6 years, 21.2 years, 48.5 years, and 102.2 years. These periodic variations may be related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Multi-Year Intergenerational Oscillation (AMO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and solar activity. This study expands the existing climate records in the region and provides valuable data support for understanding climate change patterns in the GKM and the scientific predictions of future climate changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

19 pages, 6815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetation Recovery Patterns at Jeongseon Alpine Stadium, Mount Gariwang, in the Republic of Korea, After the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics

by Su-Won Lee, Jeong-Eun Lee, Ju-Hyeon Song and Chung-Weon Yun

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2014; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112014 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 243

Abstract

This study assessed vegetation recovery at Jeongseon Alpine Stadium, Mt. Gariwang, 5 years after the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics to aid in restoration planning. A total of 50 quadrats were surveyed across undisturbed areas, forest edges, and damaged areas at different altitudes. Species [...] Read more.

This study assessed vegetation recovery at Jeongseon Alpine Stadium, Mt. Gariwang, 5 years after the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics to aid in restoration planning. A total of 50 quadrats were surveyed across undisturbed areas, forest edges, and damaged areas at different altitudes. Species occurrences were recorded using a tabulation method to identify characteristic and differential species based on disturbance type. Importance value analysis showed that tree layers were present only in undisturbed areas at all altitudes, while shade-intolerant species, such as Amur choke cherry (P. glandulifolia), had high importance in the subtree layer in low-altitude damaged areas and mid-altitude forest edges. Species diversity was higher in forest edges at medium and high altitudes, whereas control areas exhibited higher diversity at low altitudes. DCA ordination revealed distinct community groupings based on altitude and disturbance type, indicating community heterogeneity. The study found rapid vegetation recovery in damaged areas and forest edges, driven by shade-intolerant species. Restoration efforts should prioritize these species to support successful recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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Maps showing the study location and sites. (a) Mt. Gariwang and Baekdudaegan (a mountain stream extending from Mt. Baekdu, North Korea, to Mt. Jiri, South Korea). (b) Three study sites on the Jeongseon Alpine Stadium slope: Ⓐ low-altitude, Ⓑ mid-altitude, and Ⓒ high-altitude study sites. Full article ">Figure 2
Climate diagram of Bukpyeong in Jeongseon, located approximately 10 km away from the study site [<a href="#B27-forests-15-02014" class="html-bibr">27</a>]. Full article ">Figure 3
Cross-section (A–A′ in <a href="#forests-15-02014-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>) of the vertical vegetation structure at the low-altitude site. Full article ">Figure 4
Cross-section (B–B′ in <a href="#forests-15-02014-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>) of the vertical structure at the middle altitude site. Full article ">Figure 5
Cross-section (C–C′ in <a href="#forests-15-02014-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>) of the vertical vegetation structure at the high-altitude site. Full article ">Figure 6
Detrended correspondence analysis ordination according to altitude and disturbance types. Full article ">Figure 7
The mechanisms of secondary succession following five years after an ecosystem disturbance. The red text represents shade-intolerant species. Full article ">

13 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence or Interference? Understanding Crowding Effects in Forest Management Adoption

by Bindu Paudel, Jean Fritz Saint Preux, Benjamin David Wegener and Mo Zhou

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112013 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 209

Abstract

More than half of the private forestland in the U.S. is under non-industrial private forest (NIPF) ownership. Understanding NIPF landowners’ decision-making is crucial for developing effective policy that promotes sustainable forest management practices and ensures forest health. This study investigates the factors influencing [...] Read more.

More than half of the private forestland in the U.S. is under non-industrial private forest (NIPF) ownership. Understanding NIPF landowners’ decision-making is crucial for developing effective policy that promotes sustainable forest management practices and ensures forest health. This study investigates the factors influencing the adoption of different management practices, with a focus on potential crowding effects among these practices. Drawing on data from over four hundred NIPF landowners in the U.S. central hardwood region, a series of binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between landowner and forestland characteristics and the likelihood of adopting various management practices, like invasive plant management, forest stand improvement, and grapevine control. The findings reveal that factors, such as forest acreage, proximity of landowner residence to the forest, and education level, significantly affect the likelihood of adopting management practices. More importantly, this study found evidence of crowding-in effects, where implementing one practice increased the probability of adopting others, suggesting a preference among NIPF landowners for a diverse approach to forest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)

19 pages, 2293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fungal Diversity in Fire-Affected Pine Forest Soils at the Upper Tree Line

by Jelena Lazarević, Ana Topalović and Audrius Menkis

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2012; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112012 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 221

Abstract

Forest fires represent a significant ecological disturbance in ecosystems that increasingly affects Pinus heldreichii H. Christ forests at the upper tree line in Montenegro, due to climate change and anthropogenic factors. Soil samples were collected from five high-altitude sites in the Kuči Mountains, [...] Read more.

Forest fires represent a significant ecological disturbance in ecosystems that increasingly affects Pinus heldreichii H. Christ forests at the upper tree line in Montenegro, due to climate change and anthropogenic factors. Soil samples were collected from five high-altitude sites in the Kuči Mountains, including three post-fire sites (2-, 4-, and 6-years post-fire) and two unburned control sites. High-throughput sequencing and soil chemical analyses were conducted to assess fungal diversity, community composition, and soil nutrient properties. The results showed that fungal diversity was significantly higher in unburned soils compared to post-fire soils, with the most prominent changes in ectomycorrhizal fungi, which are crucial for pine regeneration. The fungal community composition differed markedly between the post-fire and unburned sites, with specific taxa such as Hygrocybe conica (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. and Solicoccozyma aeria (Saito) Yurkov dominating the post-fire environments. Despite this, the fungal richness did not significantly change over time (2-, 4-, or 6-years post-fire), suggesting the slow recovery of fungal communities in high-altitude environments. In addition to shifts in fungal biodiversity, the post-fire soils exhibited higher levels of available phosphorus, likely due to the conversion of organic phosphorus into soluble forms during combustion. However, the organic matter content remained unchanged. This study provided important insights into the long-term ecological impacts of forest fires on high-altitude P. heldreichii forests and underlined the importance of preserving unburned forest areas to maintain fungal biodiversity and support natural regeneration, as well as the potential need for active restoration strategies in fire-affected regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards and Risk Management)

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Figure 1
Fire-destroyed Pinus heldreichii forest stands at the upper tree line at the Hum Orahovski site in Montenegro. Full article ">Figure 2
Hierarchical clustering dendrogram on physical and chemical soil properties in post-fire and unburned forest sites. Site names are shown in parentheses: T—Treskavac; K—Kastrat; HO—Hum Orahovski; KK—Kučka Korita; and S—Sovrh. Full article ">Figure 3
Venn diagram showing unique and shared OTUs among different groups of samples. Within each group, data from different sites is combined. The size of each circle represents the number of unique OTUs. Roolets (blue), Unburned soil (green), post-fire soil (red). Full article ">Figure 4
Bar chart showing the relative abundance of different fungal classes. Classes that accounted for less than 1% of the total fungal community were combined into an Other category. Full article ">Figure 5
Ordination diagram based on detrended correspondence analysis of fungal communities from post-fire forest soil (square), unburned forest soil (circle), and rootlets of Pinus heldreichii from unburned forest stands (diamonds). Size of each plot shows relative richness of fungal OTUs. Site names are shown in parentheses: T—Treskavac; K—Kastrat; HO—Hum Orahovski; KK—Kučka Korita; and S—Sovrh. In ordination, 21.6% of variation was explained on x-axis, and 9.7% on y-axis. Full article ">Figure 6
A cluster map of the 10 most common fungal OTUs across various soil and root samples. The dendrograms illustrate the hierarchical relationships among the OTUs and the samples based on their abundance profiles. Full article ">

12 pages, 1647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dendroclimatic Response of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Affected by Shoot Blight Caused by Diplodia pinea

by Sophan Chhin and Kaelyn Finley

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2011; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112011 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 252

Abstract

The overall objective of our study was to examine the influence of climatic factors and tree-based competition on the radial growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests affected by the fungal pathogen, Diplodia pinea. Our study utilized dendroclimatic techniques to [...] Read more.

The overall objective of our study was to examine the influence of climatic factors and tree-based competition on the radial growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests affected by the fungal pathogen, Diplodia pinea. Our study utilized dendroclimatic techniques to examine how past annual diameter growth can be influenced by the historical climate of the region. Twenty jack pine sites were sampled in Michigan within the Upper Peninsula (UP) and the Lower Peninsula (LP) region. Furthermore, two condition levels of forest health (D. pinea-affected vs. healthy reference stands) were considered between two levels of stand density (i.e., high vs. low density). The relationships between radial growth and climate identified in this study indicated that jack pine radial growth was typically affected by the climatic moisture index, whereas the response to temperature variables was weak to non-existent. In the Upper Peninsula region, crown damage likely sustained during harsh winters could have made jack pine stands prone to D. pinea by facilitating a point of entry for infection; furthermore, higher-density stands infected by D. pinea were influenced by moisture stress that occurred during the summer of the prior year. In the LP region, regardless of stand density, D. pinea was sensitive to moisture stress in the summer of the prior growing season; furthermore, negative relationships with precipitation in the spring may have improved spore dispersion in D. pinea-affected stands. Overall, our study provides improved understanding of the interactive role of climatic stress and forest pathogens on jack pine productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Pests, Climate and Other Factors on Forest Health)

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The study was conducted in Huron National Forest in the Lower Peninsula region and in Hiawatha National Forest in the Upper Peninsula region of Michigan (MI). Note: National Forests are indicated by dark gray shading. Full article ">Figure 2
Chronologies of jack pine growth based on sampling in Michigan’s (a) Upper Peninsula region and (b) Lower Peninsula region for 1986–2011. Treatment group abbreviations are as follows: UP = Upper Peninsula region, LP = Lower Peninsula region, R = reference stands that are healthy, D = Diplodia present, L = low density, H = high density. Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
Chronologies of jack pine growth based on sampling in Michigan’s (a) Upper Peninsula region and (b) Lower Peninsula region for 1986–2011. Treatment group abbreviations are as follows: UP = Upper Peninsula region, LP = Lower Peninsula region, R = reference stands that are healthy, D = Diplodia present, L = low density, H = high density. Full article ">Figure 3
Jack pine growth responses to monthly and 3-month seasonal (a) mean temperature and (b) climate moisture index. In each regression model, lighter gray boxes highlight climatic variables as having a positive association with radial growth, while darker gray boxes showcase climatic variables as having a negative association with radial growth. All climatic relationships presented in each model are significant statistically (p < 0.05). Treatment group abbreviations are as follows: UP = Upper Peninsula of Michigan, LP = Lower Peninsula of Michigan, R = reference sites that are healthy, D = Diplodia-present, L = low density, H = high density. For treatment groups that have more than 1 significant climate variable in the regression model, these variables in turn were ranked, and variables ranked as 1 had the strongest influence on radial growth. Full article ">

19 pages, 4707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chlorophyll Content Estimation of Ginkgo Seedlings Based on Deep Learning and Hyperspectral Imagery

by Zilong Yue, Qilin Zhang, Xingzhou Zhu and Kai Zhou

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2010; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112010 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 373

Abstract

Accurate estimation of chlorophyll content is essential for understanding the growth status and optimizing the cultivation practices of Ginkgo, a dominant multi-functional tree species in China. Traditional methods based on chemical analysis for determining chlorophyll content are labor-intensive and time-consuming, making them [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of chlorophyll content is essential for understanding the growth status and optimizing the cultivation practices of Ginkgo, a dominant multi-functional tree species in China. Traditional methods based on chemical analysis for determining chlorophyll content are labor-intensive and time-consuming, making them unsuitable for large-scale dynamic monitoring and high-throughput phenotyping. To accurately quantify chlorophyll content in Ginkgo seedlings under different nitrogen levels, this study employed a hyperspectral imaging camera to capture canopy hyperspectral images of seedlings throughout their annual growth periods. Reflectance derived from pure leaf pixels of Ginkgo seedlings was extracted to construct a set of spectral parameters, including original reflectance, logarithmic reflectance, and first derivative reflectance, along with spectral index combinations. A one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model was then developed to estimate chlorophyll content, and its performance was compared with four common machine learning methods, including Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Random Forest (RF). The results demonstrated that the 1D-CNN model outperformed others with the first derivative spectra, achieving higher CV-R² and lower RMSE values (CV-R² = 0.80, RMSE = 3.4). Furthermore, incorporating spectral index combinations enhanced the model’s performance, with the 1D-CNN model achieving the best performance (CV-R² = 0.82, RMSE = 3.3). These findings highlight the potential of the 1D-CNN model in strengthening the chlorophyll estimations, providing strong technical support for the precise cultivation and the fertilization management of Ginkgo seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)

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13 pages, 4299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coarse Woody Debris Dynamics in Relation to Disturbances in Korea’s Odaesan National Park Cool-Temperate Forests

by Kyungeun Lee and Yeonsook Choung

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112009 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Coarse woody debris (CWD) has historically been extensively utilized in Korea, with significant accumulation occurring mainly after the establishment of protected areas. This study, conducted in Odaesan National Park (designated in 1975), investigated the distribution and characteristics of CWD across five forest types [...] Read more.

Coarse woody debris (CWD) has historically been extensively utilized in Korea, with significant accumulation occurring mainly after the establishment of protected areas. This study, conducted in Odaesan National Park (designated in 1975), investigated the distribution and characteristics of CWD across five forest types with permanent plots. It also examined the effects of human and natural disturbances on CWD dynamics and evaluated its role in carbon storage. CWD mass varied significantly, ranging from 0.7 Mg ha⁻¹ in Pinus-Quercus (PQ) forests to 31.9 Mg ha⁻¹ in Broadleaved–Abies (BA) forests. The impacts of disturbances shifted markedly before and after the park’s designation; prior to this, human activities such as logging substantially affected BA, PQ, and Prunus-Salix (PS) forests, while Quercus-Tilia (QT) forests were primarily impacted by wildfires. After designation, natural disturbances became the primary contributors to CWD accumulation, with a major windstorm in BA forests adding 12.09 Mg ha⁻¹ of CWD (37.8% of the total). Late-successional forests exhibited higher CWD mass, advanced decay stages, and greater diversity, as well as elevated CWD-to-carbon storage ratios, highlighting their role as crucial carbon reservoirs. In light of climate change, these findings emphasize the need for forest management practices that enhance CWD’s contributions to biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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Stump cut by logging (left) and tree uprooted by the windstorm in 2006 (right). Full article ">Figure 2
Examples of decay class (1 to 5) for Acer pseudo-sieboldianum logs. Full article ">Figure 3
Types, size, and decay state of CWD across five forest types in 2008. BA* is the value of BA’s CWD mass excluding the CWD caused by the 2006 strong windstorm. PQ: Pinus-Quercus forest, QT: Quercus-Tilia forest, BA: Broadleaved–Abies mixed forest, PS: Populus-Salix forest, SA: Subalpine forest. Full article ">Figure 4
CWD mass (a) and CWD diversity index (b) according to forest succession stage. PQ: Pinus-Quercus forest, QT: Quercus-Tilia forest, BA: Broadleaved–Abies mixed forest, PS: Populus-Salix forest, SA: Subalpine forest. Full article ">Figure 5
Carbon storage of the forest living trees and CWD (Mg ha−1) (a) and their proportion (b) by forest type. BA* is the value of BA’s CWD mass excluding the CWD caused by the 2006 strong windstorm. PQ: Pinus-Quercus forest, QT: Quercus-Tilia forest, BA: Broadleaved–Abies mixed forest, PS: Populus-Salix forest, SA: Subalpine forest. Full article ">Figure 6
Plot-level biomass changes (DBH ≥ 10 cm) over a ten-year period (2005–2015). PQ: Pinus-Quercus forest, QT: Quercus-Tilia forest, BA: Broadleaved–Abies mixed forest, PS: Populus-Salix forest, SA: Subalpine forest. A paired t-test was performed between the start and end of the 10-year interval within a forest type at * p < 0.05. Full article ">

28 pages, 12916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Road Landscape Design: Harmonious Relationship Between Ecology and Aesthetics

by Mingqian Si, Yan Mu and Youting Han

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112008 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 255

Abstract

In view of global climate and environmental challenges, exploring sustainable urban vegetation management and development is crucial. This study aims to investigate the design strategies of urban road green space plants under the guidance of the dual theories of carbon sequestration and cooling [...] Read more.

In view of global climate and environmental challenges, exploring sustainable urban vegetation management and development is crucial. This study aims to investigate the design strategies of urban road green space plants under the guidance of the dual theories of carbon sequestration and cooling eco-efficiency and aesthetics. In this study, Yangling, a representative small- and medium-sized city, was selected as the study area, and road green space plants were identified as the research objects. The assimilation method was employed to ascertain the carbon sequestration and oxygen release, as well as the cooling and humidification capacities of the plants. The aesthetic quality of the plants was evaluated using the Scenic Beauty Estimation and Landscape Character Assessment. Finally, we propose design strategies for landscapes with higher aesthetic and carbon sequestration and cooling benefits. The results demonstrate a clear nonlinear positive correlation. The carbon sequestration and cooling benefits of plants and the aesthetic quality, with correlation coefficients of 0.864 and 0.922, respectively. Across the same sample points, the rankings of standardized values for carbon sequestration, cooling benefits, and aesthetic quality vary minimally. This indicates that eco-efficient plants with harmonious colors and elegant forms can boost the aesthetic appeal and ecological function in road green spaces. Furthermore, the Sophora japonica Linn., Ligustrum lucidum Ait., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Prunus serrulata Lindl., Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f., Ligustrum sinense Lour., Photinia × fraseri Dress, Ligustrum × vicaryi Rehder, Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant. cv. Kaizuca, and Ophiopogon japonicus (L. f.) Ker Gawl. are proved to be ecologically dominant plants. They can be employed as the principal selected species for plant design. This study summarizes applicable design strategies for three types of green spaces: avenue greenbelts, traffic separation zones, and roadside greenbelts. The nonlinear regression model developed here provides a reference for scientifically assessing and optimizing urban planting designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Forestry)

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12 pages, 3364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variations in Physical and Mechanical Properties Between Clear and Knotty Wood of Chinese Fir

by Yingchao Ruan, Zongming He, Shaohui Fan, Zhiyun Chen, Ming Li, Xiangqing Ma and Shuaichao Sun

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112007 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 273

Abstract

Significant market value discrepancies exist between clear and knotty Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood, distinguished not only by their aesthetic variations but also by their distinct material properties. This study aimed to explore the differences in physical and mechanical properties between [...] Read more.

Significant market value discrepancies exist between clear and knotty Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood, distinguished not only by their aesthetic variations but also by their distinct material properties. This study aimed to explore the differences in physical and mechanical properties between clear and knotty Chinese fir wood. Nine standard trees were chosen from a 26-year-old Chinese fir plantation for the experiment. Subsequent to felling, trunk segments below 7 m in length were transported to the laboratory. For each tree, detailed preparations were made to obtain clear and knotty wood specimens, and these distinct wood specimens were subjected to thorough physical and mechanical assessments. The results revealed significant variations in properties between clear and knotty Chinese fir wood. The shrinkage and swelling coefficients of knotty wood were generally lower than those of clear wood, except for higher radial and tangential air-dry shrinkage. Specifically, the swelling ratio of knotty wood was at least 0.40% lower, and the oven-dry shrinkage was at least 0.58% lower than that of clear wood. Knotty wood exhibited higher air-dry and oven-dry densities, with its density being at least 0.15 g cm⁻³ higher than that of clear wood. However, its mechanical properties, including tensile strength, compression strength, impact bending strength, bending strength, and modulus of elasticity, were lower than those of clear wood. For instance, the tensile strength parallel to the grain of clear wood was 40.63 MPa higher, the modulus of elasticity was 1595 MPa higher, and the impact bending strength was 27.12 kJ m⁻² greater than that of knotty wood. Although the tangential and radial surface hardness of knotty wood increased significantly compared to clear wood, the end hardness remained relatively lower. Overall, knotty Chinese fir wood displayed enhanced physical properties, whereas clear wood showcased superior mechanical properties. Careful selection between clear and knotty wood is recommended based on the specific requirements of wooden structural elements to optimize timber resource utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)

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20 pages, 6021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Superior Growth and Photosynthetic Traits in Eighteen Oak Varieties for Southwest China

by Zengzhen Qi, Xiang Huang, Yang Peng, Hongyi Wu, Zhenfeng Xu, Bo Tan, Yu Zhong, Peng Zhu, Wei Gong, Gang Chen, Xiaohong Chen and Wenkai Hui

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2006; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112006 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 286

Abstract

Quercus, commonly known as oak, has great potential as one of the most widely cultivated plant species. However, the lack of superior varieties is a bottleneck for its usage and application in Southwest China. Here, this study aims to explore the growth [...] Read more.

Quercus, commonly known as oak, has great potential as one of the most widely cultivated plant species. However, the lack of superior varieties is a bottleneck for its usage and application in Southwest China. Here, this study aims to explore the growth and photosynthetic traits of 18 oak varieties with the goal of identifying the adaptable superior varieties for the region, focusing on nutrient growth, leaf morphology, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic parameters over a 32-week growth period. The results showed that a significant diversity was observed among the varieties. Growth rhythm and fitted curves divided the 18 oak varieties into three patterns. Additionally, for the leaf morphological parameters, Q. denta boasted the maximum leaf area (167.24 cm²), leaf width (13.62 cm), and leaf aspect ratio (156.6); Q. mongo showed the greatest leaf length (20.37 cm); while Q. acutis had the largest leaf form factor (3.44) and leaf gap (0.39). Chlorophyll content was based on three-time-points investigation, with higher levels observed in Q. mongo, Q. robur 4, Q. wutai, Q. denta, Q. acutis, and Q. robur 1. The transpiration rate (E) (5.03 mmol m⁻²), stomatal conductance (gsw) (0.22 mol m⁻² s⁻¹), and total water vapor conductance (gtw) (0.19 mol m⁻² s⁻¹) were dominantly obtained in Q. robur 1, while Q. denta exhibited the highest intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) (564.67 µmol mol⁻¹). Conversely, Q. wutai displayed a significantly higher leaf chamber CO₂ concentration (Ca) (502.11 µmol mol⁻¹). Furthermore, growth traits showed a correlation with leaf morphological and photosynthetic traits. PCA analysis grouped the oak varieties into five clusters, with Q. acutis, Q. robur 1, Q. palus 3, Q. denta, Q. nutta, Q. mongo, and Q. wutai identified as superior varieties. These findings not only offer promising oak candidate varieties for Southwest China, but also provide insights for establishing efficient breeding program for other woody plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological, Biochemical and Morphological Adaptation Characteristics of Woody Plants to the External Environment)

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26 pages, 19147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Gate Water Control and Its Influence on Surface Water Dynamics and Vegetation Restoration: A Case Study from the Middle Reaches of the Tarim River

by Jie Wu, Fan Gao, Bing He, Fangyu Sheng, Hailiang Xu, Kun Liu and Qin Zhang

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2005; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112005 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 329

Abstract

Ecological sluices were constructed along the Tarim River to supplement the ecosystem’s water supply. However, the impact of water regulation by these sluices on the surface water area (SWA) and its relationship with the vegetation response remain unclear. To increase the efficiency of [...] Read more.

Ecological sluices were constructed along the Tarim River to supplement the ecosystem’s water supply. However, the impact of water regulation by these sluices on the surface water area (SWA) and its relationship with the vegetation response remain unclear. To increase the efficiency of ecological water use, it is crucial to study the response of SWA to water control by the ecological gates and its relationship with vegetation restoration. We utilized the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, which integrates Landsat-5/7/8 satellite imagery and employs methods such as automated waterbody extraction via mixed index rule sets, field investigation data, Sen + MK trend analysis, mutation analysis, and correlation analysis. Through these techniques, the spatiotemporal variations in SWA in the middle reaches of the Tarim River (MROTR) from 1990–2022 were analyzed, along with the relationships between these variations and vegetation restoration. From 1990–2022, the SWA in the MROTR showed an increasing trend, with an average annual growth rate of 12.47 km² per year. After the implementation of ecological gates water regulations, the SWA significantly increased, with an average annual growth rate of 28.8 km² per year, while the ineffective overflow within 8 km of the riverbank notably decreased. The NDVI in the MROTR exhibited an upward trend, with a significant increase in vegetation on the northern bank after ecological sluice water regulation. This intervention also mitigated the downward trend of the medium and high vegetation coverage types. The SWA showed a highly significant negative correlation with low-coverage vegetation within a 5-km range of the river channel in the same year and a significant positive correlation with high-coverage vegetation within a 15-km range. The lag effect of SWA influenced the growth of medium- and high-coverage vegetation. These findings demonstrated that the large increase in SWA induced by ecological gate water regulation positively impacted vegetation restoration. This study provides a scientific basis for water resource regulation and vegetation restoration in arid regions globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing in Vegetation Dynamic and Ecology)

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22 pages, 7222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Karst Ecosystem: Moso Bamboo Intercropping Enhances Soil Fertility and Microbial Diversity in the Rhizosphere of Giant Lily (Cardiocrinum giganteum)

by Jie Zhang, Haoyu Wu, Guibin Gao, Yuwen Peng, Yilin Ning, Zhiyuan Huang, Zedong Chen, Xiangyang Xu and Zhizhuang Wu

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2004; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112004 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 273

Abstract

Intercropping affects soil microbial community structure significantly; however, the effects on understory medicinal plants in karst areas remain unclear. We investigated the effects of four intercropping systems (Moso bamboo, Chinese fir, bamboo-fir mixed forest, and forest gap) on the rhizosphere microbial communities of [...] Read more.

Intercropping affects soil microbial community structure significantly; however, the effects on understory medicinal plants in karst areas remain unclear. We investigated the effects of four intercropping systems (Moso bamboo, Chinese fir, bamboo-fir mixed forest, and forest gap) on the rhizosphere microbial communities of giant lily (Cardiocrinum giganteum), an economically important medicinal plant in China. We assessed the intercropping impact on rhizosphere microbial diversity, composition, and co-occurrence networks and identified key soil properties driving the changes. Bacterial and fungal diversity were assessed by 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing, respectively; soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were measured. Moso bamboo system had the highest fungal diversity, with relatively high bacterial diversity. It promoted a distinct microbial community structure with significant Actinobacteria and saprotrophic fungi enrichment. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available potassium were the most influential drivers of microbial community structure. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the microbial network in the Moso bamboo system was the most complex and highly interconnected, with a higher proportion of positive interactions and a greater number of keystone taxa. Thus, integrating Moso bamboo into intercropping systems can enhance soil fertility, microbial diversity, and ecological interactions in the giant lily rhizosphere in karst forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Research in Bamboo Forests)

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21 pages, 2608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Interval Fuzzy Programming Approach to Solve a Green Intermodal Routing Problem for Timber Transportation Under Uncertain Information

by Yan Sun, Chen Zhang and Guohua Sun

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2003; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112003 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 261

Abstract

This study investigates an intermodal routing problem for transporting wood from a storage yard of the timber harvest area to a timber mill, in which the transfer nodes in the intermodal transportation network have multiple service time windows. To improve the environmental sustainability [...] Read more.

This study investigates an intermodal routing problem for transporting wood from a storage yard of the timber harvest area to a timber mill, in which the transfer nodes in the intermodal transportation network have multiple service time windows. To improve the environmental sustainability of timber transportation, a carbon tax policy is employed in the routing to reduce the carbon emissions. Uncertain information on the capacities and carbon emission factors of the transportation activities in the intermodal transportation network is modeled using interval fuzzy numbers to enhance the feasibility of the routing optimization in the actual timber transportation. Based on the above consideration, an interval fuzzy nonlinear optimization model is established to handle the specific routing problem. Model defuzzification and linearization are then conducted to obtain an equivalent formulation that is crisp and linear to make the global optimum solution attainable. A numerical experiment is conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed model, and it reveals the influence of the optimization level and service time windows on the routing optimization, and it confirms that intermodal transportation is suitable for timber transportation. This experiment also analyzes the feasibility of a carbon tax policy in reducing the carbon emissions of timber transportation, and it finds that the performance of this policy is determined by the optimization level given by the timber mill and is not always feasible in all cases. For the case where a carbon tax policy is infeasible, this study proposes a bi-objective optimization that can use Pareto solutions to balance the economic and environmental objectives as an alternative. The bi-objective optimization further shows the relationship between lowering the transportation costs, reducing the carbon emissions, and enhancing the reliability on capacity and budget by improving the optimization level. The conclusions provide managerial insights that can help the timber mill and intermodal transportation operator organize cost-efficient, low-carbon, and reliable intermodal transportation for timber distribution, and support sustainable forest logistics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Forestry and Forest Supply Chain)

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Diagram of intermodal routing for timber transportation. Full article ">Figure 2
Structure of intermodal transportation network in the numerical experiment [<a href="#B41-forests-15-02003" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. Full article ">Figure 3
Sensitivity of the intermodal routing optimization for timber transportation concerning the optimization level. Full article ">Figure 4
Total costs of intermodal routing and road-based unimodal routing for timber transportation. Full article ">Figure 5
Carbon emissions of intermodal routing and road-based unimodal routing for timber transportation. Full article ">Figure 6
Total costs of intermodal routing with and without service time windows for timber transportation. Full article ">Figure 7
Carbon emissions of intermodal routing with and without service time windows for timber transportation. Full article ">Figure 8
Carbon emissions of intermodal routing under the carbon tax policy and carbon emission minimization for timber transportation. Full article ">Figure A1
Distributions of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mfenced open="{" close="}" separators="|"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mo>~</mo> </mover> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mfenced open="{" close="}" separators="|"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mo>~</mo> </mover> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>. Full article ">

22 pages, 16916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Understory Fine Dead Fuel Moisture Content in Subtropical Forests of Southern China Based on Landsat Images

by Zhengjie Li, Zhiwei Wu, Shihao Zhu, Xiang Hou and Shun Li

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2002; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112002 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 239

Abstract

The understory fine dead fuel moisture content (DFMC) is an important reference indicator for regional forest fire warnings and risk assessments, and determining it on a large scale is a critical goal. It is difficult to estimate understory fine DFMC directly from satellite [...] Read more.

The understory fine dead fuel moisture content (DFMC) is an important reference indicator for regional forest fire warnings and risk assessments, and determining it on a large scale is a critical goal. It is difficult to estimate understory fine DFMC directly from satellite images due to canopy shading. To address this issue, we used canopy meteorology estimated by Landsat images in combination with explanatory variables to construct random forest models of in-forest meteorology, and then construct random forest models by combining the meteorological factors and explanatory variables with understory fine DFMC obtained from the monitoring device to (1) investigate the feasibility of Landsat images for estimating in-forest meteorology; (2) explore the feasibility of canopy or in-forest meteorology and explanatory variables for estimating understory fine DFMC; and (3) compare the effects of each factor on model accuracy and its effect on understory fine DFMC. The results showed that random forest models improved in-forest meteorology estimation, enhancing in-forest relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and temperature by 50%, 34%, and 2.2%, respectively, after adding a topography factor. For estimating understory fine DFMC, models using vapor pressure deficit improved fit by 10.2% over those using relative humidity. Using in-forest meteorology improved fits by 36.2% compared to canopy meteorology. Including topographic factors improved the average fit of understory fine DFMC models by 123.1%. The most accurate model utilized in-forest vapor pressure deficit, temperature, topographic factors, vegetation index, precipitation data, and seasonal factors. Correlations indicated that slope, in-forest vapor pressure deficit, and slope direction were most closely related to understory fine DFMC. The regional understory fine-grained DFMC distribution mapped according to our method can provide important decision support for forest fire risk early warning and fire management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Disturbance and Management)

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14 pages, 6498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Wood Anatomy Study of Ottobratica and Sinopolese Cultivars of Olea europaea L.

by Tiziana Urso, Michela Zanetti, Annalisa Magnabosco, Angelo Mammoliti, Marco Paccagnella and Andrea Rosario Proto

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112001 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Olive wood is used in a niche economic context but is attracting growing interest. In this study, the wood anatomy of Olea europaea L. belonging to two cultivars cultivated in the Plain of Gioia Tauro in Calabria (RC) is qualitatively described. Wood samples [...] Read more.

Olive wood is used in a niche economic context but is attracting growing interest. In this study, the wood anatomy of Olea europaea L. belonging to two cultivars cultivated in the Plain of Gioia Tauro in Calabria (RC) is qualitatively described. Wood samples were obtained along the diameter of wood slices to investigate any anatomical differences between the inner and outer zones of the stem. The microscopic slides were investigated using an optical microscope. The anatomical characteristics observed were compared with existing literature data. The two cultivars show parenchyma rays arranged not only in one to two rows (typical of this species), but also in three rows. Furthermore, in both cultivars, the presence of starch deposits in procumbent parenchyma cells was observed. The Ottobratica cultivar seems to have more starch than the Sinopolese one, but given the high variability of olive wood, further quantitative analysis is needed to determine whether these differences are statistically valid and due to the different cultivars. This work can contribute to a better understanding of the Olea europaea L. species and to a better technical valorisation of its wood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood Anatomy and Evaluation of Wood Structures and Their Modifications—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 2686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Diversity of Corticolous Lichens Associated with Tree Trunks in the Understories of Four Tropical Dry Forests of the Atlántico Department in Colombia

by Pierine España-Puccini, Juan P. Gómez, Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, Daniel Posada-Echeverría and María C. Martínez-Habibe

Forests 2024, 15(11), 2000; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15112000 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 305

Abstract

Tropical dry forests (TDFs) are unique ecosystems with high biodiversity, including a rich variety of lichen species. Lichens are sensitive to environmental changes and can serve as bioindicators of ecosystem health. This study examined the diversity of lichen communities at four TDF sites [...] Read more.

Tropical dry forests (TDFs) are unique ecosystems with high biodiversity, including a rich variety of lichen species. Lichens are sensitive to environmental changes and can serve as bioindicators of ecosystem health. This study examined the diversity of lichen communities at four TDF sites in the Atlántico Department of Colombia. More than 700 tree lichen specimens were collected and identified at the four sites. A total of 135 species of lichens were identified, of which 19 are possibly undescribed. The most diverse sites were Usiacurí and Repelón, both protected areas with relatively well-preserved forests. The findings of this study demonstrate that the Atlántico TDFs host a large diversity of lichens, with a significant number of records of new species. The observed differences in species composition between sites highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity and anthropogenic pressures on lichen communities. The results emphasize the need for conservation strategies to protect these ecologically valuable lichen communities within the Atlántico TDFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Biodiversity Conservation)

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Locations of the four sampling sites of the Department of Atlántico where lichens were collected. Full article ">Figure 2
Lichen taxa in the Department of Atlántico. Each sampling site is represented by a different color, while the size of the circle is related to the number of species in each genus. Full article ">Figure 3
Lichen taxa accumulation curves for four sites at the Department of Atlántico (A) for each sampling site: (B) Tubará, (C) Piojó, (D) Repelón and (E) Usiacurí. The grey polygons show the 95% confidence intervals of the accumulation curves. Full article ">Figure 4
Community diversity indices observed and estimated for the Department of Atlántico (γ-diversity) and for each sampling site (α-diversity). (A) q0, (B) q1 and (C) q2. Full article ">Figure 5
Lichen community between sampling sites in the Department of Atlántico. (A) Non-metric multidimensional scaling based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix generated with the information of all sampled trees. Each point represents a tree in a sampling site (colors) and the distance between points is proportional to the value of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index between two trees. (B) Values of the different components of community dissimilarity, namely nesting and turnover, for each pair of sampling sites. In this case, each point represents a comparison between the sampling sites. Full article ">

21 pages, 5113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 35-Year Analysis of Vegetation Cover in Rare-Earth Mining Areas Using Landsat Data

by Zhubin Zheng, Yuqing Liu, Na Chen, Ge Liu, Shaohua Lei, Jie Xu, Jianzhong Li, Jingli Ren and Chao Huang

Forests 2024, 15(11), 1999; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111999 - 13 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) plays a significant role in assessing ecological quality and protection, as well as soil and water conservation. As a typical rare-earth resource county in China, Dingnan County has experienced rapid development due to rare-earth mining, resulting in significant alterations [...] Read more.

Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) plays a significant role in assessing ecological quality and protection, as well as soil and water conservation. As a typical rare-earth resource county in China, Dingnan County has experienced rapid development due to rare-earth mining, resulting in significant alterations to vegetation cover. To elucidate the spatio-temporal changes in vegetation within Dingnan County over the past 35 years and the effects of natural and human factors on these changes, the spatial and temporal variations in FVC were analyzed using Landsat-TM/OLI multispectral images taken in 1988, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2006, 2013, 2017, and 2023. The findings indicate that (1) vegetation coverage in Dingnan County decreased from 1988 to 2002, followed by a gradual increase; (2) high vegetation cover is predominantly found in forested areas that maintain their natural state, while the central town and mining areas exhibit generally low coverage; (3) there are regional differences in the relationship between vegetation cover and environmental factors in Dingnan County. This research facilitates the alignment of ion-type rare-earth mining with ecological protection, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the mining area and providing scientific guidance for local governments to formulate more effective management and protection strategies for the mining ecosystem. Additionally, this research offers a scientific foundation for mining areas globally to develop sustainable policies and informed decision-making regarding environmental protection and sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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23 pages, 1558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empowering Forestry Management and Farmers’ Income Growth Through the Digital Economy—Empirical Evidence from Guizhou Province, China

by Lei Yao, Li Ma, Kaiwen Su, Mengxuan Wang, Wei Duan and Yali Wen

Forests 2024, 15(11), 1998; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111998 - 13 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Facilitating the sustained and stable growth of farmers’ income is crucial for achieving sustainable development in forest regions. As an emerging driving force, the digital economy has demonstrated substantial potential in enhancing farmers’ income and promoting regional economic prosperity in forest areas. Based [...] Read more.

Facilitating the sustained and stable growth of farmers’ income is crucial for achieving sustainable development in forest regions. As an emerging driving force, the digital economy has demonstrated substantial potential in enhancing farmers’ income and promoting regional economic prosperity in forest areas. Based on survey data from 1043 households across 10 counties in Guizhou Province, China, this study empirically examined the direct and indirect effects of digital economy participation on income growth among farmers in forest regions. The findings revealed that, first, participation in the digital economy significantly contributed to income growth for these households. This effect remained robust across various estimation methods, restricted sample tests, and when replacing dependent variables. Second, forestry management and its diversification played a mediating role in the relationship between digital economy participation and farmers’ income. Participation in the digital economy indirectly influenced income growth by fostering forestry management activities and their diversification. Third, the heterogeneity analysis indicated that digital economy participation had a significant positive impact on the income growth of pure farming households, part-time farming households, and households that had previously escaped poverty. This discovery underscored the unique role of the digital economy in alleviating poverty and preventing its recurrence. The conclusions of this study provide essential theoretical and practical guidance for empowering forestry development through the digital economy and advancing the digital transformation of the forestry industry. More critically, this research presents a novel pathway for the deep integration of the digital economy with forestry, jointly fostering income growth for farmers in forest regions, which holds significant implications for achieving rural sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)

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13 pages, 2514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light Drought Stress Positively Influenced Root Morphological and Endogenous Hormones in Pinus massoniana Seedlings Inoculated with Suillus luteus

by Yi Wang, Youzhi Ren, Guiying Tu, Xuemei Luo and Zhiyuan Zhang

Forests 2024, 15(11), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111997 - 13 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Aims An ectomycorrhizal fungus (ECMF) may enhance plant drought resistance. However, there is limited information regarding the effects of ECMFs on drought resistance in Pinus massoniana Lamb., a native species representing an afforestation pioneer tree in subtropical regions of China. Methods In this [...] Read more.

Aims An ectomycorrhizal fungus (ECMF) may enhance plant drought resistance. However, there is limited information regarding the effects of ECMFs on drought resistance in Pinus massoniana Lamb., a native species representing an afforestation pioneer tree in subtropical regions of China. Methods In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of ECMF Suillus luteus inoculation on the root morphology and endogenous hormones of P. massoniana, including roots, leaves, and stems, under various water treatment conditions. Four water levels (regular, light, moderate, and severe drought) and three inoculations (inoculated Suillus luteus, numbered S12 and S13, and non-ECMF-inoculated) were compared using a factorial design. Results Under drought stress, P. massoniana seedlings inoculated with S12 and S13 had significantly increased root morphology development (p < 0.05). Light drought positively influenced root development, resulting in a more than twofold increase in root length and root surface area compared to non-inoculated seedlings. Concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in roots, stems, and leaves of inoculated S12 and S13 plants were elevated, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were significantly lower, compared to non-inoculated seedlings. The ABA concentrations in the roots of S12 and S13 inoculated seedlings under light drought stress were 1.5 times lower than those in non-inoculated controls. Moreover, root development was positively correlated with plant total GA, IAA, and ZR but negatively correlated with ABA. ConclusionsS. luteus can promote the root growth and development of P. massoniana seedlings, notably by regulating the balance in the concentration of endogenous hormones, thus improving the drought resistance of P. massoniana seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topicalities in Forest Ecology of Seeds, 2nd Edition)

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Effect of Suillus luteus on root morphology, assessed as (a) total root length, (b) projection area, (c) total root surface area, (d) total root volume, (e) root tip number, (f) connection count, (g) average number of first-order lateral roots, and (h) angle of first-order lateral root of Pinus massoniana seedlings under drought stress. CK, non-ECMF-inoculated; ND, no drought stress; LD, light drought stress; MD, moderate drought stress; SD, severe drought stress; DS, drought stress. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments under the same drought stress condition (Duncan test at p < 0.05). Data are mean ± SE of three replicates (n = 3). Two-way ANOVA output: ns, not significant; ** p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 2
Effects of Suillus luteus on gibberellic acid concentration in roots (a), stems (b), and leaves (c) of Pinus massoniana seedlings under drought stress. NM, non-ECMF-inoculated; ND, no drought stress; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought; DS, drought stress. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments under the same drought stress condition (Duncan test at p < 0.05). Data are mean ± SE of three replicates (n = 3). Two-way ANOVA output: ns, not significant; ** p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 3
Effects of Suillus luteus on zeatin riboside concentration in roots (a), stems (b), and leaves (c) of Pinus massoniana seedlings under drought stress. NM, non-ECMF-inoculated; ND, no drought stress; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought; DS, drought stress. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments under the same drought stress condition (Duncan test at p < 0.05). Data are mean ± SE of three replicates (n = 3). Two-way ANOVA output: ns, not significant; ** p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 4
Effects of Suillus luteus on indole-3-acetic acid concentration in roots (a), stems (b), and leaves (c) of Pinus massoniana seedlings under drought stress. NM, non-ECMF-inoculated; ND, no drought stress; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought; DS, drought stress. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences among the treatments under the same drought stress condition (Duncan test at p < 0.05). Data are mean ± SE of three replicates (n = 3). Two-way ANOVA output: ns, not significant; ** p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 5
Effects of Suillus luteus on abscisic acid concentration in roots (a), stems (b), and leaves (c) of Pinus massoniana seedlings under drought stress. NM, non-ECMF-inoculated; ND, no drought stress; LD, light drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought; DS, drought stress. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments under the same drought stress condition (Duncan test at p < 0.05). Data are mean ± SE of three replicates (n = 3), two-way ANOVA output: ns, not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 6
Pearson correlation coefficients between root morphology and endogenous hormone levels in mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus massoniana seedlings under drought stress (n = 36). (a) Correlation heat map; (b) key index correlation matrix. Note: GA, gibberellic acid; ZR, zeatin riboside; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; ABA, abscisic acid. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Full article ">

11 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Trunk-Injected Pesticide Residue for Management of Pine Wilt Disease in Pinus koraiensis

by Min-Jung Kim, Junheon Kim, Nam Sik Yoo and Jong-Kook Jung

Forests 2024, 15(11), 1996; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111996 - 12 Nov 2024

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Abstract

This study focused on the persistence, distribution, and efficacy of trunk-injected pesticides in Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) with regard to controlling pinewood nematodes (PWNs, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). In this study, we compared pesticide residues in [...] Read more.

This study focused on the persistence, distribution, and efficacy of trunk-injected pesticides in Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) with regard to controlling pinewood nematodes (PWNs, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). In this study, we compared pesticide residues in the needles and branches of Korean pine, revealing significant declines in pesticide residues over time after treatments were applied. Notably, abamectin residues decreased from 0.2325 mg/kg to 0.0901 mg/kg in branches over a period of 18 months. In contrast, emamectin benzoate showed a variation in residue decline depending on the formulation, with the residue level in branches decreasing from 0.1220 mg/kg to 0.0328 mg/kg over the same period. From a spatial perspective, the results revealed minimal differences in pesticide residue at varying tree heights, although a decrease in upper canopy residue was observed in some cases. The nematicidal efficacy test demonstrated that none of the treated trees developed PWN symptoms. Overall, the findings suggest that the trunk-injected pesticides abamectin and emamectin benzoate can persist for two years, with the residue levels being sufficient to prevent PWN propagation, even when the levels are below critical inhibition concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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20 pages, 6877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Prototypical Network Model for Classification of Farmland Shelterbelt Using Sentinel-2 Imagery

by Yueting Wang, Qiangzi Li, Hongyan Wang, Yuan Zhang, Xin Du, Yunqi Shen and Yong Dong

Forests 2024, 15(11), 1995; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111995 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 357

Abstract

Farmland shelterbelt plays an important role in protecting farmland and ensuring stable crop yields, and it is mainly distributed in the form of bands and patches; different forms of distribution have different impacts on farmland, which is an important factor affecting crop yields. [...] Read more.

Farmland shelterbelt plays an important role in protecting farmland and ensuring stable crop yields, and it is mainly distributed in the form of bands and patches; different forms of distribution have different impacts on farmland, which is an important factor affecting crop yields. Therefore, high-precision classification of banded and patch farmland shelterbelt is a prerequisite for analyzing its impact on crop yield. In this study, we explored the effectiveness and transferability of an improved Prototypical Network model incorporating data augmentation and a convolutional block attention module for extracting banded and patch farmland shelterbelt in Northeast China, and we analyzed the potential of applying it to the production of large-scale farmland shelterbelt products. Firstly, we classified banded and patch farmland shelterbelt under different sample window sizes using the improved Prototypical Network in the source domain study area to obtain the optimal sample window size and the optimal classification model. Secondly, fine-tuning transfer learning and learning from scratch directly were used to classify the banded and patch farmland shelterbelt in the target domain study area, respectively, to evaluate the extraction model’s migratability. The results showed that classification of farmland shelterbelt using the improved Prototypical Network is very effective, with the highest extraction accuracy under the 5 × 5 sample window; the accuracies of the banded and patch farmland shelterbelt are 92.16% and 90.91%, respectively. Using the fine-tuning transfer learning method in the target domain can classify the banded and patch farmland shelterbelt with high accuracy, above 95% and 89%, respectively. The proposed approach can provide new insight into farmland shelterbelt classification and farmland shelterbelt products obtained from freely accessible Sentinel-2 multispectral images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Challenges, Development and Frontiers of Smart Agriculture and Forestry—2nd Volume)

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