Published in Oregon Psychological Association Newsletter, May/June, 2006.
Suffering, a Dog, and Woody Allen: An Introduction to
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Jason Luoma, Ph.D., & Jenna LeJeune, Ph.D.
Client: So you’re saying that I can’t do anything about my anxiety?
Therapist: I’m not telling you anything… I’d just like you to check what your experience has to say.
As you’ve gone to war with your anxiety, has it gotten smaller and moved off to the side of your life,
or have you seen it becoming, unbelievably, even larger and more central in your life?
Client: …Central.
Therapist: I’d like you to consider the possibility that this battle with anxiety is one you can’t win. It’s
like a rigged game, and the way this game turns out is your life…
It happens with uncanny predictability; a client comes in to a first session of Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy (ACT, said as one word, not the individual letters) and regardless of the content,
the form of the complaint is “I don’t want to feel/think/have ‘this’ anymore”, whether ‘this’ is
depression, anxiety, anger, memories of a trauma, etc. And often, it’s the client’s very struggle to get
rid of this suffering that has consumed the client’s life, and resulted in its current unworkable state.
ACT is about letting go of this struggle.
When suffering knocks at your door and you say there is no seat for him,
he tells you not to worry because he has brought his own stool.
Chinua Achebe (1930 - ____) Nigerian novelist
Arrow of God, 1967.
Dalai has it good
Suffering is ubiqitous. And according to ACT, the main culprit is language, which has certain basic
properties that serve to amplify suffering to a level unfound in nonhumans animals. The theory on
which ACT is based is called Relational Frame Theory (RFT), and is a result of a 20 year program
(80+ published studies) of basic research into the nature of language and cognition (Hayes, BarnesHolmes, & Roche, 2001). Informed by this theory, the ACT therapist helps clients see that their
struggles largely result from minds and the language they produce, rather than their direct experience.
In ACT we seek to help clients disentangle from the futile tug-of-war with their languaging minds.
ACT distinguishes between “clean discomfort” (i.e. pain that emerges naturally from the interaction of
our history with current circumstances) and “dirty discomfort” (i.e. the additional suffering that results
when we try to control, eliminate, or reduce this original pain). Dalai, our dog, doesn’t have language
in the way that humans do (by “language” we refer to the ability to do such things as think
symbolically). Because of this Dalai only experiences “clean discomfort.” She suffers when she comes
into direct contact with a negative event in her environment (e.g. when I remove the bone from her
mouth that she has salvaged from the garbage) or something that predicts a negative event (e.g., a
scary-looking dog charges her). However, much of human suffering comes from the story we tell
ourselves about distressing past or anticipated events (e.g. It is so horrible that I am depressed. I’ll
never get out of this) and our entanglement with this story. Because Dalai doesn’t have human
language, she is always in the present moment. She doesn’t have the ability/curse of making judgments
Published in Oregon Psychological Association Newsletter, May/June, 2006.
about not having the bone, worrying about whether the bone will still be there tomorrow, or whether
the bone is going to straight to her hips. In this sense she is truly an enlightened being like the one after
whom she is named.
So suffering is ubiquitous. Sorry, nothing we can do about that. And we don’t want to be dogs, without
the abilities that language gives us. So is that the end of it? Collect our money, go home to wallow in
our own language-fueled suffering? On the contrary, we would contend that life and therapy can have
much more hope, more possibility than simply eliminating of an acute state of discomfort. We ask our
clients this essential question “Would you be willing to have what you already have in terms of
unpleasant thoughts/feelings, to welcome them willingly into your life, if that meant you could live the
life you’ve always wanted to live, if you could be the person you would choose to be if you could write
the story?” The goal of ACT is not to eliminate certain parts of one's experience of life, but rather to
learn how to experience life more fully, without as much struggle, and with vitality and commitment.
What ACT is and what ACT isn’t
ACT is one of a “third wave” of cognitive behavioral therapies (Hayes, 2004) that includes Dialectical
Behavior Therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; Segal,
Williams, & Teasdale, 2001), and Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy (Jacobson, et al., 2000).
What sets these approaches apart from traditional CBT (alá Beck or Ellis) is that rather than trying to
directly change the content of thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories, these therapies seek to
change the function of those events and the individual’s relationship to them (Teasdale, 2003). For
example, the ACT therapist would not try to identify or change “irrational” thoughts. Rather, through
the process of cognitive defusion, ACT helps clients disengage from the struggle with language
altogether, to see that winning the battle with language is not only impossible, but also unnecessary in
order live a vital life, one of value.
In contrast to many traditional cognitive and behavioral therapies, ACT is dominantly experiential. We
rely on metaphors, stories, and exercises to step outside of literal language. In this way, ACT shares
similarities to Gestalt therapy with its emphasis on in-session “experiments” and experiential exercises.
One claim that has been made about ACT is that it is essentially Buddhism dressed up in scientific
clothing. Certainly, ACT borrows from many traditions, including Buddhism. However, as ACT is a
scientific endeavor rather than one of faith, it must be, and is, based on a cohesive theory that is subject
to all the rigors of empirical investigation. While some aspects of ACT, such as mindfulness and
acceptance, share commonalities with some forms of Buddhism, it also has unique components which
are not found in any Buddhist teachings of which we are aware. In total, ACT owes much more of its
theory and interventions to B.F. Skinner than the Buddha.
Experiential avoidance as the root of psychopathology
Many forms of psychopathology can be conceptualized as unhealthy efforts to escape, avoid, control,
or suppress emotions, thoughts, memories, and other private experiences (Hayes, Wilson, Gifford,
Follette, & Strosahl, 1996). People engage in a broad range of behaviors in order to avoid making
psychological contact with negatively evaluated private events, such as engaging in thought or
emotional suppression, social withdrawal, drug use, and sexual acting out. Unfortunately, efforts to
suppress or eliminate negative thoughts or emotions often result in actually increasing the frequency,
intensity, and behavioral regulatory powers of these experiences.
ACT seeks to increase psychological acceptance, the ability to contact negatively evaluated private
experience, directly, fully, and without needless defense – while at the same time behaving effectively.
Published in Oregon Psychological Association Newsletter, May/June, 2006.
Acceptance is but one process through which ACT achieves the goal of enhancing psychological
flexibility, the process of contacting the present moment fully as a conscious human being, and based
on what the situation affords, changing or persisting in behavior in the service of chosen values.
The Hexa-what?
The hexagon model below (jokingly called the “hexaflex”) illustrates the six processes through which
ACT attempts to increase psychological flexibility.
Contact with the
Present Moment
Values
Acceptance
Psychological
Flexibility
Defusion
Committed
Action
Self as
Context
Cognitive defusion involves helping people to step back from their thoughts and be able to respond to
thoughts based on their usefulness rather than their literal “truth.” Self as context refers to clients
contacting a sense of self as the context, arena, or place where events occur, rather than attaching to the
unhelpful self-evaluations and stories about themselves that their minds give them. Contact with the
present moment refers to ongoing, non-judgmental contact with psychological and environmental
events as they occur in order to help people experience the world in more direct and flexible ways.
ACT uses a variety of exercises to help a client choose valued life directions in various domains (e.g.
family, career, spirituality) while undermining verbal processes that might lead to choices based on
avoidance or social compliance. Finally, ACT encourages committed action through helping clients
develop concrete goals that are values consistent and helping clients work toward these goals (Hayes,
Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006).
Utilizing all six components the ACT therapists asks of both ourselves and our clients: “Given the
distinction between you and the stuff you are struggling with and trying to change (“Self as context”),
are you willing to have that stuff, fully, and without defense (“Acceptance”), as it is, and not what it
says it is (“Defusion”), AND do what takes you in the direction (“Committed action”) of your chosen
values (“Values”), in this time and this place (“Contact with the present”)? If the answer to that
question is “Yes”, then that builds psychological flexibility.
ACT as a science
Data are emerging rapidly, particularly since the first book on ACT was published (Hayes, Strosahl, &
Wilson, 1999). ACT has been delivered in both individual and group psychotherapy formats and has
Published in Oregon Psychological Association Newsletter, May/June, 2006.
been manualized in specific form for a number of different client problems including manuals for
OCD, psychosis, chronic pain, smoking, school problems, panic, depression, and substance abuse. A
recent literature review of the ACT model and processes of change (Hayes et al., 2006) found 19
randomized controlled trials with a general between-group effect size at follow up of d=.63 (medium to
large effect) for ACT versus other active treatments and d=.71 (large effect) for ACT versus wait list,
treatment as usual, or placebo. Targets of intervention included depression, polysubstance abuse, work
stress, epilepsy, smoking, social anxiety, borderline personality disorder, psychosis, chronic pain,
panic, and burnout/stigma, among others. Numerous case reports and component analysis studies
examining specific therapeutic processes have also been conducted.
ACT has preliminary evidence for effectiveness across a wide range of disorders and has fairly strong
evidence for the general model. One of the unique aspects of the ACT model is the reputed processes
of change for ACT are holding up fairly well in mediational analyses, as compared to traditional
cognitive-behavioral therapy. For those interested in more up-to-date research information, one can
check out www.contextualpsychology.org/state_of_the_act_evidence.
ACT resources
One of the unique aspects of ACT is the community which supports its development and
dissemination. The community of practitioners and researchers working to develop ACT have gone
through an intentional process focused on creating an open and nonhierarchical community. The main
hub of this work is the contextualpsychology.org website, a changing, living website where members
are able to add their own webpages, create their own blogs, and participate in discussion forums. A
large range of resources for training, including reading lists, workshops, and discussion/advice can also
be found on contextualpsychology.org as well as on Learningact.com. For those interested in learning
more about ACT, a great place to start is the client workbook Get Out of Your Mind and Into Your Life
(2005) by Steven Hayes and Spencer Smith. Other books can be found by searching an online
bookseller for ACT. Locally, there is an ACT consultation group for professionals with varying
degrees of experience in ACT that meets twice a month. To learn more about this meeting please
contact Jason Luoma at jbluoma@gmail.com. We welcome newcomers to the group.
Conclusion
To conclude, we’ll leave you with the words of the inimitable philosopher, Woody Allen, who once
said “What if everything is an illusion and nothing exists? In that case, I definitely overpaid for my
carpet.” If an ACT therapist were working with Woody, he or she might ask “Let’s assume God came
down and told you that was 100% true, what would you do then?”
References
Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Relational Frame Theory, and the third
wave of behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639-665.
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001) (Eds.), Relational Frame Theory: A PostSkinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Plenum Press.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J., Bond, F., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1-25.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An
experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K., Gifford, E., Follette, V., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and
behavior disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152-1168.
Published in Oregon Psychological Association Newsletter, May/June, 2006.
Jacobson, N. S., Christensen, A., Prince, S. E., Cordova, J., Eldridge, K. (2000). Integrative behavioral
couple therapy: An acceptance-based, promising new treatment for couple discord. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 351-355.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York:
Guilford.
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for
depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.