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    Who Marched for Civil Rights?
    Who Marched for Civil Rights?
    Who Marched for Civil Rights?
    Ebook100 pages55 minutes

    Who Marched for Civil Rights?

    By Richard Spilsbury and HL Studios

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    About this ebook

    How do we know about the thousands of people who marched in campaigns for civil rights for African Americans in the 1960s? Where did they march and what happened to them? This book shows how we know about the marchers and their experiences from primary and other sources. It includes information on some historical detective work that has taken place, using documentary and oral evidence, that has enabled historians to piece together the fascinating story of the civil rights marches.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherCapstone Young Readers
    Release dateDec 21, 2015
    ISBN9781484635575
    Who Marched for Civil Rights?
    Author

    Richard Spilsbury

    Richard Spilsbury is an experienced author of nonfiction books for young people. He has written about a wide range of topics including science, nature, and history.

    Read more from Richard Spilsbury

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      Book preview

      Who Marched for Civil Rights? - Richard Spilsbury

      images/cover.jpgimages/img-1-1.jpg

      CONTENTS

      WASHINGTON ’63

      WHAT WERE CIVIL RIGHTS?

      WHY DID PEOPLE MARCH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS?

      WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE WERE THEY?

      WHERE DID PEOPLE MARCH?

      WHAT HAPPENED TO PEOPLE ON THE MARCHES?

      WHAT HAPPENED TO MARCHERS AFTERWARD?

      WHY WERE THE MARCHES SIGNIFICANT?

      TIMELINE

      GLOSSARY

      FIND OUT MORE

      INDEX

      Some words are shown in bold, like this. You can find out what they mean by looking in the glossary.

      WASHINGTON ’63

      Washington, Aug. 28: More than 200,000 Americans, most of them black but many of them white, demonstrated here today for a full and speedy program of civil rights and equal job opportunities…This vast throng proclaimed in march and song and through the speeches of their leaders that they were still waiting for [better civil rights] and the jobs… But if the crowd was good-natured, the underlying tone was one of dead seriousness. The emphasis was on freedom and now.

      E. W. Kenworthy, New York Times

      Newspaper reports about the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom appeared in newspapers across the United States and overseas. Most people agreed the march had been a success. Twice the expected number of protestors had marched demanding equality for black people, and the event had been peaceful.

      RELIEF

      Behind the scenes, organizers were breathing a sigh of relief. There had been a lot of opposition to the march. President John F. Kennedy was worried it would encourage government opposition to changing civil rights laws by sparking violence between marchers and groups opposing the march. These included political groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) who did not want equality for black people.

      Organizers were also worried about the speeches. For example, John Lewis, the leader of a civil rights organization called the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), had planned to say, We will…take matters into our own hands and create a source of power… that…would assure us a victory. But organizers had persuaded him in the hours before speaking to change the words. The worry was that some people might think it was a call to be violent, and that such a message risked losing popular support for the movement. Instead, he said: For those who have said, ‘Be patient and wait!’ we must say…we do not want to be free gradually, we want our freedom, and we want it now.

      images/img-5-1.jpg

      Martin Luther King, Jr., waves to a massive crowd of civil rights marchers from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.

      Lewis’s powerful message succeeded in showing support for people pushing for urgent civil rights changes without encouraging violence. However, the last speech, by civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., had the biggest impact on the crowd, reporters, and TV audiences. He spoke from his heart and not from his script, saying: I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

      King’s powerful, calm words showed that he believed the quest for equality was just, and although it might take time, it would succeed. His speech went on to become one of the most famous in U.S. history. This march was the first time that the message of a U.S. civil rights protest had reached a widespread audience. But why had people decided they had to march? What kind of people were they, and where did they march?

      WHAT WERE CIVIL RIGHTS?

      Little Rock was separated…there were the white ladies bathroom and the black ladies’ bathroom… One day, I…decided that I wanted to know what was in a white ladies’ bathroom that I couldn’t see...so I went in there and, here are all these cops banging on the door... My mother was screaming, Don’t kill her!… And there was nothing but toilets in there.

      Melba Pattillo

      Melba Pattillo was a teenager in the town of Little Rock, Arkansas, in the 1950s. The quote above is from an interview in later life describing what she experienced as a girl. Melba was just one of millions of U.S. citizens who could not choose where to go to the bathroom, eat, study, or sit on a bus because she was black.

      The U.S. Constitution said all Americans were equal citizens. But a famous court case called Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 established the idea that states could insist on separate but equal treatment for citizens based on their skin color or

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