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    A Simple Guide to Hyperaldosteronism, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
    A Simple Guide to Hyperaldosteronism, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
    A Simple Guide to Hyperaldosteronism, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
    Ebook184 pages1 hour

    A Simple Guide to Hyperaldosteronism, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    This book describes Hyperaldosteronism, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

    Aldosterone is the hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate the blood pressure by changing the electrolytes levels such as potassium and sodium in the blood.

    Hyperaldosteronism is an endocrine disorder that affects one or both of the adrenal glands producing too much of a hormone called aldosterone.

    Excess aldosterone permits the body to lose too much potassium and retain too much sodium, which increases water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure.

    This will in turn raise the amount of fluid in the body, and therefore increases the blood pressure.

    Hyperaldosteronism is a medical disorder in which one or both adrenal glands secrete too much aldosterone.

    Hyperaldosteronism can be primary or secondary.

    The word "primary hyper-aldosteronism" means that the disorder is the result of a problem in the adrenal glands.

    Disorders outside of the adrenal glands can also result in too much aldosterone, but these disorders are called secondary hyperaldosteronism.

    There are 2 forms of hyperaldosteronism, termed primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism.

    While they have the same symptoms, their causes of their disorders are different.

    Primary hyperaldosteronism is produced by a disorder with one or both adrenal glands.

    It is occasionally referred to as Conn’s syndrome.

    Some people are born with overactive adrenal glands.

    Others might have it due to:
    1. A benign tumor on one of the adrenal glands
    2. Adrenocortical cancer, which is a rare aldosterone-producing cancerous tumor
    3. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism, a type of aldosteronism that runs in families
    4. Other types of inheritable issues that affect the adrenal glands

    Secondary hyperaldosteronism is produced by some disorder outside the adrenal glands.

    It is normally linked to the decreased blood flow to the kidneys.

    Several things can cause this, such as:
    1. A blockage or narrowing of the renal artery
    2. Chronic liver disease
    3. Heart failure
    4. Diuretic medications

    Primary hyperaldosteronism can be the result of either unilateral disorder (i.e. hyperactivity in one adrenal gland) or bilateral disorder (i.e. over activity of both adrenal glands).

    The symptoms of primary hyperaldosteronism are the result of the hypertension and hypokalemia.

    The main sign of hyperaldosteronism is high blood pressure which can vary from moderate to severe.

    Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism has frequent symptoms:
    1. Headache
    2. Vision problems
    3. Muscle weakness
    4. Numbness
    5. Paralysis that comes and goes
    6. Fatigue
    7. Muscle cramps
    8. Increased urination
    9. Increased thirst

    Patients suspected of having primary hyperaldosteronism based on signs, symptoms, or resistant hypertension should be evaluated.

    The best screening tests to detect if a patient has primary hyperaldosteronism are simple blood tests that measure the levels of blood potassium, aldosterone, and rennin, an enzyme released by the kidney that works with aldosterone to help balance blood pressure.

    1. Plasma and urine aldosterone level: high
    2. Plasma renin activity: low
    3. Serum potassium level: low

    Computed tomography (CAT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen is the best imaging test to study the adrenal glands.

    Patients over 40 years of age and those without presence of an adrenal tumor seen on imaging should also have another special test called adrenal venous sampling.

    Treating hyperaldosteronism focuses on reducing the aldosterone levels or blocking the effects of aldosterone, high blood pressure, and low blood potassium.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Hyperaldosteronism
    Chapter 2 Causes
    Chapter 3 Symptoms
    Chapter 4 Diagnosis

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateMay 18, 2021
    ISBN9780463536827
    A Simple Guide to Hyperaldosteronism, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      A Simple Guide to Hyperaldosteronism, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      Hyperaldosteronism,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2021 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Hyperaldosteronism, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What You Need to Treat Hyperaldosteronism)

      This e-Book is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiography account of my journey as a medical student to family doctor on my other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiography account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      My diagnosis and treatment capability has improved tremendously from my continued education.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Hyperaldosteronism (Updated)

      (Chapter from A Simple Guide to Hyperaldosteronism 2016 by Kenneth Kee)

      What is Hyperaldosteronism?

      Hyperaldosteronism is a medical disorder in which the adrenal gland secretes too much of the hormone aldosterone into the blood.

      Aldosterone is the hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate the blood pressure by changing the electrolytes levels such as potassium and sodium in the blood.

      Hyperaldosteronism is an endocrine disorder that affects one or both of the adrenal glands producing too much of a hormone called aldosterone.

      Excess aldosterone permits the body to lose too much potassium and retain too much sodium, which increases water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure.

      This will in turn raise the amount of fluid in the body, and therefore increases the blood pressure.

      What is the cause of Hyper-aldosteronism?

      Cause

      Hyperaldosteronism is a medical disorder in which one or both adrenal glands secrete too much aldosterone.

      Hyperaldosteronism can be primary or secondary.

      The word primary hyper-aldosteronism means that the disorder is the result of a problem in the adrenal glands.

      Disorders outside of the adrenal glands can also result in too much aldosterone, but these disorders are called secondary hyperaldosteronism.

      There are 2 forms of hyperaldosteronism, termed primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism.

      While they have the same symptoms, their causes of their disorders are different.

      Primary hyperaldosteronism

      Primary hyperaldosteronism is produced by a disorder with one or both adrenal glands.

      It is occasionally referred to as Conn’s syndrome.

      Some people are born with overactive adrenal glands.

      Others might have it due to:

      1. A benign tumor on one of the adrenal glands

      2. Adrenocortical cancer, which is a rare aldosterone-producing cancerous tumor

      3. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism, a type of aldosteronism that runs in families

      4. Other types of inheritable issues that affect the adrenal glands

      Secondary hyperaldosteronism

      Secondary hyperaldosteronism is produced by some disorder outside the adrenal glands.

      It is normally linked to the decreased blood flow to the kidneys.

      Several things can cause this, such as:

      1. A blockage or narrowing of the renal artery

      2. Chronic liver disease

      3. Heart failure

      4. Diuretic medications

      Primary hyperaldosteronism can be the result of either unilateral disorder (i.e. hyperactivity in one adrenal gland) or bilateral disorder (i.e. over activity of both adrenal glands).

      The most frequent causes of primary hyperaldosteronism are:

      1. Unilateral adrenal gland adenoma (2/3)

      2. Bilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia (1/3)

      Unilateral adrenal gland adenoma (also called aldosteronoma) is a benign tumor in one of the adrenal glands that secretes too much aldosterone.

      In bilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia, both adrenal glands are hyperactive and produce too much aldosterone.

      Less frequent causes of primary hyperaldosteronism are:

      1. Unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma (<1%) is where one of the adrenal glands is hyperactive but there is no clear tumor

      2. Unilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia (<1%) is a rare type of adrenocortical cancer that produces too much aldosterone

      3. Familial hyperaldosteronism Types I and II (<1%) in which both adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone.

      Primary hyperaldosteronism is the effect of a disorder of the adrenal glands themselves, inducing them to produce too much aldosterone.

      On the other hand, with secondary hyperaldosteronism, the adrenal glands secrete too much aldosterone as a result of a disorder elsewhere in the body.

      These disorders can be with genes, diet, or a medical condition such as with the heart, liver, kidneys, or high blood pressure.

      Most cases of primary hyperaldosteronism are the result of a non-cancerous (benign) tumor of the adrenal gland.

      Primary hyperaldosteronism is most prevalent in people 30 to 50 years old.

      What are the symptoms of Hyperaldosteronism?

      Symptoms

      The symptoms of primary hyperaldosteronism are the result of the hypertension and hypokalemia.

      The main sign of hyperaldosteronism is high blood pressure which can vary from moderate to severe.

      High blood pressure does not normally have symptoms.

      But when it does, they can be:

      1. Headache

      2. Blurred vision

      3. Dizziness

      4. Chest pain

      5. Shortness of breath

      The other symptom of hyperaldosteronism is hypokalemia, which

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