@article{p00725,
  abstract = {A low light TV camera co-aligned with a narrow field Michelson interferometer have been used to investigate how variations in the intensity and temperature of the near infrared hydroxyl nightglow emission are related to the passage of short period mesospheric gravity waves. The observations were made from Sacramento Peak, NM (32.8-degrees-N, 105.8-degrees-W) on the night of 14/15 June 1983, during a spectacular nightglow display that also exhibited wave structure visible to the dark adapted eye. A coherent wave-like pattern of horizontal wavelength 23 +/- 1 km moving uniformly with a velocity of 28 +/- 2 m s-1 (apparent period 13.7 +/- 1.2 min), was measured at several azimuths over an interval of 2.5 h. The induced intensity and temperature perturbations were wave-like in nature and exhibited a high degree of correlation. The intensity variations were large, up to 30%, yet the brightest wave forms were less-than-or-equal-to 10 K hotter than the adjacent dark forms. The amplitude of the intensity fluctuation was found to be approximately 8 times larger than the temperature variation. In all cases the intensity wave led the thermal wave, but only by a small amount. High contrast wave patterns of this type are uncommon and are a principal feature of "bright night" displays.},
  added-at = {2019-04-05T21:27:46.000+0200},
  author = {Taylor, MJ and Espy, PJ and Baker, DJ and Sica, RJ and Neal, PC and Pendleton, WR},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2397ce8e03d01b05427ddd5037160c1d3/bobsica},
  interhash = {23836ae0467df96d2b677c78e8dd50a9},
  intrahash = {397ce8e03d01b05427ddd5037160c1d3},
  journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
  keywords = {airglow; density; gravity hydroxyl; mesosphere; rotational sica temperature waves;},
  location = {UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,DEPT PHYS,LONDON N6A 3K7,ONTARIO,CANADA},
  number = 8,
  pages = {1171�1188},
  timestamp = {2019-04-05T21:27:46.000+0200},
  title = {Simultaneous intensity, temperature and imaging measurements of short-period wave structure in the OH nightglow emission},
  volume = 39,
  year = 1991
}

@article{Kang201497,
  abstract = {A general SI (Susceptible-Infected) epidemic system of host-parasite interactions operating under Allee effects, horizontal and/or vertical transmission, and where infected individuals experience pathogen-induced reductions in reproductive ability, is introduced. The initial focus of this study is on the analyses of the dynamics of density-dependent and frequency-dependent effects on SI models (SI-DD and SI-FD). The analyses identify conditions involving horizontal and vertical transmitted reproductive numbers, namely those used to characterize and contrast SI-FD and SI-DD dynamics. Conditions that lead to disease-driven extinction, or disease-free dynamics, or susceptible-free dynamics, or endemic disease patterns are identified. The SI-DD system supports richer dynamics including limit cycles while the SI-FD model only supports equilibrium dynamics. SI models under "small" horizontal transmission rates may result in disease-free dynamics. SI models under with and inefficient reproductive infectious class may lead to disease-driven extinction scenarios. The SI-DD model supports stable periodic solutions that emerge from an unstable equilibrium provided that either the Allee threshold and/or the disease transmission rate is large; or when the disease has limited influence on the infectives growth rate; and/or when disease-induced mortality is low. Host-parasite systems where diffusion or migration of local populations manage to destabilize them are examples of what is known as diffusive instability. The exploration of SI-dynamics in the presence of dispersal brings up the question of whether or not diffusive instability is a possible outcome. Here, we briefly look at such possibility within two-patch coupled SI-DD and SI-FD systems. It is shown that relative high levels of asymmetry, two modes of transmission, frequency dependence, and Allee effects are capable of supporting diffusive instability. {\^A}{\copyright} 2013.},
  added-at = {2017-11-10T22:48:29.000+0100},
  affiliation = {Science and Mathematics Faculty, School of Letters and Sciences, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, United States; Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1904, United States; School of Human Evolution and Social Changes, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, United States; School of Sustainability, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, United States; Cornell University, Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, United States; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 MASS Ave. 33-404, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, United States},
  author = {Kang, Y. and Castillo-Chavez, C.},
  author_keywords = {Allee effects; Diffusive instability; Disease-driven extinction; Disease-free dynamics; Horizontal transmission; Vertical transmission},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2944178abc75ed27628a7a7c4ff4650af/ccchavez},
  coden = {MABIA},
  correspondence_address1 = {Kang, Y.; Science and Mathematics Faculty, School of Letters and Sciences, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, United States; email: yun.kang@asu.edu},
  date-added = {2017-11-10 21:45:26 +0000},
  date-modified = {2017-11-10 21:45:26 +0000},
  document_type = {Article},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2013.12.006},
  interhash = {1cd274addd3419f7e0d3e258a2221b26},
  intrahash = {944178abc75ed27628a7a7c4ff4650af},
  issn = {00255564},
  journal = {Mathematical Biosciences},
  keywords = {Allee Basic Biological Biological; Concepts; Density Disease Disease-induced Diseases; Dynamics, Equilibrium Evolution; Finite Horizontal Host-Parasite Host-parasite Humans; Infectious Infectious; Interactions; Mathematical Models, Number; Parasitic Population Reproduction Stability, Transmission, Unstable Vertical Vertical; analysis; and article; basic biological controlled data; density density; dependent difference diffusive disease driven dynamics; effect; effects; endemic equilibriums; evolution; extinction; free frequency growth horizontal host host-parasite human; infected instability; interaction; interactions; mathematical method; model; mortality; number; numerical parasite pattern; phenomena; population rate; reproduction statistics study; susceptible transmission, transmission; transmissions; vertical},
  language = {English},
  number = 1,
  pages = {97-116},
  pubmed_id = {24389426},
  timestamp = {2017-11-10T22:48:29.000+0100},
  title = {Dynamics of SI models with both horizontal and vertical transmissions as well as Allee effects},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2013.12.006},
  volume = 248,
  year = 2014
}

@article{Patterson-Lomba2015610,
  abstract = {Objectives Rampant urbanisation rates across the globe demand that we improve our understanding of how infectious diseases spread in modern urban landscapes, where larger and more connected host populations enhance the thriving capacity of certain pathogens. Methods A data-driven approach is employed to study the ability of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) to thrive in urban areas. The conduciveness of population size of urban areas and their socioeconomic characteristics are used as predictors of disease incidence, using confirmed-case data on STDs in the USA as a case study. Results A superlinear relation between STD incidence and urban population size is found, even after controlling for various socioeconomic aspects, suggesting that doubling the population size of a city results in an expected increase in STD incidence larger than twofold, provided that all other socioeconomic aspects remain fixed. Additionally, the percentage of African-Americans, income inequalities, education and per capita income are found to have a significant impact on the incidence of each of the three STDs studied. Conclusions STDs disproportionately concentrate in larger cities. Hence, larger urban areas merit extra prevention and treatment efforts, especially in lowincome and middle-income countries where urbanisation rates are higher.},
  added-at = {2017-11-10T22:48:29.000+0100},
  affiliation = {Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Centre for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Center for International Development, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States},
  author = {Patterson-Lomba, O. and Goldstein, E. and G{\~A}³mez-Li{\~A}{\copyright}vano, A. and Castillo-Chavez, C. and Towers, S.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/268669e39e60fd672a0164625a2530586/ccchavez},
  coden = {STINF},
  correspondence_address1 = {Patterson-Lomba, O.; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, United States; email: opatters@hsph.harvard.edu},
  date-added = {2017-11-10 21:45:26 +0000},
  date-modified = {2017-11-10 21:45:26 +0000},
  document_type = {Article},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051932},
  interhash = {eac947760b249983bcb7c704cf175cc1},
  intrahash = {68669e39e60fd672a0164625a2530586},
  issn = {13684973},
  journal = {Sexually Transmitted Infections},
  keywords = {Adult; African American; Americans; Article; Benefits; Cross-Sectional Density; Disease Diseases; Educational Factors; Female; Fringe Humans; Incidence; Income; Male; Outbreaks; Population Risk Salaries Sexually Socioeconomic States; Status; Studies; Transmitted United Urban adult; and area; benefit; chlamydiasis; clinical cross-sectional data; density; disease; education; educational epidemic; factor; female; fringe gonorrhea; growth; health human; incidence; income; insurance; journal; major male; morbidity; numerical population population, population; priority risk salary sexually size; socioeconomics; statistics status; study; syphilis; transmitted urban urbanization;},
  language = {English},
  number = 8,
  pages = {610-614},
  publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
  pubmed_id = {25921021},
  timestamp = {2017-11-10T22:48:29.000+0100},
  title = {Per capita incidence of sexually transmitted infections increases systematically with urban population size: A cross-sectional study},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051932},
  volume = 91,
  year = 2015
}

@article{Wilmshurst1996,
  abstract = {The spinal bone mineral density (SBMD) and calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) was measured in 27 children with cerebral palsy. They were categorised into four mobility groups: mobile with an abnormal gait, mobile with assistance, non-mobile but weight bearing, non-mobile or weight bearing. Mean SD scores for BUA and SBMD differed among mobility groups (analysis of variance, p < 0.001 and p = 0.078, respectively).},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:55:09.000+0200},
  author = {Wilmshurst, S. and Ward, K. and Adams, J. E. and Langton, C. M. and Mughal, M. Z.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2cffd26f0c8dae8e55e6401f9f2b735c1/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {67b62c1e14dd73a7272632627b4524bd},
  intrahash = {cffd26f0c8dae8e55e6401f9f2b735c1},
  journal = {Arch Dis Child},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Bone Density; Calcaneus; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Locomotion; Male; Spine; Weight-Bearing},
  month = Aug,
  number = 2,
  pages = {164--165},
  pmid = {8869203},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:55:09.000+0200},
  title = {Mobility status and bone density in cerebral palsy.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 75,
  year = 1996
}

@article{Unay2003,
  abstract = {In the present study, bone mineral density of 40 children with cerebral palsy (study group) and the effects of various risk factors on bone mineralization in these children were investigated by comparing with 40 age-matched healthy children (control group). Weight, height, skinfold thickness, body-mass index measurements, and serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25 OH vitamin D were not significantly different between the study and control groups (p>0.05). The mean bone mineral density value of the study group measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method at L2-L4 levels of lumbar vertebrae was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.05). When the patients in the study group were assessed with respect to ambulation status, pattern of involvement, calcium and energy intakes, and whether or not they had taken and/or were taking a regular physical therapy program, there was a significant difference only between the hemiplegic and tetraplegic patients (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences among the patients who were ambulant versus non-ambulant, who had sufficient versus insufficient calcium and energy intakes, and who did and did not take a regular physical therapy (p>0.05). Although the ambulatory status, quantity of calcium and energy intakes, and the presence or absence of a physical therapy program had no effects on bone mineral density values of the children with cerebral palsy in this study, the exact factors and mechanisms responsible for the reduced bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy should be investigated in further large-scale studies considering the increased risk of pathological fractures in these patients.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:50:19.000+0200},
  author = {Unay, B?lent and Sarici, S. Omit and Vurucu, Sabahattin and Inan?, Neriman and Akin, Ridvan and G?k?ay, Erdal},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2dcc0218b827c89047f074eb002eef363/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {7bbebe2b96aa0f52a0b3c47d31ac4b48},
  intrahash = {dcc0218b827c89047f074eb002eef363},
  journal = {Turk J Pediatr},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anthropometry; Bone Density; Calcium; Case-Control Studies; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Hemiplegia; Humans; Male; Phosphorus; Risk Factors},
  number = 1,
  pages = {11--14},
  pmid = {12718364},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:50:19.000+0200},
  title = {Evaluation of bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 45,
  year = 2003
}

@article{Tuckerman2002,
  abstract = {Lumbar spine bone density was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 20 healthy prepubertal children and 10 children who were immobile or less mobile. Immobility was caused by cerebral palsy in seven children and myelomeningocele in three. Areal bone density as measured by DXA was strongly related to the measures of body size. When bone measurements were corrected for bone volume, there was no difference in bone density between healthy control subjects and immobile children with neuromuscular disease an unexpected result.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:49:53.000+0200},
  author = {Tuckerman, Krystyna and Hofmaster, Pat and Rosen, Clifford J and Turi, Mario},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/24b23d7557c54bbea173337302a1f4e99/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {2f906a85d8532c12718e3311d59af28d},
  intrahash = {4b23d7557c54bbea173337302a1f4e99},
  journal = {J Clin Densitom},
  keywords = {Bone Density; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Densitometry, X-Ray; Female; Humans; Immobilization; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Meningomyelocele},
  number = 4,
  pages = {327--334},
  pii = {JCD:5:4:327},
  pmid = {12665632},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:49:53.000+0200},
  title = {Bone density in ambulatory and immobile children.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 5,
  year = 2002
}

@article{Tasdemir2001,
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the severity of and factors related to osteopenia in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: Bone mineral density (BMD), calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25OHD3) concentrations were determined in 24 children with CP (15 ambulant, nine non-ambulant), aged between 10 months and 12 years (mean (+/-SD) 4.1+/-2.9 years). These vaules were compared with data obtained from a control group. RESULTS: Adjusted mean BMD values were lower in the patient group than in controls (P<0.05). However, there was no difference between BMD values of ambulant and non-ambulant patients. The Ca and P levels of the patient group were significantly higher than those of controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that BMD was decreased in all children with CP, but to a greater extent in non-ambulant children with CP, and immobilization is the major effective factor on bone mineralization.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:42:30.000+0200},
  author = {Tasdemir, H. A. and Buyukavci, M. and Akcay, F. and Polat, P. and Yildiran, A. and Karakelleoglu, C.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/214ee9090f13e0922b958c3e3137ec6d3/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {1ad644c0b5a46d1ac54d53f3a70924db},
  intrahash = {14ee9090f13e0922b958c3e3137ec6d3},
  journal = {Pediatr Int},
  keywords = {Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Density; Diseases, Metabolic; Calcifediol; Calcium; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphates},
  month = Apr,
  number = 2,
  pages = {157--160},
  pii = {ped1352},
  pmid = {11285068},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:42:30.000+0200},
  title = {Bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 43,
  year = 2001
}

@article{Speiser2005,
  abstract = {The science of measuring bone mineral density has developed rapidly and, with it, an improved understanding of the efficacy and safety of various therapeutic interventions in adults. In contrast, the meaning and precision of such measurements in children are equivocal, and the concept of treatment for low bone density in the young patient is still largely undecided. In this report we review the present state of knowledge regarding the use of bisphosphonates during childhood to ameliorate the skeletal abnormalities associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia of bone and cerebral palsy. Because of the paucity of long-term studies among children regarding the safety and efficacy of these drugs, it is difficult to formulate strong evidence-based recommendations for their use, except perhaps in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:22:49.000+0200},
  author = {Speiser, Phyllis W and Clarson, Cheril L and Eugster, Erica A and Kemp, Stephen F and Radovick, Sally and Rogol, Alan D and Wilson, Thomas A and Pharmacy, L. W. P. E. S. and Committee, Therapeutic},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c3513d2dd0c01122f707a58114ac03fb/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {6461eb297cb5d331bb941001fea70893},
  intrahash = {c3513d2dd0c01122f707a58114ac03fb},
  journal = {Pediatr Endocrinol Rev},
  keywords = {Bone Density; Density Conservation Agents; Diseases; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Diphosphonates; Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone; Humans; Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Osteoporosis; Randomized Controlled Trials},
  month = Dec,
  number = 2,
  pages = {87--96},
  pmid = {16361982},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:22:49.000+0200},
  title = {Bisphosphonate treatment of pediatric bone disease.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 3,
  year = 2005
}

@article{Shiragaki2001,
  abstract = {Bone mineral density (BMD) and motor activity of the upper extremities, were studied in 18 children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP group) and 12 age-matched normal boys (control group). The motor activity was monitored by a piezoelectric transducer. Whole body BMD as well as BMD of the head, upper limbs, ribs, spine, pelvis, and lower limbs was evaluated by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In the CP group, BMDs were lower compared to control group in the whole body and in all the body regions (except for the head) especially in the pelvis and lower limbs. BMDs of these regions were higher in walking patients than in bed-ridden, rolling, and crawling patients. Motor activities in the upper extremities were lower in the CP than in the control group. BMD increased with developing motor activity in the upper extremities. These results implicate diminished BMDs of the lower limbs and pelvis, which are associated with standing and walking, to the high incidence of femur fractures in CP.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:21:26.000+0200},
  author = {Shiragaki, J. and Iwasaki, N. and Nakayama, J. and Fujita, K. and Ohto, T. and Matsui, A.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b77a87277b6f60f85822308aab7589b8/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {64e293db43a5351f596047fe3ff96ad4},
  intrahash = {b77a87277b6f60f85822308aab7589b8},
  journal = {No To Hattatsu},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Bone Density; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Densitometry, X-Ray; Humans; Male; Motor Activity},
  month = Jan,
  number = 1,
  pages = {37--43},
  pmid = {11197894},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:21:26.000+0200},
  title = {[Regional variation in bone mineral density and motor function in children with cerebral palsy]},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 33,
  year = 2001
}

@article{Shaw1994,
  abstract = {The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was assessed in nine non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy combined with measurements of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and urinary calcium excretion. Three children with recurrent fractures received treatment with bisphosphonates for periods ranging from 12-18 months. All the children demonstrated a severe reduction in bone mineral density even when allowance was made for their body weight. There were no consistent abnormalities of vitamin D or parathyroid hormone status. Three children had gross hypercalciuria. Each of the children treated with bisphosphonates demonstrated an increment in bone density ranging from 20-40\% with no apparent adverse effects.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:19:53.000+0200},
  author = {Shaw, N. J. and White, C. P. and Fraser, W. D. and Rosenbloom, L.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/243070d837d9069620a23935fccb29d7b/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {e1f3e0c2c72c02cb8de610f3014726fa},
  intrahash = {43070d837d9069620a23935fccb29d7b},
  journal = {Arch Dis Child},
  keywords = {25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Adolescent; Bone Density; Diseases, Metabolic; Calcifediol; Calcium; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphosphonates; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Parathyroid Hormone},
  month = Sep,
  number = 3,
  pages = {235--238},
  pmid = {7979497},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:19:53.000+0200},
  title = {Osteopenia in cerebral palsy.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 71,
  year = 1994
}

@article{Pluskiewicz2006,
  abstract = {Skeletal status and laboratory investigations may be influenced by immobilization. Thirty-six wheelchair-bound subjects and 19 age-matched controls were evaluated using measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) at the calcaneus and forearm (PIXI, Madison, WI), amplitude-dependent speed of sound at the hand phalanges (quantitative ultrasound-DBM Sonic 1200, IGEA, Modena, Italy), carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen and bone alkaline phosphatase. In the whole group and in the males, bone mineral density values were significantly lower in comparison with controls (calcaneus, forearm) and in females only for calcaneus. The duration of the disease significantly influenced the calcaneal bone mineral density data. Bone alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. Bone resorption had a negative influence on forearm BMD. Generally, skeletal and laboratory results were not affected by duration of the disease or reason for immobilization. In conclusion, in wheelchair-bound subjects, the skeletal status was affected and bone formation was depressed.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:03:21.000+0200},
  author = {Pluskiewicz, Wojciech and Drozdzowska, Bogna and Lyssek-Boro?, Anita and Bielecki, Tomasz and Adamczyk, Piotr and Sawaryn, Przemys?aw and Misolek, Maciej},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2332f18367d856af0aecfbf4cc3f38b66/ar0berts},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jocd.2005.09.001},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {b141256443b9e7e1fd0d06ba72cdeea9},
  intrahash = {332f18367d856af0aecfbf4cc3f38b66},
  journal = {J Clin Densitom},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Density; and Bones; Calcaneus; Cerebral Palsy; Collagen Type I; Densitometry, X-Ray; Disabled Persons; Female; Forearm; Humans; Immobilization; Male; Time Factors; Ultrasonography; Wheelchairs},
  number = 1,
  pages = {78--83},
  pii = {S1094-6950(06)00005-9},
  pmid = {16731435},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:03:21.000+0200},
  title = {Densitometric and quantitative ultrasound measurements and laboratory investigations in wheelchair-bound patients.},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2005.09.001},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 9,
  year = 2006
}

@article{Pluskiewicz2004,
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:03:21.000+0200},
  author = {Pluskiewicz, Wojciech and Drozdzowska, Bogna},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27d5a46849c4730eade738f9e008362a1/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {2047fe3790f26e53b27a845c7e371d21},
  intrahash = {7d5a46849c4730eade738f9e008362a1},
  journal = {J Clin Densitom},
  keywords = {Bone Density; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Densitometry, X-Ray; Humans; Immobilization; Lumbar Vertebrae; Meningomyelocele},
  number = 3,
  pages = 355,
  pii = {JCD:7:3:355},
  pmid = {15319509},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:03:21.000+0200},
  title = {An interesting study conducted in a group of immobile children with neuromuscular disease.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 7,
  year = 2004
}

@article{Plotkin2006,
  abstract = {The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of low doses of pamidronate in increasing bone mineral density (BMD) in non-ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). Twenty-three non-ambulatory children and adolescents (12 females, 11 males; mean age 10y [SD 5y], range 4y 1 mo-17 y 11 mo) with severe spastic quadriplegic CP and low BMD were recruited from a multidisciplinary clinic. Severity of CP was graded at Level IV (n=10) and Level V (n=13) using the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Patients received intravenous pamidronate (4.12 mg/kg/y, maximum 45 mg/d) every 4 months. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured at baseline and after 4 and 12 months. Twelve months after the first dose of pamidronate there was a significant increase in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD (p<0.01 for both sites) and z scores compared with baseline values (p<0.01 for both sites). Mean BMD z scores increased 1.6 points for femoral neck and 1.9 points for lumbar spine after 12 months of pamidronate treatment. Serum intact parathyroid hormone increased significantly and cross-linked N-teleopeptide of type I collagen decreased significantly at 12 months. No significant side effect was noted. Low doses of pamidronate are well tolerated and significantly increase BMD in non-ambulatory children and adolescents with CP.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T21:03:20.000+0200},
  author = {Plotkin, Horacio and Coughlin, Susan and Kreikemeier, Rose and Heldt, Kathryn and Bruzoni, Matias and Lerner, Gary},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/26d83ab17c36728707d598e3c50953655/ar0berts},
  doi = {10.1017/S0012162206001526},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {2c1e149b3b34e9e30dcddac2b040a82b},
  intrahash = {6d83ab17c36728707d598e3c50953655},
  journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Bone Density; Density Conservation Agents; Diseases, Metabolic; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphosphonates; Disabled Children; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Mobility Limitation; Pilot Projects; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome},
  month = Sep,
  number = 9,
  pages = {709--712},
  pii = {S0012162206001526},
  pmid = {16904014},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T21:03:20.000+0200},
  title = {Low doses of pamidronate to treat osteopenia in children with severe cerebral palsy: a pilot study.},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206001526},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 48,
  year = 2006
}

@article{Osamura1998,
  abstract = {Total body bone mineral density was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 52 children who were very low birth weight (VLBW) infants without cerebral palsy and mental retardation (postconceptional age, from 10 mo to 6 y and 6 mo). VLBW infants in this study seemed to show compensatory acceleration of total body bone development, catching up with the control group during early childhood. However, in VLBW infants with at least one of the three factors such as total parenteral nutrition for 1 week or more, assisted ventilation for 1 week or more, or oxygen therapy for 28 d or more in their early stage after birth, adequate mineral supplementation might be especially important for long-term bone development.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T20:57:47.000+0200},
  author = {Osamura, T. and Hasegawa, K. and Yoshioka, H. and Mizuta, R. and Sawada, T.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a6c02c9699daf806e80a53986543a1d1/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {1c78c5f75661b1c8dc97a4914dd08de9},
  intrahash = {a6c02c9699daf806e80a53986543a1d1},
  journal = {J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)},
  keywords = {Aging; Birth Weight; Bone Density; Development; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Very Low Male; Mental Retardation; Oxygen; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Respiration, Artificial},
  month = Apr,
  number = 2,
  pages = {269--277},
  pmid = {9675707},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T20:57:47.000+0200},
  title = {Total body bone development during early childhood in very low birth weight infants without cerebral palsy and mental retardation.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 44,
  year = 1998
}

@article{Nakano2003,
  abstract = {Several studies have examined bone mineral density (BMD) and related factors in children with cerebral palsy, but there are no such studies of adults with cerebral palsy. We evaluated BMD in 123 institutionalized adults (51 men aged 21-41 years and 72 premenopausal women aged 24-46 years) with cerebral palsy, and examined the associations of BMD with mobility level, use of anticonvulsant drugs, and abnormal calcium metabolism status. Hand radiographs were used to measure BMD of the second metacarpal bone (mBMD). Body weight (kg), height (m), and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Serum calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Abnormal calcium metabolism, defined as calcium <8.5 mg/dl, phosphate <2.6 mg/dl, or alkaline phosphatase >260 U/l, was identified in 28\% of the men and 31\% of the women. Multiple regression analysis showed that the use of anticonvulsant drugs was significantly associated with lower mBMD in both sexes. Higher alkaline phosphatase level was significantly associated with lower mBMD in men. Mobility level (ambulation) was significantly associated with higher mBMD in women. Neither age nor BMI correlated with mBMD. Our findings indicated poor bone health status in adults with cerebral palsy and the existence of several factors that could affect bone metabolism in these patients.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T20:50:01.000+0200},
  author = {Nakano, Hiroyuki and Aoyagi, Kiyoshi and Ohgi, Shohei and Akiyama, Tomitaro},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/203de63ad888b2769f93bdbcad2bac03b/ar0berts},
  doi = {10.1007/s00774-003-0436-4},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {3f4c4e1c60da7da857a2eaa2a95e30d4},
  intrahash = {03de63ad888b2769f93bdbcad2bac03b},
  journal = {J Bone Miner Metab},
  keywords = {Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Body Mass Index; Bone Density; Calcium; Cerebral Palsy; Female; Humans; Male; Metacarpus; Middle Phosphates; Risk Factors},
  number = 6,
  pages = {409--414},
  pmid = {14586798},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T20:50:01.000+0200},
  title = {Factors influencing metacarpal bone mineral density in adults with cerebral palsy.},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-003-0436-4},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 21,
  year = 2003
}

@article{Leet2006,
  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: We studied the fracture history in a large population of patients with cerebral palsy to determine which children were at the highest risk for fracture. METHODS: The International Classification of Diseases (Ninth Revision) coding identified 763 children with cerebral palsy. Patients and caregivers were contacted for information about fracture history and risk factors for low bone density. Of the 763 children identified, 418 children (54.8\%) were available for this study; 243 (58\%) had quadriplegia, 120 (29\%) diplegia, and 55 (13\%) hemiplegia. Three hundred sixty-six children were spastic, 23 mixed tone, 13 athetoid, and 16 classified as others. We identified 50 children (12\%) who fractured; 15 of these same children had, over time, multiple fractures. RESULTS: The number of fractures showed a normal distribution by age, with a mean of 8.6 (SD, 4.0). Children with cerebral palsy with mixed tone had a higher rate of fracture (chi = 14.7, P < 0.01); chi analysis indicated that the children who fractured were, as a group, more likely to use a feeding tube, have a seizure disorder, take valproic acid (VPA), and use standing equipment in therapy. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated older age and VPA use as predictive of fracture and gave the following equation: fracture = -0.01 + (VPA x 0.17) + (age x 0.15).The subgroup that sustained multiple fractures were older at the time of first fracture than the children who had only one reported fracture (t = -2.3, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The main finding of our article is that older age at first fracture and use of VPA are predictive of fractures and define a group of children with cerebral palsy who may benefit from treatment interventions to increase bone density.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T20:41:32.000+0200},
  author = {Leet, Arabella I and Mesfin, Addisu and Pichard, Carmen and Launay, Franck and Brintzenhofeszoc, Karlynn and Levey, Eric B and Sponseller, Paul D},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2638c848b770ce8c389cf85255783193b/ar0berts},
  doi = {10.1097/01.bpo.0000235228.45539.c7},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {d9c692f3b9e5fbb94cecddbc022f0b64},
  intrahash = {638c848b770ce8c389cf85255783193b},
  journal = {J Pediatr Orthop},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Age Distribution; Anticonvulsants; Bone Density; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fractures, Bone; Spontaneous; Humans; Infant; Male; Nutritional Status; Risk Factors; Valproic Acid},
  number = 5,
  pages = {624--627},
  pii = {01241398-200609000-00012},
  pmid = {16932102},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T20:41:32.000+0200},
  title = {Fractures in children with cerebral palsy.},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.bpo.0000235228.45539.c7},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 26,
  year = 2006
}

@article{King2003a,
  abstract = {This study was designed to test the hypothesis that non-ambulatory patients with spastic quadriplegia will have reduced bone mass which worsens with increasing age. Forty-eight patients (age 5 to 48 years, median age 15 years; 19 females and 29 males) were studied. Anticonvulsants were used in 29 patients (60.4\%). Lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS-BMD) was markedly reduced compared with age-and sex-matched control individuals with a z score of -2.37 +/- 0.21. Twenty-eight (58\%) had z scores of less than -2. A history of documented previous fracture was present in 19 patients (39\%). Patients with a history of fracture had significantly lower (p = 0.05) LS-BMD z scores (-2.81 +/- 0.29) compared with those without a history of fracture (-2.11 +/- 0.26). Mean serum 25-OH vitamin D was 29.6 +/- 1.9ng/mL (normal 9 to 37.6ng/mL) with three patients having serum 25-OH vitamin D levels less than 15ng/mL. These findings indicate that BMD is markedly reduced in non-ambulatory children and adults with neuromuscular disease. Reductions in bone mass put them at greater risk for non-traumatic fractures.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T20:37:54.000+0200},
  author = {King, Wilson and Levin, Ronald and Schmidt, Rosemary and Oestreich, Alan and Heubi, James E},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/289a649a86f35e46cd4af72dc9f6c275d/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {507df63446d0850f40be9333034d204a},
  intrahash = {89a649a86f35e46cd4af72dc9f6c275d},
  journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol},
  keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Bone Density; Diseases, Metabolic; Case-Control Studies; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fractures, Bone; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Mal; Middle Aged; Muscle Spasticity; Ohio; Osteoporosis; Prevalence; Quadriplegia; Risk Factors; e},
  month = Jan,
  number = 1,
  pages = {12--16},
  pmid = {12549750},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T20:37:54.000+0200},
  title = {Prevalence of reduced bone mass in children and adults with spastic quadriplegia.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 45,
  year = 2003
}

@article{Jekovec-Vrhovsek2000,
  abstract = {Atraumatic fractures are often seen in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) and epilepsy in full-time care. Increased bone fragility was postulated to be due to osteopenia resulting from a combination of factors including immobilization and antiepileptic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D and calcium substitution on bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of children with CP in full-time care. Twenty children with the most severe form of CP (spastic quadriplegia) who had been treated with antiepileptic drugs for a relatively long period of time were included in the study. Physical examination and laboratory analyses excluded other possible causes of osteopenia. BMD was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Thirteen patients were treated for 9 months with 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol vitamin D (0.25 mcg daily) and with calcium (500 mg daily). Seven control children were used for observation only. BMD greatly increased in the treated group, while children with CP in full-time care who did not receive vitamin D and calcium substitution continued to lose their bone mass. It can be concluded that the addition of vitamin D and calcium increases BMD in children with the most severe form of CP, who are receiving antiepileptic drugs.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T20:30:38.000+0200},
  author = {Jekovec-Vrhovsek, M. and Kocijancic, A. and Prezelj, J.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2eaa0a3218c199e2c6970cac8f2f827b5/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {fcb991a37af1431e7caebd402b545660},
  intrahash = {eaa0a3218c199e2c6970cac8f2f827b5},
  journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol},
  keywords = {Adolescent; Adolescent, Institutionalized; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Bone Density; Diseases, Metabolic; Calcitriol; Calcium; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Densitometry, X-Ray; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Phosphates; Treatment Outcome},
  month = Jun,
  number = 6,
  pages = {403--405},
  pmid = {10875526},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T20:30:38.000+0200},
  title = {Effect of vitamin D and calcium on bone mineral density in children with CP and epilepsy in full-time care.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 42,
  year = 2000
}

@article{Ihkkan2001,
  abstract = {Sixty-nine (28 females, 41 males) children with spastic cerebral palsy and 26 (13 females, 13 males) healthy children were included in the study. Total- and partial-body bone mineral content and bone mineral density values of patient and control subjects were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Left hand and wrist radiographs of all patients and right hand and wrist radiographs of 39 randomly selected patients were taken, and the bone ages of all radiographs were determined. In both female and male tetraplegics, bone mineralization values of lower extremities, where the mobility disorder and effects of absence of weight-bearing activity were maximal, were lower than those of controls and hemiplegics (P < .05). In 47 (68\%) patients, left-side bone age values were below normal ranges for their ages, and the difference was statistically significant (P < .01). Our results indicate that motor function handicap affects skeletal mineralization adversely, and skeletal maturation is frequently delayed in children with cerebral palsy. We speculated that this delay might be a result of disrupted embryologic skeletal development due to hypoxic attack, which also causes the disease.},
  added-at = {2014-07-19T20:29:22.000+0200},
  author = {Ihkkan, D. Y. and Yal?in, E.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f04d18e9c98af13f687265233aa53227/ar0berts},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {95b6967ceafa15e8df081ae3a651caab},
  intrahash = {f04d18e9c98af13f687265233aa53227},
  journal = {J Child Neurol},
  keywords = {Age Determination by Skeleton; Bone Density; Diseases, Developmental; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Densitometry, X-Ray; Disability Evaluation; Female; Hemiplegia; Humans; Infant; Male; Muscle Spasticity; Neurolog; Quadriplegia; Reference Values; Risk Factors; ic Examination},
  month = Jun,
  number = 6,
  pages = {425--430},
  pmid = {11417609},
  timestamp = {2014-07-19T20:29:22.000+0200},
  title = {Changes in skeletal maturation and mineralization in children with cerebral palsy and evaluation of related factors.},
  username = {ar0berts},
  volume = 16,
  year = 2001
}