Berlitz Pocket Guide India (Travel Guide eBook)
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About this ebook
Berlitz Pocket Guide India
The world-renowned pocket travel guide by Berlitz, now with a free bilingual dictionary.
Compact, concise and packed full of essential information about where to go and what to do, this is an ideal on-the-move guide for exploring India. From top tourist attractions like the Taj Mahal, Kerala's backwaters and the Golden Temple, to cultural gems, including a once in a lifetime trip to Ajmer, trekking the rugged terrain in Ladakh and exploring Ranthambore, home to the Rajbut ruins and wild tigers, plan your perfect trip with this practical, all-in-one travel guide.
Features of this travel guide to India
- Inspirational itineraries: discover the best destinations, sights and excursions, highlighted with stunning photography
- Historical and cultural insights: delve into the country's rich history and culture, and learn all about its people, art and traditions
- Practical full-colour map: with every major sight and listing highlighted, the full-colour maps make on-the-ground navigation easy
- Key tips and essential information: from transport to tipping, we've got you covered
- Dictionary: quick-reference bilingual language guide to help you with vocabulary
- Covers: Delhi; The North; Rajasthan; The West; The East; The South
Get the most out of your trip with: Berlitz Phrase Book & Dictionary Hindi
About Berlitz: Berlitz draws on years of travel and language expertise to bring you a wide range of travel and language products, including travel guides, maps, phrase books, language-learning courses, dictionaries and kids' language products.
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Berlitz Pocket Guide India (Travel Guide eBook) - Berlitz
How To Use This E-Book
Getting Around the e-Book
This Pocket Guide e-book is designed to give you inspiration and planning advice for your visit to India, and is also the perfect on-the-ground companion for your trip.
The guide begins with our selection of Top 10 Attractions, plus a Perfect Itinerary feature to help you plan unmissable experiences. The Introduction and History chapters paint a vivid cultural portrait of India, and the Where to Go chapter gives a complete guide to all the sights worth visiting. You will find ideas for activities in the What to Do section, while the Eating Out chapter describes the local cuisine and gives listings of the best restaurants. The Travel Tips offer practical information to help you plan your trip. Finally, there are carefully selected hotel listings.
In the Table of Contents and throughout this e-book you will see hyperlinked references. Just tap a hyperlink once to skip to the section you would like to read. Practical information and listings are also hyperlinked, so as long as you have an external connection to the internet, you can tap a link to go directly to the website for more information.
Maps
All key attractions and sights in India are numbered and cross-referenced to high-quality maps. Wherever you see the reference [map], tap once to go straight to the related map. You can also double-tap any map for a zoom view.
Images
You’ll find lots of beautiful high-resolution images that capture the essence of India. Simply double-tap an image to see it in full-screen.
About Berlitz Pocket Guides
The Berlitz story began in 1877 when Maximilian Berlitz devised his revolutionary method of language learning. More than 130 years later, Berlitz is a household name, famed not only for language schools but also as a provider of best-selling language and travel guides.
Our wide-ranging travel products – printed travel guides and phrase books, as well as apps and ebooks – offer all the information you need for a perfect trip, and are regularly updated by our team of expert local authors. Their practical emphasis means they are perfect for use on the ground. Wherever you’re going – whether it’s on a short break, the trip of a lifetime, a cruise or a business trip – we offer the ideal guide for your needs.
Our Berlitz Pocket Guides are the perfect choice if you need reliable, concise information in a handy format. We provide amazing value for money – these guides may be small, but they are packed with information. No wonder they have sold more than 45 million copies worldwide.
© 2020 Apa Digital (CH) AG and Apa Publications (UK) Ltd
41200.jpgTable of Contents
India’s Top 10 Attractions
Top Attraction #1
Top Attraction #2
Top Attraction #3
Top Attraction #4
Top Attraction #5
Top Attraction #6
Top Attraction #7
Top Attraction #8
Top Attraction #9
Top Attraction #10
A Perfect Tour of India
Introduction
Landscape and heritage
People
Religions of India
A Brief History
The Hindus’ ancestors
The Mauryan Empire
Kushan rule
Gupta glory
Islam comes to India
A sultan for Delhi
The great Mughals
The British arrive
Installing the Raj
Rebellion and reform
Fighting for Self-Rule
Independence with Partition
Post-Independence India
Modern India: rich and poor
Historical Landmarks
Where To Go
Getting Around
Practical hints
Delhi
Delhi of the sultans
City of the Mughals
Red Fort
Mahatma’s memorial
New Delhi
Delhi’s museums
The North
Agra
Taj Mahal
Agra Fort
Fatehpur Sikri
Lucknow
Varanasi
The Ghats
The Town
Sarnath
Amritsar
Chandigarh
Simla
The Kullu Valley
Dharamsala
Kashmir
Srinagar
Ladakh
Garhwal
Pilgrimage Sites: the Char Dam
Corbett National Park
Rajasthan
Jaipur
Amber Fort
Jaipur city
Ajmer
Pushkar
Jodhpur
Jaisalmer
Bikaner
Udaipur
Around Udaipur
Chittaurgarh
Mount Abu
The West
Mumbai
The Raj District
Uptown
Museums
Elephanta
Pune
Ajanta and Ellora
Ajanta
Ellora
Sanchi
Khajuraho
Gwalior and Orcha
Kanha
Ahmedabad
Tour of Gujarat
Goa
Panaji (Panjim)
Old Goa
Hindu temples
Goa’s beaches
The East
Kolkata (Calcutta)
The West Bank
The City
Darjeeling
Sikkim
Bhubaneshwar
Udaigiri
Konark
Puri
Patna
Bodh Gaya
Rajgir
Nalanda
The South
Chennai (Madras)
Mamallapuram
Kanchipuram
Puducherry (Pondicherry)
Thanjavur
Tiruchirapalli (Trichy)
Srirangam
Madurai
Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and Kovalam
Kochi (Cochin)
Western Ghats
Bengaluru (Bangalore)
Mysore
Srirangapatnam
Somnathpur
Belur and Halebid
Sravanabelagola
Hampi
Visiting Hampi
Bijapur
Hyderabad and Golconda
Golconda Fort
What To Do
Sports
Outdoor Activities
Spectator Sports
Entertainment
Film
Music
Nightlife
Shopping
Festivals and fairs
Eating Out
Breakfast, coffee and tea
Lunch and dinner
‘Curry’
Non-vegetarian
Rice and chapatis
Vegetarian
Side dishes and snacks
Desserts
Drinks
Reading the Menu
To help you read the menu
A–Z Travel Tips
A
Accommodation
Airports
Alcohol
B
Budgeting for your trip
C
Car hire
Climate
Crime and safety
Customs
E
Electricity
Embassies, high commissions and consulates
Etiquette
G
Getting there
Guides and tours
H
Health and medical care
L
Language
LGBTQ travellers
M
Maps
Media
Money
O
Opening times
P
Photography
Police
Post offices
Public holidays
R
Religion
S
Smoking
T
Telephones
Time zones
Tipping
Toilets
Tourist information
Transport
V
Visas and permits
W
What to bring
Websites and internet cafés
India’s Top 10 Attractions
shutterstock_588328811_India_EC.jpgTop Attraction #1
Shutterstock
Hampi
The deserted Vijayanagar capital is perhaps India’s most evocative ruin. For more information click here.
iStock-942153110_India_EC.jpgTop Attraction #2
iStock
Jaisalmer
The desert citadel has a golden sandstone fort and wonderful old town houses. For more information click here.
iStock-500548988_India_EC.jpgTop Attraction #3
iStock
Ladakh
Where Buddhist monasteries hug the hills. For more information click here.
GettyImages-83896367_SouthIndia_EC.jpgTop Attraction #4
Getty Images
Madurai
Famed for the Meenakshi temple, with its brightly coloured and towering gopuras. For more information click here.
iStock-177101330_India_EC.jpgTop Attraction #5
iStock
Agra
Location of the Taj Mahal and other Mughal wonders, including nearby Fatehpur Sikri. For more information click here.
iStock-617582682_India_EC.jpgTop Attraction #6
iStock
Khajuraho
Hindu temples festooned with erotic sculpture. For more information click here.
iStock-472909442_India_EC.jpgTop Attraction #7
iStock
Kerala’s backwaters
The palm-lined backwaters represent tropical India at its most intense. For more information click here.
iStock-505648464_EC.jpgTop Attraction #8
iStock
Varanasi
The bathing ghats of this sacred city present an unforgettable spectacle. For more information click here.
p_116_India_EC.jpgTop Attraction #9
Walter Imber/Apa Publications
Ajanta and Ellora
Superb frescoes and sculpture adorn these breathtaking cave temples. For more information click here and here.
iStock-479238488_India_EC.jpgTop Attraction #10
iStock
The Golden Temple
The Sikhs’ holiest shrine in the city of Amritsar ranks alongside the Taj for its ethereal architecture. For more information click here.
A Perfect Tour of India
Day 1
Old Delhi
After breakfast on the verandah at the Imperial in New Delhi, head across town to Shah Jahan’s implacable Red Fort, former seat of the great Mughal emperors. Recover from sightseeing with lunch, then visit the Jama Masjid mosque for a matchless view over the rooftops. After supper, catch a Bollywood blockbuster at a multiplex on Connaught Circus.
Day 2
South Delhi
The crumbling 15th-century Afghan tombs in Lodi Gardens provide a superbly atmospheric spot for an early-morning limber up. Afterwards, browse the antique shops, hip clothes boutiques, art galleries and ethnic jewellery stalls jammed into the old alleyways of Hauz Khas village. Spend the afternoon exploring Humayun’s Tomb and the Qutb Minar complex.
Day 3
Agra
Arrive at the Taj Mahal in time to catch sunrise over the splendid white marble mausoleum, and return in the evening to see how striking it is at sunset. Spend the period inbetween taking in the nearby Agra Fort, the tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah and Akbar’s fabulous mausoleum at Sikandra, where monkeys and gazelle graze in the grounds like a scene from a Persian miniature.
Day 4
Fatehpur Sikri
An early start is recommended for a trip to Akbar’s atmospheric ghost town, whose sandstone domes and colonnaded walkways glow in the morning light. Begin at the palace complex and Diwan-i-Am on the east side, and wind up at the Jama Masjid mosque, where the white marble Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti provides an exquisite finale.
Day 5
Bharatpur
Base yourself in Bharatpur to experience birding safaris at the rich wetlands of Keoladeo National Park, which is best visited by bicycle. Expect glimpses of man-sized Saras cranes, flamingos and pelicans.
Day 6
Ranthambore
The Rajput ruins, forest and lake shores of Ranthambore offer the most romantic backdrop imaginable for sighting wild tigers. Between safaris, join a village tour to see more of the local life.
Day 7
Pushkar
Spend the day skirting the arid opium belt of southern Rajasthan to reach the holy Hindu pilgrimage town of Pushkar, whose whitewashed domes, temples and ghats rise from an exquisite lake in the desert. Dine on a rooftop overlooking the water as the sun sets and the sound of puja bells and scent of incense fill the air.
Day 8
Ajmer
For a matchless view of the town and surrounding sand hills, set off at first light to climb the ancient stepway leading to the Savitri temple on a hilltop to the south of Pushkar. Just over the mountain, Ajmer is the site of the most sacred Sufi shrine in India, the marble tomb of medieval mystic Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chishti. A time-worn pathway leads from behind it to the ruined Taragarh Fort – another spectacular viewpoint.
Day 9
Jaipur
A ride on elephant back to the ornate gateway of Amber Fort, bathed in the yellow rays of sunrise, is an irresistible way to start a day in the Rajasthani capital. After lunch, visit the resplendent City Palace complex, with its fabulous collection of Mughal and Rajput costume, carpets and weapons, winding up at the Palace of Winds for a fine view over the bazaar.
Introduction
No place for the faint-hearted, India is a constant challenge to mind and body; a glorious shock to the system. It is exhilarating, exhausting and infuriating; a land where, you will find, the practicalities of daily life overlay the mysteries of popular myth. In place of the much-publicised, and much-misunderstood, mysticism of its ancient religions, India in reality has quite another miracle to offer in the sheer profusion of its peoples and landscapes.
The country comprises a diamond-shaped subcontinent that stretches over 3,000km (1,800 miles) from the Himalayas in the north right down to Kanyakumari, or Cape Comorin, on the Indian Ocean. From east to west India also covers about 3,000km, from Arunachal Pradesh and Assam on the border with its neighbours China and Myanmar (Burma), to the Gujarat coast on the Arabian Sea. The topography extends from the snow of the high Himalayas, to the deserts of Rajasthan, to the lush tropical landscape of Kerala.
Only in more recent post-colonial times did its natural geography exclude the neighbouring countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh, where, for all the hostilities, there’s an undeniable cultural affinity with India. The enormity of India itself means there are different and inevitably conflicting regional and sectarian interests. India boasts no less than 22 official languages: Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Oriya, Maithili, Santhali, Dogri, Punjabi, Assamese, Bodo, Manipuri, Nepali, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Konkani, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu; an estimated 850 languages are in daily use. The official national language is Hindi, much to the disgust of the Tamils, but it is spoken by far less than the majority. English, still much used by government and institutions, is spoken by just five percent of the people, mostly in the south and larger cities.
One of the first impressions you’ll get is the diversity of India’s peoples. From green-eyed and sometimes light brown-haired Kashmiris and Tibetans, through the Indo-European-speaking peoples of northern and central India, right down to dark-skinned Dravidians from the south, you soon realise there’s no such thing as a ‘typical’ Indian. India’s prehistoric settlers were probably what anthropologists call Proto-Australoids. They have since been joined by Mongols, Aryans, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Persians and Afghans, while Dutch, British, Portuguese and French have also left their traces.
GettyImages-453558341_SouthIndia_EC.jpgCollecting tea leaves from a plantation near Ooty
Getty Images
Landscape and heritage
The landscape is alternately rich and arid, lush and desolate. In the Hindu scriptures, Shiva, one of the most revered Hindu gods is said to live in the fittingly majestic Himalayas in the north of India. Kashmir is a beautiful and coveted land of green forest, alpine meadows and lakes, while the Punjab in the northwest is the fertile centre of the country’s Green Revolution, supporting the nation’s self-sufficiency in wheat, barley and millet. On the doorstep of this wealth, the Thar Desert of Rajasthan heralds the vast Deccan plateau of parched, ruddy granite that dominates the peninsula of southern India.
Delhi stands at the western end of the Ganges river basin in which India grows much of its rice. Flanked with patches of forest leading up into the foothills of the Himalayas, the flat plain stretches right across to the Bay of Bengal 1,600km (1,000 miles) away, but some areas are kept as nature reserves for the country’s wildlife, notably its tigers, leopards and elephants. Bengal’s greenery is the threshold to the tea plantations of Darjeeling and Assam.
shutterstock_185298836_Rajasthan_EC.jpgJain temple, Ranakpur
Shutterstock
The rugged southern peninsula is hemmed in by low-lying mountains; the Vindhya and Satpura to the north and the Western and Eastern Ghats running parallel to the coasts. The forested Malabar coast in the west is sown with crops of coconut, betel nut, pepper, cardamom, rubber and cashew nut, which today still tempt ships across the Arabian Sea. Palm trees line the shores all the way around peninsular India, from Mumbai to the Ganges delta.
India’s landscape also features man-made architectural treasures, bearing witness to the many great religions and civilisations that have enriched the country. After centuries of neglect, these monuments are now preserved by the restoration programme run by the Archaeological Survey of India. The sights are endless: the Hindu gopura (temple towers) of the south; the ghats of Varanasi (Benares); the cave monasteries of Ajanta and Ellora; the beautiful and erotic sculptures of Khajuraho; the splendid marble palaces, fortresses and mausoleums of the emperors and maharajas in Delhi, Agra and Rajasthan; the colonial government buildings in New Delhi; and the unusual style of the gothic-oriental municipal piles in Mumbai.
Some statistics
India’s area of 3,287,590 sq km (1,269,346 sq miles) makes it the seventh-largest country in the world, but it has the world’s second-largest population (after China).
Capital: Delhi, pop. around 11,000,000.
Major cities: Mumbai (Bombay), pop. around 12,400,000; Kolkata (Calcutta), pop. around 4,500,000; Chennai (Madras), pop. around 4,600,000; Bengaluru (Bangalore), pop. around 11,000,000; Hyderabad, pop. around 7,000,000; Ahmedabad, pop. around 6,000,000; Surat, pop. around 4,400,000.
Population: 1.3 billion, of whom roughly 72 percent are Indo-European, mostly in the north, 25 percent Dravidian in the south, 3 percent others. Density is 390 people per sq km (1,000 per sq mile).
Religion: about 79 percent Hindu, 14.6 percent Muslim, 2.3 percent Christian, 1.9 percent Sikh, 0.76 percent Buddhist, the remainder Jain and others.
People
The only constant in this huge landscape is the presence of people themselves. Even in the vast open spaces of the Rajasthan desert or the Deccan plateau of central India, people appear everywhere: a tribesman on camel-back or a lone woman holding her headdress in her teeth to keep out the dust as she carries a huge pitcher of water or a bundle of firewood on her head. If, as the road stretches before you empty and clear right up to the horizon, you can see only one tree, there’s a good chance you’ll find at least one sadhu (holy man) resting in its shade.
The teeming millions living in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata have become legendary. They crowd each other into the roadway, bulge out of tiny auto-rickshaws, and perch on top of buses and trains; a family of four or five clings onto a motor-scooter, and a whole school class on one bullock-cart. It is hazardous: buses do topple over, rooftop passengers on trains do occasionally get swept off the top by an overhanging cable, but they accept the risk for the free ride. Despite impressive economic progress, there remain vast numbers of people living in absolute poverty, in the big cities as well as in rural areas. Traditionally borne with a kind of stoical resignation, poverty has, over the past decade or so, caused increasing social unrest. Unlike in the past where the disadvantaged classes rarely came into contact with those who were better off, modern life throws all sections of Indian society together. The result, exacerbated by the economic boom, is a growing sense of entitlement among the poor which has provoked mass marches and, in the most impoverished corners of central India, a full-blown uprising which now verges on the scale of a civil war.
iStock-157772138_India_EC.jpgA Hindu ceremony
iStock
Even so, most of the country remains remarkably peaceful considering how many people are packed cheek-by-jowl into its largest cities. The resulting jostling may also be an alien concept to many visitors, but it’s a way of life in India. The cities’ bastis (shanty-town districts) are often directly in the shadow of the shining skyscrapers, built by the basti-dwellers themselves. Here women carry piles of bricks on their heads as gracefully as they would a pitcher of water. The women are also responsible for one other characteristic of the Indian landscape: cow-dung patties which are preserved and kept for fuel and artfully shaped into mounds. And everyone makes way for the cow, sacred to Hindus. The cow has right of way everywhere, whether walking nonchalantly through the centre of a city, or reclining across a new expressway. After a while you may begin to detect something a bit uncanny in the way a cow seems to look around and beyond her immediate surroundings; it’s as if she knows that she’s sacred.
Religions of India
You can’t get around it: India is a country where religion is ever-present. Although the constitution of today describes India as a secular state, religion still plays a vital part in everyday life: in its streets as well as in the architecture, sculpture and painting of its great monuments.
_DSC3857_India_EC.jpgA statue of Vishnu
Britta Jaschinski/Apa Publications
Hinduism
More than 80 percent of the population embraces Hinduism, which is more a way of life than a religion; its sacred rituals and observances are only a small part of what good Hindus believe makes them good Hindus. Much more than the mystical elements which fascinate and draw so many Westerners here, Hinduism is concerned with the basics of everyday life: birth, work, health, relationships and death, all of this helped along by regular consultations with an astrologer. India’s principal religion may therefore owe its popularity to the fact that it offers something for everyone: mysticism and metaphysics for scholars, ritual and spectacle for devotees, encompassing austerity, sensuality, tranquillity and frenzy.
Building on early indigenous belief systems and the Vedic teachings of the Indo-Aryans dating back to the second millennium BC, Hinduism began to