International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 3, March-2019
ISSN 2229-5518
1096
Mitigation of Corrosion in Produced
Water Pipeline Using Locally Produced
Corrosion Inhibitor
Kenneth Dagde1, Godwin C.J Nmegbu2, Nyeche Chizi Jeffrey3
.
1 Department of Chemical/ Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt.
2 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt
3 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt.
Abstract
Corrosion inhibitor was locally produced from orange peels and chrysophyllum albidum leaf using n-Hexane as solvent. Soxhlet
extractor was used to extract the oils from the peels and leaves of the investigated plants. The extracted oil was characterized to
determine their phytochemical properties and hence its suitability for corrosion inhibition. The characterized oils from the two
species were blended to form a corrosion cocktail. The anti-corrosive effect of the cocktail was investigated for carbon steel in
produced water at different concentration using weight loss method. The formulated cocktail showed a higher inhibition efficiency
of 70.18% inhibition efficiency in produced water. Weight loss analysis was used to study the effect of time in order to evaluate
the strength of the absorbed film for 168 hours at 40°C. The study generally, indicated that the combining effect of the extracts
has the potential of inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in produced oilfield water.
Index Terms— Produced water, Carbon Steel, Weight Loss, Cocktail and Inhibitor.
—————————— ————————
1
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INTRODUCTION
Over the years, Corrosion of carbon steel in
produced water is one of the leading
problems facing the oil and gas industries
Mayab (2016). Formation water which can
also be referred to as produced oilfield
water occurs in natural gas and crude oil
reservoirs. It has a large amount of
dissolved salts like sulfate and chloride
Deyab & El-Rehim (2014). After a long
period of time, this salts gradually attacks
the pipe wall and increases the risk of
corrosion.
The effect of corrosion influences man and
his economy at large and if not taken care of
could lead to dangerous and expensive
damages in the process plant, shut down for
repairs, loss of products, mechanical
fractures, leakage and low efficiency of
equipment’s.
Corrosion inhibitor has been to be the most
practical and economical method of
preventing
and
controlling
the
deterioration of metal in the environment
Akalezi et al, (2012).The prevention of
corrosion in has played a pertinent role in
various industries, especially in the
chemical and petrochemical industries that
employ the use for steel thus, several
studies have been conducted to investigate
effective methods for preventing corrosion
Al-Amery et al,. (2014). Most of the
synthetic organic corrosion inhibitors are
very effective in protecting pipelines from
corrosion but they are very toxic to both
human and environment and are
sometimes expensive. These concerns
motivated researchers to find a natural
means of producing an eco-friendly
corrosion inhibitor that poses no side effect.
Previous work has shown that plant
extracts has the ability to inhibit corrosion
in acidic media. The following are typical
examples of works on by-product extracts
that were used as corrosion inhibitors in
acidic media: aqueous extracts of peels
(oranges and mangoe) Janaina et al., (2014),
leaves, seeds and roots.Orange peels are
rich in antioxidants like carotenoids,
phenolic compounds and ascorbic (Ajila et
al (2007) & (Riberiro et al 2008). The extract
of Chrysophyllum Albidum leaf has been
proven to have the ability of inhibiting
corrosion in acidic media and this was
attributed to the presence of inherent
phytochemical constituents like tannin,
saponis and cardiac glycosides. Offurum
and Offurum (2017). The purpose of this
work is to study the combined extract effect
of Chrysophyllum Albidum and orange
peels as corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel
in produced water using weight Loss
method.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
In this present research, the carbon steel
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 3, March-2019
ISSN 2229-5518
1097
2.2.3 Determination of the phytochemical
constituents
specimens used contains;
Carbon,Maganese, Phosphorus, Silicone,
Iron and chemical compositions (C=0.22%,
Mn=0.34%, P=0.023, Si=0.004% and
Fe=balance). The coupons were thoroughly
cleaned with emery papers of different
grades, degreased with acetone, properly
washed with distilled water to remove any
form of debris, weighed and stored in a
desiccator.
The phytochemical screening of the extracts was
done to detect the main groups of active chemical
constituents present in the peels and leaf extract
by their colour reaction. The simple quantitative
and qualitative methods of Okwu (2001), Rahilla
et al., (1994), Sofowora (1993) and Odeja et al.,
(2015) were used to test for the presence of
flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids and
tannins.
Orange peels and leaf of chrysophyllum
albidum which is popularly known in
Nigeria as Udara was extracted using
Soxhlet extractor.
2.3.4 Produced Oilfield Water Analysis
The chemical and physical properties of the
produced oilfield water was determined using a
spectrophotometer.
The produced Oilfield water used in this
work was collected from an oil well at
Niger Delta Area in Nigeria.
2.2 Methods
2.3.5 Weight Loss Analysis
2.2.1 Preparation of Powder
The carbon steel coupon used in this study have a
Dimension of 7.6cm x 0.31cm x 0.75cm. This
coupon which has already been cleaned and
dried, was inserted into a 100ml beaker of
produced oilfield water without and with the
different concentration of the plant extract. This
extract used as corrosion inhibitor was
thoroughly mixed in a ratio of 50:50 (orange peel
and leave of chrysophyllum albidum extract) and
agitated for about 5 minutes to achieve a good
blend. To prevent and avoid contamination, the
beakers containing the produced water and the
coupons with different concentration ranging
from 200ppm,400pm,500ppm and 700ppm was
properly covered with foil and kept at a
temperature 40OC for 7days(168hours). Corrosion
rate was calculated using the formula:
The orange peels and leave of
chrysophyllum albidum were both
thoroughly washed under a flowing water
to remove debris and further dried in an
oven at 103°C for about 7 hours. The dried
peels and leave were separately weighted
and grounded into a fine particle using
electric grounding machine and stored in a
closed container before use at room
temperature. The grounded peels and
leaves were added into Soxhlet apparatus
and was successively extracted with nHexane until discoloration. Overheating of
the sample was avoided using a minimum
temperature during heating process.
Afterwards, it was filtered, lyophilized and
stored in a . Extract saturation was
obtained using:
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S=
𝑀𝑀2 −𝑀𝑀1
𝑀𝑀0
R=
(1)
Where, M0 =Initial mass of the analyzed sample,
M1= Mass of the clean extraction flask, M2 =Mass
of the extraction flask containing the extracted
liquid after solvent evaporation and cooled down
to room temperature.
All masses are expressed in grams.
2.2.2 Density Determination
The pictometer was thoroughly washed with
acetone to avoid contamination of the extract. The
weight of the extracts in the pictometer and the
empty pictometer was measured using a
weighing machine. Density of the extracts were
calculated using:
𝜌𝜌 =
M
𝑉𝑉
(2)
Where;
ρ = density of the extract (g/ml), M = mass of
sample (g), V = volume of picnometer (ml)
Wxk
(3)
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
Where, T= Operational time(days), W= Weight
loss (g),ρ = density of steel (g/cm2) A= exposed
area of the coupon (cm2), K = Constant (22,300)
The efficiency of an inhibitor is expressed by:
E (%) =
𝑊𝑊0 −𝑊𝑊1
𝑊𝑊0
𝑋𝑋100
(4)
Where W0 = weight loss in inhibited medium
(blank)(g), W1 = weight loss in inhibited medium
(g)
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1
Plant Extract Saturation
The yield percentage (saturation) of 9.65% and
16.87% values were obtained for orange peels
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 3, March-2019
ISSN 2229-5518
(OP) and Chrysophyllum Albidum (CA) leaves
as shown in table 1. this gave a high saturation of
the extracted products. The difference in
saturation is as a result of the grade of solubility
in the polar solvent used during extraction.
Table 1: percentage yield of the plant extracts.
Sample
OP
CA
3.2
Weight
Of
Empty
Flask (g)
Weight
of
sample
(g)
Weight
of empty
flask and
weight
of extract
(g)
Weight
of
extracts
(g)
Saturation
(%)
288.38
255.19
1100
660
361.39
366.56
106.20
111.37
9.65
16.87
Phytochemical Screening
The results of the phytochemical screening of OP
and CA plants extracts are presented using Table
2. From the results obtained, the evaluations into
the qualitative phytochemical of the orange peels
extract and Chrysophyllum albidium showed the
presence of active phytochemicals constituents
which contributes to the inhibition of corrosion.
Although, the presence of these secondary
metabolites is the basic of physiological activity
and all tested extracts exhibited physiological
bioactive properties (Amitha & Basu 2012).
Physitochemical
properties
were
further
investigated and summarized using Table 3.
1098
Terpenoids
Tannin
+:Trace
+
+
Table 3: Phytochemical properties of the plant
Parameters
Orange peels
Colour
Odour
Pale-yellow
Sweet
Orange juicy
Liquid
0.875
1.359
6.34
Appearance
Density (g/ml)
Viscosity (Cp@290C)
pH
pH for cocktail
6.73
Chrysophyllum
Albidum
Dark-green
Pleasant
Semi-solid
0.849
12.3
6.78
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The density of the extract was determine using
pycnometer. Orange Peels has higher average
density value of 0.875 compared to 0.849 recorded
for Chrysophyllum Albidum. Determining the
average pH value of orange peels and
Chrysophyllum albidium (CA) gave 6.34 and 7.78
respectively. The pH value of the extract when
combined gave 6.73. Orange peels has a paleyellow colour with orange fresh juicy sweet odor
and Liquid appearance while Chrysophyllum
Albidum showed Dark-green colour with a
pleasant odor and semi-solid in appearance.
Although, when mixed together gave an orange
fragrance. It is cleared that chrysophyllum
Albidum is more viscose than orange peels
extract.
Table 2: Phytochemical screening results for
extract
Phytochemicals
Alkaloid
Flavonoid
Saponin
+
+
+
3.3
Physical
Properties and
Chemical
Composition of Produced Oilfield Water
The produced water sample used as a corrosive
media was analyzed to know their chemical and
physical properties using a clean square sample
cell of a spectrophotometer, DR2800 (HACH,
Texas). Table 3 summarized the chemical and the
physical properties found in the produced water.
Table 4: chemical and physical properties of
produced oilfield water
Parameters
Result
Ph
Temperature oC
Total Dissolved Solid
mg/l
Conductivity µS/cm
Resistivity
Salinity as Chloride mg/l
RFA mg/l
Sulphate mg/l
Carbonate, mgCaCO3/l
Bicarbonate, mgCaCO3/l
Hydroxyl, mgCaCO3/l
Hydrogen
Sulphide
mg/l
Specific gravity
Manganese mg/l
Barium mg/l
Calcium mg/l
7.19
23.2
4992
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7625
0.131
4.5
2.7
4
0.00
0.2
0.00
0.20
1.09
3.6
14
2.8
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 3, March-2019
ISSN 2229-5518
Magnesium mg/l
Sodium mg/l
Soluble Iron mg/l
Total Iron mg/l
SRB, cell/mil
3.64
1038
0.45
4.83
1700
3.4 Trend of Corrosion Rate in Oilfield
Produced Water
Fig.1 shows the effect of immersion time on the
corrosion rate of carbon steel in produced oilfield
water in the absence and presence of 400 ppm the
Cocktail extract, as studied by weight loss method
over a period of twenty-eight (28) days. Produced
oilfield water containing the blank coupon
revealed a fast rise in the corrosion rate during the
first seven days of immersion down to twentyeight (28) days. Afterwards, a stabilized value was
attained. It was observed that the corrosion rate
decreased continuously with time in the inhibited
produced water. It can be seen from all indication
that corrosive components in the blank water
attacked the carbon steel aggressively, whereas,
the corrosion product gathered on the surface of
the steel sample acted as a barrier to reduce the
corrosion rate. Table 5 shows the results gotten
from effect of immersion time on corrosion rate
for produced water in the presence and absent of
the inhibitor.
Time
(days)
3
7
14
21
28
3.3 Inhibition
Water
Blank
Extract
(gcm-2h-1)
(gcm-2h-1)
4.1
3.8
6.16
2.25
7.52
2.1
7.89
1.73
8.02
1.26
Efficiency for Produced Oilfield
The maximum percentage efficiency value
obtained from weight loss method was 70.18% at
400 ppm after a period of 7 days at 40 0C.
Increasing the extract concentration above this
value resulted in a small decrease in the corrosion
protection. This can be as a result the possible
changes happening on the metal surface during
evolution of some adsorbed extract molecules
from the planar form to the vertical arrangement
at higher inhibitor addition less than 400 ppm
(Mousa et al, 1975). Table 6 shows the inhibition
efficiency at different concentration in produced
water for 7 days. This was done to know the
concentration at which the inhibitor will have the
highest inhibitive effect.
Corrosion rate (gh-1Cm-2)
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Table 6: Inhibition Efficiency at different PPM for
produced water
PPM
Blank
100
200
400
500
700
Effect of immersion time on
corrosion rate.
10
8
1099
Corrosion Rate
(gcm-2h-1)
6.16
3.21
2.92
1.84
2.05
2.27
Efficiency (%)
43.12
52.63
70.18
66.67
63.16
6
4
4 Conclusions
2
0
0
10
20
30
Time (Days)
BLANK
EXTRACT
Figure 1: Effect of immersion time on corrosion
rate
Table 5: Effect of immersion time on corrosion rate
for produced water
The combining effect of Orange peels and
Chrysophyllum albidum leaf extracts act as
reliable inhibitors for carbon steel corrosion in
produced oilfield water. It was observed that in
the produced oilfield water, the inhibition activity
increases as a function of concentration up to four
hundred (400 ppm) and decreases slightly above
this limit. The essential phytochemical
constituents such as saponins and tanins which
could be frequently adsorbed to the surface of
metals played a major role in the inhibiting effect
of the extract.
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 3, March-2019
ISSN 2229-5518
Weight loss method also showed that the
combined extract has an anti-corrosion effect for
carbon steel in produced oilfield water. The
decrease in corrosion rate with both extract
concentration and immersion time in the study
suggests that the extract molecules can adsorb on
carbon steel surface.
Proper storage and preservation of plant extract
should be taken into consideration as they are
easily contaminated when not properly
preserved.
The use of plant extracts should be encouraged in
large scale corrosion control activities because it
has the tendency of reducing corrosion rate in
produced oilfield water and any aggressive
environment.
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