Returning to the past for the revival of the future: Analyzing the value of old maps for the preservation of cultural heritage

16th ICA Conference ISSN 2459-3893 Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage International Cartographic Association Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital Cluj-Napoca 22-24 September 2022 hosted by the Faculty of Geography Babeş–Bolyai University Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Conference Proceedings Editors Angeliki Tsorlini Chrysoula Boutoura Map & Geoinformation Curators Group INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Eötvös Loránd Babeş–Bolyai University University International Web Journal on Sciences & Technologies Affined to History of Cartography & M aps Supported by the AUTH Research Committee Habsburg Empire (1869-1887) - Third Military Survey (1:25000) | Mapire Published by the Laboratory of Cartography and Geographical Analysis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 International Cartographic Association Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings Editors: Angeliki Tsorlini, Chrysoula Boutoura Thessaloniki: AUTH CartoGeoLab – ISSN 2459-3893 Copyright 2022: the authors of the single papers; the editor and publisher of the Proceedings volume The Proceedings distributed to all registered participants of the 16th ICA Commission Conference 2022 To order extra digital copies of the Proceedings Contact the AUTH CartoGeoLab: atsorlin@auth.gr, boutoura@auth.gr The 16th Conference of the series Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage is organised by the ICA Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 22-24 September 2022, in partnership with the Faculty of Geography, Babeş–Bolyai University, supported by the MAGIC - Map & Geoinformation Curators Group. 16th ICA Conference “Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage: http://cartography.web.auth.gr/ICA-Heritage/Cluj-Napoca2022/ ICA Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital: http://cartography.web.auth.gr/ICA-Heritage AUTH Laboratory of Cartography and Geographical Analysis: http://cartography.web.auth.gr/cartogeolab Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [1] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 The Conference Board Scientific Board ICA Georg Gartner Vienna László Zentai Budapest Pilar Sánchez-Ortiz Madrid Andrés Arístegui Madrid Evangelos Livieratos Thessaloniki Mátyás Gede Budapest Carme Montaner Barcelona Ferjan Ormeling Utrecht Liqiu Meng Munich Francesco Guerra Venice Andrea Nanetti Singapore Chris Fleet Edinburgh Gabriele Bitelli Bologna Stuart Dunn London Marcy Bidney Milwaukee Eva Novotná Prague Günther Görz Erlangen Eve Netchine Paris Angeliki Tsorlini Thessaloniki Zsombor Bartos-Elekes Cluj-Napoca Commission Support Mátyás Gede Budapest Chrysoula Boutoura Evangelos Livieratos Angeliki Tsorlini Thessaloniki Local Organisers Zsombor Bartos-Elekes Zoltán Imecs Katalin Luffy Cluj-Napoca Conference Support ICA – International Cartographic Association Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital MAGIC – Maps & Geoinformation Curators Group e-Perimetron – The International Web Journal on Sciences and Technologies Affined to History of Cartography and Maps AUTH – Aristotle University of Thessaloniki / CartoGeoLab ELTE Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics UBB Faculty of Geography Commission Supporting Institutions ICGC – Cartographic and Geologic Institute of Catalonia, Map Library, Barcelona IUAV – University Iuav of Venice, Cartography & GIS Lab and Photogrammetry Lab, Venice NLS – National Library of Scotland, Map Section, Edinburgh ELTE – Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Cartography & Geoinformation, Budapest IONIAN – Ionian University, History Department, Corfu AUTH – Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Cartography & Geographical Analysis Lab Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [2] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Preface Historical maps are important sources of information about past ages. Exploring ways of making this information available for further research is among the main tasks of the Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital of the International Cartographic Association (ICA) and the Map & Geoin-formation Curators Group (MAGIC). This volume contains the papers presented on the 16th Conference on Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage (ICA DACH). The diversity of these papers shows how rich is the world of archive maps and how their information content can be utilized on many fields of science and arts. We are very happy that – after having the conference online last year because of the pandemic – we were able to organize it again as an in-person event, despite the war in the neighbourhood and the financial challenges that are affecting most countries these days. This year’s Conference presents 27 papers with participation from 11 countries representing 23 institutions (universities, national and university libraries, archives and museums, research institutes, the public and private geospatial sectors, organisations) and it is organised in six working sessions dealing with issues related to the ICA Commission and the MAGIC Group terms of reference, among others: promoting research and development on the field of cartographic heritage; intra- and interdisciplinary co-operation; popularisation of cartographic heritage; policy making and strategies for Geoinformation / Map Collection development; metadata models and data-exchange standards for library, archive and museum items; preservation, access and innovation in visualisation and presentation (virtual exhibitions) of cartographic heritage (analogue and digital). We hope that readers of this volume will find answers, ideas and inspiration for their work in the realm of cartographic heritage and map librarianship. Mátyás Gede chair, ICA Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital Marcy Bidney chair, Map & Geoinformation Curators Group-MAGIC vice-Chair, ICA Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital Angeliki Tsorlini editor of the proceedings vice-Chair, ICA Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [3] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Contents SESSION I Ilovan O.-R. The Cartographic Discourse about the Romanian Space and Territorial Development from the Modern Period to Present. 7 Bartos-Elekes Zs. Digital tools concerning the analysis of maps representing Hungary and Transylvania (1683–1711). 8 Magyari M., A.-K. Bálint, Zs. Bartos-Elekes The correlation between the atlas and the county map series of Hungary by Gábor Hevenesi. 19 M. Pál An inventory and digital map of toponym evolution – a case study in Northern Hungary. 30 Demeter G., É. Sz. Simon, B. F. Romhányi, G. K. Horváth, G. Németh Creating a database to study settlement level socio-economic development and landuse changes for the Hungarian Kingdom, 1550-1930. 39 SESSION II Vardakosta I. Geo-information literacy: a necessary component of the Map/GIS Libraries. 55 Carhart G., K. Deneault Portland, Maine, Above and Below Ground, A Municipal Archive and its Interconnection with the Modern Digital GIS Mapping of a 389-Year-Old City. 66 Rees G. Locating a national collection through interface design. 79 Appel S. Advances in Collaborative Digital Index Mapping. 80 Shawa T. Creating Orthomosaic Images from Historical Aerial Photographs. 92 SESSION III Suarez R. Opening CartoMundi - New tools and new functionalities. 107 Koukoletsos T., G. Nikas, P. Grigoriadis When GIS and Military History collide: new perspectives. 108 Tsorlini A., C. Boutoura, E. Livieratos Studying the development of Greek communities in Central Europe in 18th century, combining information from historical maps and texts through a digital map library system. 122 Stamnas A., A. Tsiachta, O. Georgoula, P. Patias An endangered aspect of the Industrial Heritage. Study and mapping of the Decauville Systems in Greece of the 19th and 20th century. 132 SESSION IV Gusev D., S.-K. Stafeyev Claudius Ptolemy’s East Africa Georeferenced and Visualized. 149 Liu D., K.-N. Vu, A. Nanetti Information Visualisation Tools to Explore Fra Mauro’s World Map (dated 1460 CE) 167 Jilkova P., J. Mocickova Czech-German Ethnic Border (1840–1940): Cartographic Image and Reality. 180 Zentai L., E. Hajdú Exploring intentional distortions in Cold War tourist maps. 181 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [4] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 George Malaperdas 1, Rebecca Grethe 2, Nikolaos Zacharias1 Returning to the past, for the revival of the future: Analyzing the value of old maps for the preservation of cultural heritage Keywords:GIS, Georeference, Historical Maps, Cultural Heritage, Niokastro Pylos Summary The castle of Navarino (Pylos, Greece) has undergone several changes since it was built in 1573. The castle was constantly modified to meet the needs of its residents. Buildings were planned and constructed, streets were constructed, and the majority of the infrastructure eventually fell into disrepair. Today, this infrastructure is only very rarely preserved, but old maps allow us to understand and digitally reconstruct it. This case study demonstrates the potential of digitizing old maps by comparing a map of Navarino castle from 1830 to its current condition using GIS. The map was georeferenced and used to produce digital maps displaying the information gathered. They are comparing the historic building infrastructure to the now-existing buildings, as well as the path structures from 1830 to today. These maps demonstrate how the previous development plan influenced the current situation and may be useful for future research. Introduction The aim of this project is to show the significance of digitized historical maps through the case study of the castle of Pylos. A map from 1830 showing the infrastructure and outline of the castle is compared to the recent state by using a Geographical Information System (GIS). To do so, the 1830 map had to be georeferenced and digitized. Three maps showing different aspects of the infrastructure and comparing features were created using GIS. The results of the gathered information and their potential for further research is shown in the final part of this essay. The castle of Navarino The castle of Navarino (Neokastro, Niocastro, Niokastro, Neo Kastro, or New Navarino) is located in the west of the modern village Pylos and south of the Navarino bay, Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece (Figure 1). It was erected in 1573 by the Turks and held a strategic position guarding the natural port (Andrews 2006). It replaced the old castle (Palaiokastro), on the northern end of the bay, which was not suitable to withstand cannon attack. The walls of the Neokastro are thicker but lower in height than those of the old castle. In this phase, a mosque was built in the centre of the castle, which later was turned into a church and back again seven times. It was conquered by the Venetians in 1686 and partly destroyed by the fighting. In 1715, it came again under Turkish rule until it was captured by the Russian forces in 1770 for only one and a half months (Savvidis 2000). The castle then went into Greek hands in March 1821 for nearly 4 years, then back to the Ottomans and was handed over to the French troops in spring 1828 (Savvidis 1991). The French then started implementing reconstructions (Andrews 2006). It became a prison in 1864 and was altered during the Second World War, when it was reinforced. Between 1982 and 1987, several restorations and rebuilding took place (Kontogiannis 2014). Today, the castle hosts three museums (an archaeological museum and two underwater archaeology museums), and the recently restored church (church of the Metamorphosis). 1 2 Laboratory of Archaeometry, University of The Peloponnese, Old Campus, 24131 Kalamata, Greece Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover,Willy-Brandt-Allee,30169 Hannover Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [244] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Figure 1: The Citadel of Neokastro in Pylos. The Scientific Expedition of Morea In 1829, during the period of the Greek liberation fight for the independence of Greece, the "Scientific Expedition of Morea" (Expedition Scientifique de Moree) was organized by the French state with the purpose of historical, geographical, archaeological and iconographic documentation of the country. This expedition was linked to the scientific fields of geography and geology, natural history, cartography, archaeology, architecture and ethnography, which found in the Moree an excellent field of application of the new know-how (Ploutoglou et al, 2011). The Scientific Expedition started from Paris in early January 1829, assembled in Toulon and departed for Greece on 10 February with the frigate "Kyveli". After a difficult winter journey, they arrived at Navarino Bay on 2 March 1829 and disembarked the following day (Marboeuf, 2009). With clear instructions in relation to the identification of archaeological ruins and the locations delivered by Stravon, Pausanias and the travel works of Pouqueville and Gell, as well as the compilation of maps, topographical plans, observations and archaeological impressions the members of the team begin their scientific mission. Thus, the almost 20 scientists and artists, as well as the 28 collaborators, such as officer surveyors of the General Staff of the Army and the Army Mechanical Staff, accomplished a complex scientific, artistic, cartographic and publishing project; that constitutes a powerful testimony to the anthropogeography during this particular period when the modern Greek state was being founded. Thanks to the enthusiasm of the trained and practiced members of the Expedition (and despite the adverse conditions and hardships) field investigations, recordings, impressions and collections of various material were carried out. Then, in France, the analysis and editing of the material and the preparations for the main scientific series of publications continued. Thus, gradually, between 1831 and 1838, the findings of their studies were published in eight volumes of 2,420 pages and 405 tables (Arapogianni, 2017). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [245] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 The “Scientific Expedition of Morea” was a turning point and a complex project for the study of the Greek landscape as it was the beginning of group and organized systematic study. It exploited the potential offered by the fields of natural history, cartography, architecture and archaeology, as they found in the Peloponnese an excellent field of application, leaving a complete and alive view of the country unmatched by any other iconographic project of the 19th century. The perfect mapping of the Greek region exceeded all previous efforts, while it was directly linked to the military and political history of the newly established Greek state, meeting urgent and essential needs of the Greek administration. However, despite its value and success, the French Scientific Expedition of the Morea has not been valued in its true dimensions, as the published material has not been fully explored and the unpublished evidence of the cartographic work and the testimonies, memoirs and diaries of the Expedition in France and Greece have not been exploited. Why digitize old maps? Old maps can give us valuable information about the former state of a place. Changes can be retraced and help scientists to understand the development through time. Since they are usually kept in libraries to prevent further decay, a scan is of course very helpful to use these maps and make them accessible to a broader community (Livieratos and Koussoulakou, 2006), (Southhall and Pridal 2012). The problems that may occur by scanning maps are discussed by several researchers (Daniil et al 2003), (Boutoura and Livieratos 2006), (Cura et al 2018), (Malaperdas 2021). However, there is more potential than just using the scanned image (Tsorlini et al 2014), (Iosifescu et al 2016), (Uhl et al 2018). Digitizing a map with GIS makes it possible to directly relate and compare different phases in one document, as well as locating potential spaces for future excavations (Malaperdas and Zacharias, 2019). It also prevents heritage that is hidden in the ground to be destroyed by building activities and rises awareness to preserve these structures. Another advantage of the digitization is the preservation of the data, which otherwise could be lost through time (Anagnostaki et al 2014), (Malaperdas and Panoskaltsis 2021). It acts, so to say, as a safety copy of the original map. This data can not only be seen by other scientists, but constantly updated and used interactively. The use of GIS Using historical maps to their full potential necessitates interdisciplinary research that allows for a thorough examination of the facts and features represented on the map. To digitize and georeference a map, a Geographical Information System (GIS) is used. The degree of precision of the old map and its potential for usage in GIS applications are estimated by determining positional deviations (Frajer and Geletič, 2011). The project can be constantly changed (if new results are contradicting) and expanded (Gregory 2003), (Gregory and Ell, 2007). Georeferencing Georeferencing is used to make the digitized information comparable to other digitized maps. In this process, the image is adjusted to a second image that was related to a coordinate system. In order to adjust the image, control points are chosen that are present and well recognisable in both images. Then, the program is asked to match these points and fit the first image over the second one. During this process, if the points do not fit perfectly over one another, the image is slightly distorted to make the best intersection. Problems that might occur because of this adjustment are discussed by Boutoura and Livieratos (Boutoura and Livieratos, 2006). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [246] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Digitization By creating layers that show features like altitude, coastlines, walls, buildings or roads, the information is visualized from imported maps. Depending on the information that is going to be digitized, different data files are used. To digitize the maps for this essay, polygons are used to digitize buildings, and polylines are used for the outline. They all are vector objects and every single one can also be given different attributes. Materials and Methods Three images of Pylos castle were used for this essay; a historic map from 1830, a “Quickbird” satellite image from 2008 and a “google maps” satellite image from 2017. Each of them contains different information that are used to compare the different states of the castle. Digitizing the map of Navarino castle 1830 Figure 1 shows a map of Navarino castle that was created in 1830. Its title translates to “Plan of Navarino, indicating the new alignments to be applied on the streets”. The existing buildings (red) and planned building blocks (green contours) are visible. There is no north arrow, but a scale bar in the right bottom corner, indicating that it is indeed a topographic map with valid proportions. There is a legend, but it is not possible to read it because of the poor quality of the scan. This map is stored at the National Historic Museum (Athens) and a scan is available on their homepage. The originals’ measurements of the whole document are 53 x 46 cm. It belonged to the personal collection of General Petros St. Lykoudis. To use the information, we gather from this map, it needs to be georeferenced and digitized. Figure 1: "Plan de Navarin indiquant le nouveaux alignemens à donner aux rues". Topographic plan of Navarino (Pylos, Peloponnese), indicating the new alignments to be applied on the streets, 15/5/1830. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [247] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Georeferencing To use the historic map, it is necessary to relate it to a known coordinate system and adjust it. A satellite image from 2008 was first georeferenced to the Greek projected coordinate system (G.G.R.C.’ 87 or E.G.S.A’87). After that, the image file was imported to the program and easily recognisable points of the outline were chosen to georeference the historic map according to the satellite image (Figure 2). Figure 2: Georeferenced map from 1830 It is remarkable how exact the 1830’s map fits over today’s satellite image. Its accuracy of measurements and precision show in the fact that the georeferenced scan first comes from accurate topographic measurements from the French Scientific Expedition of the Morea and secondly is not distorted, as it would often be expected from old maps. This is probably due to the fact that the map has a large scale (Husak 2009). It can thus be directly and very accurately compared to the recent state of the castle taken from the satellite images without taking any distortion in consideration. Digitization The next step was the digitization of the information that are visible on the historic map and on the modern satellite image. A line-vector layer with the same coordinate system was created for the outAristotle University of Thessaloniki [248] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 line. The features of the outline were then digitized. There are a few differences between the outline in 1830 and in 2008. The outer fortification in the south-east for example is well visible on the 1830 map, but only traces can be seen on the satellite image from 2008 (Figure 3). This part of the outline was digitized from the historic map, while the other parts were taken from the satellite image. The outline is used as a reference in all further created maps. It gives an orientation and relation to the features inside the castle that are compared. Figure 3: Digitized outline of Pylos castle For the digitization of 1830’s infrastructure, buildings that already existed and the planned building blocks were digitized in separate layers (Figure 4). This makes it possible to see the layers independently of each other. Another layer contains the buildings that exist today, taken from the 2008 satellite image. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [249] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Figure 4: Historic map with digitized information Finally, a third image was used to digitize the paths within the castle as they exist today. Since the paths are not well visible on the 2008 satellite image, the information for the paths was taken from a recent (2017) satellite image screenshot from “google maps”. It was added and georeferenced to the existing project. As this image was created with a different georeference system, it was not possible to match the contours as exactly as desired. This lead to a little shift in the created vector-file depicting the recent paths, which must be kept in mind when comparing them with the planned streets from 1830. Results Figure 5 shows the map that was created from the 1830 plan. We can see that there were 69 buildings in the castle in 1830. Most of them are located within the 25 planned building blocks. Only in a few cases, the existing buildings overlap the streets between the building blocks. It is not known if it was planned to remove these buildings, but it would have been the only way to install the planned streets. It is noteworthy that the church is located in the centre of the castle and was not included in a building block but stands alone. There also seems to be a wide-open space near the (todays’) entrance in the east-north-east of the castle, which might have agitated as a public square. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [250] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Figure 5: Digitized map of Pylos castle from 1830. Inset-upper image: The digitized blocks with numbering. Comparison of the 1830 map with the recent state Two comparisons between 1830 and today were visualized in maps; the building situation then and now in one map, and the location of the planned building blocks with today’s path system in a second map. Buildings To make a comparison of the building situation in 1830 and today, a map with the buildings from 1830 and the recently existing buildings, taken from the 2008 satellite image, was created (Figure 6). The first thing that we can observe is the huge numeric difference. Today, only 4 buildings exist inside the castle, as opposed to 69 buildings in 1830. It is visible that only the church (square building in the middle) and the long rectangular building in the east obviously correspond to buildings from 1830. Both most probably underwent some changes, but the general shapes, orientations and locations match well. The Lshaped building that exists today seems to have the same foundations as the 1830s building at the same location but was probably expanded later. Finally, the small rectangular building west of the church seems to be a modern building, as of the before mentioned features, only the location roughly matches with a building from 1830. Based on the available data, it is not possible to say if foundations of other buildings still exist. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [251] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Figure 6: Comparison of building structures in 1830 and today. Inset-upper image: The digitized buildings with numbering. Path Network System In this comparison (Figure 7), we can see some overlapping between the historic streets and the recent paths (marked in turquoise). Especially the two continuous streets from the citadel to the north, and respectively to the west are still in use today. Some paths partly coincide with those between the building blocks from 1830, like those near the church and the one leading from the church to the west. We can see on the historic map (Figure 4) that the most western part of this path already existed in 1830 and is in unaltered use. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [252] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 Figure 7: Comparison of the paths. Inset- image: The digitized buildings and paths. Discussion The continuous use of the paths lets us conclude that the roads most probably were indeed installed. This is showing in the location and direction of the paths that are still visible today. It can also be concluded that many of the previously existing buildings were demolished to install the roads, as they were in the way of the streets. Whether or not we can find traces or foundations of these buildings might be a subject for further investigations by ground penetrating techniques. The created maps may then help locating and identifying structures. Further research with the help of the produced GIS files is worth looking into. The maps might be helpful ocating places of interest when excavations within the castle are planned. The gathered information can then also be added to the existing files, enlarging the database constantly. The data of excavations, for example the use of a building, or also the location of single finds can be easily put into the projects and stored this way for coming generations. Conclusions and outlook The accuracy of the used historical map makes it a very valuable and reliable source for the investigation of the development and past of Pylos castle. The georeferenced and digitized map from 1830 provides knowledge of the exact locations where buildings were standing before and after 1830, and where new roads were planned. As an estimate, we could say that by reusing the old map, we already know the exact locations of all 69 buildings. Only four of them have survived to this day. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [253] Laboratory of Cartography & Geographical Analysis International Cartographic Association, Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 16th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Cluj-Napoca, 22-24 September 2022 Conference Proceedings, ISSN 2459-3893 Editors: A. Tsorlini, C. Boutoura AUTH CartoGeoLab, 2022 We can still not only talk about the town plan drawn up by the French expedition led by General Maizon, but we can also recreate it on the ground as it was used at the time. Two other remarkable observations are that the paths that connected with the Citadel and led up to the bastions and the entrance have been in use since at least 1830. The constant use of the paths leads us to believe that the roads were most likely installed. This can be seen in the location and direction of the paths that can still be seen today. There was also a fairly open space near the castle's main entrance that could have been used as a square. From our perspective, and what we hope to convey through this work, this information was previously unavailable to the general public. Only a few researchers were aware of the old buildings' existence. We now know not only how many buildings existed in 1830, but also metric information such as their dimensions, thanks to the specific methodology used. Even, and this is the most important thing, we could discover their foundations as we know their exact locations. Another significant advantage is the extremely low cost of the entire process. Whether or not we can find traces or foundations of these buildings might be a subject for further research. The maps might be helpful locating places of interest when excavations within the castle are planned. The gathered information can then also be added to the existing files, enlarging the database constantly. The data of excavations, for example the use of a building, or also the location of single finds can be easily put into the projects and stored this way for coming generations. Finally, this work looks forward to further recognition of the value of the French Scientific Expedition of the Morea, as already have been said from the beginning is huge and has not yet been properly evaluated. Acknowledgments This project was implemented within the scope of the “Exceptional Laboratory Practices in Cultural Heritage: Upgrading Infrastructure and Extending Research Perspectives of the Laboratory of Archaeometry”, a co-financed by Greece and the European Union project under the auspices of the program “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” NSRF 2014-2020. References Anagnostaki, K., Petmezas, S. and Sarris A. (2014). Reading the history in a map. 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