Practical Guide to the Operational Use of the M2 .50 Caliber BMG
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About this ebook
Authored by Erik Lawrence, former Special Forces Instructor and owner of one of the most realistic and experienced training companies in the US.
130 pages of great to know information with procedures that have been vetted over time.
90+ color pictures to better explain the listed procedures.
Developed for weapons familiarization classes and instructor development...the best Team Room reference library available.
The objective of this manual is to allow the reader to be able to use the M2 .50 Cal weapon system safely and competently.
The manual will give the reader:
* background/specifications of the weapon and its capability
* instructions on its operation
* disassembly and assembly procedures
* demonstrate correct employment of tripod
* proper safe firing procedures
* malfunction and misfire procedures
Operator level maintenance will also be detailed to allow the operator to understand and become competent in the use and maintenance of the M2 Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun.
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Practical Guide to the Operational Use of the M2 .50 Caliber BMG - Erik Lawrence
Section 1
Introduction
The objective of this manual is to allow the reader to be able to use competently the Browning M2 .50 caliber weapon system. The manual will give the reader background/specifications of the weapon and instruct on its operation, disassembly and assembly, proper firing procedure, and malfunction/misfire procedures. Operator level maintenance will also be detailed to allow the reader to understand fully and become competent in the use and maintenance of the Browning M2 machine gun.
Using a round originally designed by Winchester, the .50 BMG round was designed as a response to the German 13mm anti-tank rifles of World War I and employed in a redesigned and scaled-up M1917 Browning .30 caliber machine gun. It was quickly adapted to the anti-aircraft role. It was also selected for the ground role and adopted by the U.S. as the Model 1921. The latter served during the 1920s as an anti-aircraft and anti-armor gun. In 1932, the design was updated and adopted as the M2, though carrying out the same functions. With the addition of a thicker-walled barrel for better cooling (though counter-intuitive, a thicker barrel has a larger surface area, and so provides better air-cooling) it became the M2HB (for Heavy Barrel). Due to the long procedure for changing the barrel, an improved system was developed called QCB (quick-change barrel). A lightweight version, weighing 24 lb (11 kg) less—a mere 60 lb (27 kg)—was also developed. Variants of the original are still being used by the branches of the U.S. military on tanks and small water craft.
Description
The Browning machine gun (BMG) caliber .50 HB, M2 is a belt-fed, recoil-operated, air-cooled, crew-served machine gun (Figure 1-1). The gun is capable of single shot, as well as automatic fire, and operates on the short recoil principle.
Technical Data
The BMG is the most successful design of its time.
The machine gun is capable of being fed from either the right or left by repositioning certain parts. The weapon has non-fixed headspace that must be set. Timing must also be adjusted to cause the gun to fire slightly out of battery to prevent damage to moving parts. The force for recoil operation is furnished by expanding powder gases, which are controlled by various springs, cams, and levers. Maximum surface of the barrel and receiver are exposed to permit air cooling. Perforations in the barrel support allow air to circulate around the breach end of the barrel and help in cooling the parts. A heavy barrel is used to retard early overheating.
The gun has a leaf-type rear sight (Figure 1-2a), graduated in both yards and mils. The scale ranges from 100 to 2,600 in yards, and from 0 to 62 in mils. The windage knob permits deflection changes to right or left of center. The front sight is a fixed-blade type with cover (Figure 1-2b).
Combat Usage
The M2 .50 Browning machine gun is used for various roles:
• A medium infantry support weapon.
• When doubled, it is used as an anti-aircraft gun in some ships, or on the ground. In these cases, a pair of one left-handed and one right-handed feeds are used. In some cases, four to six guns are mounted on the turret.
• Primary or secondary weapon on an armored fighting vehicle.
• Primary or secondary weapon on a naval patrol boat.
• Secondary weapon for anti-boat defense on naval destroyers, frigates, and aircraft carriers.
• Coaxial gun or independent mounting in some tanks.
• A primary armament in WWII-era U.S. aircraft, such as the P-51 Mustang, and the Korean-era U.S. F-86 Saber.
• Defensive armament in WWII-era bombers like the B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberators.
• A long-range sniper rifle, when attached with a scope. One well-known expert was U.S. Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock during the Vietnam War. The success of the M2 in this role led to the development of actual sniper rifles based on the same .50 caliber round.
• A water-cooled version of the larger M2 was used as an emplaced or vehicle-mounted anti-aircraft weapon on a sturdy pedestal mount.
M2 Variants
The basic M2 was deployed in U.S. service in a number of sub variants, all with separate complete designations as per the U.S. Army system. The basic designation as mentioned in the introduction is Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, with others as described below.
The development of the M1921 water-cooled machine gun that led to the M2 meant that the initial M2s were in fact water-cooled. These weapons were designated Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, Water-cooled, Flexible. There was no fixed water-cooled version.
Improved air-cooled heavy-barrel versions came in three subtypes: the basic infantry model, Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Flexible; a fixed developed for use on the M6 Heavy Tank designated Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Fixed; and a turret type
whereby Flexible
M2s were modified slightly for use in tank turrets. The sub variant designation Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Turret was used only for manufacturing, supply, and administration identification and separation from flexible M2s. Specific aircraft versions were also developed, and these sub-variants are discussed in the following paragraph, along with the AN/M2.
AN/M2, M3, XM296/M296, and GAU-10/A
The M2 machine gun was heavily used as a remote-fired fixed weapon, primarily in aircraft, but also in other applications. For this application a variant of the M2 was developed (sometimes seen under the designation AN/M2, but it is important to note that there were .30 and .50 caliber weapons with this designation) with the ability to fire from a solenoid trigger. For aircraft mounting, some were also fitted with substantially lighter barrels, permitted by the cooling effect of air in the slipstream. The official designation for this weapon was Browning Machine Gun, Aircraft, Caliber .50, M2, followed by either Fixed
or Flexible" depending on whether the weapon was used as a fixed forward firing gun or for use by an airplane's crew, such as a waist-gun position on a B-17.
The M3 was a more purpose-built variant for remote firing use, which also featured a higher rate of fire.
The XM296/M296 is a further development of the M2/M3 machine gun for remote firing applications and is currently used in armament systems pertaining to the OH-58 Kiowa Warrior helicopter. The M296 differs from previous remote firing variants primarily in the lack of a bolt latch, allowing for single shots.
The GAU-10/A (NSN or National Stock Number 1005-01-029-3428) has been identified as a member of the Browning M2 family through its inclusion in the June 2000 issue of Countermeasure (Volume 21, No 6.) Countermeasure is published by the Army Ground Risk Management Team and identifies important issues that soldiers should be aware of with regards to risk management and safety. Beyond this connection, there is no specific information on the GAU-10/A, and it is odd that the only online reference would be from a U.S. Army publication as this is a USAF designation.
XM213/M213, XM218, GAU-15/A, GAU-16/A, and GAU-18/A
The XM213/M213 was a modernization and adaptation of existing .50 caliber AN/M2s in inventory for use as a pintle-mounted door gun on helicopters.
The GAU-16/A was an improved GAU-15/A with modified grip and sight assemblies for similar applications.
The GAU-18/A, formerly identified as the XM218, is a lightweight variant of the M2/M3 and is used on the USAF's MH-53J Pave low II and HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopters. These weapons do not utilize the heavy barrel and are typically set up as left-hand feed, right-hand charging weapons. In this configuration, the gun is fitted with a chute adapter attached to its left-hand feed-pawl bracket. Thus, the weapon can receive ammunition through a feed chute system connected to internally mounted ammunition cans. Originally designed to accommodate