Energies

14 pages, 23646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Clearance on the Rocker Arm Pin on the Steerability and Stability of the Vehicle Motion

by Krzysztof Parczewski and Henryk Wnęk

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7827; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227827 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2261

The article presents an analysis of the impact of a malfunction resulting from excessive clearance on the rocker arm pin of the front suspension on the vehicle’s steerability. The first part of the article presents an analysis of the influence of the clearance [...] Read more.

The article presents an analysis of the impact of a malfunction resulting from excessive clearance on the rocker arm pin of the front suspension on the vehicle’s steerability. The first part of the article presents an analysis of the influence of the clearance on the rocker arm pin on the geometry of the suspension and steering system. The occurrence of forces acting on the rocker arm pin in various phases of the vehicle motion was analyzed. To assess the vehicle’s steering, the vehicle’s response time to sudden steering wheel movement was used. The vehicle’s response time to sudden movement of the steering wheel was used to assess the vehicle’s steerability. The second part presents the results of bench tests and traction tests of a vehicle equipped with a specially made measuring rocker arm with the possibility of simulating a clearance. The tests were carried out on a class B passenger car in selected road tests. The results of measurements obtained for the roadworthy vehicle and the vehicle with the rocker arm with clearance were compared. The influence of the clearance on the rocker arm pin on the change of vehicle steerability in steady and dynamically changing conditions was analyzed. The test results show the effect of clearance on vehicle steering and on the vehicle steerability. The study tried to determine to what extent the clearance on the rocker arm affects the vehicle’s steerability and thus the safety in road traffic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle and Traffic Safety)

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23 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Environmental Aspects of Agriculture in the EU Countries

by Joanna Domagała

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7826; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227826 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3614

Abstract

The analysis of the economic efficiency of agriculture has been the subject of numerous studies. An economically efficient agricultural sector is not always environmentally efficient. Agriculture is a large emitter of greenhouse gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that food production [...] Read more.

The analysis of the economic efficiency of agriculture has been the subject of numerous studies. An economically efficient agricultural sector is not always environmentally efficient. Agriculture is a large emitter of greenhouse gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that food production and agriculture are responsible for 21–37% of total global CO₂ emissions. Due to the comprehensive assessment of the agricultural efficiency, it is worthwhile to apply to its measurement an integrated approach based on economic, energy and environmental aspects. These aspects were the main reasons for undertaking this research. The purpose of the study was to determine the economic, energy and environmental efficiency of agriculture in the EU Member States in 2019. The environmental analyses relate to the period 1990–2019. A total of 26 member states of the European Union (excluding Malta and Luxembourg) were selected for research. The sources of materials were Eurostat and the European Environmental Agency. This study was based on the Data Envelopment Analysis method, and used the DEA model focused on minimizing inputs. The research also adopts energy productivity and greenhouse gas emission efficiency indicators. The DEA model features the following variables: one effect (value of agricultural production) and four inputs (land, labour, use of fertilizers and use of energy). It was found that seven out of the 26 studied EU countries have efficient agriculture. The efficient agriculture group included The Netherlands, Denmark, Greece, Cyprus, the United Kingdom, Italy and Ireland. Based on the DEA method, benchmarks have been defined for countries with inefficient agriculture. On the basis of these benchmarks for inefficient agricultural sectors, it was possible to determine how they could improve efficiency to achieve the same results with fewer inputs. This issue is particularly important in the context of sustainable agricultural development. In the next stage of the research, the analysis of economic and energy efficiency was combined with the analysis of GHG emission efficiency in agriculture. Four groups of countries have been distinguished: eco-efficiency leaders, eco-efficiency followers, environmental slackers, eco-efficiency laggards. The leaders of the classification were The Netherlands, Italy, Greece, Cyprus and Portugal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy and Environmental Economics)

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19 pages, 3155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Comfort and Energy Analysis of a Hybrid Cooling System by Coupling Natural Ventilation with Radiant and Indirect Evaporative Cooling

by Pradeep Shakya, Gimson Ng, Xiaoli Zhou, Yew Wah Wong, Swapnil Dubey and Shunzhi Qian

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7825; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227825 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

A hybrid cooling system which combines natural ventilation with a radiant cooling system for a hot and humid climate was studied. Indirect evaporative cooling was used to produce chilled water at temperatures slightly higher than the dew point. With this hybrid system, the [...] Read more.

A hybrid cooling system which combines natural ventilation with a radiant cooling system for a hot and humid climate was studied. Indirect evaporative cooling was used to produce chilled water at temperatures slightly higher than the dew point. With this hybrid system, the condensation issue on the panel surface of a chilled ceiling was overcome. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed to determine the cooling load and the parameters required for thermal comfort analysis for this hybrid system in an office-sized, well-insulated test room. Upon closer investigation, it was found that the thermal comfort by the hybrid system was acceptable only in limited outdoor conditions. Therefore, the hybrid system with a secondary fresh air supply system was suggested. Furthermore, the energy consumptions of conventional all-air, radiant cooling, and hybrid systems including the secondary air supply system were compared under similar thermal comfort conditions. The predicted results indicated that the hybrid system saves up to 77% and 61% of primary energy when compared with all-air and radiant cooling systems, respectively, while maintaining similar thermal comfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Energy Technology)

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21 pages, 1113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Metric Based on Sensitivity Analysis Applied to Electrical Repowering System

by João R. B. Paiva, Alana S. Magalhães, Pedro H. F. Moraes, Júnio S. Bulhões and Wesley P. Calixto

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7824; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227824 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2116

Abstract

Stability metrics are used to quantify a system’s ability to maintain equilibrium under disturbances. We did not identify the proposition of a stability metric using sensitivity analysis within the literature. This work proposes a system stability metric and its application to an electrical [...] Read more.

Stability metrics are used to quantify a system’s ability to maintain equilibrium under disturbances. We did not identify the proposition of a stability metric using sensitivity analysis within the literature. This work proposes a system stability metric and its application to an electrical repowering system. The methodology for applying the proposed metric comprises: (i) system parameters sensitivity analysis and spider diagram construction, (ii) determining the array containing the line segments inclination angles of each spider diagram curve, and (iii) stability calculation using the array mean and maximum inclination value of a line segment. After simulating the model built for the electrical repowering system and applying the methodology, we obtain results regarding the sensitivity indices and stability values of system inputs relative to their outputs, considering the original system and with reduced parameters. Using the stability study, it was possible to determine different stability categories for the system parameters, which indicates the need for different analysis levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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25 pages, 1826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficient and Disjoint Multipath Using Face Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

by Hyunchong Cho, Seungmin Oh, Yongje Shin and Euisin Lee

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7823; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227823 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1685

Abstract

In WSNs, multipath is well-known as a method to improve the reliability of packet delivery by making multiple routes from a source node to a destination node. To improve reliability and load-balancing, it is important to ensure that disjoint characteristics of multipath do [...] Read more.

In WSNs, multipath is well-known as a method to improve the reliability of packet delivery by making multiple routes from a source node to a destination node. To improve reliability and load-balancing, it is important to ensure that disjoint characteristics of multipath do not use same nodes during path generation. However, when multipath studies encounter a hole area from which is hard to transmit data packets, they have a problem with breaking the disjoint features of multipath. Although existing studies propose various strategies to bypass hole areas, they have side effects that significantly accelerate energy consumption and packet transmission delay. Therefore, to retain the disjoint feature of multipath, we propose a new scheme that can reduce delay and energy consumption for a node near a hole area using two approaches—global joint avoidance and local avoidance. This scheme uses global joint avoidance to generate a new path centered on a hole area and effectively bypasses the hole area. This scheme also uses local joint avoidance that does not select the same nodes during new path generation using a marking process. In simulations, the proposed scheme has an average 30% improvement in terms of average energy consumption and delay time compared to other studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Network Technologies and Renewable Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 11482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Double Layer Mechanism Analysis of PEM Water Electrolysis for Frequency Limitation of Pulsed Currents

by Jae-Hoon Kim, Chang-Yeol Oh, Ki-Ryong Kim, Jong-Pil Lee and Tae-Jin Kim

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7822; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227822 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3320

Abstract

This paper proposes a method for improving hydrogen generation using pulse current in a proton exchange membrane-type electrolyzer (PEMEL). Traditional methods of electrolysis using direct current are known as the simplest approach to produce hydrogen. However, it is highly dependent on environmental variables, [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a method for improving hydrogen generation using pulse current in a proton exchange membrane-type electrolyzer (PEMEL). Traditional methods of electrolysis using direct current are known as the simplest approach to produce hydrogen. However, it is highly dependent on environmental variables, such as the temperature and catalyst used, to enhance the rate of electrolysis. Therefore, we propose electrolysis using a pulse current that can apply several dependent variables rather than environmental variables. The proposed method overcomes the difficulties in selecting the frequency of the pulse current by deriving factors affecting hydrogen generation while changing the concentration generated by the cell interface during the pulsed water-electrolysis process. The correlation between the electrolyzer load and the frequency characteristics was analyzed, and the limit value of the applicable frequency of the pulse current was derived through electrical modeling. In addition, the operating characteristics of PEMEL could be predicted, and the PEMEL using the proposed pulse current was verified through experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage)

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16 pages, 412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prosumers’ Needs Satisfied Due to Cooperation with Offerors in the Context of Attitudes toward Such Cooperation

by Agnieszka Izabela Baruk

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7821; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227821 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1834

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to determine final purchasers’ needs satisfied due to cooperation with offerors and the dependencies between these needs and previous behaviors and attitudes toward this cooperation. The results of the world literature analysis indicate a cognitive and research [...] Read more.

The purpose of this article is to determine final purchasers’ needs satisfied due to cooperation with offerors and the dependencies between these needs and previous behaviors and attitudes toward this cooperation. The results of the world literature analysis indicate a cognitive and research gap regarding the aspects mentioned. In order to reduce the gap, empirical studies were conducted, in which an online questionnaire was used to gather primary data. The research was implemented in the second half of 2020 among 1150 respondents representing Polish adult final purchasers. The data were subjected to quantitative analysis using statistical analysis and statistical testing, including exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis, Pearson chi-square independence test, V-Cramer contingency coefficient analysis, and Kruskal–Wallis test. The results of the statistical analysis made it possible to verify six research hypotheses. Dependencies were found between needs satisfied due to cooperation with offerors and the following aspects: (1) purchasers’ previous participation in cooperation with offerors, (2) purchasers’ willingness to cooperate with offerors, and (3) the assessment of contemporary purchasers’ readiness to cooperate with offerors. Willingness to cooperate with offerors differentiated all eleven needs satisfied due to cooperation with offerors analyzed in this study. Two other variables differentiated only a few of the needs analyzed. The results obtained from the research have a cognitive and applicability value. They contribute to theory of marketing and market behavior. They can also facilitate establishing and strengthening cooperation between offerors and final purchasers as important partners cooperating in the process of creating a marketing offer. This effect is very important in the case of shaping the cooperation between final purchasers and offerors of different products including energy ones. The originality of the approach proposed is evidenced by the fact it is the first time final purchasers’ needs that can be satisfied due to cooperation with offerors have been analyzed in the context of attitudes and behavior reflecting purchasers’ (1) previous participation in this cooperation, (2) willingness to cooperate with offerors, and (3) the assessment of contemporary final purchasers’ readiness to cooperate with offerors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production and Environmentally Responsible Consumption)

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21 pages, 4849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Short-Term Residential Electric Load Forecasting Method Based on Adaptive Load Aggregation and Deep Learning Algorithms

by Tingting Hou, Rengcun Fang, Jinrui Tang, Ganheng Ge, Dongjun Yang, Jianchao Liu and Wei Zhang

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7820; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227820 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2608

Abstract

Short-term residential load forecasting is the precondition of the day-ahead and intra-day scheduling strategy of the household microgrid. Existing short-term electric load forecasting methods are mainly used to obtain regional power load for system-level power dispatch. Due to the high volatility, strong randomness, [...] Read more.

Short-term residential load forecasting is the precondition of the day-ahead and intra-day scheduling strategy of the household microgrid. Existing short-term electric load forecasting methods are mainly used to obtain regional power load for system-level power dispatch. Due to the high volatility, strong randomness, and weak regularity of the residential load of a single household, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the traditional methods forecasting results would be too big to be used for home energy management. With the increase in the total number of households, the aggregated load becomes more and more stable, and the cyclical pattern of the aggregated load becomes more and more distinct. In the meantime, the maximum daily load does not increase linearly with the increase in households in a small area. Therefore, in our proposed short-term residential load forecasting method, an optimal number of households would be selected adaptively, and the total aggregated residential load of the selected households is used for load prediction. In addition, ordering points to identify the clustering structure (OPTICS) algorithm are also selected to cluster households with similar power consumption patterns adaptively. It can be used to enhance the periodic regularity of the aggregated load in alternative. The aggregated residential load and encoded external factors are then used to predict the load in the next half an hour. The long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning algorithm is used in the prediction because of its inherited ability to maintain historical data regularity in the forecasting process. The experimental data have verified the effectiveness and accuracy of our proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Buildings)

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20 pages, 26447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Photovoltaic Development on Decarbonization of Power Generation—Example of Poland

by Grzegorz Lew, Beata Sadowska, Katarzyna Chudy-Laskowska, Grzegorz Zimon and Magdalena Wójcik-Jurkiewicz

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7819; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227819 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3166

Abstract

Climate change is becoming a global problem. In many countries, actions are taken with the main aim of reducing CO₂ emissions. The main action, especially in developed countries, is decarbonization. The European Union has become one of the organizations that plays a [...] Read more.

Climate change is becoming a global problem. In many countries, actions are taken with the main aim of reducing CO₂ emissions. The main action, especially in developed countries, is decarbonization. The European Union has become one of the organizations that plays a leading role in decarbonization of the economy. For this reason, renewable energy sources are being intensively developed in the EU countries. Solar energy with the use of PV installations is developing the fastest. Poland is one of the European leaders in photovoltaic development, and according to estimates for 2021–2025, it will continue to be. The aim of this study was to find out the opinions of people toward actions related to the decarbonization policy in Poland. These opinions were obtained through the prism of respondents’ attitudes toward energy produced by means of PV micro-installations. A questionnaire survey was used in this research. The survey was conducted using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) technique. To analyze the results of the study, a Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test and U–Mann Whitney test were used. Responses were obtained from 633 people. The results obtained from the survey allowed us to draw conclusions, which include the following: (1) a lack of general conviction of respondents about the effectiveness of Poland’s decarbonization policy on reducing global CO₂ emissions, especially among those who show a higher willingness to use PV installations, (2) the willingness to use PV installations is motivated by economic rather than environmental benefits, (3) the need for more widespread public campaigns aimed at promoting the benefits of decarbonization and renewable energy sources, and (4) the finding that the respondents’ region of residence (with a different degree of insolation) mattered for the willingness to use PV installations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Energy, Environment and Well-Being)

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24 pages, 3812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Geologic CO₂ Migration Pathways in Farnsworth Field, NW Anadarko Basin

by Jolante van Wijk, Noah Hobbs, Peter Rose, Michael Mella, Gary Axen and Evan Gragg

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7818; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227818 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2919

Abstract

This study reports on analyses of natural, geologic CO₂ migration paths in Farnsworth Oil Field, northern Texas, where CO₂ was injected into the Pennsylvanian Morrow B reservoir as part of enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration efforts. We interpret 2D and [...] Read more.

This study reports on analyses of natural, geologic CO₂ migration paths in Farnsworth Oil Field, northern Texas, where CO₂ was injected into the Pennsylvanian Morrow B reservoir as part of enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration efforts. We interpret 2D and 3D seismic reflection datasets of the study site, which is located on the western flank of the Anadarko basin, and compare our seismic interpretations with results from a tracer study. Petroleum system models are developed to understand the petroleum system and petroleum- and CO₂-migration pathways. We find no evidence of seismically resolvable faults in Farnsworth Field, but interpret a karst structure, erosional structures, and incised valleys. These interpretations are compared with results of a Morrow B well-to-well tracer study that suggests that inter-well flow is up-dip or lateral. Southeastward fluid flow is inhibited by dip direction, thinning, and draping of the Morrow B reservoir over a deeper, eroded formation. Petroleum system models predict a deep basin-ward increase in temperature and maturation of the source rocks. In the northwestern Anadarko Basin, petroleum migration was generally up-dip with local exceptions; the Morrow B sandstone was likely charged by formations both below and overlying the reservoir rock. Based on this analysis, we conclude that CO₂ escape in Farnsworth Field via geologic pathways such as tectonic faults is unlikely. Abandoned or aged wellbores remain a risk for CO₂ escape from the reservoir formation and deserve further monitoring and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forecasting CO₂ Sequestration with Enhanced Oil Recovery)

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13 pages, 2685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Possibility of Measuring Sludge Sedimentation Using Contrast Detection Characteristics of CdS Photoresistors

by Seong-Min Hong, Hyun-Ook Kim and Choong-Gon Kim

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7817; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227817 - 22 Nov 2021

Viewed by 1883

Abstract

Although operators periodically measure the sludge volume index (SVI) to stabilize the bioreactor and solid–liquid separation during the wastewater treatment process, there is a problem of inconsistency attributed to the subjective judgment of the operator. This study aims to investigate the possibility of [...] Read more.

Although operators periodically measure the sludge volume index (SVI) to stabilize the bioreactor and solid–liquid separation during the wastewater treatment process, there is a problem of inconsistency attributed to the subjective judgment of the operator. This study aims to investigate the possibility of securing objective data by employing CdS (cadmium–sulfur) photoresistors for SVI measurements. The sedimentation velocity of settling sludge was measured using LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights at the same level as the installed CdS photoresistors. As a result of the experiment, the settling velocity of sludge in the CdS photoresistors’ installation position H1 to H8 (non-flocculent settling), H9 to H12 (discrete flocculent settling) and H13 to H18 (zone settling and compressive settling), was 0.594 mm/s, 0.180 mm/s and 0.056 mm/s, respectively. Through this study, it was confirmed that measuring sludge sedimentation using the CdS photoresistors is possible. If the measurement of solid matter in sludge using several sludge sedimentation measurements is enabled in the future, it will be possible to develop calculation algorithms to measure the SVI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Waste for Renewable Energy Resources)

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16 pages, 4798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine with Non-Uniform Tooth Distribution

by Fei Zhao, Mengzhu Cao, Encheng Tao and Liyi Li

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7816; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227816 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2830

Abstract

To improve the torque performance of the permanent magnet vernier machine in the direct-drive system for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), this paper proposes the topology of non-uniform tooth distribution. This distribution, considering the additional flux harmonics, aims to contribute to torque improvement, whereas [...] Read more.

To improve the torque performance of the permanent magnet vernier machine in the direct-drive system for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), this paper proposes the topology of non-uniform tooth distribution. This distribution, considering the additional flux harmonics, aims to contribute to torque improvement, whereas the cogging torque also increases at the same time. A phasors method is proposed to solve the issue caused by the non-uniform structure, adjusting the mechanic angle of each tooth reasonably to restrict the cogging torque. In addition, the non-uniform design is illustrated in detail, which includes the method of grouping the teeth, considering the factors of series pole ratio and winding layout. By using the three-dimensional finite element method, torque is significantly increased without additional torque ripple, which satisfies the desired design target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All-Electric Propulsion Technology for Electrified Aviation)

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18 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prioritization of Contracting Methods for Water and Wastewater Projects Using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Method

by Hadi Sarvari, Daniel W. M. Chan, Behrouz Ashrafi, Timothy O. Olawumi and Nerija Banaitiene

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7815; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227815 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2393

Abstract

This study uses the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) method to prioritize contracting methods to determine the most suitable contract option for water and wastewater projects (WWP). Content analysis, a two-round Delphi survey technique, and a series of validation and reliability tests helped [...] Read more.

This study uses the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) method to prioritize contracting methods to determine the most suitable contract option for water and wastewater projects (WWP). Content analysis, a two-round Delphi survey technique, and a series of validation and reliability tests helped establish the 18 key criteria for FAHP analysis. Consequently, data collected from experts through a pairwise comparison questionnaire form the basis for the inputs for the FAHP analysis. Consequently, the final weightings were derived for each of the key criteria and available contracting methods. The results indicate that the bilateral, cooperative, and trilateral contracting methods are the most suitable for WWP in Iran, with the highest weighting. The study provides useful guidance for the top management of project firms in selecting the optimal contracting method for their projects and offers significant contributions from theoretical and practical perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Project Management 2021)

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10 pages, 1846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Study of Pt-Based Bifunctional Oxygen Evolution & Reduction Electrocatalyst: Interplay of Strain and Ligand Effects

by Seung-hoon Kim, Yoonmook Kang and Hyung Chul Ham

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7814; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227814 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3019

Abstract

We examined the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of Pt-based Pt₃M/Pt nanoalloy catalysts (where M represents a 3d transition metal) for bifunctional electrocatalysts using spin-polarized density functional theory calculations. First, the stability of the Pt₃M/Pt [...] Read more.

We examined the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of Pt-based Pt₃M/Pt nanoalloy catalysts (where M represents a 3d transition metal) for bifunctional electrocatalysts using spin-polarized density functional theory calculations. First, the stability of the Pt₃M/Pt catalyst was investigated by calculating the bulk formation energy and surface separation energy. Using the calculated adsorption energies for the OER/ORR intermediates in the modeled catalysts, we predicted the OER/ORR overpotentials and potential limiting steps for each catalyst. The origins of the enhanced catalytic reactivity in Pt₃M/Pt catalysts caused by strain and ligand effects are explained separately. In addition, compared to Pt(111), the OER and ORR activities in a Pt₃Ni/Pt_skin catalyst with a Pt skin layer were increased by 13.7% and 18.4%, respectively, due to the strain and ligand effects. It was confirmed that compressive strain and ligand effects are key factors in improving the catalytic performance of OER/ORR bifunctional catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Nanocrystal Solar Cells)

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27 pages, 11313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Expansion Planning of the Transmission Network in India under Multi-Dimensional Uncertainty

by Spyros Giannelos, Anjali Jain, Stefan Borozan, Paola Falugi, Alexandre Moreira, Rohit Bhakar, Jyotirmay Mathur and Goran Strbac

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7813; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227813 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3203

Abstract

Considerable investment in India’s electricity system may be required in the coming decades in order to help accommodate the expected increase of renewables capacity as part of the country’s commitment to decarbonize its energy sector. In addition, electricity demand is geared to significantly [...] Read more.

Considerable investment in India’s electricity system may be required in the coming decades in order to help accommodate the expected increase of renewables capacity as part of the country’s commitment to decarbonize its energy sector. In addition, electricity demand is geared to significantly increase due to the ongoing electrification of the transport sector, the growing population, and the improving economy. However, the multi-dimensional uncertainty surrounding these aspects gives rise to the prospect of stranded investments and underutilized network assets, rendering investment decision making challenging for network planners. In this work, a stochastic optimization model is applied to the transmission network in India to identify the optimal expansion strategy in the period from 2020 until 2060, considering conventional network reinforcements as well as energy storage investments. An advanced Nested Benders decomposition algorithm was used to overcome the complexity of the multistage stochastic optimization problem. The model additionally considers the uncertainty around the future investment cost of energy storage. The case study shows that deployment of energy storage is expected on a wide scale across India as it provides a range of benefits, including strategic investment flexibility and increased output from renewables, thereby reducing total expected system costs; this economic benefit of planning with energy storage under uncertainty is quantified as Option Value and is found to be in excess of GBP 12.9 bn. The key message of this work is that under potential high integration of wind and solar in India, there is significant economic benefit associated with the wide-scale deployment of storage in the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities in the Integration of Solar Photovoltaics in Developing Countries)

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14 pages, 3893 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Archimedes Screw Design: An Analytical Model for Rapid Estimation of Archimedes Screw Geometry

by Arash YoosefDoost and William David Lubitz

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7812; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227812 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10203

Abstract

In designing Archimedes screws, determination of the geometry is among the fundamental questions that may affect many aspects of the Archimedes screw powerplant. Most plants are run-of-river and highly depend on local flow duration curves that vary from river to river. An ability [...] Read more.

In designing Archimedes screws, determination of the geometry is among the fundamental questions that may affect many aspects of the Archimedes screw powerplant. Most plants are run-of-river and highly depend on local flow duration curves that vary from river to river. An ability to rapidly produce realistic estimations for the initial design of a site-specific Archimedes screw plant helps to facilitate and accelerate the optimization of the powerplant design. An analytical method in the form of a single equation was developed to rapidly and easily estimate the Archimedes screw geometry for a specific site. This analytical equation was developed based on the accepted, proved or reported common designs characteristics of Archimedes screws. It was then evaluated by comparison of equation predictions to existing Archimedes screw hydropower plant installations. The evaluation results indicate a high correlation and reasonable relative difference. Use of the equation eliminates or simplifies several design steps and loops and accelerates the development of initial design estimations of Archimedes screw generators dramatically. Moreover, it helps to dramatically reduce one of the most significant burdens of small projects: the nonscalable initial investigation costs and enables rapid estimation of the feasibility of Archimedes screw powerplants at many potential sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Conversion System – Small Hydropower Plants)

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Required parameters to define the geometry of Archimedes screws [<a href="#B18-energies-14-07812" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B28-energies-14-07812" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. Full article ">Figure 2
Required parameters to define the effective area. Full article ">Figure 3
Comparison of Equation (14) results for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>δ</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and different <math display="inline"><semantics> <mo>σ</mo> </semantics></math> values. Full article ">Figure 4
Equation (16) results for the whole range of the dimensionless inlet depth of the screw (Ξ) values in comparison with the currently installed AST designs of <a href="#energies-14-07812-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>. Full article ">Figure 5
Comparison of Equation (16) results with Dragomirescu [<a href="#B17-energies-14-07812" class="html-bibr">17</a>] and the other Archimedes screw installations (<a href="#energies-14-07812-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). Full article ">Figure 6
A fast and easy analytical method for designing Archimedes screws. Full article ">

16 pages, 5740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Electromagnetic Design of a Fully Superconducting Generator for Wind Application

by Yingzhen Liu, Francesco Grilli, Jiwei Cao, Liyi Li, Chengming Zhang, Mingyi Wang, Fengyu Xu, Jingbo Lin and Mathias Noe

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7811; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227811 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2791

Abstract

A fully superconducting wind generator employs superconductors in stator and rotor to enable high torque density and low weight, that is, enable an ultra-light electric machine for wind application. However, the level of the AC loss of the stator armature coils is a [...] Read more.

A fully superconducting wind generator employs superconductors in stator and rotor to enable high torque density and low weight, that is, enable an ultra-light electric machine for wind application. However, the level of the AC loss of the stator armature coils is a critical issue, which lacks investigations in the design of the fully superconducting generators. In this paper, an in-house model was developed to analyze the potential of a fully superconducting generator by integrating the electromagnetic design with the AC loss estimation. The electromagnetic model was made through analytical equations, which take into consideration the geometry, the magnetic properties of iron, and the nonlinear E–J constitutive law of superconductors. Since the permeability of iron materials and the critical current of the superconductors depend on the magnetic field, an iteration process was proposed to find their operating points for every electromagnetic design. The AC loss estimation was carried out through finite element software based on the T–A formulation of Maxwell’s equations instead of analytical equations, due to the complexity of magnetic fields, currents and rotation. The results demonstrate that the design approach is viable and efficient, and is therefore useful for the preliminary design of the generator. In addition, it is found that smaller tape width, larger distance between the superconducting coils in the same slot, smaller coil number in one slot and lower working temperature can reduce the AC loss of the stator coils, but the reduction of the AC loss needs careful design to achieve an optimum solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machine Design 2021)

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31 pages, 4412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Techniques in the Energy Consumption of Buildings: A Systematic Literature Review Using Text Mining and Bibliometric Analysis

by Ahmed Abdelaziz, Vitor Santos and Miguel Sales Dias

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7810; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227810 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4162

Abstract

The high level of energy consumption of buildings is significantly influencing occupant behavior changes towards improved energy efficiency. This paper introduces a systematic literature review with two objectives: to understand the more relevant factors affecting energy consumption of buildings and to find the [...] Read more.

The high level of energy consumption of buildings is significantly influencing occupant behavior changes towards improved energy efficiency. This paper introduces a systematic literature review with two objectives: to understand the more relevant factors affecting energy consumption of buildings and to find the best intelligent computing (IC) methods capable of classifying and predicting energy consumption of different types of buildings. Adopting the PRISMA method, the paper analyzed 822 manuscripts from 2013 to 2020 and focused on 106, based on title and abstract screening and on manuscripts with experiments. A text mining process and a bibliometric map tool (VOS viewer) were adopted to find the most used terms and their relationships, in the energy and IC domains. Our approach shows that the terms “consumption,” “residential,” and “electricity” are the more relevant terms in the energy domain, in terms of the ratio of important terms (TITs), whereas “cluster” is the more commonly used term in the IC domain. The paper also shows that there are strong relations between “Residential Energy Consumption” and “Electricity Consumption,” “Heating” and “Climate. Finally, we checked and analyzed 41 manuscripts in detail, summarized their major contributions, and identified several research gaps that provide hints for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Network Technologies and Renewable Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 3212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Mesoporous γ-Alumina Support for Water Composite Sorbents for Low Temperature Sorption Heat Storage

by Manca Ocvirk, Alenka Ristić and Nataša Zabukovec Logar

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7809; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227809 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

The efficiency of thermochemical heat storage is crucially determined by the performance of the sorbent used, which includes a high sorption capacity and a low regeneration temperature. The thermochemical salt hydrate– γ-alumina composite sorbents are promising materials for this application but lack systematic [...] Read more.

The efficiency of thermochemical heat storage is crucially determined by the performance of the sorbent used, which includes a high sorption capacity and a low regeneration temperature. The thermochemical salt hydrate– γ-alumina composite sorbents are promising materials for this application but lack systematic study of the influence of γ-alumina structural properties on the final storage performance. In this study, mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ supports were prepared by solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis containing a block copolymer (F-127) surfactant to design thermochemical CaCl₂ and LiCl composite water sorbents. Altering the solvent in the synthesis has a significant effect on the structural properties of the γ-Al₂O₃ mesostructure, which was monitored by powder XRD, nitrogen physisorption, and SEM. Solvothermal synthesis led to a formation of mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ with higher specific surface area (213 m²/g) and pore volume (0.542 g/cm³) than hydrothermal synthesis (147 m²/g; 0.414 g/cm³). The highest maximal water sorption capacity (2.87 g/g) and heat storage density (5.17 GJ/m³) was determined for W-46-LiCl containing 15 wt% LiCl for space heating, while the best storage performance in the sense of fast kinetics of sorption, without sorption hysteresis, low desorption temperature, very good cycling stability, and energy storage density of 1.26 GJ/m³ was achieved by W-46-CaCl₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Thermal Energy Storage: Materials and Technologies)

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20 pages, 7309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concept Design of a High-Voltage Electrostatic Sanitizer to Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Coronavirus

by Vahid Behjat, Afshin Rezaei-Zare, Issouf Fofana and Ali Naderian

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7808; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227808 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3150

Abstract

In addition to public health measures, including social distancing, masking, cleaning, surface disinfection, etc., ventilation and air filtration can be a key component of a multi-pronged risk mitigation strategy against COVID-19 transmission indoors. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) have already proved their high performance in [...] Read more.

In addition to public health measures, including social distancing, masking, cleaning, surface disinfection, etc., ventilation and air filtration can be a key component of a multi-pronged risk mitigation strategy against COVID-19 transmission indoors. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) have already proved their high performance in fluid filtration, particularly in industrial applications, to control exhaust gas emissions and remove fine and superfine particles from the flowing gas, using high-voltage electrostatic fields and forces. In this contribution, a high-voltage electrostatic sanitizer (ESS), based on the electrostatic precipitation concept, is proposed as a supportive measure to reduce indoor air infection and prevent the spread of COVID-19 coronavirus. The finite element method (FEM) is used to model and simulate the proposed ESS, taking into account three main mechanisms involving in electrostatic sanitization, namely electrostatic field, airflow, and aerosol charging and tracing, which are mutually coupled to each other and occur simultaneously during the sanitization process. To consider the capability of the designed ESS in capturing superfine particles, functional parameters of the developed ESS, such as air velocity, electric potential, and space charge density, inside the ESS are investigated using the developed FEM model. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the designed ESS in capturing aerosols containing coronavirus, precipitating suspended viral particles, and trapping them in oppositely charged electrode plates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Energy Related Technologies in Canada 2020-2021)

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27 pages, 6370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Turbine Design and Optimization for a Supercritical CO₂ Cycle Using a Multifaceted Approach Based on Deep Neural Network

by Muhammad Saeed, Abdallah S. Berrouk, Burhani M. Burhani, Ahmed M. Alatyar and Yasser F. Al Wahedi

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7807; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227807 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3643

Abstract

Turbine as a key power unit is vital to the novel supercritical carbon dioxide cycle (sCO₂-BC). At the same time, the turbine design and optimization process for the sCO₂-BC is complicated, and its relevant investigations are still absent in [...] Read more.

Turbine as a key power unit is vital to the novel supercritical carbon dioxide cycle (sCO₂-BC). At the same time, the turbine design and optimization process for the sCO₂-BC is complicated, and its relevant investigations are still absent in the literature due to the behavior of supercritical fluid in the vicinity of the critical point. In this regard, the current study entails a multifaceted approach for designing and optimizing a radial turbine system for an 8 MW sCO₂ power cycle. Initially, a base design of the turbine is calculated utilizing an in-house radial turbine design and analysis code (RTDC), where sharp variations in the properties of CO₂ are implemented by coupling the code with NIST’s Refprop. Later, 600 variants of the base geometry of the turbine are constructed by changing the selected turbine design geometric parameters, i.e., shroud ratio

(\frac{r_{s 4}}{r_{3}})

, hub ratio

(\frac{r_{s 4}}{r_{3}})

, speed ratio (

ν_{s}

) and inlet flow angle

(α_{3})

and are investigated numerically through 3D-RANS simulations. The generated CFD data is then used to train a deep neural network (DNN). Finally, the trained DNN model is employed as a fitting function in the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to explore the optimized design parameters for the turbine’s rotor geometry. Moreover, the off-design performance of the optimized turbine geometry is computed and reported in the current study. Results suggest that the employed multifaceted approach reduces computational time and resources significantly and is required to completely understand the effects of various turbine design parameters on its performance and sizing. It is found that sCO₂-turbine performance parameters are most sensitive to the design parameter speed ratio (

ν_{s}

), followed by inlet flow angle

(α_{3})

, and are least receptive to shroud ratio (

\frac{r_{s 4}}{r_{3}}

). The proposed turbine design methodology based on the machine learning algorithm is effective and substantially reduces the computational cost of the design and optimization phase and can be beneficial to achieve realistic and efficient design to the turbine for sCO₂-BC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Turbomachinery in Renewable Energy and Waste Heat Recovery)

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31 pages, 1932 KiB

Open AccessReview

Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Panel: A Review and Experimental Applications

by Mohamed Derbeli, Cristian Napole, Oscar Barambones, Jesus Sanchez, Isidro Calvo and Pablo Fernández-Bustamante

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7806; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227806 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4711

Abstract

This article contains a review of essential control techniques for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to be applied in photovoltaic (PV) panel systems. These devices are distinguished by their capability to transform solar energy into electricity without emissions. Nevertheless, the efficiency can be [...] Read more.

This article contains a review of essential control techniques for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to be applied in photovoltaic (PV) panel systems. These devices are distinguished by their capability to transform solar energy into electricity without emissions. Nevertheless, the efficiency can be enhanced provided that a suitable MPPT algorithm is well designed to obtain the maximum performance. From the analyzed MPPT algorithms, four different types were chosen for an experimental evaluation over a commercial PV system linked to a boost converter. As the reference that corresponds to the maximum power is depended on the irradiation and temperature, an artificial neural network (ANN) was used as a reference generator where a high accuracy was achieved based on real data. This was used as a tool for the implementation of sliding mode controller (SMC), fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and model predictive control (MPC). The outcomes allowed different conclusions where each controller has different advantages and disadvantages depending on the various factors related to hardware and software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Implementation of Control Schemes for Wave Energy Systems)

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27 pages, 7551 KiB

Open AccessReview

Losses in Efficiency Maps of Electric Vehicles: An Overview

by Emad Roshandel, Amin Mahmoudi, Solmaz Kahourzade, Amirmehdi Yazdani and GM Shafiullah

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7805; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227805 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7801

Abstract

In some applications such as electric vehicles, electric motors should operate in a wide torque and speed ranges. An efficiency map is the contour plot of the maximum efficiency of an electric machine in torque-speed plane. It is used to provide an overview [...] Read more.

In some applications such as electric vehicles, electric motors should operate in a wide torque and speed ranges. An efficiency map is the contour plot of the maximum efficiency of an electric machine in torque-speed plane. It is used to provide an overview on the performance of an electric machine when operates in different operating points. The electric machine losses in different torque and speed operating points play a prominent role in the efficiency of the machines. In this paper, an overview about the change of various loss components in torque-speed envelope of the electric machines is rendered to show the role and significance of each loss component in a wide range of torque and speeds. The research gaps and future research subjects based on the conducted review are reported. The role and possibility of the utilization of the computational intelligence-based modeling of the losses in improvement of the loss estimation is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Intelligence-Based Modeling, Control, Estimation, and Optimization in Electrical Motor/Drive, Renewable Energy, and Power Systems)

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19 pages, 6136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Analysis of Elements of an Adsorption Chiller with Desalination Function

by Karol Sztekler, Tomasz Siwek, Wojciech Kalawa, Lukasz Lis, Lukasz Mika, Ewelina Radomska and Wojciech Nowak

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7804; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227804 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2254

Abstract

This paper presents the results of numerical tests on the elements of an adsorption chiller that comprises a sorption chamber with a bed, a condenser, and an evaporator. The simulation is based on the data and geometry of a prototype refrigeration appliance. The [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of numerical tests on the elements of an adsorption chiller that comprises a sorption chamber with a bed, a condenser, and an evaporator. The simulation is based on the data and geometry of a prototype refrigeration appliance. The simulation of this problem is unique and has not yet been performed, and so far, no simulation of the phenomena occurring in the systems on a real scale has been carried out. The presented results are part of the research covering the entire spectrum of designing an adsorption chiller. The full process of numerical modeling of thermal and flow phenomena taking place in the abovementioned components is presented. The computational mesh sensitivity analysis combined in the k-ε turbulence model was performed. To verify and validate the numerical results obtained, they were compared with the results of tests carried out on a laboratory stand at the AGH Center of Energy. The results of numerical calculations are in good agreement with the results of the experimental tests. The maximum deviation between the pressure obtained experimentally and by simulations is 1.8%, while for temperatures this deviation is no more than 0.5%. The results allow the identification of problems and their sources, which allows for future structural modifications to optimize the operation of the device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Desalination and Cooling Systems: Advances in Design, Modeling and Performance)

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26 pages, 3346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State Transitions Logical Design for Hybrid Energy Generation with Renewable Energy Sources in LNG Ship

by Michael E. Stamatakis and Maria G. Ioannides

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7803; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227803 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2633

Abstract

In terms of energy generation and consumption, ships are autonomous and isolated power systems with energy requirements related to the type and kind of power demands and according to ship types: passenger ships, or commercial ships. Power supply on ships is traditionally based [...] Read more.

In terms of energy generation and consumption, ships are autonomous and isolated power systems with energy requirements related to the type and kind of power demands and according to ship types: passenger ships, or commercial ships. Power supply on ships is traditionally based on engines thermal generators, which use fossil fuels, diesel, or natural gas. Due to the continuous operation of thermal generators in ships, this ends up increasing polluting gas emissions for the environment, mainly CO₂. A combination of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) with traditional ship thermal engines can reduce CO₂ emissions, resulting in a ‘greener’ interaction between ships and the environment. Due to the varying power needs for ship operation, considering the varying nature of load demands during long distance travels and during harbor entry, the use of RES must be evaluated. This paper presents a new control method to balance LNG ship load demands and power generation from RES, based on an accurate model and solution in real conditions. The Energy Management System (EMS) is designed and implemented in a Finite State Machine structure using the logical design of state transitions. The results prove that the reduction of consumption of fossil fuels is feasible, and, if this is combined with RES, it reduces CO₂ emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient Motion Drive Systems and Wind Energy Generating Units with Electrical Machines for Sustainability)

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16 pages, 5985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Fuzzy CMAC Sliding Mode Trajectory Tracking for Biaxial Position System

by Wei-Lung Mao, Yu-Ying Chiu, Bing-Hong Lin, Wei-Cheng Sun and Jian-Fu Tang

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7802; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227802 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1695

Abstract

High-precision trajectory control is considered as an important factor in the performance of industrial two-axis contour motion systems. This research presents an adaptive direct fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) sliding mode control (DFCMACSMC) for the precise control of the industrial XY-axis motion [...] Read more.

High-precision trajectory control is considered as an important factor in the performance of industrial two-axis contour motion systems. This research presents an adaptive direct fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) sliding mode control (DFCMACSMC) for the precise control of the industrial XY-axis motion system. The FCMAC was utilized to approximate an ideal controller, and the weights of FCMAC were on-line tuned by the derived adaptive law based on the Lyapunov criterion. With this derivation in mind, the asymptotic stability of the developed motion system could be guaranteed. The two-axis stage system was experimentally investigated using four contours, namely, circle, bowknot, heart, and star reference contours. The experimental results indicate that the proposed DFCMACSMC method achieved the improved tracking capability, and so reveal that the DFCMACSMC scheme outperformed other schemes of the model uncertainties and cross-coupling interference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Permanent Magnet Electrical Machines)

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21 pages, 6001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Frequency Regulation System: A Deep Learning Identification, Type-3 Fuzzy Control and LMI Stability Analysis

by Ayman A. Aly, Bassem F. Felemban, Ardashir Mohammadzadeh, Oscar Castillo and Andrzej Bartoszewicz

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7801; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227801 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2212

Abstract

In this paper, the problem of frequency regulation in the multi-area power systems with demand response, energy storage system (ESS) and renewable energy generators is studied. Dissimilarly to most studies in this field, the dynamics of all units in all areas are considered [...] Read more.

In this paper, the problem of frequency regulation in the multi-area power systems with demand response, energy storage system (ESS) and renewable energy generators is studied. Dissimilarly to most studies in this field, the dynamics of all units in all areas are considered to be unknown. Furthermore time-varying solar radiation, wind speed dynamics, multiple load changes, demand response (DR), and ESS are considered. A novel dynamic fractional-order model based on restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and deep learning contrastive divergence (CD) algorithm is presented for online identification. The controller is designed by the dynamic estimated model, error feedback controller and interval type-3 fuzzy logic compensator (IT3-FLC). The gains of error feedback controller and tuning rules of the estimated dynamic model are extracted through the fractional-order stability analysis by the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. The superiority of a schemed controller in contrast to the type-1 and type-2 FLCs is demonstrated in various conditions, such as time-varying wind speed, solar radiation, multiple load changes, and perturbed dynamics. Full article

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17 pages, 3717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance-Based Navigation Flight Path Analysis Using Fast-Time Simulation

by Daniel A. Pamplona, Alexandre G. de Barros and Claudio J. P. Alves

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7800; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227800 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4463

Abstract

The growing demand for air transportation has led to an increase in worldwide air traffic inefficiency due to capacity constraints. The impacts associated with this situation can be reduced through operational changes. To better handle the problem, the Single European Sky ATM Research [...] Read more.

The growing demand for air transportation has led to an increase in worldwide air traffic inefficiency due to capacity constraints. The impacts associated with this situation can be reduced through operational changes. To better handle the problem, the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) and the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) program suggest Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) as a solution. The Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) approaches belong to the group of PBN procedures. These procedures allow for a more efficient use of airspace by reducing route distances, fuel consumption and perceived aircraft noise. This article quantifies the benefits of PBN systems for two indicator parameters—fuel burn and flight time—and compares PBN systems to conventional instrument navigation procedures. The case studies use five airports in Brazil. The results of this analysis show that the benefits of the PBN approach vary with aircraft type and individual route characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Transport Systems Optimization)

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2 pages, 196 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

High-Capacity Cells and Batteries for Electric Vehicles

by Lluc Canals Casals, Marcel Macarulla and Alberto Gómez-Núñez

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7799; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227799 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1635

Abstract

The automotive sector is rapidly accelerating its transformation towards electric mobility, and electric vehicle (EV) sales have been increasing year after year since the beginning of the decade [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Capacity Cells and Batteries for Electric Vehicles)

16 pages, 5244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation and Control of Six-Phase Induction Motor Driven by a Three-Phase Supply

by Mohamed I. Abdelwanis, Essam M. Rashad, Ibrahim B. M. Taha and Fathalla F. Selim

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7798; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227798 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5204

Abstract

This paper is interested in implementing and controlling a modified six-phase induction motor (MSPIM) when fed from a three-phase supply either via an inverter or with a direct grid connection loaded by a centrifugal pump. The main aims of using the MSPIM are [...] Read more.

This paper is interested in implementing and controlling a modified six-phase induction motor (MSPIM) when fed from a three-phase supply either via an inverter or with a direct grid connection loaded by a centrifugal pump. The main aims of using the MSPIM are to enhance motor reliability and reduce torque pulsation. A three-to-six phase transformer has been designed, implemented, and employed to enable the SPIM to be driven from a three-phase supply. It is preferable to use the three-to-six phase transformers integrated with three-phase inverter on using the six-phase inverter to generate lower values of harmonics and lower steady-state error of speed and reduce the starting current and because also it isolates the primary circuit from the secondary, and the cost will be lower compared to the design of a special six-phase inverter. Dynamic models of SPIM, three-to-six phase transformer, and three-phase variable speed drive are derived. Then, a scalar (V/F) closed-loop control of SPIM is employed, and the results are discussed. Fine-tuning of PID controllers is used to keep the motor speed tracking the reference value. A low pass filter is connected to reduce the ripple of voltage and current waveforms. An experimental setup has been built and implemented to check the possibility of controlling SPIM by a variable speed drive system fed from a three-to-six phase transformer. It is found that the proposed method can be effectively used to drive the SPIM from a three-phase supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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