Diplomat's Manual
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* PRACTICAL ADVICE
* USES AND CUSTOMS
For the Ambassador as well as the members of the diplomatic entourage, formal procedures and their correct application can be a source of anguish, torment or entertainment, depending on the level of familiarity with and adherence to the spoken an unspoken rules at play. In my years of diplomatic exercise in government positions, at the head of bilateral and multilateral diplomatic missions, or even as a simple observer at a broad range of international events an diplomatic ceremonies, I have encountered, assessed and critiqued diplomats of all stripes: novices, veterans, the careful and the careless.
Carlos Antonio Carrasco
CARLOS ANTONIO CARRASCO, actualmente profesor universitario en Paris y columnista en diarios y revistas de América Latina y Europa, es también Miembro de la Academia de Ciencias de Ultramar de Francia. Recorrió el mundo como diplomático y funcionario internacional. Autor de una docena de libros sobre la política internacional contemporánea, en SU ÚLTIMA CONFESIÓN ingresa por vez primera al campo de la ficción.
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Diplomat's Manual - Carlos Antonio Carrasco
APPENDICES
INTRODUCTION
For the Ambassador as well as the members of the diplomatic entourage, formal procedures and their correct application can be a source of anguish, torment or entertainment, depending on the level of familiarity with and adherence to the spoken an unspoken rules at play. In my years of diplomatic exercise in government positions, at the head of bilateral and multilateral diplomatic missions, or even as a simple observer at a broad range of international events an diplomatic ceremonies, I have encountered, assessed and critiqued diplomats of all stripes: novices, veterans, the careful and the careless.
A similar range of experience can be found on the other side of Protocol Street, where local government authorities of all levels may all anywhere along the spectrum from thoroughly knowledgeable to completely unaware of the forms of address an proper etiquette to be used with visiting foreign diplomats.
In this climate of uncertainty, errors of omission and commission abound, both of which are considered gaffes when they occur, an carry certain consequences.
Although this may not be taken seriously by those who equate formal protocol with triviality, ostentation, and the superficial observance of good manners –rather like pretty packaging- the truth is that the way things are done is the heart and soul, the very foundation, one could say, of true diplomacy.
How then, does one eliminate doubt and avoid gaffes that are, at times, irreversible? The learned will undoubtedly seek counsel in thick tomes on diplomatic law and protocol by authors such as Satow, Genêt, Jules Cambon or Harold Nicholson.
In our opinion, however, there is a need for a useful, practical, didactic handbook that is also enjoyable to read, illustrated with vivid examples of what should and clearly should not be done as one navigates the exciting, yet often challenging course of diplomatic life.
This work also contains a basic bibliography for consultation, other guides of interest and necessary references, as well as essential appendices.
It is a handbook truly intended to be kept at hand
, available for quick consultation, easy reference, and the additional entertainment of discovering but a few of the many colorful episodes in the annals of diplomatic history and practice.
Enjoy!
Ambassador Carlos Antonio Carrasco
President of the ODA
THE DIPLOMATIC AGENT: ORIGINS AND HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
If we agree on the principle that diplomacy in the art and technique that involves the knowledge and management of international relations,
we can assert that protocol, in its historical and modern sense, is the framework that guarantees mutual respect between States and their representatives, who often have divergent interests.
Diplomacy, in both its bilateral (relationship between two States) and multilateral (relations among several States) dimension, is executed through the exchange of ambassadors, officials from the Foreign Ministries and, at the highest level, by way meetings between Heads of State and Government.
It is said that diplomacy is the second oldest profession in the world
and, in fact, in Greece a reliable man was entrusted with a letter of presentation to convey messages of his government to a foreign monarch, hence we have the term diplomacy, deriving from diploma.
In the Middle Ages, alliances between kingdoms, in the form of royal marriages, were negotiated by the corresponding ambassadors. Such is the example of Ferdinand of Aragon, who entrusted his ambassador, Luis Caroz and Caroz’s successor, Dr. de Puebla, with the task of negotiating with Henry VII to marry Arangon’s daughter Catherine to the crown prince, Henry VIII, who would later become king. The nuptials were celebrated on June 11, 1509. The relationship of the royal couple and the terms and conditions of their nuptial union were, in the future, monitored by the Spanish ambassadors posted in England, Don Fernan, the Duke of Estrada and Pedro de Ayala.
THE AMBASSADOR
APPOINTING AN AMBASSADOR
The first principle is that a State does not necessarily appoint ambassadors I all countries with which it maintains diplomatic relations. The decision to establish missions is based on the importance of the bilateral, commercial or migratory ties (for the protection of a country’s citizens abroad). Budgetary considerations are also taken into account.
The countries with the highest number of embassies or permanent missions abroad are:
United States 163
France 156
Great Britain 160
States such as Canada, the Vatican, Germany and Brazil fall in the mid-range, while countries with the minimum necessary number of representations are the small Caribbean States like Saint Lucia, or countries such as Vanuatu in the South Pacific.
On the other hand, one must also consider those countries whose capital city is host to a large number of embassies, as is the case with Paris (185), Washington (175), London (165) and Ottawa (125).
In cases where it is not possible to establish a permanent mission, there is a method for accrediting concurrent ambassadors
. This is extended to diplomats who are accredited to one country, yet whose duties involve representing their nation to another or several other States. An example of this is the Ambassador of Bolivia in Paris, who is also the diplomatic representative of Bolivia to Tunisia and Portugal.
Permanent delegates appointed to international organizations also hold the rank of ambassador. The largest number of these is accredited to the United Nations in New York (191), the UNESCO in Paris and the FAO in Rome.
International agencies of the United Nations system also keep representatives in the majority of the world’s capital cities.
SELECTING AN AMBASSADOR
Each country has its own procedure for selecting its ambassadors. The condition sine qua non is that the selected representative holds the trust of the appointing Head of State. In many countries, this method is regulated by law and is subject to certain personal conditions of the candidate. There are two types of ambassadors.
career ambassadors and instant
ambassadors, the latter category encompassing figures in world politics or in the personal circles of the Head of State. This situation exists in all countries, including those with well-cemented public institutions such as the United States of America, where it is customary to award the post of ambassador as a patronage appointment to friends of the President who contributed financially to his electoral campaign.
In less serious countries, it is fashionable to grant certain embassy postings as part of the political winnings of the leader of the moment.
The same can be said to occur in the selection of lower-ranking diplomatic or consular officials.
Once a citizen has been chosen to be an ambassador, the appointee must present a curriculum vitae to the respective foreign ministry so that the corresponding procedures may be initiated.
The details are as follows:
1.- The curriculum vitae is sent to the legislative power for its ratification (in the U. S. and Bolivia it is sent to the Senate).
Once a legislative decision is made, the Foreign Ministry presents, by way of Verbal Note to the foreign government, the traditional Agrément