PLANT SCIENCE TODAY
ISSN 2348-1900 (online)
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https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1481
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Phenological documentation of Lantana camara L. using
modified BBCH scale in relation to climatic variables
Abhishek Kumar1*, Sanjay Singh2 Harish Bahadur Chand1 & Rahul Kumar1
1
2
Forest Ecology and Climate Change Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248 006, India
Biodiversity and Climate Change Division, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun, 248 006, India
*Email: abhishek259kumar@gmail.com
OPEN ACCESS
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received: 16 September 2021
Accepted: 16 December 2021
Available online
Version 1.0 (Early Access): 09 February 2022
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CITE THIS ARTICLE
Kumar A, Singh S, Chand H B, Kumar R. Phenological documentation of Lantana camara
L. using modified BBCH scale in relation to
climatic variables . Plant Science Today (Early
Access). https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1481
Abstract
Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is cultivated as an ornamental and hedge
plant in many countries which is native to American tropics. It’s introduction to the Indian subcontinent dates back around 200 years ago. It is an
invasive alien species that has a negative impact on native biodiversity. It is
evident that management of L. camara is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. Studying its phenological characteristics as they adapt to environmental circumstances through time and space will aid in the development
of management goals and strategies. This study uses BBCH scale firstly to
describe the phenology of L. camara, which is represented by nine Phenological Growth Stages (PGS) in response to environmental conditions during
a 32-months period in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, representing its growth. To
standardise morphological traits and the phenological observation, photographs of certain significant developmental stages in addition to the descriptions have been illustrated. Researchers can utilise this uniform labelling method as a tool to help with weed management efforts. Phenological
studies of this invasive weed species may be employed for tracking the
gradual impact of climate change on biodiversity and its effect on the key
phenological events in the lifecycle.
Keywords
BBCH scale, invasive species, phenological growth stages, phenology, Lantana
camara
Introduction
Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) like Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana
camara, Hyptis suaveolens, Eichhornia crassipes and Prosopis juliflora are
amongst the most critical reasons for biodiversity loss. L. camara is listed in
world’s most aggressive invasive species. They change the ecosystem's
structure and function, affecting ecological services (1). Invasive species are
opportunistic and have higher phenological sensitivity, allowing them to
change their phenologies in response to environmental changes (2); thus,
IAPS has a broad ecological amplitude. These characteristics enable invasive species to expand their distribution range (3), while the native species
may suffer from changes in climatic conditions.
Phenology is the study of the patterns of periodic occurrences in the
life cycle of a species (4). Phenology influences the number of distribution of
species, ecological services, food webs, global water and carbon cycles (5).
Phenological study in the biological sciences is concerned with transitions
Plant Science Today, ISSN 2348-1900 (online)
2 KUMAR ET AL
between organisms recurring developmental or behavioural stages (6).
Changes in temperature and precipitation, in turn,
can affect phenology (7, 8). Plant invasion is inextricably
linked to phenology, a critical contemporary topic in the
biological sciences (9, 10). Understanding weed phenology
helps us better understand its impact on the environment.
Exploring the phenological patterns exhibited by IAPS is
essential to determine their range of spread and develop
better management techniques for their control (11–13).
The acronym BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemishe Industrie) is a phenological coding system that is simplified, standardized
and generally acknowledged. Plant development phases
using the decimal code was provided for the first time (14)
and later it was suggested and characterized in (15). A
book detailing the phenology of twenty-seven plant species was published using the expanded BBCH scale (16).
The BBCH scale has already been approved as a standard
for species protection and phenological monitoring by the
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPOC), the Global Phenological Monitoring Network, and the European Phenology Network, encouraging
its usage globally. The BBCH scale is a two- or three-digit
decimal code that describes a plant's full life cycle in a methodical manner. The BBCH scale uses decimal coding to
divide a plant's growth into 9 Principal Growth Stages
(PGS). PGS and Secondary Growth Stages (SGS) are indicated by the first and second digits of the two-digit code,
with ordinal values ranging from 0 to 9. Previously the
BBCH scale was only limited to be used for agricultural
purposes. However, it is currently being used to track invasive alien plant phenology like Sapium sebiferum, Parthenium hysterophorus (17, 18).
L. camara is a major IAPS of the Verbenaceae family
with over 650 cultivars found in more than 60 countries
(19, 20). The species is spreading in the forests worldwide
due to canopy opening from deforestation and forest degradation (21, 22). The species is known to have a significant influence on agriculture and natural habitats. It
spreads quickly in the fallow land, producing dense clusters. It can grow in any soil (sandy, clayey, loamy and rocky
soils). Although it is also found at middle altitudes up to
600 m or more, it is common in the plains. Invasive weed
like L. camara has a tremendous competitive ability. They
outcompete native species by having great dispersion capacity, fast reproduction and the ability to adjust physiologically to new circumstances. In addition, L. camara also
releases allelochemicals that play a crucial role in promoting its invasiveness (23, 24). The species release allelochemicals like "sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, triterpenes
and phenolic compounds" in the rhizosphere of soil which
may alter the growth of native species. Allelochemicals can
change the content of growth regulators or trigger aberrations in numerous phytohormones, inhibiting plant growth
and development, such as seed germination and seedling
growth (25, 26). It is evident by some studies that allelochemicals affect the growth of various crops; mainly inhibiting roots.
L. camara was introduced to India as an ornamental
species in many hybrid forms, and it has developed into an
enigmatic complex during the last 200 years (27). The species grows as a woody bush, forms a dense thicket, and
spread as a scrambling shrub on the forest floor. The Adaptive plasticity of L. camara is helping the species to expand
its niche and infiltrate biogeographically diverse places in
a short period raising concerns for biodiversity conservation and habitat management (28). Moreover, traditional
approaches to tackle this weed have failed over time. Mechanical control provides a temporary solution to this
problem, while biotic and chemical control methods have
drawbacks. Mechanical control with crop competition
through native species was proposed as a control measure
for L. camara (29). To select the species for crop competition, understanding the phenology of the invasive and native species becomes very important (30). Plant population
biology research is essential where traditional weed science techniques have failed to control weeds. This study
investigates the phenological stages of L. camara following
the BBCH scale in response to climatic factors over 32
months. However, the plant is a perennial species and
would have survived under natural conditions.
Materials and Methods
Experimental Site
The experiment was conducted in Forest Research Institute (FRI) campus, located at Dehradun district (30°
20'10.8"N 77°59'24.3"E, and altitude of 644 m) of Uttarakhand, India. Dehradun valley lies in the north-western part
of Uttarakhand (Garhwal region), located in the Himalayas
and Shivalik's foothills. The climate of Dehradun is subtropical, humid with four distinct seasons: Winter
(December to February) (High/Low: 22/7.33) in (°C); Summer (March to May) (High/Low: 32.33/17) in (°C), Monsoon
(June to September) (High/Low: 32/22.5) in (°C), and Postmonsoon (October-November) (High/Low: 28/13.5) in (°C),
with an average yearly rainfall of about 2051 mm. The climate in Dehradun is mild and moderate. Summers receive
significantly more rainfall than winters. Dehradun receives
70-80 % of precipitation between June to September.
Dehradun has fertile alluvial soil with sandy, clayey and
rocky components. During the study, meteorological observations were acquired from the climate-observatory of
Forest Ecology and Climate Change Division, FRI.
Methodology/ Experimental Design
Mature fruits of L. camara were harvested from the blooming branches of fully developed plants growing in the Doon
valley at different altitudes from 35 different locations (Fig.
1). Fresh seeds weighing 100 gm (approx.) were gathered
from each site and planted in separate pots (Diameter: 24
cm, Depth: 27 cm). The seeds weighed around 12-15 mg
each. The pots were kept weed-free and watered at regular
intervals. For further studies, only four individuals from
each site were maintained in the pots. After germination,
these seedlings were tagged to record the phenological
phases. The number of plants decreased to 67 by the time
the plants reached the flowering stage. Observations were
https://plantsciencetoday.online
3
6.5, total nitrogen = 0.08-0.13% and phosphorus = 0.0010.006%. Meteorological data for humidity, rainfall, temperature, rainy days and average sun duration was recorded.
The monthly average for the meteorological parameters
was determined and arranged as per seasons for analysis.
BBCH scale is depicted by two-digit numerical coding i.e.
PGS (0–9). PGSs correspond to 10 plant development stages with designated codes. Germination/ vegetative bud
development is denoted by (0), leaf development is denoted by (1), shoot development is denoted by (3), inflorescence emergence is denoted by (5), flowering is denoted
by (6), fruit development is denoted by (7), fruit and seed
maturity is denoted by (8), and senescence or beginning of
dormancy is denoted by (9). Photographs of L. camara (shot
by Nikon D750, Nikkor 24-120 mm) with unique identifiable
phenological growth stages were chosen and arranged to
represent the year-round phenological events of the species.
We recorded qualitative and quantitative changes in
plant growth and development, as well as the onset, duration and end of phases, before finalizing a phenophase.
Table 2 shows a list of L. camara phenological phases arranged by number codes in ascending order, and Fig. 2
shows a pictorial guide with codes.
Fig. 1. Map showing locations from where seeds were collected in Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India.
recorded at every alternate day, along with photodocumentation of various phenophases. The modified
BBCH scale proposed (12, 13) was used to create a phenological chart that followed 0-9 PGS.
Results and Discussion
We utilised sightings and recordings of L .camara phenological phases to figure out how the plant progressed during its life cycle (Fig. 2). The two-digit BBCH coding system
was used to characterize the phenology of L. camara. ExterSoil parameters for the pots used for experiment is nal morphological characteristics that may be easily
as follows: water holding capacity = 35.65- 53.5%, pH = 5.9Table 2. Description of the phenological growth stages of L. camara as per modified BBCH scale
Code
Description
Principal Growth Stage 0: Germination, Sprouting, Bud Development
00
Dry seed (seed dressing takes place at stage 00)
Principal Growth Stage 1: Leaf Development (Main Shoot)
12
Two true leaves, leaf pairs, or whorls unfolded
13
Three true leaves, leaf pairs, or whorls unfolded
14
Four true leaves, leaf pairs, or whorls unfolded
15
Five true leaves, leaf pairs, or whorls unfolded
16
Six true leaves, leaf pairs, or whorls unfolded
Principal Growth Stage 2: Formation of Lateral Shoot
21
First lateral Shoot Visible
Principal Growth Stage 3: Stem elongation/shoot development (main shoot)
30
Beginning of Stem Elongation
31
One visibly extended internode
Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence (main shoot) / heading
51
Inflorescence or flower bud visible
55
First individual flowers visible (still closed)
59
First flower petals visible (in petalled forms)
Principal growth stage 6: Flowering (main shoot)
60
First flowers open (sporadically)
65
Full flowering: 50% of flowers open
69
End of flowering: fruit set visible
Plant Science Today, ISSN 2348-1900 (online)
4 KUMAR ET AL
Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit
71
Fruits begin to develop
79
Nearly all fruits have reached the final size standard for the species and location.
Principal growth stage 8: Ripening or maturity of fruit and seed
81
Beginning of ripening or fruit colouration
89
Fully ripe
Principal growth stage 9: Senescence, the beginning of dormancy
97
End of leaf fall, plants or above-ground parts dead or dormant
viewed, numbered, or quantified and expressed in ordinal its first genuine leaves 20 to 40 days following emergence.
values were used in the description (Table 2).
There are pair of inflorescences at the leaf axils, with larger
The primary developmental phases of the plant did leaves at the base becoming larger and smaller, younger
not follow a predetermined order and may be unrelated or leaves emerging in the centre.
coincidental. As stated by PGS 0, the life cycle began with
hypogeal seed germination (Stage 00; Fig. 2) and emergence of seedling through the soil surface (germination). It
usually germinates in two weeks, exhibiting 86% germination. Because this activity took place underground, it was
not possible to capture or document it. The seedling grows
The average temperature during the years 2019 and
2020 was 21.94 °C and 20.57 °C. S2 season of 2019 and 2020
showed an average of 29.27 °C and 26.95 °C, whereas relative humidity was the lowest, i.e. 58.66 % and 56.66% respectively in the same season (Table 1).
The average temperature during S2 of 2019 was
00
12
13
14
15
16
21
30
31
51
55
59
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5
60
65
69
71
71
79
81
89
97
Fig. 2. Different Phenological Growth Stages (PGS) were observed in L. camara according to the modified BBCH scale. Images of different stages are based on
selection of a particular stage (best-suited) from the 67 pots under observation.
29.27 °C (the warmest of all seasons) and 26.95 °C was recorded for 2020. Humidity in the same season was 58.66 %
for 2019 and 56.66 % for 2020 (Table 1). S3 showed variation in humidity from S2 with 86 % and 78 % for subsequent
years, i.e. 2019 and 2020. S1 recorded minimum temperature viz. 9.35 °C in 2019 and 6.12 °C in 2020. The rainfall pattern in 2019 was slightly more (1623.31 mm) when compared to 2020 rainfall data (1448.12 mm) (Table 1). The
Table 1. Mean monthly climatic data observed during the study period
Months
Max. Temp.
Min. Temp.
Avg. Temp.
Humidity
Rainfall
Rainy Days
Sun Duration
2018
September
28.40
20.31
24.36
82
174.11
19
8.9
October
25.40
13.72
19.56
76
28.44
1
10
November
22.61
8.35
15.48
72
11.43
1
10.2
December
21.44
5.63
13.54
91
5.32
2
10.8
2019
January
21.74
5.32
13.53
83
28.71
7
8.5
February
25.73
8.91
17.32
69
49.46
13
10.1
March
33.21
13.82
23.52
53
50.31
7
11
April
35.90
16.11
26.01
49
26.81
5
11.3
May
35.80
28.82
32.31
74
49.54
7
8.4
June
35.51
23.49
29.50
82
159.31
6
7.9
July
29.80
22.41
26.11
89
535.70
29
8.2
August
28.63
21.61
25.12
85
503.74
30
9.5
September
27.46
19.88
23.67
76
195.70
28
9.4
Plant Science Today, ISSN 2348-1900 (online)
6 KUMAR ET AL
October
25.95
12.62
19.29
60
14.64
9
8.3
November
21.31
7.39
14.35
50
9.572
5
9.1
December
20.48
4.62
12.55
50
8.561
3
7.8
2020
January
19.32
3.61
11.47
85
37.75
17
8.4
February
22.40
5.65
14.03
76
64.50
11
9.3
March
26.21
9.12
17.67
60
45.55
14
10.8
April
32.53
13.33
22.93
50
28.50
12
11.5
May
35.53
16.82
26.06
50
42.53
12
11.8
June
34.40
29.41
31.91
70
137.40
15
10.6
July
30.50
22.64
26.57
75
399.54
28
8.1
August
29.70
22.33
26.02
70
494.53
31
7.5
September
25.20
19.72
23.56
89
167.80
20
8.6
October
22.80
12.37
18.79
80
19.46
0
9.7
November
21.90
7.61
15.21
74
10.54
7
9.4
December
20.46
4.23
12.64
84
23.70
2
8.6
2021
January
25.31
4.82
12.64
75
51.54
4
7.3
February
34.53
9.35
17.33
73
60.43
3
9.3
March
36.91
12.45
23.49
59
54.51
6
10.7
April
30.57
15.37
25.34
42
23.60
10
8.9
May
36.91
26.46
31.69
47
48.35
19
12.3
June
30.57
24.63
27.60
64
139.53
20
11.9
plant restarts its vegetative and reproductive growth when
favourable environmental conditions are in place. Humidity
showed variation in S4 of 2020 (26.98 %) compared to 2019
(68.33 %).
The study period lasted for 32 months in which S4
data was recorded in 2018, which didn't show much variation compared to 2019 and 2020 S4 data. However, humidity and average sun duration were comparatively lower, i.e.
53.33% and 8.4 hrs. The data collected in 2021 was for S1
and S2, which only showed significant variation in humidity
(26.98 %) when compared to the 2019 (68.33 %) and 2020
(53.33 %) data. The average sun duration was 8.4 hrs in
2019 and 9.23 hrs in 2020 (Table 1). Many phenophases can
be seen in the same plant simultaneously, as presented in
Fig. 3.
Dry seeds (00) are shown in PGS Stage 0 (Fig. 2). PGS
1 exhibits five-leaf development stages viz. 12, 13, 14, 15
and 16 (Fig. 2). The earliest genuine leaves (12/ 13) were
opposite and elliptical. The average shoot growth rate was
19 cm /year and leafing period lasts for 5-6 months in
L. camara.
Fig. 3. Phenophases of L. camara in different seasons S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively.
tained between the leaf axils at the end of the stem. The
primary stem grew longer as the terminal umbel grew larger. Secondary inflorescences began to grow in the axils of
the lower leaves of the stem, resulting in lateral branches.
In the same way, when secondary inflorescence grew, lateral branches became longer, resulting in higher-order inStage (21) of PGS 2 elucidates the initial lateral florescence and branches. Because the plant does not replishoot. Stages 30 and 31 of PGS 3 revealed the start of stem cate vegetatively, PGS 4 (vegetative propagation) was reelongation as well as one clearly lengthened internode. The moved.
primary inflorescence started as a terminal umbel conhttps://plantsciencetoday.online
7
Fig. 4. (a) Graph showing average Rainfall (mm), Number of Rainy days and Sun duration (hrs) in each month.
Fig. 4. (b) Minimum, Maximum and Average Temperature during the study period of 32 months.
Fig. 4. (c) Humidity in percentage (%) during the study period.
Stages 51 (inflorescence or flower bud visible), 55
(first individual blooms seen (still unopened), and 59 (first
flower petals visible) are illustrated in PGS 5. (Fig. 2). As a
result, subsequent growth proceeds in a basipetal way
along the stem and lateral branches, resulting in more lat-
eral and larger branches, and also the formation of a terminal umbel. Flowers were observed on the plants throughout the year, with some gaps as presented in Fig. 2. The
relevance of photoperiodic phenomena in flowering initiation, the average day length (in hrs) was 9.86 in S1, 9.2 in
Plant Science Today, ISSN 2348-1900 (online)
8 KUMAR ET AL
chanical control practices for L. camara suggest uprooting
of the individuals before the onset of seeds. Though germination of the species is observed only during monsoon, it
was observed that the plant produces seeds throughout the
year. Hence, there will be sufficient seed-bank in the soil
even after uprooting to generate a new population. TherePGS 7 (Development of fruit) has 2 Stages 71 and 79 fore, revegetating the reclaimed land from L. camara with
(Fig. 2) followed by 81 and 89 of PGS 8 that shows the be- native species is essential to control the re-emergence of L.
ginning of ripening in fruits (81) and fully ripened fruits (89) camara (35, 36).
(Fig. 2). PGS 9 (senescence) was the last stage of the scale,
when the leaves, stem and branches began to yellow and Conclusion
dry at the plant's base. Although the plant is an evergreen
perennial, it was observed that the development of new This research established a standardized method for charleaves is inhibited at this time, and the plant undergoes in acterizing the phenology of L. camara. Morphological facdormancy stage for a brief period. The plant is a perennial tors were used to code essential phenological features respecies and continues to survive after the completion of the lated to vegetative development and flowering. The phestudy. It's possible that if the right environmental circum- nology of L. camara changed in response to shifting temstances are in place, the respective plant's life cycle will perature and humidity conditions, but no obvious climatic
condition inhibited its germination or flowering, according
extend beyond.
to the findings. Variability in L. camara phenological feaThrough purposeful imports by Europeans almost
tures in response to changing environmental circumstanctwo centuries ago, L. camara expanded beyond its geoes reflect the weed's acclimatisation capacity, which allows
graphical limits: The West Indies and Central and South
it to grow widely in non-native locations. Comparison beAmerica. L. camara's wide tolerance of edaphic and climattween native and invasive flowering phenology will be helpic conditions has also contributed to its naturalization and
ful in controlling invasiveness. This paper reports the first
invasiveness in its introduced habitats (29). The presence of
use of the BBCH numerical coding scheme to L. camara,
adequate moisture and light aids the growth of L. camara
which could be useful to scientific investigators. It may ease
and duration of the life cycle changed with respect to cliresearch problems amongst L. camara researchers in differmatic factors. This shade-tolerant woody scandent shrub
ent areas of the world. More significantly, this description is
may scramble up into trees and reach a height of 6 m. The
relevant to L. camara growing in tropical and subtropical
decimal codes generated for L. camara corresponded to
zones pan India (mainly pasture lands), temperate regions
BBCH developmental stages except for the PGS 4 stage, i.e.
and India's protected forest regions. This system of convegetative reproduction.
sistent labelling will be a useful tool for designing scientific
Studies on the L. camara germination ecology reveal eradication experiments for this invasive plant.
that no clear environmental conditions may prevent it from
germinating (23). As a result, the plant may thrive in plenty
throughout the year, giving it a significant competitive edge Acknowledgements
against natural species. The study revealed that Season S3 Authors acknowledge the support of lab members from
comprises four Principal Growth Stages, i.e. Leaf formation, Biodiversity and Climate Change Division, ICFRE that
flowering, fruiting and shoot development. In the same helped performing the experiments in different seasons.
way, the plant reached its maximum height (173.58 cm) and
number of branches i.e. 7 in S4.
S2, 9.03 in S3 and 8.4 in S4 for 2019 and 9.56 during S1,
11.36 during S2, 8.06 during S3, and 9.36 during S4 in 2020.
PGS 6 depicted three Stages 60, 65 and 69 related to flowering, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Generally, fruit ripening occurs
two weeks after flowering, and mature fruits can be seen
until November.
The findings may hold important implications for
studies of IAPS and invasion biology (32). Knowledge of the
ecology of invasive plant species, as well as timely interventions to suppress them, is often required for the restoration
of damaged areas (33, 34). Changes in climatic circumstances, particularly temperature, have a significant impact
on phenological growth patterns. It may be inferred that
the weed prefers the optimal temperature and high humidity for growth, although it can live in almost any climate at
the study site. The present study provides data for the observed phenology of L. camara under humid subtropical
conditions of Dehradun. Comparative phenology of L. camara across its distribution area can give insight into the
species phenotypic plasticity, as well as assist to explain variations in the species invasive potential in response to environmental variables. Studies on comparative
phenology of the species will also help forecast the impact
of changing climatic variables on species distribution. Me-
Authors contributions
AK performed the experiments, and prepared the manuscript. SS designed the experiments and helped in drafting
the manuscript. HB and RK participated in helping with the
experimental setup and data collection. All authors read
and approved the final manuscript.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest: Authors do not have any conflict of
interests to declare.
Ethical issues: None.
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