This case report aims to shed light on the critical importance of folic acid intake not only during pregnancy but also before conception. The focus is on preventing anencephaly, a devastating neural tube defect that can be avoided through proactive measures such as incorporating folic acid rich foods into ones diet and supplementation. Anencephaly is a congenital condition that cannot be cured, making prevention the key to sparing both infants and mothers from the emotional and physical burdens associated with this tragic disorder. The report emphasizes the need for increased awareness and education about the role of folic acid in prenatal health to empower individuals in taking a small yet impactful step towards a healthier future. Simi. C. P | Athulya. P. K | Greeshma Menon "Folic Acid Awareness: A Crucial Step Towards Preventing Anencephaly" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61306.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/anatomy/61306/folic-acid-awareness-a-crucial-step-towards-preventing-anencephaly/simi-c-p

This article describes the synthesis and IR spectroscopy of 2-(4,6-dioxo-1,3,5-triazinane-2-ylidene)hydrazine carboxamide. The synthesized compound was investigated using the methods of elemental analysis and quantum chemical calculations performed in the ChemCraft 1.8 and Gaussian programs.

This study involves the preparation of various organic compounds. Mannich base derivatives (A1, A2) were prepared by reacting 4-aminobenazoic acid with saccharin and benzaldehyde derivatives, using absolute ethanol as a solvent. Several complexes of Mannich bases (A3-A6) were obtained by reacting equimolar amounts of Mannich base derivatives (A1, A2) with the metal salt solution of cobalt and cadmium (MCln.XH2O), using ethanol as a solvent. The synthesized compounds and complexes were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H,13C-NMR) spectroscopy. Additionally, their melting points, purity, molar conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility were determined. The impact of some prepared compounds and complexes on the growth of two antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, namely the Gram-negative Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and the Gram-positive Streptococcus Mutans, was studied. Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Ciprofloxacin were used as a control antibiotic. Some of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the tested bacterial strains. Molecular docking studies were conducted for the compounds (A1, A2) against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa using the MOE software (2009). The energy minimization process was employed to achieve the most stable conformation (lowest energy barrier) for these compounds.

The release of chemical energy from food materials essentially occurs in three phases. In the first phase (phase I), the large molecules that make up the bulk of food materials are broken down into small constituent units: proteins are converted to the 20 or so different amino acids of which they are composed; carbohydrates (polysaccharides such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals) are degraded to sugars such as glucose; and fats (lipids) are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

The results of studies on the preparation of zinc hydroxide carbonate by precipitation from a zinc nitrate solution with an 18% sodium carbonate solution are presented. The influence of technological factors on the degree of precipitation of zinc hydroxide carbonate was investigated and the optimal parameters of the process were established. The zinc nitrate solution contains 13,14% ZnO. The maximum degree of precipitation of zinc hydroxide carbonate is observed at pH medium (7,9-8,2), temperature 65-70°C. At the same time, an increase in the duration of the process from 40 to 45 minutes increases the degree of precipitation of zinc hydroxide carbonate from 98,78% to 99,97%.

Alzheimer's disease is a common tauopathy where fibril formation and aggregates are the hallmark of the disease. Efforts targeting amyloid-beta plaques have succeeded to remove plaques but failed in clinical trials to improve cognition; thus, the current therapeutic strategy is at preventing tau aggregation. Here, we demonstrated that four phenolic diterpenoids and rosmarinic acid inhibit fibrillization. Since, rosmarinic acid was the most active compound, we observe morphological changes in atomic force microscopy images after treatment. Hence, rosmarinic acid leads to a decrease in amide regions I and III, indicating that rosmarinic acid prevents beta-sheet assembly. Molecular docking study inside the steric zipper model of the hexapeptide (306)VQIVYK(311) involved in fibrillization and beta sheet formation, suggests that rosmarinic acid binds to the steric zipper with similar chemical interactions with respect to those observed for orange G, a known pharmacofore for amyloid.

In the present study, extracts from the bark and wood of Juniperus excelsa ssp. polycarpos were obtained with acetone solvent. Chemical composition were analyzed and compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the major components identified in the bark acetone extract as trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives were β-d-glucofuranose, 1,2,3,5,6-pentakis-O-(TMS) (19.97, followed by pimaric acid TMS (18.89, d-mannopyranose,1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-(TMS) (13.90, d-fructose,1,3,4,5,6-pentakis-O-(TMS) (12.37. The major components identified in the wood acetone extract as trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives were pimaric acid TMS (24.56, followed by α-d-glucopyranoside,1,3,4,6-tetrakis-O-(TMS)-β-d-fructofuranosyl 2,3,4,6-tetrakis-O-(TMS) (21.39, β-d-galactopyranose,1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-(TMS) (12.10, d-glucose,2,3,4,5,6-pentakis-O-(TMS) (9.97, trifluoromethyl-bis-(TMS) methyl ketone (9.32. One of the more important components identified both in the bark and wood extracts was pimaric acid TMS. Cedrol as the essential oil was found in the acetone wood extract (0.72.

A modified silver colloid allowed obtains to the best of our knowledge, the first surface enhanced Raman scattering spectrum of the gallic acid in aqueous solution at controlled neutral pH. The molecular electrostatic potential surface plot analysis allowed identifies the electrophilic attacking sites of the gallate anion. A combined charge transfer and electromagnetic mechanism of the Raman enhancement was inferred from the frontier high-low occupied molecular orbitals gap energy. Surface enhanced Raman scattering selection rules and theoretical calculations allowed propose that the gallic acid anion at pH 7 is oriented perpendicular to the surface with the carboxylate fragment driving the interaction.

A complete theoretical characterization of the factors involved in the stabilization of hybrid laminar composites is reported, with the purpose of understanding the main interactions involved in the formation of these types of systems. The models were built using two different surfactants: hexadecylamine (HDA) and palmitic acid (PAc), on a cluster of titania (TiO2) which represents its anatase crystalline phase. We explored the relevance of the titania-surfactant and surfactant-surfactant interactions, and of the protonation state of the palmitic acid in the stabilization of the hybrid laminar composites. The results were rationalized using energy decomposition analysis (EDA) and the non-covalent interaction index (NIC). The interaction energies between HDA and the TiO2 surface without the contribution of the dispersion forces were -25 kcal/mol and -29 kcal/mol for the (1 0 0) and (1 01) surfaces, respectively. These results suggest the formation of a donor-acceptor bond between HDA-TiO2 allowing its stabilization. On the other hand, the interaction energy between PAc and the TiO2 (1 0 1) surface was about -45 kcal/mol without the dispersion term. Thus, the PAc-TiO2 model has a higher covalent character than the HDA-TiO2 interaction, as confirmed by the energy decomposition analyses. The results suggest new hybrid laminar composites which are better when carboxylic acid was used instead of amines. Therefore, the use of surfactants with the carboxyl functional group yielded more stable TiO2 hybrid composites. The interaction energy between surfactant chains was about -13 kcal/mol, confirming the importance of dispersion forces in the stabilization of these types of systems. The study of systems with palmitic acid was complemented by building some anionic models to show the importance of acid protons in those systems. However, when the acidic hydrogens were removed, the interaction energy between the PAc molecules considering the dispersion correction increased to 45 kcal/mol, with a highly repulsive character. These results suggest that the acid hydrogens of the PAc surfactants play a fundamental role in terms of correctly representing the carboxylic acid-TiO2 interface and the stabilization of the laminar hybrid composites.

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi with microalgae and/or cyanobacteria. Lichens belonging to the Parmeliaceae family comprise 2700 species of lichens, including the Parmotrema genus which is composed of 300 species. The metabolites of this genus include depsides, depsidones, phenolics, polysaccharides, lipids, diphenylethers and dibenzofurans, which are responsible for the biological activities reported including antidiabetic, antihelmintic, anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimitotic, antitumoral, antifungal, and antioxidant enzyme inhibitory. Due to scarce knowledge of metabolomic profiles of Parmotrema species (P. andinum and P. robustum), a full metabolome study based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography- diode array detector-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-orbitrap-mass-spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-ESI-Q-orbitrap MS) was performed for a comprehensive characterization of their substances. From the methanolic extracts of these species, a total of 54 metabolites were identified for the first time using this hyphenated technique, including thirty compounds in P. andinum, and thirty-seven in P. robustum. Moreover, two compounds were not identified as known compounds, and could be new structures, according to our data. This report shows that this technique is effective and accurate for rapid chemical identification of lichen substances and the compounds identified could serve as chemotaxonomic markers to differentiate these ruffle lichens.

Two different crystals of the gallic acid were microscopically separated from a p.a. commercial product. The Raman spectra analysis allowed distinguishing monomeric and dimeric structures. The vibrational wave numbers were computed using DFT quantum chemical calculations. The data obtained from wave number calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained in the Raman spectrum. The dimer, characterized as ellagic acid, involves the carboxyl and hydroxyl moieties. The Raman spectrum in Water solution of each species is dominated by the monomeric form. A low negatively charged Ag colloid allowed obtain to the best of our knowledge, the first surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum of the gallic acid. The possible electrophilic attacking sites of the title molecule are identified using MEP surface plot study and the orientation of the analyte on the metal surface is proposed tilted to the surface.

Ethanol extracts from dried leaves of wild Lepechinia salvia (Lindl) Epling, collected during the flowering period (September-November), contained 15% to 25% camosic acid and 2 to 8% camosol, depending on the month of collection. The highest concentration of carnosic acid in extracts was in October, while camosol concentration had a peak in September, which suggests that it is not a product of camosic acid oxidation. A comparison of extracts obtained in September 2008 to 2011 shows that the production of both abietanes increased in years with less winter rainfall and higher temperatures, which induced an early blooming. ECsovalues in DPPH radical scavenging and antiproliferative (CCRF-CEM tumor cells) bioassays confirm that the high bioactivity of the extracts of rosemary, sage and L. salviae does not arise only from camosol and camosic acid. The cytotoxic activity was significantly higher in extracts of L. salviae, probably due to water stress differences between the cultivars and the wild species. These results correlate well with the close phylogenetic relationship between the three species, and their similar medicinal uses.

Ammonia, one of the ambient gasses that require environmental monitoring, is typically measured using a passive sampling method. The present work presents an evaluation of the uncertainty according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement for the measurement of the atmospheric ammonia concentration as determined by an Ogawa passive sampler, using a colorimetric method. The analytical results report the uncertainty only as a standard deviation of repeated measurements, but not all sources of uncertainty are considered. In this work, the major sources of uncertainty in the measurements are identified as contributions to the linear least-square regression lines, repeatability and recovery. The result, including the expanded uncertainty (k = 2) at a level of confidence of 95%, is 39.2%. The aforementioned results indicate that the Ogawa sampler can be successfully deployed to estimate the atmospheric NH3 and could find wide application in environmental monitoring. However, to obtain correct conclusions, the uncertainty in the measurements must be considered.

Lichens are symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. Secondary metabolites from lichens are known as lichen substances. We investigated depsidone and depside from lichens 1-6 in the context of their action to prevent gastric ulcer on the model of HCl/ethanol in mice for the first time. Doses of 30 mg/kg of lichen substances 1-6 and positive control (lansoprazole) significantly diminished the lesion index compared with negative control (treated only with HCl/EtOH). Lobaric acid 1, atranorin 2 and psoromic acid 5 reduced the gastric lesions by 76%, 63% and 65%, while for variolaric acid 3, diffractaic acid 4 and perlatolic acid 6 their values were 32%, 14% and 45%, respectively. Our results suggest that lichens have potential as a suite of gastroprotective molecules.

The role of the titanium dioxide (rutile and anatase) with and without room light on the thermal synthesis of the glycine--glutamine (Gly-Gln) polymer is described. The efficiency in percentage of polymerization with room light was increased in 6% in the presence of rutile and in 23% in the presence of anatase. The thermal synthesis in the molten state was carried out in the absence and presence of both oxides. In all cases, the vibrational spectra showed characteristic group frequencies corresponding to a polypeptide structure. No spectral differences were observed by room light effect on the polymer on rutile. However, the polymer obtained in the presence of anatase and room light shows spectral changes associated with the formation of shorter new abundant and conformationally different species compared with the original polymer. The SEM-EDX characterization of the solid phase involved in the thermal synthesis showed that the morphology of the polypeptide is different in the presence of rutile compared to anatase. The SDS-PAGE and GPC results suggest that smaller chains are formed in the presence of both oxides and the distribution of the size and weight of each polymer molecule is completely different when the condensation is performed in the presence of anatase or rutile. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed the incorporation of both Gly and Gln residues in the polymers, with a prevalence of Gly. Both possible sequences -GlyGln- and -GlnGly- were also detected.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Quillaja saponaria bark contains a high percentage of triterpene saponins and has been used for centuries as a cleansing and analgesic agent in Chilean folk medicine., Aim of the study: The topical and systemic analgesic effects of a commercial partially purified saponin extract, 3 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxy-23-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid (quillaic acid), methyl 3 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxy-23-oxoolean-12-en-28-oate and methyl 4-nor-3,16-dioxoolean-12-en-28-oate., Materials and methods: The samples were assessed in mice using the topical tail-flick and i.p. hot-plate tests, respectively., Results: All the samples showed activity in both analgesic tests in a dose-dependent manner. The most active against tail flick test was commercial partially purified saponin extract (EC50 27.9 mg%, w/v) and more than the ibuprofen sodium. On hot-plate test, methyl 4-nor-3, 16-dioxoolean-12-en-28-oate was the most active (ED50 12.2 mg/kg) and more than the ibuprofen sodium., Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that Quillaja saponaria saponins, quillaic acid, its methyl ester, and one of the oxidized derivatives of the latter, elicit dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in two murine thermal models.

The effect of the aluminum oxide on the thermal synthesis of the glycine-glutamic acid (Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) polymer is described. The thermal synthesis in the molten state was carried out in the absence and presence of the oxide. In both cases, the vibrational spectra showed characteristic group frequencies corresponding predominantly to a Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) sequence in the polymeric structure. The theoretical spectral data support the experimental proposed Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) sequence for the polymer. The SEM-EDX characterization of the solid phase involved in the thermal synthesis showed that the aluminum oxide participates as a site for nucleation and growth of the polymer, explaining the increase of 25% efficiency in the presence of aluminum oxide. Electrophoresis data show shorter polypeptide chains in the presence of aluminum oxide.

Objectives, Aristotelia chilensis leaves (Elaeocarpaceae) are used in Chilean folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. A bioguided study was carried out on serial extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, aqueous extract (INFU) and a crude mixture of alkaloids (ALK-MIX). All extracts were evaluated for (1) topical administration against both arachidonic acid and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice and (2) per-os administration against inflammation by lambda-carrageenan-induced paw oedema in guinea-pigs and (3) topical analgesia in tail flick and formalin models and per-os writhing test in mice., Methods, Greater anti-inflammatory effects were obtained against TPA with dichloromethane extract and methanol extract (63.9 and 66.0%, respectively). INFU showed the most potent effect (56.2%) against arachidonic acid. Greater effects were obtained in the writhing test with hexane and dichloromethane extracts (89.2% both). In the topical analgesia models, all the extracts and ALK-MIX were active with exception of the hexane extract in the formalin assay. In tail flick test, ALK-MIX and the methanol extract were the most active (58.2 and 55.2%, respectively). In relation to the tail formalin assay, the methanol extract (74.1%) was the most active. Concerning antioxidant activity, both INFU and the methanol extract were the most active either in the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (52.9 and 62.7%, respectively) or in the DPPH free radical scavenging activity (EC50 (concentration that produced 50% of activity) = 12.1 and 9.7 mu g/ml, respectively).,
ywords findings, Aristoteline, aristone, serratoline and hobartinol were isolated from ALK-MIX. Ursolic acid, friedelin and quercetin 5,3'-dimethyl ether were present in the dichloromethane extract while quercetin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside and kaempferol were present in the methanol extract. From INFU were isolated protopine, aristoteline and caffeic and ferulic acids., Conclusions, The effects of A. chilensis are herein demonstrated, validating its use in traditional medicine. Protopine is reported for the first time in Elaeocarpaceae.

Two commercial samples of Royal Jelly sold in Chile, consisting of two imported sample and another sample of known origin obtained freshly harvested from beekeepers were analyzed. The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation and determination of the active compound, 10 hydroxy 2 decenoic acid, in Royal Jelly (RJ) in a capillary column with UV detection at 214 nm is described. In addition, the physicochemical composition of commercial samples was analyzed by determining moisture, ash, lipid and other properties., The importance of determining the 10-HDA acid lies in the fact that it is the main difference between Royal Jelly and the other bee products, i.e., it is what confers this product its unique characteristics, generating a marked difference. Therefore, a low 10-HDA content implies a low Royal Jelly activity, ascribed to decomposition, poor quality, or something else to the commercialization of a product other than Royal Jelly. This determination was conducted by comparison with a pure 10-HDA standard.

Objectives, Quillaic acid is the major aglycone of the widely studied saponins of the Chilean indigenous tree Quillaja saponaria Mol. The industrial availability of quillaja saponins and the extensive functionalisation of this triterpenoid provide unique opportunities for structural modification and pose a challenge from the standpoint of selectivity in regard to one or the other secondary alcohol group, the aldehyde, and the carboxylic acid functions. The anti-inflammatory activity of this sapogenin has not been studied previously and it has never been used to obtain potential anti-inflammatory derivatives., Methods, A series of quillaic acid derivatives were prepared and subjected to topical assays for the inhibition of inflammation induced by arachidonic acid or phorbol ester.,
ywords findings, Quillaic acid exhibited strong topical anti-inflammatory activity in both models. Most of its derivatives were less potent, but the hydrazone 8 showed similar potency to quillaic acid in the TPA assay., Conclusions, The structural modifications performed and the biological results suggest that the aldehyde and carboxyl groups are relevant to the anti-inflammatory activity in these models.