A High Reliability 3D Scanning Measurement of the Complex Shape Rail Surface of the Electromagnetic Launcher
<p>The appearance of the rail’s surface. (<b>a</b>) Gouging. (<b>b</b>) The deposition on the rail surface. (<b>c</b>) The complex inner bore surface.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Sinusoidal fringe pattern projected onto the rail surface. (<b>a</b>) Sinusoidal fringe pattern projection on the rail surface. (<b>b</b>) The phase unwrapping result of figure (<b>a</b>).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The schematic of the 3D scanning system.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The parallel optical axis binocular system. (<b>a</b>) A simple schematic diagram of parallel optical axis binocular system. (<b>b</b>) The 2D plan of the schematic diagram.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>A filter is used to change the laser dots’ gray value, and the centroid pixels of the dots get the biggest value.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The change of SNRs for the original image signal with four different noise-dominated situations with the increase of the superposition times. (<b>a</b>) Average SNR of 50 random simulations at each number of superposition times. (<b>b</b>) The increments of SNRs in figure (<b>a</b>) with the increase of the superposition times.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The SNR curves of the image signals with and without background noise as the number of superposition times increases.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The rails and armature system. (<b>a</b>) The system structure of the rails and armature. (<b>b</b>) The sizes of the rails and the armature.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The experimental equipment of the 3D scanning system.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Seven sets of images of calibration boards of different poses obtained by the left and right cameras. Figures, <b>L1</b>–<b>L7</b> were captured by left camera. Figures, <b>R1</b>–<b>R7</b> were captured by right camera.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Images after calibration. (<b>a</b>) <a href="#sensors-20-01485-f010" class="html-fig">Figure 10</a>L1 after calibration. (<b>b</b>) <a href="#sensors-20-01485-f010" class="html-fig">Figure 10</a>R1 after calibration.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>A part of the rail surface containing a gouge crater.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Surface images containing laser dots in dim light condition. (<b>a</b>) Processed image captured from Camera 1. (<b>b</b>) Processed image captured from Camera 2. (<b>c</b>) The matching results of figure (<b>a</b>) with respect to figure (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 14
<p>The 3D depth map of the rail surface with the depth information of the 15 × 15 feature points.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>The 3D depth map of the rail surface with the depth information of several experiments.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>The high precision standard parts used for measurement accuracy evaluation.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Scanning System
2.1. Binocular Stereo Vision System
2.2. Laser Dot Projection System
3. High Signal-to-noise Ratio Image Acquisition
3.1. Image Acquisition Method
3.2. Image Acquisition Experiment
4. Experiment
4.1. Experiment System
4.2. Stereo Calibration
4.3. Result and Discussion
4.4. System Evaluation and Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
4.4.1. System Evaluation
4.4.2. Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Internal Parameters | Left Camera | Right Camera |
---|---|---|
αx | 3807.64 ± 26 | 3774.53 ± 22 |
αy | 3806.41 ± 25 | 3768.74 ± 20 |
x0 | 1360.88 ± 27 | 1266.53 ± 26 |
y0 | 897.44 ± 23 | 931.05 ± 21 |
ac | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
k1 | −0.40 ± 0.037 | −0.31 ± 0.032 |
k2 | 0.45 ± 0.19 | −0.22 ± 0.14 |
k3 | 0.0080 ± 0.0015 | 0.0020 ± 0.0012 |
k4 | −0.0037 ± 0.0030 | 0.0023 ± 0.0028 |
k5 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
External Parameters | X Direction | Y Direction | Z Direction |
---|---|---|---|
Rotation vector | −0.03963 | −0.03602 | −0.01476 |
Translation vector | −39.15007 | 0.63651 | −0.16640 |
Number of Measurement Times | Measurement Value (mm) | Number of the Step i | Each STEP’ s Value xi (mm) | Average of Each Step’s Value (mm) | Residual (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.1398 | 0.9976 | |||
2 | 2.1749 | 1 | 1.0351 | 0.0375 | |
3 | 3.1308 | 2 | 0.9559 | −0.0417 | |
4 | 4.1411 | 3 | 1.0103 | 0.0127 | |
5 | 5.1062 | 4 | 0.9651 | −0.0325 | |
6 | 6.1426 | 5 | 1.0364 | 0.0388 | |
7 | 7.1221 | 6 | 0.9795 | −0.0181 | |
8 | 8.1232 | 7 | 1.0011 | 0.0035 |
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Wang, Z.; Li, B. A High Reliability 3D Scanning Measurement of the Complex Shape Rail Surface of the Electromagnetic Launcher. Sensors 2020, 20, 1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051485
Wang Z, Li B. A High Reliability 3D Scanning Measurement of the Complex Shape Rail Surface of the Electromagnetic Launcher. Sensors. 2020; 20(5):1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051485
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhaoxin, and Baoming Li. 2020. "A High Reliability 3D Scanning Measurement of the Complex Shape Rail Surface of the Electromagnetic Launcher" Sensors 20, no. 5: 1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051485