Climate Finance Toolkit for Europe and Central Asia
()
About this ebook
This Climate Finance toolkit was prepared by the Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, jointly with the United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, as part of the efforts both organizations systematically conduct to support countries to access scaled-up sources of climate finance. This document aims at compiling relevant and up to date information on different sources of climate finance, through which countries in Europe and Central Asia could identify opportunities to finance their objectives and goals defined in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In this sense, it includes information on the overarching architecture for climate financing at global level and the key conceptual framework related to climate finance and provides detailed briefs for the most relevant sources of finance with operations in this region.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
An intergovernmental organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has 194 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. Its employees come from various cultural backgrounds and are experts in the multiple fields of activity FAO engages in. FAO’s staff capacity allows it to support improved governance inter alia, generate, develop and adapt existing tools and guidelines and provide targeted governance support as a resource to country and regional level FAO offices. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, FAO is present in over 130 countries.Founded in 1945, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO provides a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. The Organization publishes authoritative publications on agriculture, fisheries, forestry and nutrition.
Read more from Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations
Food Safety Risk Management: Evidence-Informed Policies and Decisions, Considering Multiple Factors Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFood Handler's Manual: Instructor Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Food Composition Data: Production, Management and Use Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Climate Change and Food Systems: Global Assessments and Implications for Food Security and Trade Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGuía de nutrición de la familia Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Agripreneurship across Africa: Stories of Inspiration Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsDatos de composición de alimentos Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFruit and Vegetables: Opportunities and Challenges for Small-Scale Sustainable Farming Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFood Handler's Manual: Student Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSave and Grow: Cassava Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsE-Agriculture in Action: Blockchain for Agriculture Opportunities and Challenges Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5FAO Guide to Ranking Food Safety Risks at the National Level Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsTrends and Impacts of Foreign Investment in Developing Country Agriculture: Evidence from Case Studies Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsDigital Technologies in Agriculture and Rural Areas: Status Report Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFood Control System Assessment Tool: Introduction and Glossary Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Use of Solar Energy in Irrigated Agriculture: A Sourcebook for Irrigation Water Management with Alternative Energy Solutions Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThinking about the Future of Food Safety: A Foresight Report Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsA Guide to Good Agricultural Practices for Commercial Production of Ginger under Field Conditions in Jamaica Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Soil Erosion: The Greatest Challenge for Sustainable Soil Management Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGuidelines for Assessing Nutrition-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe State of the World’s Forests 2020: Forests, Biodiversity and People Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFarmer Field Schools for Family Poultry Producers: A Practical Manual for Facilitators Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsIdentification Guide to Macro Jellyfishes of West Africa Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsForests for Human Health and Well-Being: Strengthening the Forest–Health–Nutrition Nexus Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Related to Climate Finance Toolkit for Europe and Central Asia
Related ebooks
Technical Guide for the Adaptation, Biodiversity and Carbon Mapping Tool: ABC-Map Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsTechnical Cooperation Programme 2019 Report: Catalysing Results towards the Sustainable Development Goals Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsStrengthening the Environmental Dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific Tool Compendium Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGuidelines on Irrigation Investment Projects Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFAO Investment Centre Annual Review 2019 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLand Degradation Neutrality in Small Island Developing States: Technical Report Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEx-Ante Carbon-Balance Tool for Value Chains: EX-ACT VC – Guidelines Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPeatland Mapping and Monitoring: Recommendations and Technical Overview Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFrom Reference Levels to Results Reporting: Redd+ under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: 2020 Update Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLegislative Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Governance Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsA Region at Risk: The Human Dimensions of Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLeveraging Covid-19 Recovery Strategies to Build Climate-Smart Agrifood Systems in Developing Countries Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInformation Sources to Support ADB Climate Risk Assessments and Management: Technical Note Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAccelerating Climate and Disaster Resilience and Low-Carbon Development through the COVID-19 Recovery: Technical Note Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsState and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2014 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGlobal Outlook on Climate Services in Agriculture: Investment Opportunities to Reach the Last Mile Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsRegional Fisheries Management Organizations and Advisory Bodies: Activities and Developments, 2000–2017 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Global Action on Green Development of Special Agricultural Products: One Country One Priority Product: Action Plan 2021–2025 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFuture Carbon Fund: Delivering Co-Benefits for Sustainable Development Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsClimate Resilient Fiscal Planning: A Review of Global Good Practice Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsRenewable Energy for Agri-food Systems Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEuropean Good Practices on Land Banking: Fao Study and Recommendations Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFrom Kyoto to Paris—Transitioning the Clean Development Mechanism Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsBiodiversity Integrated Assessment and Computation Tool | B-INTACT: Guidelines Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAgricultural Trade in the Global South: An Overview of Trends in Performance, Vulnerabilities, and Policy Frameworks Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCosting Methods and Funding Schemes for Radioactive Waste Disposal Programmes Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsManaging Risks to Build Climate-Smart and Resilient Agrifood Value Chains: The Role of Climate Services Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsWorld Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2022 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5
Social Science For You
A People's History of the United States Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5All About Love: New Visions Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Art of Witty Banter: Be Clever, Quick, & Magnetic Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Like Switch: An Ex-FBI Agent's Guide to Influencing, Attracting, and Winning People Over Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Come As You Are: Revised and Updated: The Surprising New Science That Will Transform Your Sex Life Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Verbal Judo, Second Edition: The Gentle Art of Persuasion Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Dumbing Us Down - 25th Anniversary Edition: The Hidden Curriculum of Compulsory Schooling Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5You're Not Listening: What You're Missing and Why It Matters Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Just Mercy: a story of justice and redemption Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Men Explain Things to Me Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Fourth Turning Is Here: What the Seasons of History Tell Us about How and When This Crisis Will End Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5My Secret Garden: Women's Sexual Fantasies Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Close Encounters with Addiction Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Weapons of Mass Instruction: A Schoolteacher's Journey Through the Dark World of Compulsory Schooling Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Sun Does Shine: How I Found Life and Freedom on Death Row (Oprah's Book Club Selection) Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Human Condition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Reviews for Climate Finance Toolkit for Europe and Central Asia
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
Climate Finance Toolkit for Europe and Central Asia - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Introduction
Climate change is considered to be one of the most important challenges in human history. In many parts of the world, changing precipitation or melting snow and ice, including shrinking of glaciers, are altering hydrological systems and affecting water resources in terms of quantity and quality.
Climate change is considered to be one of the most important challenges in human history. In many parts of the world, changing precipitation or melting snow and ice, including shrinking of glaciers, are altering hydrological systems and affecting water resources in terms of quantity and quality.
Whilst the impacts of climate change are being felt globally, the exposure of diverse geographies to the impacts are often different and disproportionate. In this sense, the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region witnesses the impacts of climate change, with average temperatures having increased by 0.5 °C in the south and up to 1.6 °C in the north of the region, and overall increases of 1.6 °C to 2.6 °C (World Bank) expected by the middle of the century.
In Europe, sea level rise and extreme rainfall are projected to increase the risk of floods. These impacts are expected to increase the spectre of costly flood damage, destroyed infrastructure, lost lives, and the re-alignment of financial resources to support disaster recovery, rather than prevention. In southern Europe, ecosystem services are projected to decline across all services, negatively impacting economic activities such as the tourism sector (IPCC, 2014a). In the Western Balkans and the South Caucasus, climate change causes increased frequency and intensity of natural climate-induced disasters such as floods, flash floods, mudflows, rainfall-triggered landslides, droughts, hail, windstorms, and avalanches. Coastal towns in Georgia, Turkey, and Ukraine are at risk from rising sea levels in the Black Sea.
In Central Asia particularly, increased average and increased mean maximum and minimum temperatures have been observed together with altered precipitation regimes and more frequent heat extremes. Projections show mean temperatures increasing by up to 6.5 °C compared to pre-industrial levels, by the end of this century (Rever et al., 2017). These impacts result in water shortages (GIZ, 2016), that may lead to problems of drinking water availability and sanitation as well as energy generation from hydropower plants (Kampakis, 2014). In this sense, Central Asia is among the regions of the world expected to suffer the most from the impacts of climate change. Deserts and arid areas, which constitute most of the territory, have expanded and this trend is expected to continue.
Vulnerability to the impacts of climate change is a function of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacities of the societies. Considering that the impacts of climate change will be observed all around the world with a variety of impact levels, the vulnerability of societies will mainly depend on their adaptive capacities. The Europe and Central Asia¹ region is remarkably diverse in terms of its unique landscapes, ecosystems, and climate zones, as well as its economic, political, social and cultural systems, and in such a diverse geography, a wide range of climate vulnerabilities exist due to different exposure, impacts, sensitivity and adaptive capacities. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase the resilience and adaptive capacities of ECA populations to the impacts of climate change in order to reduce the risks that are threatening societies and economies.
The Europe and Central Asia region is remarkably diverse in terms of its unique landscapes, ecosystems, and climate zones, as well as its economic, political, social and cultural systems, and in such a diverse geography, a wide range of climate vulnerabilities exist.
Climate change is a growing threat in ECA, particularly for food security, nutrition and ecosystem services. Temperature and precipitation changes and the increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events threaten to reduce yields and productivity in crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry in many areas of the region, as well as increase the risk of natural hazards such as droughts, floods and landslides. Such extreme events have already caused considerable damage and production losses.
Considering the impacts of climate change and that most ECA countries are middle-income economies that are more reliant on agriculture than the economies of the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), it is crucial to intensify their efforts to plan and implement their commitments in the context of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In other words, to enable the realization of their development projections and enhance overall resilience of livelihoods and well-being of the population.
Similar to the efforts for adapting to climate change, there is a need for continuous efforts to set low carbon pathways and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction. In this sense, as part of the 2015 Paris Agreement, both developed and developing countries made commitments to reduce GHG emissions and submitted Nationally Determined Contributions to the Convention to communicate these commitments. In October 2018, in a special report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)² warned that the window to keep global warming at 1.5 °C will close in 2030, and that failing to do so would bring far higher risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth (IPCC, 2018). Keeping global temperature rise to below 2 °C will require coordinated global action at an unprecedented scale and speed. In order to reach this goal, immediate action from all sectors and actors/stakeholders across regions is needed.
In the context of increased climate action, developing countries require financial support and other resources to fulfil their targets as defined in their NDCs, reducing their vulnerabilities to the impacts of climate change, while sustaining low carbon economic growth. Provision of financial resources from developed to developing countries is secured through the UNFCCC’s Article 4, which states that "The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in complying with their obligations". Similarly, Article 9 of the Paris Agreement stipulates that developed country parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In addition, Article 9 also states that the provision of scaled-up financial resources should aim to achieve a balance between adaptation and mitigation, taking into account country-driven strategies, and the priorities and needs of developing country Parties.
However, when comparing the estimated financial needs of the ECA region (USD 34.8 billion), with the reported average climate-related development finance received by ECA countries in 2013 and 2014 (which amounted USD 283 million), and the resources approved by multilateral climate funds in the same period (totalling USD 1.8 billion), it is evident that there is a significant gap. This gap needs to be reduced by leveraging and scaling up domestic and international resources, to allow ECA countries to fully comply with GHG emissions reductions and adaptation commitments (FAO, 2018).
In this context, this publication is a joint effort of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, as sister UN Agencies, aiming to provide support and detailed information on the major climate financing opportunities for low-income and middle-income countries in the ECA region.
The toolkit aims at guiding developing countries and emerging economies of the ECA region to identify the most suitable sources of financial resources to match their adaptation and mitigation efforts to enable them to achieve their respective NDC targets. Moreover, the toolkit aims to support closing the global climate finance gap by providing detailed information on existing climate finance tools and instruments provided by global climate funds, International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and bilateral mechanisms and donors, which range from grants, concessional loans, ordinary loans, line of credit, guarantees and private