@article{Zwick2001,
abstract = {Seventeen patients with diplegic cerebral palsy were assessed by clinical examination and three-dimensional gait analysis before and after surgery to improve gait. Selection of surgical procedures was according to a fixed set of selection criteria. The average postoperative follow-up was 3.8 years (range, 2.6-5.7 years). Clinical examination revealed an improved range of motion for the ankle and no reduction in the power grade at the hip, knee and ankle after surgery. Kinematic parameters showed improved knee extension in stance and significant changes towards a normal ankle motion pattern postoperatively. Kinetic evaluation demonstrated that most of the total power during walking was generated at the hip, with the ankle contributing a small part. After surgery, patients walked faster with an increased power generation at the hip during first double support and at the ankle during push off. Power generation at the hip in stance is pointed out to be an important mechanism for propulsion during walking.},
added-at = {2014-07-20T09:31:15.000+0200},
author = {Zwick, E. B. and Saraph, V. and Linhart, W. E. and Steinwender, G.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/24ef9bb4d5a9b6c3834a7b83ce460423a/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {2d49937e07efa2bb0101fb9837d7c491},
intrahash = {4ef9bb4d5a9b6c3834a7b83ce460423a},
journal = {J Pediatr Orthop B},
keywords = {Adolescent; Ankle Joint; Arthrodesis; Biomechanics; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Follow-Up Studies; Gait; Hip Humans; Knee Osteotomy; Patient Selection; Physical Examination; Range of Motion, Ar; Tendon Transfer; Treatment Outcome; Videotape Recording; Walking; ticular},
month = Jul,
number = 3,
pages = {226--233},
pmid = {11497367},
timestamp = {2014-07-20T09:31:15.000+0200},
title = {Propulsive function during gait in diplegic children: evaluation after surgery for gait improvement.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 10,
year = 2001
}
@article{Zarzycki1980a,
added-at = {2014-07-20T09:30:55.000+0200},
author = {Zarzycki, D. and Zarzycka, M.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2971a8c480359d8232764974580f02f3e/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {1f80ee02127f7bb377e8945dfccf6ce8},
intrahash = {971a8c480359d8232764974580f02f3e},
journal = {Pol Przegl Chir},
keywords = {Ankle Joint; Cerebral Palsy; Child, Preschool; Dislocations; Hip Humans; Knee Male; Time Factors},
month = Mar,
number = 3,
pages = {267--270},
pmid = {7393776},
timestamp = {2014-07-20T09:30:55.000+0200},
title = {[Importance of early surgical treatment of children with cerebral palsy]},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 52,
year = 1980
}
@article{Zuercher2001,
abstract = {Intramuscular botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection has a role in the conservative management of dynamic equinus deformity in children with cerebral palsy. The effect of BTA injection of the gastrocsoleus muscle during gait was evaluated. Eight children with hemiplegia (median age 4.4 years, range 2 to 8 years) were included in this retrospective study. Assessment included kinematic and kinetic gait analysis before and after (median 57.5 days) treatment. Postinjective kinematics showed significant improvement of ankle range of motion in the stance phase of gait. Ankle kinetics demonstrated a significant decrease of pathological power generation in midstance. The ankle power quotient (APQ) was also significantly improved. Ankle power in terminal stance was improved, although not to a significant level. These results provide evidence of normalization of energy production at the ankle, which is critical for normal gait. The effect of BTA is temporary and can be successfully repeated. This allows deferring the need for surgical intervention until the child is older and recurrence rate is lower.},
added-at = {2014-07-20T09:30:27.000+0200},
author = {Z?rcher, A. W. and Molenaers, G. and Desloovere, K. and Fabry, G.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ca09916018085f154b6c1fd32ceff709/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {daf5d239b4810512e564459e5ecdb0d2},
intrahash = {ca09916018085f154b6c1fd32ceff709},
journal = {Acta Orthop Belg},
keywords = {Ankle Joint; Biomechanics; Botulinum Toxin Type A; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Equinus Deformity; Female; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; Humans; Infant; Injections, Intramuscular; Kinetics; Male; Neuromuscular Agents; Treatment Outcome},
month = Dec,
number = 5,
pages = {475--480},
pmid = {11822078},
timestamp = {2014-07-20T09:30:27.000+0200},
title = {Kinematic and kinetic evaluation of the ankle after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A in children with cerebral palsy.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 67,
year = 2001
}
@article{Yngve1996,
abstract = {An evaluation of ankle function in gait after 22 Vulpius lengthenings of the gastrocnemius fascia and 27 Z-lengthenings of the Achilles tendon was performed in 33 ambulatory cerebral palsy patients. Simultaneous hip or knee surgeries or both were performed in most instances. Gait analysis including ankle motion, moment, and power data was obtained before surgery and approximately 1 year after. The ankle moments were improved and approached normal in the majority of cases in each group. There were no significant differences between the Vulpius and Z-lengthening groups at follow-up in any of the parameters. There were significant differences between the initial and follow-up measurements of each group. The Vulpius group showed a notable presence of abnormal midstance work initially and had a significant decrease at follow-up. The Z-lengthening group showed a notable presence of equinus and a notable lack of push-off work initially and had a significant decrease in equinus and a significant increase in push-off work at follow-up. Each procedure appears to give satisfactory results because the follow-up results were similar.},
added-at = {2014-07-20T09:30:05.000+0200},
author = {Yngve, D. A. and Chambers, C.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/200b3a5b97858b7ac22ce3db738656ec1/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {8ad9e5d8da148f14695456f26705a03a},
intrahash = {00b3a5b97858b7ac22ce3db738656ec1},
journal = {J Pediatr Orthop},
keywords = {Achilles Tendon; Ankle Joint; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Fascia; Gait; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Range of Motion, Articular; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Treatment Outcome},
number = 6,
pages = {759--764},
pmid = {8906648},
timestamp = {2014-07-20T09:30:05.000+0200},
title = {Vulpius and Z-lengthening.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 16,
year = 1996
}
@article{Wren2004,
abstract = {Equinus gait is one of the most common abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy. Although it is generally assumed that the calf muscles are abnormally short in equinus gait, no studies have been done to confirm that the muscles are short and that this shortness contributes to the equinus. This study used musculoskeletal modeling combined with computerized gait analysis to examine medial gastrocnemius (MGAS), lateral gastrocnemius (LGAS), and soleus (SOL) musculotendinous lengths during equinus gait in children with cerebral palsy. All three muscles were abnormally short during equinus gait whether or not the children had equinus contractures (P < or = 0.005). Children with static contractures had shorter maximum static MGAS and LGAS lengths than children with dynamic equinus (P < or = 0.002). The children with static contractures had ratios of peak dynamic length to maximum static length close to 1.0 for MGAS and LGAS (1.005 +/- 0.015) but lower ratios for SOL (0.984 +/- 0.024). For the children with static contracture, these ratios did not change significantly after gastrocnemius recession (P > or = 0.14) because both static and dynamic lengths increased postoperatively (P < or = 0.04). These results support the current clinical understanding of the role of calf "tightness" in equinus gait, including the appropriateness and effectiveness of gastrocnemius recession for children with equinus contracture.},
added-at = {2014-07-20T09:28:19.000+0200},
author = {Wren, Tishya A L and Do, K. Patrick and Kay, Robert M},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2066dd5189392e6891c4a4b48b62d40c5/ar0berts},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.12.035},
groups = {public},
interhash = {acf718c1ac56e489343c93e84bf21c93},
intrahash = {066dd5189392e6891c4a4b48b62d40c5},
journal = {J Biomech},
keywords = {Ankle Joint; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; Equinus Deformity; Female; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tremor},
month = Sep,
number = 9,
pages = {1321--1327},
pii = {S002192900400003X},
pmid = {15275839},
timestamp = {2014-07-20T09:29:04.000+0200},
title = {Gastrocnemius and soleus lengths in cerebral palsy equinus gait--differences between children with and without static contracture and effects of gastrocnemius recession.},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.12.035},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 37,
year = 2004
}
@article{Waters1999,
abstract = {Physiological energy expenditure measurement has proven to be a reliable method of quantitatively assessing the penalties imposed by gait disability. The purpose of this review is to outline the basic principles of exercise physiology relevant to human locomotion; detail the energy expenditure of normal walking; and summarize the results of energy expenditure studies performed in patients with specific neurologic and orthopedic disabilities. The magnitude of the disabilities and the patients' capacity to tolerate the increased energy requirements are compared. This paper also will examine the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions at mitigating the energetic penalties of disability during ambulation.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:54:14.000+0200},
author = {Waters, R. L. and Mulroy, S.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28f9f6a57f1035dcfa5571bada1bd0c14/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {52569a5ec4fec19eaa73e9eaa87323e9},
intrahash = {8f9f6a57f1035dcfa5571bada1bd0c14},
journal = {Gait Posture},
keywords = {Amputation; Ankle Joint; Arthrodesis; Cerebral Palsy; Cerebrovascular Accident; Crutches; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Gait; Hip Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Neural Tube Defects; Orthotic Devices; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Fitness; Range of Motion, Articular; Spinal Cord Injuries; Walking},
month = Jul,
number = 3,
pages = {207--231},
pii = {S0966636299000090},
pmid = {10575082},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:54:14.000+0200},
title = {The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 9,
year = 1999
}
@article{Ubhi2000a,
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy is the commonest cause of severe physical disability in childhood. For many years treatment has centred on the use of physiotherapy and orthotics to overcome the problems of leg spasticity, which interferes with walking and can lead to limb deformity. Intramuscular botulinum toxin (BT-A) offers a targeted form of therapy to reduce spasticity in specific muscle groups. AIMS: To determine whether intramuscular BT-A can improve walking in children with cerebral palsy. DESIGN: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. METHODS: Forty patients with spastic diplegia or hemiplegia were enrolled. Twenty two received botulinum toxin and 18 received placebo. The primary outcome measure was video gait analysis and secondary outcome measures were gross motor function measure (GMFM), physiological cost index (PCI), and passive ankle dorsiflexion. RESULTS: Video gait analysis showed clinically and statistically significant improvement in initial foot contact following BT-A at six weeks and 12 weeks compared to placebo. Forty eight per cent of BT-A treated children showed clinical improvement in VGA compared to 17\% of placebo treated children. The GMFM (walking dimension) showed a statistically significant improvement in favour of the botulinum toxin treated group. Changes in PCI and passive ankle dorsiflexion were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The study gives further support to the use of intramuscular botulinum toxin type A as an adjunct to conventional physiotherapy and orthoses to reduce spasticity and improve functional mobility in children with spastic diplegic or hemiplegic cerebral palsy.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:50:08.000+0200},
author = {Ubhi, T. and Bhakta, B. B. and Ives, H. L. and Allgar, V. and Roussounis, S. H.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ca46fb9a73db05a8a0976ea937dd6e22/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {daed34c73cd00276b4e2cdda4bfad21d},
intrahash = {ca46fb9a73db05a8a0976ea937dd6e22},
journal = {Arch Dis Child},
keywords = {Adolescent; Ankle Joint; Botulinum Toxin Type A; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gait; Humans; Infant; Male; Movement; Neuromuscular Agents; Videotape Recording; Walking},
month = Dec,
number = 6,
pages = {481--487},
pmid = {11087280},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:50:08.000+0200},
title = {Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin on walking in cerebral palsy.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 83,
year = 2000
}
@article{Tenuta1993,
abstract = {This study was a long-term retrospective review of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) who had triple arthrodeses as children before 1981. The medical records were reviewed, and the patients were requested to return for reevaluation, during which a radiograph, physical examination, and patient questionnaire were obtained. Twenty-four patients who had triple arthrodesis on 35 feet returned for evaluation. Twenty-three feet had planovalgus deformities and 12 equinovarus deformities. Mean age at operation was 14.2 years, with a mean follow-up of 17.8 years (range 11-45 years). Of the 24 patients questioned, 19 were satisfied and five were dissatisfied with their result. Nine patients had occasional pain; one patient reported frequent pain in one foot. Six patients had limited distance ambulation owing to their feet. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated that 43\% of the feet had degenerative changes at the ankle joint. Four of six patients reported ambulatory limitation due to pain. Ankle joint range of motion (ROM) and degenerative arthritis were not correlated with pain, distance limitations, residual deformity, or patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction was predominantly related to persistent pain, especially pain causing distance limitations in ambulation. Patient satisfaction was also strongly correlated with residual deformity. Persistent pain and distance limitation were also strongly correlated with residual planovalgus deformity.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:42:46.000+0200},
author = {Tenuta, J. and Shelton, Y. A. and Miller, F.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27a2122e77fec87a215ab0b7b95e404fb/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {7f1517dbaf9c99f8a506adb13f950412},
intrahash = {7a2122e77fec87a215ab0b7b95e404fb},
journal = {J Pediatr Orthop},
keywords = {Adolescent; Adult; Ankle Joint; Arthrodesis; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Foot Deformities, Acquired; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Pain; Patient Satisfaction; Range of Motion, Articular; Retrospective Studies},
number = 6,
pages = {713--716},
pmid = {8245193},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:48:06.000+0200},
title = {Long-term follow-up of triple arthrodesis in patients with cerebral palsy.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 13,
year = 1993
}
@article{Tardieu1977a,
abstract = {Previous papers gave some methods for the reliable measurement of the tibia-calcaneum angle. It is of common use to evaluate the physical properties of triceps surae on the basis of torque-angle curves. However this method is reliable only if each tibia-calcaneum angle corresponds to a defined distance between the insertions of the muscle in subjects of the same height. Evidence is given by radiological measurements that this correspondance is correct in normal children. However, this is no longer true in certain cerebral palsied children because of abnormal translation of the calcaneum and/or abnormal ratio of bone sizes. In this case the torque-angle curves do not define properly the torque-length curves. A method of correction is given. This correction may be as high as 15 degrees.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:42:25.000+0200},
author = {Tardieu, G. and Lespargot, A. and Tardieu, C.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/24ce3f36f64c53c63deb0bd0e0af633a7/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {6b14a8225615b72e887474bad859513d},
intrahash = {4ce3f36f64c53c63deb0bd0e0af633a7},
journal = {Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol},
keywords = {Ankle Joint; Body Height; Calcaneus; Cerebral Palsy; Leg; Muscles; Tibia},
month = Sep,
number = 2,
pages = {163--171},
pmid = {902657},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:42:25.000+0200},
title = {To what extent is the tibia-calcaneum angle a reliable measurement of the triceps surae length? Radiological correction of the torque-angle curve (III).},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 37,
year = 1977
}
@article{Tardieu1977b,
abstract = {A previous paper described an apparatus and method for giving the relationship between triceps surae torque and the tibia-calcaneum angle. As a first approximation we took the angle between the calcaneum and the foot-plate as being invariable in all subjects, when the torque was zero. The aim of the present work is to measure the inter-individual variations of the angle. 1. Guide-marks are selected on the skin; showing the axes of the calcaneum and of the leg. Metal rods indicate the axes thus defined and the true angle between the leg and the calcaneum is measured by photography. The curves drawn from these true angles differ from the preceding curves by 0 degrees to 10 degrees for normal children and +12 degrees to -15 degrees for cerebral palsied children. 2. The photographic method verifies the exactitude of the trigonometrical method of correcting angles that we proposed in the previous paper.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:42:22.000+0200},
author = {Tardieu, C. and Bret, M. D. and Colbeau-Justin, P. and de la Tour, E. Huet},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/203b59c98d5ebe767c76c1f46c56e7894/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {10d00af7981447809d97b131daadf6e6},
intrahash = {03b59c98d5ebe767c76c1f46c56e7894},
journal = {Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol},
keywords = {Ankle Joint; Calcaneus; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Humans; Leg; Muscles; Tibia},
month = Sep,
number = 2,
pages = {153--161},
pmid = {902656},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:42:22.000+0200},
title = {Relationship of triceps surae torques to photographed tibia-calcaneum angles in man (II).},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 37,
year = 1977
}
@article{Takebe1975,
abstract = {Effect of posture and voluntary movements on hip muclses in eithteen spastic ambulatory children with cerebral palsy were examined electromyographically. Five normal adults were also examined as controls. In each posture, subluxation hips showed greater activity than concentric and normal hips, and the activity pattern was mostly that of either the flexion or the extension synergies in voluntary movements. The concentric hips did not show the characteristic pattern.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:42:06.000+0200},
author = {Takebe, K. and Regenos, E. and Basmajian, J. V.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2dc3c57a97526413c1a110fe4f09f61b4/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {2e0c4d204c6ce65367246904c1719f45},
intrahash = {dc3c57a97526413c1a110fe4f09f61b4},
journal = {Am J Phys Med},
keywords = {Adolescent; Ankle Joint; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Clinical Trials; Electromyography; Female; Hip Humans; Knee Male; Movement; Muscles},
month = Dec,
number = 6,
pages = {279--288},
pmid = {1106213},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:42:06.000+0200},
title = {Patterns of muscular activity around the hip joint in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. An electromyographic study.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 54,
year = 1975
}
@article{Sutherland1999,
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to quantify the gait of subjects receiving two injections of either botulinum A toxin or saline vehicle into the gastrocnemius muscle(s). The study group consisted of cerebral palsy patients who walked with an equinus gait pattern. This study was a randomized, double-blinded, parallel clinical trial of 20 subjects. All were studied by gait analysis before and after the injections. There were no adverse effects. Peak ankle dorsiflexion in stance and swing significantly improved in subjects who received the drug and not in controls. Results of this double blind study give support to the short term efficacy of botulinum toxin A to improve gait in selected patients with cerebral palsy.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:37:01.000+0200},
author = {Sutherland, D. H. and Kaufman, K. R. and Wyatt, M. P. and Chambers, H. G. and Mubarak, S. J.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c396014312fe018380451814480810bf/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {d5b5e1cfec4280e0c612bac52236fd4d},
intrahash = {c396014312fe018380451814480810bf},
journal = {Gait Posture},
keywords = {Ankle Joint; Botulinum Toxin Type A; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Electromyography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gait; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Neuromuscular Agents; Placebos; Prospective Range of Motion, Articular; Sodium Chloride; Vehicles; Videotape Recording; Walking},
month = Sep,
number = 1,
pages = {1--9},
pii = {S0966636299000120},
pmid = {10469936},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:37:01.000+0200},
title = {Double-blind study of botulinum A toxin injections into the gastrocnemius muscle in patients with cerebral palsy.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 10,
year = 1999
}
@article{Subramanian1998,
abstract = {OBJECT: Selective dorsal rhizotomy is a neurosurgical procedure performed for the relief of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy, but its long-term functional efficacy is still unknown. The authors sought to address this issue by means of an objective, prospective study in which quantitative gait analysis was used. METHODS: Eleven children with spastic diplegia (mean age at initial surgery 7.8 years) were evaluated preoperatively in 1985 and then at 1, 3, and at least 10 years after surgery. For comparison, 12 age-matched healthy individuals were also studied. Retroreflective targets were placed over the hip, knee, and ankle joints, and each individual's gait was videotaped. The video data were subsequently entered into a computer for extraction and analysis of the gait parameters. An analysis of variance yielded a significant time effect (p < 0.05), and post hoc comparisons revealed differences before and after surgery and with respect to the healthy volunteers. The knee and hip ranges of motion (59 degrees and 44 degrees, respectively, for healthy volunteers) were significantly restricted in children with spastic diplegia prior to surgery (41 degrees and 41 degrees, respectively), but were within normal limits after 10 years (52 degrees and 45 degrees, respectively). The knee and hip midrange values (31 degrees and 3 degrees, respectively, for healthy volunteers), indicative of posture, were significantly elevated preoperatively (42 degrees and 15 degrees) and increased sharply at 1 year (56 degrees and 18 degrees), but by 10 years they had decreased to within normal limits (36 degrees and 9 degrees). Step length and velocity improved postoperatively but were not within the normal range after 10 years. Ten years after surgery these patients not only had increased ranges of motion, but also used that movement at approximately a normal midrange point. CONCLUSIONS: Selective dorsal rhizotomy is an effective method for alleviating spasticity. Furthermore, the authors provide evidence to show that lasting functional benefits, as measured by improved gait, can also be obtained.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:30:40.000+0200},
author = {Subramanian, N. and Vaughan, C. L. and Peter, J. C. and Arens, L. J.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/26f5e06ef1acd10ff08eacb77b49fca62/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {7fb456e10548b95796f5f504d2237282},
intrahash = {6f5e06ef1acd10ff08eacb77b49fca62},
journal = {J Neurosurg},
keywords = {Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Ankle Joint; Case-Con; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Evaluation Follow-Up Gait; Hemiplegia; Hip Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Knee Muscle Spasticity; Posture; Prospective Range Motion, Articular; Rhizotomy; Videotape Recording; trol Studies},
month = Jun,
number = 6,
pages = {1014--1019},
pmid = {9609296},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:30:40.000+0200},
title = {Gait before and 10 years after rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy spasticity.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 88,
year = 1998
}
@article{Steinwender2000b,
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intrasubject repeatability of data obtained from computer-aided motion analysis in normal and spastic children. DESIGN: Prospective controlled study. BACKGROUND: Information from gait analysis is used in selecting therapeutic interventions for gait improvement in cerebral palsy. While there are several studies regarding repeatability of normal gait, there are no studies evaluating the repeatability of spastic gait. METHODS: Forty children (20 normal, 20 with diplegic type of cerebral palsy) were subjected to gait analysis. Kinematic, kinetic and time distance parameters obtained from gait analysis were studied for intrasubject variability within-day and between-day using statistical measures. RESULTS: Normal children had lower variability in time distance parameters than spastic children both within and between days. The repeatability of kinetics was better than those of kinematics, and values for normal children were better than those for spastic children. Within-day repeatability of kinematics and kinetics was better in normal children. Between-day repeatability of kinematics was better in normal children, while spastic children showed better repeatability for kinetics. CONCLUSIONS: We found lower repeatability of gait analysis data in spastic children compared to normal children. Restricted joint range of motion due to spasticity in the group of cerebral palsy patients may be responsible for the lower repeatability of data. Some errors due to marker placement are inadvertent and contribute to the lower between-day repeatability. RELEVANCE: The results of this study should be of interest to clinicians who make therapeutic decisions in patients with cerebral palsy using gait analysis data, and for scientists studying normal and pathological gait.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:23:50.000+0200},
author = {Steinwender, G. and Saraph, V. and Scheiber, S. and Zwick, E. B. and Uitz, C. and Hackl, K.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2183015656db45dc624e33c73a93ca1d9/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {21ea72ee82938348547955ade5a5c5b7},
intrahash = {183015656db45dc624e33c73a93ca1d9},
journal = {Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)},
keywords = {Adolescent; Ankle Joint; Biomechanics; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Gait; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; Hip Humans; Knee Movement; Prospective Studies; Range of Motion, Articular; Reproducibility Results; Time Factors},
month = Feb,
number = 2,
pages = {134--139},
pii = {S0268-0033(99)00057-1},
pmid = {10627329},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:23:50.000+0200},
title = {Intrasubject repeatability of gait analysis data in normal and spastic children.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 15,
year = 2000
}
@article{Song2001,
abstract = {VICON Clinical Manager software is widely used for gait analysis and has four methods for computing ankle plantarflexion-dorsiflexion motion and transverse plane ankle rotation profiles. The authors evaluated 14 subjects with a diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy and tibial torsion ranging from 39 degrees internal torsion to 90 degrees external torsion, using the four different processing methods. It was found that clinically measured tibial torsion >20 degrees external or >15 degrees internal led to significant differences in the calculated ankle plantarflexion-dorsiflexion and transverse plane ankle rotation measurements between the four methods. Pearson correlations indicated that these differences increased with increasing external or internal tibial torsion. The variability was enough to affect conclusions of published articles and clinical decision making.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:22:41.000+0200},
author = {Song, K. M. and Concha, M. C. and Haideri, N. F.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/24a5b85de5176fd1576f13cccfcd04450/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {4f995f609c40b4a420c5dae004898cd1},
intrahash = {4a5b85de5176fd1576f13cccfcd04450},
journal = {J Pediatr Orthop},
keywords = {Ankle Joint; Biomechanics; Cerebral Palsy; Gait; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Software; Tibia; Torsion},
number = 6,
pages = {792--797},
pmid = {11675557},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:22:41.000+0200},
title = {Effects of lower limb torsion on ankle kinematic data during gait analysis.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 21,
year = 2001
}
@article{Shortland2002,
abstract = {Ultrasound images were obtained of the medial gastrocnemius at different ankle joint positions with the knee extended. Fascicle length and deep fascicle angle were measured in five normally developing adults (mean age 33 years, age range 24 to 36 years) and in five normally developing children (mean age 7.8 years, age range 7 to 11 years), and in seven children with spastic diplegia (mean age 10 years, age range 6 to 13 years). These architectural variables were similar in the groups of normally developing adults and children. Importantly, no statistical difference could be found between the normally developing children and those with diplegia for fascicle length. Deep fascicle angles were reduced significantly in the clinical group at a particular ankle joint angle but not at the resting angles. The difference in deep fascicle angles is explained as a function of resting muscle length and is not attributed any clinical importance. Our results do not explain the structural origin of muscle contracture explicitly. However, they do indicate that most of the fixed shortness in the medial gastrocnemii of ambulant children with spastic diplegia is not due to reduced muscle fibre length. We suggest that muscle contracture may be better explained in terms of shortness of the aponeuroses of pennate muscles, such as the medial gastrocnemius, through reduced muscle fibre diameter.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:21:30.000+0200},
author = {Shortland, Adam P and Harris, Charlotte A and Gough, Martin and Robinson, Richard O},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/218d3462e2f88cff3aa7c8f8de7e8f0a3/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {65e2683ba457d571cd3b05905135c4d6},
intrahash = {18d3462e2f88cff3aa7c8f8de7e8f0a3},
journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol},
keywords = {Adolescent; Adult; Aging; Ankle Joint; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Range of Motion, Articular; Reference Values},
month = Mar,
number = 3,
pages = {158--163},
pmid = {12005316},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:21:30.000+0200},
title = {Architecture of the medial gastrocnemius in children with spastic diplegia.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 44,
year = 2002
}
@article{Shortland2004,
abstract = {We assessed the architecture of the medial gastrocnemius in nine children (five males, four females; age range 6 to 15 years; mean 10 years 10 months, SD 3 years 6 months) with spastic diplegia by ultrasound imaging before and after a gastrocnemius recession. The children were ambulant (seven independent, one with a posterior walker, one using crutches) before and after surgical intervention. We compared values for fascicle lengths and deep fascicular-aponeurosis angles with those from a group of normally developing children (five males, five females; age range 6 to 11 years; mean 8 years 4 months, SD 1 year 4 months). Despite a variable interval between assessments (from 56 to 610 days), fascicles were shorter (p=0.00226) and the deep fascicular-aponeurosis angle increased (p=0.0152) after intervention. Fascicle lengths of patients were similar to those in the group of normally developing children before surgery. After surgery, fascicles in the group of children with spastic diplegia were shorter than in their normally developing peers (p=0.00109). The gastrocnemius recession procedure alters muscle architecture, though the degree of fascicular shortening varied, with four of the participants in our study losing less than 10\% of their original fascicular length at maximum dorsiflexion. Increases in ankle-joint power in walking, observed after surgical intervention in children with spastic diplegia, may be due to a more normal ankle position rather than to improvements in the active mechanical performance of the gastrocnemius.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:21:30.000+0200},
author = {Shortland, Adam P and Fry, Nicola R and Eve, Linda C and Gough, Martin},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e9a7ee6de6d86d07f8ca21329ea02f0c/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {2b9ef9128f8ff945a007bb2a25daee07},
intrahash = {e9a7ee6de6d86d07f8ca21329ea02f0c},
journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol},
keywords = {Adolescent; Ankle Joint; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Walking},
month = Oct,
number = 10,
pages = {667--673},
pmid = {15473170},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:21:30.000+0200},
title = {Changes to medial gastrocnemius architecture after surgical intervention in spastic diplegia.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 46,
year = 2004
}
@article{Sherk1973,
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:20:05.000+0200},
author = {Sherk, H. H.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/206378c8664035b0e9bffa4e9e7204583/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {b6be6d000d95caefeb9410f4ba6c2e46},
intrahash = {06378c8664035b0e9bffa4e9e7204583},
journal = {Clin Orthop Relat Res},
keywords = {Achilles Tendon; Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Adult; Ankle Injuries; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Clubfoot; Contracture; Femoral Fractures; Femur; Foot Deformities, Congenital; Hip Dislocation; Humans; Leg Locomotion; Mental Retardation; Middle Aged; Osteotomy; Wrist},
number = 90,
pages = {174--177},
pmid = {4631906},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:20:05.000+0200},
title = {Indications for orthopedic surgery in the mentally retarded patient.},
username = {ar0berts},
year = 1973
}
@article{Scott1988,
abstract = {A retrospective review of 45 patients (62 feet) who had undergone a Grice subtalar arthrodesis and who had reached skeletal maturity was undertaken. Preoperative deformities were due to flaccid and spastic paralysis, as well as congenital abnormalities. There were failures in 32\% and poor results in 61\%. Unrecognized ankle valgus, overcorrection of the hindfoot into varus, uncorrected calcaneus deformity, and anterior graft orientation largely contributed to the poor results. Weight-bearing radiographs of the feet and ankles are necessary to distinguish ankle valgus from hindfoot valgus. A subtalar arthrodesis cannot be used to compensate for ankle valgus, nor can it be used to correct the calcaneus component of a deformity without appropriate muscle-balancing procedures or osteotomies.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:17:54.000+0200},
author = {Scott, S. M. and Janes, P. C. and Stevens, P. M.},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2329a309565a9036f37546cbb0013c054/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {55fd3aaa727347b263aa8e1c207aea4b},
intrahash = {329a309565a9036f37546cbb0013c054},
journal = {J Pediatr Orthop},
keywords = {Ankle Joint; Arthrodesis; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Clubfoot; Foot Deformities; Humans; Infant; Neural Tube Defects; Peripheral Nerves; Poliomyelitis; Retrospective Studies},
number = 2,
pages = {176--183},
pmid = {3350952},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:17:54.000+0200},
title = {Grice subtalar arthrodesis followed to skeletal maturity.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 8,
year = 1988
}
@article{Saraph2002a,
abstract = {Gait improvement surgery was performed on 25 ambulatory children with the diplegic type of cerebral palsy. Multiple soft tissue and bony procedures were performed (mean 8.2 procedures) according to criteria defined on the basis of physical examination and gait analysis. Relevant physical examination findings and kinematic and kinetic data in the sagittal plane were evaluated before surgery and at least 3 years after surgery. Physical examination showed a reduction in the ankle plantar-flexor power and in the range of hip flexion and ankle plantarflexion after surgery. Analysis of gait data showed significant improvements in the sagittal plane kinematics and the power generation at the hip and the ankle. At the knee joint there was maintenance of power of the flexor and extensor group of muscles on physical examination, with significant improvements in the kinematics after surgery. The authors conclude that well-selected surgery improves function of the spastic muscle. The importance of assessing clinical, kinematic, and kinetic data together for proper evaluation of gait is stressed.},
added-at = {2014-07-19T21:12:57.000+0200},
author = {Saraph, Vinay and Zwick, Ernst-Bernhard and Zwick, Gertrude and Steinwender, Christiane and Steinwender, Gerhardt and Linhart, Wolfgang},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/24e05b26b90382a5cb75b3c903fa7e899/ar0berts},
groups = {public},
interhash = {78ff6517ca23ad7d28b81cacff6e10ca},
intrahash = {4e05b26b90382a5cb75b3c903fa7e899},
journal = {J Pediatr Orthop},
keywords = {Adolescent; Ankle Joint; Biomechanics; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Gait; Hip Humans; Knee Orthopedic Procedures; Physical Examination; Range of Motion, Articular; Treatment Outcome},
number = 2,
pages = {150--157},
pmid = {11856920},
timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:12:57.000+0200},
title = {Multilevel surgery in spastic diplegia: evaluation by physical examination and gait analysis in 25 children.},
username = {ar0berts},
volume = 22,
year = 2002
}