E-ISSN: 2476-9606
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference
Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
https://doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.895
The Effect of Parental Support on Academic Performance
among Students at Asia-Pacific International University
Linda Wong Siew Yieng1, Josephine Esther Katenga2, Jimmy Kijai3
1,2
Faculty of Education Asia-Pacific International University, Thailand
3
School of Education, Andrews University, USA
wong_linda0912@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Literature indicates that parental support influences better academic achievement and helps
college level students undergo personal and social development. Parents support includes
helping the child plan for higher education, choosing types of college to attend, financing a
college education, and providing emotional and social support. This study aimed at
investigating whether parents support of their college children results in better academic
outcomes. Using stratified sampling, 60 undergraduate students aged between 17 years to 25
years old from five Asia-Pacific International University (AIU) dormitories were selected to
participate in this study. A survey instrument for data collection consisted of a demographic
questionnaire and a Likert-scale questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, Version 21. An independent samples t-test
was used to determine the differences between Thai and International students on parental
support. Spearman rho correlation coefficients between parental involvement variables and
cumulative grade point averages (CGPA) were reported. Results: Findings of this study showed
that although there is positive influence on the family relationship between the parents and
students at the college level, it does not adequately explain academic performance among
students. In addition, the level of support received by the Thai students was higher than that
received by international students. There are a variety of factors that influence academic
success. Therefore, parental support alone cannot by itself explain students’ academic
achievement. As for the level of support received by Thai students, the proximity of Thai
students to their parents may be a factor for the level of support they receive. The findings do
show that administrators should look into how parents support their college students and
establish strategies for encouraging adequate emotional and social parental support even for
international college students. Future research should use mixed methods research design to
focus on the impact of little or no parental support on students’ well-being and academic
outcomes.
Keywords: Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), Helicopter parents, Parents/guardian
Parental Involvement, Parental support.
1432
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
INTRODUCTION
Many studies show that parental support does not end even when the child goes to college
(Edelman, 2013; Ratelle, Larose, Guay & Sene´cal; 2005; Savage, 2009; Winegard, 2010).
Cheng, Ickes, and Verhofstadt, 2012 suggest that parental support influences better academic
achievement, and helps students undergo personal and social development. Besides, parental
involvement plays a role in students’ well-being and translates into the students’ ability to
develop critical thinking useful for academic achievement at the college level (Román, Cuestas
& Fenollar, 2008).
Parental involvement at the college level begins before the children graduate from high school.
In most cases, parents talk about their aspirations for their children (Ceja, 2004; Irwin & Elley,
2013). In some cultures, parents help their children to consider higher education (Smith &
Fleming, 2006). Sometimes parents engage in college planning (Borders et al., 2011) and
prepare their children for high school and college transition (Edelman, 2013). Some parents
assist their children to choose college to attend (Ma, 2009). This is specifically true for
Christian parents (Shaw, 2005) who want their children to embrace Christian morals.
Unfortunately, higher education is costly, and students find it difficult to cope and have to rely
on their parents for financial support (Jack, 2003; Savage, 2009) to fund college tuition and
fees (Johnstone, 2005).
The transition from high school to college leads to a whole new experience, which can be
exciting as students encounter familiar and unfamiliar regulations and situations, and at the
same time challenging as students begin to consider and understand college high academic
expectations and the different social environments (Astin, 1968, Bozick, 2007). They become
surprised by the freedom and pressures of college life. Academic demands and social life
become intertwined and difficult (Cheng, Icke, & Verhofstadt, 2012). Making new friends
becomes tricky when it requires breaking into already existing groups and cliques (Littleton,
2002). However, students have to learn to self-regulate to participate in their own learning and
take responsibility of their academic achievement (Astin, 1968, Chickering, 1993).
Parents’ relationship with their college students become significant during these struggles,
especially if there is a connection between child and parents. Edelman (2013) suggests that in
recent years, parents have been involved in their children’s education, and therefore, they
continue supporting their college children. During this transition and throughout the four years
of college, parents find themselves offering emotional support (Sax & Weintraub, 2014). Often
parents have engaged to socialize their children, providing them an avenue for discussing their
1433
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
positive and negative college experiences (Weidman, 2014) and seek advice (Edelman, 2013).
These relationships also encourage students to continue in courses they have difficulties with
(Ratelle, Larose, Guay & Sene´cal, 2005) and ultimately parents’ support helps the children to
persist in college (Perna & Thomas, 2008; Tinto, 1993).
Coleman (1988) suggests that parents provide social capital to their children when they have a
relationship with the school and mutually share goals for the students’ wellbeing which helps
the students to adjust to college life.
Some studies, however, show that parental involvement has negative effect and does not affect
college achievement (Kiyama, & Harper, 2015; Kwon, Yoo & Bingham, 2016; LeMoyne &
Buchanan, 2011; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Spain, 2008). Findings show that overly controlling
helicopter parents negatively affect students’ wellbeing. A study done at a Korean University
discovered that students’ locus of control was affected and did not develop resilience or
stability because of their helicopter parents (Kwon, Yoo, & Bingham, 2016; Suizzo, & Soon,
2006).
It is safe to conclude that research results show lack agreement about the effect of parental
support on academic outcome. The benefits depend on the student and the type of support he
receives. Nevertheless, Savage (2009) summarizes parents role s as “Parents are children’s first
support system, emotionally and financially, and that does not change just because a student
starts college” (Savage, 2009, p. 2) even if the parents’ involvement affects the students
negatively.
Problem Statement
Most of the studies on parental involvement at the college level point to financial support,
emotional support, and social support. These types of support provide stability, which in turn,
help the students to adjust to college life and to concentrate on their academics. On the other
hand, parental involvement can be detrimental to some students and can result in poor
educational outcomes (Kwon, Yoo & Bingham, 2016; LeMoyne & Buchanan, 2011). The
discussion above seems to confirm the argument by Cheng, Icke, & Verhofstadt, (2012) that
findings regarding parents’ role in university students’ academic lives and academic
achievement are inconsistent. Therefore, the present study explored the effect of parental
involvement on college academic achievement at Asia Pacific International University (AIU).
Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between parent support
and student academic performance of Thai and International students at Asia-Pacific
1434
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
International University. The study has three objectives: a) to discover the nature of support
parents provide; b) to determine the effect of parents’ support on children’s academics and c)
to find out the differences between Thai students and international students
LITERATURE REVIEW
Parental Involvement at the College Level
At the college level, parental support becomes more indirect because the student begins to take
greater responsibility for his social life. Chickering and Reisser (1993) theorized that a key step
for college students is learning to function independently without constant reassurance or
approval, and that step begins with separation from family. The students begin to make their
own decisions (Tugend, 2014).
Even though there is a need for autonomy, many college students today continue to have a
relationship with their parents (Harper, Sax, & Wolf, 2012). Parents who have good
relationships with their children spend time socializing with them. Academic socialization is
the preferred mode of involvement (Ratelle, Larose, Guay & Sene´cal, 2005). This involves
interaction with the student about their college experiences—routines, interest and academic
performance and challenges regarding their social life. Also, parents encourage their children
to persist in college. A study conducted by Ratelle, Larose, Guay, and Sene´cal (2005) shows
that parents spent time encouraging their college children to persist in a Science curriculum.
Academic Performance
Academic performance is defined as how a student does well in school. The student’s
achievement is measured by a students’ performance using a variety of assessments which are
cumulatively reflected in the Grade Point Average (GPA). There are a variety of factors that
affect student academic performance. Some of these factors include a) classroom environment
factors, such as teachers’ effectiveness in the classroom (Wayne, Garet, Wellington, & Chiang,
2008), and teacher and student relationship; b) students’ factors such as, student academic
interaction and study habits (Rabia, Mubarak, Tallat, & Nasir, 2017; Arshad, Shahzadi, &
Mahmood, 2016; Shahzadi & Ahmad, 2011); c) peer relationship (Brunello & De Paola, 2010;
Wentzel, & Caldwell, 2006, Scoppa and De Paola 2010); and d) home environment which
includes parental support.
Parental Support and Academic Performance
Several studies that have investigated the influence of family support on college students’
academic performance (Edelman 2013; Ratelle, Larose, Guay & Sene´cal; 2005; Savage, 2009;
1435
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
Spain, 2008; Winegard, 2010). However, very few parents provide academic support. What
literature shows is that parental academic support at the college level takes on different forms
but does not include direct academic support. Parents feel less capable of assisting
academically because the college curriculum is more advanced. In fact, parents are unable to
provide much counsel in social issues as the college student no longer seek permission for their
actions (Tugend, 2014; Jeynes, 2007).
The attachment theory proposed by Kek, Darmawan, and Chen (2007) shows the indirect ways
parental involvement affects academic performance. Kek, Darmawan, and Chen (2007) argue
that growing up in a secure, supportive family environment tends to foster high levels of selfefficacy which includes academic self-efficacy and therefore facilitates a range of usefully
adaptive behaviors. The relationship parents have with their children promotes lifelong lessons
in critical thinking and helps to develop the children’s self-efficacy. When parents demonstrate
close involvement in their children’s education and provide academic and emotional
encouragement, the children value their support and leads to student wellbeing (Arnett, 2000;
Harper, Sax & Wolf, 2012; Román, Cuestas & Fenollar; 2008).
Parental Social Support
Parental social support satisfies children’s fundamental needs for acceptance, belonging, and
love. These needs cannot be satisfied with economic security alone (Wintre et al., 2011).
Parental social support is defined as a perception of how much the family cares about, values,
and encourages the students’ efforts to succeed in college (Leonard. 2013). Parents can promote
the development of dependability, perseverance, and a work ethic. Parents achieve this by
cooperating with others who have similar goals for the student Coleman’s (1988).
Parental Emotional Support
Adjusting to college life is a major transition that college students face in their first year. For
many, the transition includes moving out of the family home for the first time, making new
friends, and facing increased academic demands. However, a higher rate of parent and student
interaction can sometimes be positive, resulting in the child’s better adjustment to university
life (Turner, Chandler & Heffer, 2009). Family support and intervention helps the student to
cope and have a positive adjustment. Wintre et al. (2011) found that academia-related stress
levels are high in university students, and students frequently seek support from their family,
but not from friends (Flowers III, 2015). In addition, Flowers reports that most university
students contact their parents when they are in their early academic years. In another study,
1436
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
William (2005) found that students’ level of family support were related to their confidence in
their parents’ capacity to deal with challenging experiences.
Parental Financial Support
Parental financial support is also important as a distinct aspect of parental involvement.
Parental financial support refers to the material support that the child receives from his or her
family in their education. The rising cost of education cause students who do no hold jobs to
seek sponsorship for their education (Arnett, 2000; Leonard, 2013; Schoeni & Ross, 2004). In
assisting students, parents pay for school supplies, food, accommodation, transportation, or
fees for sports. Students in the developed world are offered scholarships. However, private
universities that depend on students’ tuition to survive, often do not have scholarships for
students (Arnett, 2000). Fan & Chen (2001) noted that the lack of financial support could
impair individuals’ ability to become adults and take up their roles as adults successfully. In
other words, parental financial helps student to avoid negative financial impacts.
Conceptual Framework
Research demonstrates that parental involvement is an interactive process between the child
and parents that provides a path to student success in their academic performance. Although
there are many theories regarding parental support at the college level, in this parental study,
involvement is defined in terms of social support, emotional support, and financial support
(Figure 1). These variables have been indicated in the literature to lead to better academic
college performance of students.
Better Academic
Parental Involvement
Performance
Social support
Emotional support
Financial support
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework for the study
METHODS
A cross-sectional survey design was used for this quantitative research. Creswell (2003) posited
that survey research design could be used in quantitative research to capture the attitude,
opinions, or characteristics of the population. This data gathering method from respondents
1437
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
enables the researcher to assess attitudes, viewpoints, traits, and practices. Creswell also
emphasized that utilizing survey research design allows testing of research hypotheses, and the
using participants’ responses can be statistically analyzed. Thus, the survey research design
was most applicable to this study since it was aimed at capturing the participants’ perceptions
and attitudes.
Participants and Sampling Method
Participants of this study were 253 undergraduate students at Asia-Pacific International
University (AIU) aged between 17 years old to 25 years old. Stratified sampling was used to
select subgroups from 5 dormitories. These subgroups included gender segregation,
nationality, department, and age.
Instrument
The survey consisted of a demographic questionnaire and a Likert-scale survey instrument. The
questionnaire included a series of self-report questions in the English language for international
students In addition, the questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part included the
demographics (gender, age group, and nationality, number of siblings, departments, and CGPA
grades) and the second part consisted of 13 statements about parental involvement Each
statement was measured along a 5-point Likert Scale from 1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly
agree. The 13 statements were designed to measure four aspects of parental involvement:
family relationship, economic support, social support, and emotional support.
Validity and Reliability
The 13-item parental involvement questionnaire was developed by the researcher and was
designed to measure four aspects of parental involvement: family relationship, economic
support, social support, and emotional support. Family relationship and social support items
were generated from the works of Román, Cuestas, and Fenollar (2008). Items for economic
support and emotional support were adapted from Cheng, Ickes, and Verhofstadt (2012). An
expert in quantitative research, Dr. Octavian Mantiri, was asked to examine the appropriateness
and adequacy of the item assessing parental involvement. He judged that the items were indeed
reasonable measures of parental involvement. The internal consistency reliability, Cronbach’s
alpha (Cronbach, 1951) of the 13-item parental involvement survey was .914 for the pilot study
and .88 for the final data. Nunnally (1978) considers reliability estimates of .7 as adequate for
non-cognitive scales. Thus, the instrument used in this study is internally consistent.
1438
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
Pilot Testing
For pilot testing, the questionnaire was distributed to 20 students sampled through convenience
sampling methods. The purpose of pilot testing provided better information for the researcher
on whether the questionnaire was suitable and effective in fulfilling the purpose of the study.
Care was taken to ensure the participants were selected to represent the various dimensions that
are important to the study in terms of age, gender, and academic year.
Procedures
A research assistant administered the questionnaire to 300 students in AIU. Using stratified
sampling methods, 60 participants from each dormitory on campus participated. This was done
through the assignment of numbers from a name list which had been provided. These
respondents had an equal probability of being chosen regardless of their nationality, age, or
cross-section of class. The respondents were then put in groups according to gender, age,
department and nationality. During data collection, participants were first given a cover page
which contained information about the study and sentences that required the participant to read
and to provide consent for participating in the study. The respondents were not forced to
participate. They were asked to fill in the survey during their free time. Upon completion, the
questionnaire was returned to the researcher’s assistant. The completed questionnaires were
sent by post to the researcher. Upon receipt, each completed questionnaire was coded to avoid
duplication. The data were keyed into the computer and then analyzed using Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Data Analysis
Demographic data from the instrument were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented
using tables. Indicators included the number of participants by gender, age group, marital
status, nationality, number of siblings, department, CGPA result, etc. An independent samples
t-test was used to determine the differences between Thai and International students on parental
support. Spearman rho correlation coefficients between parental involvement variables and
cumulative grade point averages (CGPA) were reported. Data analysis was done independently
by the researcher using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows,
Version 21. Before analyzing the data, the entire data set was screened for missing data and
data entry mistakes.
1439
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
RESULTS
Participants characteristics
In this study, there were 253 participants comprising 150 females (59.3%) and 103 males
(40.7%) in this group. The age of the participants ranged from 15 to 30 years old. Majority of
the group aged within 21 – 23 years old (41.5%).
As shown in Table 1, most of the participants were International students comprising of 182
students (71.9%) whereas only 71 (28.1%) were Thai students. Participants were categorized
as Thai and international.
Students who had citizenships from other countries were grouped as international students.
These participants came from five different majors, which were Arts & Humanity (28.5%),
Education & Psychology (18.2%), Business Administration (27.3%), Science (8.7%),
Religious Studies (9.5%), Nursing (5.5%), and ESL (2.4%). There were fifty-two (20.6%)
participants have more than five siblings.
Participants were asked to report on their Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) result.
About two-thirds (65.6%) had CGPA between 2.6 and 3.5. Forty-two students (16.6%) had
CGPA of 3.6-4.0. Most of the participants were in their freshman year (40.7%). There were
also participants who were in their sophomore year (24.9%), senior year (20.9%), and junior
year (13.4%). Majority of the participants were staying in the university dormitory (84.6%),
whereas 15.4% of the participants were either staying on their own, with their parents or with
relatives. There were 154 (60.9%) of the participants’ parents are working, and 99 (39.1%)
participants reported only one of their parents are working.
Demographic Characteristics
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants (n = 253)
Characteristics of group
Gender
Age
Nationality
Male
Female
Total
15 – 17 years old
18- 20 years old
21 – 23 years old
24 – 26 years old
27 – 29 years old
30 and above years old
Total
Thai
International
Total
1440
Frequency
103
150
253
5
87
105
39
9
8
253
71
182
253
Percentage
40.7
59.3
100.0
2.0
34.4
41.5
15.4
3.6
3.2
100.0
28.1
71.9
100.0
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
Siblings
Department
CGPA
Academic Year
Staying with
Working parents
None
1
2
3
4
5 and above
Total
Arts & Humanity
Education & Psychology
Business Administration
Science
Religious Studies
Nursing
ESL
Total
Below 2.0
1.1– 2.5
2.6 – 3.0
3.1 – 3.5
3.6 – 4.0
Total
Freshman
Sophomore
Junior
Senior
Total
By myself
In the university dormitory
My parents
Relatives
Total
Both parents are working
Only one of the parents Is
working
Total
25
54
48
37
37
52
253
72
46
69
22
24
14
6
253
6
39
85
81
42
253
103
63
34
53
253
15
214
22
2
253
154
99
9.9
21.3
19.0
14.6
14.6
20.6
100.0
28.5
18.2
27.3
8.7
9.5
5.5
2.4
100.0
2.4
15.4
33.6
32.0
16.6
100.0
40.7
24.9
13.4
20.9
100.0
5.9
84.6
8.7
.8
100.0
60.9
39.1
253
100.0
Nature of Parental Involvement
Descriptive statistics and reliability estimates for measures of parental involvement are
reported in Table 2. Internal consistency reliability estimates for family relationship, social
support, and emotional support are acceptable (all are greater than .7). The reliability estimates
for Q5 (provide financial assistance) and Q6 (must work/pay for my education) as measures of
economic support was quite low (.35) and therefore reported separately.
Overall, measures of parental involvement are positive. The participants ‘agree’ that family
relationship is positive (M=3.96, SD=0.72), and that there is strong social (M=3.88, SD=0.72)
and emotional (M=4.06, SD=0.89). They also agree (M=4.06, SD=1.09) that their parents
1441
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
provide financial assistance; thus, only some must work to pay for their education (M=2.98,
SD=1.29).
Table 2. Descriptive Statistics of Parental Involvement (n=253)
Cronbach’s Variable
Family relationship
Economic support
Q5 provide financial assistance
Q6 Have to work/pay for my own education
Social support
Emotional support
M
3.96
SD
0.72
skewness
0.86
#items
4
alpha
0.82
4.06
2.98
3.88
4.06
1.09
1.29
0.72
0.89
-1.13
0.11
-0.95
-1.10
5
2
0.78
0.79
Table 3. Family relationship descriptive statistics
N
M
4.26
3.88
3.87
3.84
Close relationship with family
253
Often contact family
253
Family is my role model
253
Communicate openly with family
253
a
Percent ‘agree’ and ‘strongly agree.’
SD
0.82
0.90
0.95
0.93
%
84.2
66.8
70.4
70.3
Table 3 describes the opinion of students about the family relationship. The participants appear
to have a close relationship with their family (M=4.26, SD=0.83); are often in contact with
them (M=3.88, SD=0.90); agree that their family is their role model (M=3.87, SD=0.95); and
communicate openly with their family (M=3.84, SD=0.93). Percentage of participants who
‘agree’ or ‘strongly agree’ to the questions describing family relationship range from 67%
(often contact family) to 84% (close relationship with family).
Table 4. Economic support descriptive statistics
N
Family provide financial assistance
I must work/pay for my education
253
253
M
4.06
2.98
SD
1.09
1.29
%
74.7
34.0
Table 4 describes the opinion of students about their financial assistance. The participants
appear to receive financial assistance from their family (M=4.06, SD=0.83) and must work to
pay for their education (M=2.98, SD=1.26).
1442
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
Table 5. Social support descriptive statistics
N
Family proud when I get good grades
Family encouraged me to get good grades
Family support extra-curricular activities
I report/discuss academic results
Family and I discussed what programs I take
253
253
253
253
253
M
4.38
4.17
3.72
3.71
3.40
SD
0.81
0.85
0.96
1.08
1.20
%
86.5
78.7
65.3
63.2
54.6
Table 5 describes the opinion of students about their social support. The participants appear
that their family are proud when they get good grades (M=4.38, SD=0.81); family encourage
them to get good grades (M=4.17, SD=0.85); family support extra-curricular activities
(M=3.72, SD=0.96); students report or discuss their academic results with their family
(M=3.71, SD=1.08); and students discuss with their family on what programs to take (M=3.40,
SD=1.20).
Table 6. Emotional support descriptive statistics
N
Family concern with my well being
Family give guidance when needed
253
253
M
4.11
4.01
SD
0.94
1.03
%
78.2
74.3
Table 6 describes the opinion of students about their emotional support. The participants appear
that their family concerned with their well-being (M=4.11, SD=0.94) and their family provide
them guidance (M=4.01, SD=1.03).
Academic performance
Table 7. Distribution of cumulative grade point averages
CGPA
n
%
0.0 ≤ 2.0
6
2.4
2.1 – 2.5
39
15.4
2.6 – 3.0
85
33.6
3.1 – 3.5
81
32.0
3.6 – 4.0
42
16.6
1443
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
Table 7 shows the distribution of cumulative grade point averages of the students in this study.
Result shows 33.6% (n=85) of the respondent’s CGPA were within 2.6 to 3.0, followed by
32% (n=81) with CGPA between 3.1 and 3.5. Thirty-two percent (n=42) reported CGPA
between 3.6 and 4.0. About 18% (n=45) had CGPA of 2.5 or lower.
Differences in parental support between Thai and International Students
Independent samples t-test results for comparing Thai and International students on five
measures of parental support are reported in Table 8. Effect sizes are also reported. The
analysis showed no significant differences for the family providing financial assistance, social
support, and emotional support. Thai students reported significantly higher levels of family
relationship (M=4.15, SD=0.56) than international students (M=3.89, SD=0.77). However,
they are significantly more likely to have to work/pay for their education (M=3.55, SD=1.24)
than International students (M=2.75, SD=1.24). The magnitude of the differences between
these two areas between Thai and International students are medium (ES=.43 and 0.64).
Overall, it appears Thai students receive higher parental support than international students.
Table 8. Independent samples t-test results comparing Thai and International students.
Variable
Family
Relationship
Provide
financial
assistance
Work/pay for
own
education
Social
Support
Emotional
Support
Nationality
Thai
International
Thai
International
N
71
182
71
182
M
4.15
3.89
4.24
4.00
SD
0.56
0.77
0.87
1.16
t
3.065
df
174.62
p
.003
ES(d)
0.43
1.824
169.17
.070
0.26
Thai
71
3.55
1.24
4.594
251.00
<.00
1
0.64
International
Thai
International
Thai
International
182
71
182
71
182
2.75
3.96
3.84
4.13
4.04
1.24
0.53
0.78
0.65
0.97
1.437
186.21
.152
0.20
0.860
189.00
.391
0.12
Parental Support and Academic Performance
Spearman rho correlation coefficients between parental involvement variables and cumulative
grade point averages (CGPA) are reported in Table 9. Correlation among parental involvement
variables range from negligible (r=-.06, p>.05) between family providing financial assistance
1444
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
and having to work/pay for education to large (r=.71, p ≤ .01) between social support and
emotional support. Correlation between CGPA and family relationship variables are negligibly
ranging from .01 to -.15. Correlation between family relationship and CGPA (r= -.15) is
negative and negligible, though statistically significant (p≤.05). Only about 2% (r 2=.0225) of
the variance in CGPA can be explained by family relationship.
The correlation between
‘work/pay for my education’ and CGPA (r= -.13) is also negative and negligible, though
statistically significant (p≤.05). Less than 2% (r 2=.0169) of the variance in CGPA can be
explained by ‘work/pay for my education.’ CGPA is not related to family providing financial
assistance, social and emotional support. These results suggest that CGPA cannot be
adequately explained by parental involvement.
Table 9. Relationship between parental support and academic performance (n=253)
Variables
1Family relationship
2Family provide financial assistance
3I must work/pay for my education
4Social support
5Emotional support
6Academic performance (CGPA)
*p≤.05, **p≤.01
Spearman rho
2
3
.29**
.22**
-.06
.19**
4
.54**
.42**
.10
5
.54**
.36**
-.13*
.71**
6
-.15*
.02
.02
.01
Tables 10 and 11 are cross-tabulations between family relationship and CGPA, and between
work/pay for education and CGPA respectively. In Table 10, the percentage of participants
who reported high CGPA (3.1-4.0) is 61.6% for those with a negative family relationship, 59%
for those with the neutral relationship, and 44.6% for those with positive relationships. This
result explains why there is a negative correlation (r=-.15) between family relationship and
CGPA, as reported in Table 9. However, in this analysis, the Chi-square result indicates that
the relationship between family relationship and CGPA is not statistically significant (χ 2=6.94,
df=8, p=.54).
1445
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
Table 10. Family relationship and CGPA
CGPA
Family
0.0 ≤ 2.0
2.1-2.5
Relationship
Negative
1(7.7)
Neutral
1(1.8)
7(12.5)
Positive
5(2.7)
31(16.8)
2
χ =6.94, df=8, p=.54 Cramer’s V=.12
2.6-3.0
4(30.8)
15(26.8
66(35.9)
3.1-3.5
4(30.8)
24(42.9)
53(28.8)
3.6-4.0
4(30.8)
9(16.1)
29(15.8)
In Table 11, the percentage of participants who reported high CGPA (3.1-4.0) is 53.1% for
those who disagreed that they work/pay for their education and 44.2% for those who agreed
that they work/pay for their education. About 48% of those who were not sure had high CGPA.
This result explains the negative correlation between work/pay for education and CGPA, as
reported in Table 11. However, in this analysis, the Chi-square result indicates that work/pay
for education and CGPA is not statistically significant (χ2=8.17, df=8, p=.42).
Table 11. Work/pay for education and CGPA
CGPA
Work/Pay Education
0.0 ≤ 2.0
2.1-2.5
Negative (1-2.5)
2(2.0)
12(1.2)
Neutral (2.6-3.5)
2(2.9)
11(15.9)
Positive (3.51-4.0)
2(2.3)
16(18.6)
2
χ =8.17, df=8, p=.42 Cramer’s V=.13
2.6-3.0
32(32.7)
23(33.3)
30(34.9)
3.1-3.5
28(28.6)
25(36.2)
28(32.6)
3.6-4.0
24(24.5)
8(11.6)
10(11.6)
DISCUSSION
Nature of Parental support
Parental support, in this study, consisted of having social relationships with their college
children. This means that the child received economic, social, and emotional support
comfortably. The findings in this study indicated that the internal consistency reliability
estimates for family relationship, social support, and emotional support are acceptable. Overall,
measures of parental supports are positive where the participants agree that family relationship
is positive, and there is strong social and emotional support. The participants also agreed that
their parents provided financial assistance. However, there are some who worked to pay for
their education. Percentage of participants who ‘agreed’ or ‘strongly agreed’ to the questions
1446
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
describing family relationship range from 67% (often contact family) to 84% (close
relationship with family).
In recent years parents have been more involved in the education of their college students.
Barker & Roberts (2015) attribute this parent involvement with this age group to excessive
college tuition. Many college students do not have adequate funding to support themselves in
college. This finding supports previous literature that points out the consequences of rising
educational costs (Jack, 2003; Johnstone, 2005; Savage, 2009) Adjusting to college life has
been marked as an important step in the psychosocial development of individuals. As students
attempt to develop a consistent identity, they depend largely on psychological set-up developed
under the influence of parents (Leonard, 2013). It could be said that this phase of life, although
integrated with parental support, has little effect on the student academic performance. As the
student matures, he or she develops an certain level of maturity, which could include financial
and emotional stability. Parental support is shown to be significant during childhood when the
child has not developed emotional and mental security (El Nokali, Bachman, & Votruba-Drzal,
2001).
Differences in Parental Support Between Thai and International Students
Independent samples t-test results revealed that there are no significant differences for the
family providing financial assistance, social support, and emotional support. The data shows
that Thai students reported significantly higher levels of family relationship (M=4.15,
SD=0.56) than international students (M=3.89, SD=0.77). Moreover, they are significantly
more likely to have to work/pay for their education (M=3.55, SD=1.24) than International
students (M=2.75, SD=1.24). The magnitude of the differences between these two areas
between Thai and International students are medium (ES=.43 and 0.64). Based on these
findings, parental support for Thai students could be determined to be of a higher level
compared to International students. This can be explained by the fact that Thai students live
closer to their parents and have easier access to them for support when they need it.
In addition, the Thai culture promotes the respect of adults and therefore Thai student defer
critical issues and decisions to their parents. Parents also regard their college-age students as
children and push them to take on careers the parents think fit their children. Therefore, it is
obvious that they would get involved in their children’s decisions.
Parental Support and Academic Performance
The findings revealed that academic performance could not be adequately explained by
parental support. Correlation among parental support variables ranges from negligible between
1447
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
family providing financial assistance and having to work and pay for their education to large
between social support and emotional support (r=-.06, p>.05). These can be explained where
the correlation between family relationship and CGPA (r= -.15) is negative and negligible.
Correlation between “work and pay for my education” and CGPA is also negative and
negligible. Therefore, CGPA is not related to family providing financial assistance, social or
emotional support. Participants in this study reported high parental support related to the family
relationship, social support, and emotional support. Approximately half of the participants
reported a CGPA of 3.1 to 4.0. About a third of the participants reported CGPA of 2.6 to 3.0.
Thai students reported significantly higher levels of parental relationship and are more likely
to have to work/pay for their education. Therefore, we can conclude that parental support
cannot adequately explain academic performance among students in this study.
The research reveals that although parental support has a negligible influence on academic
performance, there is still a positive influence on the family relationship between the parents
and students in higher education level. According to literature reviews on the effects of parental
support, literature state that parental support does impact the academic outcome and career
prospects of the child in the future (Heffer, 2009). Some studies do show that there is an indirect
correlation between parental involvement and academic performance, in that students who
have financial and emotional support do better because they have the needed support. Harper,
Sax & Wolf, 2012 indicate that emotional support provides stability. In addition, Kek,
Darmawan, and Chen (2007) argue students who have supportive parents are secure and have
self-efficacy, which helps them to concentrate on their studies.
It is likely that these results, from the cross-sectional survey, were unable to depict the varying
levels of parental support throughout the livelihood of the student. This explains the differing
conclusions which deemed parental support as necessary for the students’ academic excellence,
during childhood rather than during college (El Nokali, Bachman, & Votruba-Drzal, 2010).
Students are also more independent in college, which may explain these study findings.
However, students also desire to get psychological, financial assistance from their parents and
consider parental support crucial for academic growth. Turner, Chandler, & Heffer (2009)
illustrated that when barriers limit parents from becoming involved, the consequences might
affect students’ academic performance.
1448
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
DISCUSSION
Conclusion
The research reveals that although the family relationship between parents and children has a
positive influence on college education, it does not adequately explain academic performance
among students in this study. Both the multifaceted nature of parental support and different
measurements of academic achievement have probably contributed to the inconsistencies. The
students’ perspective in this study is that students strongly favored the importance of parents’
support at the university level. Majority of students had good communication with their parents
about their university activities and well-being.
Recommendation
The findings show the importance of parental involvement and as such, it is recommended that
parents build up a relationship of trust with their children from the beginning of their early
childhood days to ensure that their children adopt better learning attitudes and processes.
Although parents can provide emotional support, these forms of support may not translate into
the end goal of academic success for their children. Instead, parents can invest in the institutions
of higher learning that will promote the improvement of the students’ academic achievement
as an alternative form of ensuring the academic success of their college children.
The findings would help educators and parents to familiarize themselves with the best parental
involvement approaches for college students. The Institutions should also consider developing
policies and programs that educate parents in ways they can get involved in their children’s
education, even if they do not have a high level of education.
Future research should consider using mixed method research design including interviews for
data collection in order to get in-depth understanding of parental support at the college level.
1449
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
REFERENCES
Arnett, J. J. (2000), Emerging adulthood: A theory of the development of the late teens through
the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5):469–480.
Arshad, M., Shahzadi, E., & Mahmood. A. (2016). Parents’ involvement at the university level
education: Students’ perception in under developing country. European Scientific
Journal, 12(22), 294-304.
Astin, A. W. (1968). The college environment. Washington, DC: American Council on
education.
Barker, O., & Roberts, D. D. (2015). Parental involvement as a moderator to the relationship
between exposure to violence and academic outcomes among youth of African
descent. Journal of Negro Education, 84(3), 416-427.
Borders, L. D., Hines, E. M., Gonzalex, L. M., Villalba, J. A., & Hendersen, A. (2011). Parental
involvement in college planning: a report for the College Foundation of North Carolina.
Working
Paper.
Retrieved
fromhttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/313113148_Parental_involvement_in_c
ollege_planning_A_report_for_the_College_Foundation_of_North_Carolina
Brunello, G., & De Paola, M. (2010). Peer effects in higher education: Does the field of study
matter? Economic Inquiry, 48(3), 621-634.
Ceja, M. (2004). Chicana college aspirations and the role of parents: Developing educational
resiliency. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 61(1), 111-130.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192704268428
Cheng, W., Ickes, W., & Verhofstadt, L. (2012). How is family support related to students'
GPA Scores? A longitudinal study. Higher Education, (64(3), 399-420.
Doi:10.1007/s10734-011-9501-4
Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity (2nd ed.). San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of
Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika,
16(3), 297-334.
Edelman, E. (2013). The effects of parental involvement on the college student transition: A
qualitative study at a large Midwestern University. (Unpublished Master of Arts
thesis). University of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska.
1450
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students' academic achievement: A
meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 13(1), 1-22.
Flowers III, A. M. (2015). The Family Factor: The Establishment of Positive Academic
Identity for Black Males Engineering Majors. Journal of Black Studies, 39(1),
64-74.
Harper, C. E., Sax, L. J. & Wolf D. S. (2012). The role of parents in college students'
sociopolitical awareness, academic, and social development. Journal of Student Affairs
Research and Practice 49(2). 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1515/jsarp-2012-6147
Jack, L. (2003). Maximizing College Readiness for all through parental support. School
Community Journal, 23(1), 183-202.
Jeynes, W. H. (2007). The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary
school student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Urban Education, 42(1), 82–
110.
Johnstone, D. B. (2005). Financing higher education: Who should pay? In P. G. Altbach, R.
O. Berdahl, & P. J. Gumport (Eds.), American higher education in the twenty-first
century (2nded., pp. 369–392). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Kek, M. A. Y., Darmawan, I. G. N., & Chen, Y. S. (2007). Family, learning
environments, learning approaches, and student outcomes in a Malaysian private
university. International Education Journal, 8(2), 318-336.
Kiyama, J. M., & Harper, C. E. (2015).The relationship between college students and their
families.
Family
Engagement
in
Higher
Education,
41(6),
1-94.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aehe.20024
Kwon, K. A., Yoo, G. & Bingham, G.E. (2016). Helicopter parenting in emerging
adulthood: Support or barrier for Korean college students’ psychological
adjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(1) 136–145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6
LeMoyne, T. & Buchanan, T. (2011) Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its
effect
on
well-being,
Sociological
Spectrum,
31(4)
399-418.
Doi.1080/02732173.2011.574038
Leonard, J. (2013). Maximizing college readiness for all through parental support. School
Community Journal, 23(1), 183-202.
Littleton, R. A. (2002). Campus involvement among African American students at a small
predominantly white colleges. College Student Affairs Journal 21(2), 53-67.
Ma, Y. (2009). Family socioeconomic status, parental involvement and college major choices:
Gender, race/ethnic and nativity patterns. Sociological Perspectives 52(2), 211-234.
https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2009.52.2.211
1451
Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, Volume 7 Issue 1, October 2019, pp. 1432-1453
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Perna, L. W., & Thomas, S. L. (2008). Theoretical perspectives on student success:
Understanding the contributions of the disciplines. ASHE Higher Education Report
Series. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Rabia, M., Mubarak, N. Tallat, H. & Nasir, W. (2017). A study on study habits and academic
performance of students. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 7(10), 891897.
Ratelle, C.F., Larose, S., Guay, F., & Sene´cal, C. (2005). Perception of parental involvement
and support as predictors of college students’ persistence in Science curriculum.
Journal of Family Psychology, 19 (2), 286-293. Doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.286
Román, S., Cuestas, P. J., & Fenollar, P. (2008). An examination of the interrelationships
between self-esteem, others' expectations, family support, learning approaches, and
academic achievement. Studies in Higher Education, 33(2), 127-138.
Savage, M. (2009). The case for parental involvement during the college years. A paper
presented at the National Conference of Law and Higher Education (February 21,
2009) Orlando, FL.
Sax, L. J. & Weintraub, D. S. (2014). The parental role in first-year students’ emotional
well-being: considerations by gender, Journal of Student Affairs Research and
Practice, 51(2), 113-127, Doi: 10.1515/jsarp-2014-0013
Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Greary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T.
(2014). Helping or hovering: The effects of helicopter parenting on college
students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557.
Schoeni, R., & Ross, K. (2004). Family support during the transition to adulthood [Policy
brief]. Network on Transition to Adulthood, 12, 1-2.
Scoppa, V., & De Paola, M. (2010). Peer group effects on the academic performance of Italian
students. Applied Economics 42(17), 2203-2215. Doi: 10.1080/00036840701765478
Shaw, T. A. (2005). College bound: What Christian parents need to know about helping their
kids choose a college. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers.
Shahzadi, E., & Ahmad, Z. (2011). A study on academic performance of university students. A
paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Recent Advances in Statistics,
February
8-9,
2011,
255-268,
Labore,
India.
Retrieved
from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266736633_A_STUDY_ON_ACADEMIC_
PERFORMANCE_OF_UNIVERSITY_STUDENTS
Smith, M. J., & Fleming, M. K. (2006). African-American parents in the search stage of
college choice: Unintentional contributions to the female to male college enrollment
gap. Urban Education, 41(1), 71-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085905282255
1452
Yieng, Katenga & Kijai, The Effect of Parental Support …
Spain, B. (2008). Family diversity: A quantitative study of the impact of divorce and family
structure on the academic performance of college students. Dissertation Abstracts
International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 68(12-A), 4981.
Suizzo, M.-A., & Soon, K. (2006). Parental Academic Socialization: Effects of home-based
parental involvement on locus of control across U.S. ethnic groups. Educational
Psychology, 26(6), 827-846.
Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition.
Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Tugend, A. (2014). Beyond a parents’ reach: When a child legally becomes an adult. New
York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/your-money/whena-child-legally-becomes-an-adult.html
Turner, E. A., Chandler, M. &Heffer, R. W. (2009). The influence of parenting styles,
achievement motivation, and self-efficacy on academic performance in college
students. Journal of College Student Development, 50(3), 337-346.
Wayne, A., Garet, M., Wellington, A., & Chiang, H. (2018). Promoting educator effectiveness:
The effects of two key strategies. NCEE 2018-4009. Retrieved from
https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED581618
Weidman, J., DeAngelo, L., & Bethea, K. (2014). The Weidman Model of undergraduate
socialization: Continuity and change- Paper presented at the 2014 Annual Meeting of
the American Educational Research Association (AERA), 7 April 2014, Philadelphia,
PA
Wentzel, K. R., & Caldwell, K. (2006). Friendships, Peer Acceptance, and Group Membership:
Relations to Academic Achievement in Middle School. Child Development, 68(6),
1198-1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14678624.1997.tb01994.x
Wintre, M. G., Dilouya, B., Pancer, S. M., Pratt, M. W., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., Polivy, J., &
Adams, G. (2011). Academic achievement in first-year university: Who maintains
their high school average?.The International Journal of Higher Education And
Educational Planning, 62(4), 467-481.
Winegard, T. A. (2010). Interactions of senior-level student affairs: Administrators with
parents of traditional-age undergraduate students. (unpublished dissertation,
University of Nebraska, USA).
1453