Determination of Motivating Factors of Urban Forest Visitors through Latent Dirichlet Allocation Topic Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Urban Forests
2.2. Motivations to Visit Urban Forests
2.3. Usefulness of Big Data
3. Methodology
3.1. Site Selection and Sampling (Web Crawling)
3.2. Data Pre-Processing (Text Mining)
3.2.1. Noisy and Incomplete Data Cleaning
3.2.2. Morpheme Analysis and Stop Word Elimination
3.2.3. LDA Topic Modeling
4. Results
4.1. Motivating Factors of Urban Forest Visitors (LDA Topic Modeling)
4.2. Interpretation for the Motivating Factors
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- UN DESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN. 2018. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). The Principal Laws Relating to USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Programs. For. Serv. 2011, 758, 1–71. Available online: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5315811.pdf (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- Vogt, J. Urban Forests: Biophysical Features and Benefits. Encycl. World’s Biomes 2020, 5, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistics Korea Press Release. 2020 Social Survey Results: Family, Education and Training, Health, Crime and Safety, Living Environment. Statistics Korea, 2020. Available online: https://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/1/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=386249&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&searchInfo=&sTarget=title&sTxt= (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- Korea Law Information Center. Act on the Creation and Management of Urban Forests. KLIC, 2020. Available online: https://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?section=&menuId=1&subMenuId=15&tabMenuId=81&eventGubun=060101&query=%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%88%B2 (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- Choi, Y.S.; Lim, K.U. The effects of tourism motivation on satisfaction and behavior intention in natural recreation forest. Int. J. Res. Tour. Hosp. 2017, 31, 63–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.O.; Kim, S.M. Jangseong Pyunbaek Healing Forest (JPHF) Visitors: Socio-demographic Characteristics, Use Patterns and Motivational Factors by Types of Visitors. J. Korean Soc. Environ. Ecol. 2018, 32, 203–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nam, E.K.; Lee, S.K. The Influences of the Tourism Motivation on the Perceived Value and Satisfaction of Healing Forest Visitor. Int. J. Tour. Hosp. Res. 2015, 29, 79–93. Available online: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeld=NODE06643383 (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- Pan, S.; Ryan, C. Mountain Areas and Visitor Usage–Motivations and Determinants of Satisfaction: The Case of Pirongia Forest Park, New Zealand. J. Sustain. Tour. 2007, 15, 288–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.C.; Lin, J.C.; Liu, W.Y.; Lin, C.C.; Ko, S.H. Investigation of visitors’ motivation, satisfaction and cognition on urban forest parks in Taiwan. J. For. Res. 2016, 21, 261–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnberger, A.; Eder, R. Are urban visitors’ general preferences for green-spaces similar to their preferences when seeking stress relief. J. Urban For. Urban Green. 2015, 14, 872–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- French, J.R.J. The Concept of Urban Forestry. J. Aust. For. 1975, 38, 177–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jim, Y.C.; Shan, X. Socioeconomic effect on perception of urban green spaces in Guangzhou, China. Cities 2013, 31, 123–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korea Forest Service. Forest Healing in the World and Overseas Forest Healing Trends at a Glance. National Institute of Forest Science Research Data, 2020. Available online: https://nifos.forest.go.kr/kfsweb/kfs/subIdx/Index.do?mn=UKFR (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- Narangajavana, Y.; Fiol, L.J.C.; Tena, M.Á.M.; Artola, R.M.R.; García, J.S. The influence of social media in creating expectations. An empirical study for a tourist destination. Ann. Tour. Res. 2017, 65, 60–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hammitt, W.E. The Relation between Being Away and Privacy in Urban Forest Recreation Environments. J. Environ. Behav. 2000, 32, 521–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Li, F.; Xu, L.; Han, B. The impact of socio-demographic, environmental, and individual factors on urban park visitation in Beijing, China. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 163, 181–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhai, Y.; Baran, P.K.; Wu, C. Spatial distributions and use patterns of user groups in urban forest parks: An examination utilizing GPS tracker. J. Urban For. Urban Green. 2018, 35, 32–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.; Lee, S.; Uysal, M.; Kim, J.; Ahn, K. Nature-Based Tourism: Motivation and Subjective Well-Being. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2015, 32, 76–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stigsdotter, K.U.; Grahn, P. Stressed individuals’ preferences for activities and environmental characteristics in green spaces. J. Urban For. Urban Green. 2011, 10, 295–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uysal, M.; McDonald, C.D.; Martin, B.S. Australian visitors to US national parks and national area. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 1994, 6, 18–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Confer, J.J.; Vogelsong, H.G.; Graefe, A.R.; Solan, D.S. Relationships between motivations and recreation activity preferences among delaware state park visitors: An exploratory analysis. J. USDA. For. Serv. 1997, 232, 146–153. Available online: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19981806935 (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- Pyo, S.; Mihalik, B.J.; Uysal, M. Attraction attributes and motivations: A canonical correlation analysis. Ann. Tour. Res. 1989, 16, 277–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, Z.; Gretzel, U. Role of social media in online travel information search. J. Tour. Manag. 2010, 31, 179–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, B.; Gerritsen, R. What do we know about social media in tourism? A review. J. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2014, 10, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amaro, S.; Duarte, P.; Henriques, C. Travelers’ use of social media: A clustering approach. Ann. Res. Tour. 2016, 59, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dwevedi, R.; Krishna, V.; Kumar, A. Environment and Big Data: Role in Smart Cities of India. Resources 2018, 7, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hudson, S.; Thal, K. The Impact of Social Media on the Consumer Decision Process: Implications for Tourism Marketing. J. Travel. Tour. Mark. 2013, 30, 156–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borgatti, S.P.; Mehra, A.; Brass, D.J.; Labianca, G. Network analysis in the social sciences. J. Sci. 2009, 323, 892–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, S.; Zhang, C.; Yang, Q. Data preparation for data mining. Appl. Artif. Intell. 2003, 17, 375–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blei, D.M.; Ng, A.Y.; Jordan, M.I. Latent Dirichlet Allocation. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 2003, 3, 993–1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Porter, K. Analyzing the Dark Net Markets subreddit for evolutions of tools and trends using LDA topic modeling. Digit. Investig. 2018, 26, 87–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graneheim, U.H.; Lundman, B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ. Today 2004, 24, 105–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mimno, D.; Wallach, H.M.; Talley, E.; Leenders, M.; McCallum, A. Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 2011, 262–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, S.H.; Yoon, W.C. An alternative topic model based on Common Interest Authors for topic evolution analysis. J. Informetr. 2020, 14, 101040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suominen, A.; Toivanen, H. Map of science with topic modeling: Comparison of unsupervised learning and human-assigned subject classification. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2016, 67, 2464–2476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Witten, I.H.; Frank, E.; Hall, M.A. Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 3rd ed.; Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: Burlington, MA, USA, 2011; ISBN 9780123748560. [Google Scholar]
- Yau, C.K.; Porter, A.; Newman, N.; Suominen, A. Clustering scientific documents with topic modeling. Scientometrics 2014, 100, 767–786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Y.Q.; Pan, S.M.; Liu, S.X.; Zhou, M.X.; Qian, W.H. Topic and keyword re-ranking for LDA-based topic modeling. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Hong Kong, China, 2–6 November 2009; Volume 2, pp. 1757–1760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.J.; John, J.O.; KIM, S.W.; Kim, S.T. A Big-Data Analysis of Presidential Issue Ownership of two Prestigious Korean Newspapers: Focusing on LDA (Latent Dirichlet allocation) Topic Modeling. J. Political Sci. Commun. 2017, 20, 25–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, S. Leisure Motivation and Satisfaction: A Text Mining of Yoga Centres, Yoga Consumers, and Their Interactions. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Koo, J.C.; Park, M.S.; Youn, Y.C. Preferences of urban dwellers on urban forest recreational services in South Korea. J. Urban For. Urban Green. 2013, 12, 200–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.J.; Hong, J.Y.; Kwak, D.A. Overseas Cases of Medical Linkage Services Using Forest Resources; National Institute of Forest Science: Seoul, Korea, 2020; Available online: http://know.nifos.go.kr/book/search/DetailView.ax?sid=4&cid=174219 (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- Gianfredi, V.; Buffoli, M.; Rebecchi, A.; Croci, R.; Oradini-A, A.; Stirparo, G.; Marino, A.; Odone, A.; Capolongo, S.; Signorelli, C. Association between Urban Greenspace and Health: A Systematic Review of Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Category | Motivating Factors | Previous Studies | |
---|---|---|---|
Forestry | urban forest (park) | privacy benefits of urban forest visitors (privacy protection) | Hammitt [16] |
desire for rest, social interaction, sense of belonging, technical prowess and knowledge | Pan and Ryan [9] | ||
physical exercise, rest, interaction with nature, visiting with a child, enjoying good weather, visiting cultural heritage sites, clean and fresh air, reading books, meeting friends, walking dogs | Liu, Li, Xu and Han [17] | ||
Socially oriented motivation, nature-oriented motivation | Zhai, Baran and Wu [18] | ||
healing forest | physical motivation, psychological motivation, social motivation, natural environment, ancillary facilities, programs and field experiences | Nam and Lee [8] | |
natural experience, calmness, natural exploration, health, social interaction, emotional relaxation | Kim and Kim [7] | ||
natural recreation forest | enjoying the natural environment, escape from daily life, new trip, healthy life, sense of intimacy | Kim, Lee, Uysal, Kim and Ahn [19] | |
education of a child, escape from daily life, novelty, natural exploration, social interaction, use of programs or facilities, amenities, ecology or environment | Choi and Lim [6] | ||
urban green space | forest walk, social activity, bathing and cycling, rest, picnic, food tour, peacefulness, botanical study, festival, study of people and heritage in cities, animal or dog-related activity, rides, ball games, sports, arts, toys | Stigsdotter and Grahn [20] | |
enhanced health, facilitated child development, reduced stress, increased financial values, contact with nature, importance of daily life, space of social interaction | Jim and Shan [13] | ||
national park | rest or hobby, novelty (new activity), reinforced social relationship, escape from daily life, reputation | Uysal, McDonald, and Martin [21] | |
studying the nature, relieving stress or solitude, pursuing a challenge, adventure or sense of accomplishment, self-perception, career position, sense of belonging, fun, autonomy | Confer, Vogelsong, Graefe, and Solan [22] |
Topic | Words | Score | Topic | Words | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cafe-related Walk | Cafe | 0.016 | Healing Trip | Trip | 0.012 |
Bicycle road | 0.011 | Summer | 0.006 | ||
Cottage | 0.007 | Travel site | 0.006 | ||
Coffee | 0.007 | Healing | 0.005 | ||
Road | 0.006 | Scenery | 0.005 | ||
Trip | 0.005 | Nature | 0.005 | ||
Night | 0.005 | Photography | 0.004 | ||
Daily Leisure | Cafe | 0.027 | Family Trip | Gourmet | 0.035 |
Street | 0.006 | Tourism | 0.007 | ||
Life | 0.006 | Trip | 0.006 | ||
Home | 0.004 | Location | 0.006 | ||
Location | 0.004 | Sea | 0.005 | ||
Walk | 0.004 | Family | 0.005 | ||
Vicinity | 0.004 | Course | 0.005 | ||
Clean Space | Fine dust | 0.008 | Wonderful View | Famous site | 0.006 |
Itinerary | 0.006 | City | 0.006 | ||
Park | 0.004 | Autumn | 0.004 | ||
Citizen | 0.003 | Maple | 0.004 | ||
Tree | 0.003 | Dream | 0.003 | ||
River | 0.003 | Tree | 0.003 | ||
Sea | 0.003 | Environment | 0.003 | ||
Exhibition and Photography | Exhibition | 0.01 | |||
Photography | 0.009 | ||||
Gourmet | 0.009 | ||||
Popularity | 0.008 | ||||
Display | 0.006 | ||||
Winter | 0.006 | ||||
Nature | 0.006 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, D.-S.; Lee, B.-C.; Park, K.-H. Determination of Motivating Factors of Urban Forest Visitors through Latent Dirichlet Allocation Topic Modeling. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189649
Kim D-S, Lee B-C, Park K-H. Determination of Motivating Factors of Urban Forest Visitors through Latent Dirichlet Allocation Topic Modeling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189649
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Doo-San, Byeong-Cheol Lee, and Kwang-Hi Park. 2021. "Determination of Motivating Factors of Urban Forest Visitors through Latent Dirichlet Allocation Topic Modeling" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189649
APA StyleKim, D. -S., Lee, B. -C., & Park, K. -H. (2021). Determination of Motivating Factors of Urban Forest Visitors through Latent Dirichlet Allocation Topic Modeling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189649