Community seed banks in Nepal: 2nd National Workshop Proceedings, 3-5 May 2018, Kathmandu

Community Seed Banks in Nepal 2nd National Workshop Proceedings 3-5 May 2018, Kathmandu Editors: Bal Krishna Joshi, Pitambar Shrestha, Devendra Gauchan and Ronnie Vernooy Community Seed Banks in Nepal 2nd National Workshop Proceedings 3-5 May 2018, Kathmandu Theme: Community seed banks for safeguarding agro-biodiversity and livelihoods Editors Bal Krishna Joshi, PhD Senior Scientist National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center, NARC Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal Email: joshibalak@yahoo.com Tel: +977 1 5275131 Pitambar Shrestha Senior Programme Manager Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD), Pokhara, Nepal Email: pitambar@libird.org Tel: +977 61 535357 Devendra Gauchan, PhD National Project Manager Bioversity International Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal Email: d.gauchan@cgiar.org Tel: +977 1 5275141 Ronnie Vernooy, PhD Policy Specialist Bioversity International Wageningen, the Netherlands Email: r.vernooy@cgiar.org Tel. +31 317 4868000 Kathmandu, Nepal 2018 © NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International, 2018 Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) OPEN ACCESS Encourage to use, multiply, reprint, reproduce with proper citation and acknowledgment. NAGRC (Khumaltar, Lalitpur; http://narc.gov.np) The National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center (NAGRC) was established in 2010 under NARC for the conservation and utilization of all agricultural genetic resources including domesticated plants, crop wild relatives and wild edible plants. Agricultural plant genetic resources are managed through ex-situ, on-farm and in-situ conservation and breeding strategies, through the establishment of seed banks, tissue banks, DNA banks, field genebanks and community genebanks, livestock farm genebanks, aqua pond genebanks and cryo banks. LI-BIRD (Pokhara, Nepal; http://www.libird.org) Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization established in 1995. LI-BIRD aims to contribute to reducing poverty by strengthening resilient livelihood systems, improving ecosystem health and services, and ensuring food, nutrition and income security of smallholder farmers, especially women and youths. LI-BIRD is committed to capitalizing on local initiatives, synergy, and partnerships for sustainable management of renewable natural resources. Bioversity International (Rome, Italy; https://www.bioversityinternational.org) Bioversity International, formerly known as the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is one of the 15 international agricultural research centres of the CGIAR. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, its vision is that agricultural biodiversity nourishes people and sustains the planet. Bioversity International produces scientific evidence and develops management practices and policy options to safeguard agricultural and tree biodiversity and attain sustainable global food and nutrition security. Published by: NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International Published date: December 2018 Disclaimer: Views and contents expressed in the papers are those of authors ISBN: 978-9937-0-5413-3 NARC Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data NPSN: 00730-544/2018/19 | Nepal Genebank Book-20 Citation Joshi BK, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds. 2018. Community Seed Banks in Nepal. 2nd National Workshop Proceedings, 3-5 May 2018, Kathmandu Nepal; NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International; Kathmandu, Nepal. Copies: 500 Available: I. NAGRC, Khumaltar, www.narc.gov.np; II. LI-BIRD, Pokhara, www.libird.org and III. Bioversity International, Rome, www.bioversityinternational.org Nepali language editing: Shobhakant Gautam Cover photos: Participants of the Second National Workshop on Community Seed Banks in Nepal (top left), Purkot Community Seeds Bank, Tanahu (top right), Cowpea Seed Production for Shivagunj Community Seeds Bank at Jhapa (bottom left) and Rice Diversity Block Maintained by Shivagunj CSB in Jhapa (bottom right). Cover photo credit: Ronnie Vernooy (top left); Pitambar Shrestha (top right, bottom left and bottom right) Dedication page: Late Dr. Bhuwon Ratna Sthapit in participatory plant breeding rice field in Begnas, Kaski, Nepal. Photo: Mahesh Shrestha. Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ vii Foreword ......................................................................................................................... ix Uncommon Abbreviations .............................................................................................. xi Glossary ........................................................................................................................ xiii Nepali Translation of English Words .............................................................................. xx Workshop Background, Summary and Outcomes ......................................................... xxi 30 + 6 Years of Community Seed Banking Around the World: A Good Start, but More to be Done and Learned ........................................................... 1 Ronnie Vernooy Government Implemented Community Seed Banks: Approach and Progress .................................................................................................................. 13 Mukunda Bhusal, Prakash Acharya and Bimal Thapa Chhetri The National Genebank’s Promotion of Community Seed Banks: Status and Strategy ............................................................................................ 21 Bal Krishna Joshi, Krishna Hari Ghimire and Deepa Singh Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Safeguarding Agricultural Biodiversity and Strengthening Local Seed Systems ..................................................... 45 Pitambar Shrestha and Ram Bahadur Rana A Novel Approach for Implementing Community Seed Banks in the Mountain Area of Nepal ...................................................................................... 68 Bharat Bhandari, Niranjan Pudasaini, Rita Gurung, Devendra Gauchan, Pitambar Shrestha, Krishna Hari Ghimire and Bal Krishna Joshi Making a Community Seed Bank Functional and Sustainable: An Experience from Bajura ............................................................................................83 Ram Krishna Shrestha and Bal Krishna Joshi Community Seed Bank Implementation Approach of Action Aid Nepal ............................................................................................................. 95 Mahesh Badal, Shiv Narayan Chaudhary, Badri Subedi and Chhumru Sardar Tharu Promoting Cooperative-based Seed Enterprises in Surkhet and Dadeldhura Districts of Nepal ............................................................................... 106 Prakash Subedi and Swikriti Sharma Farmers’ Rights and Access and Benefit Sharing Mechanisms in Community Seed Banks in Nepal ............................................................................. 117 Devendra Gauchan, Bal Krishna Joshi and Bharat Bhandari ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / gLltut Joj:yf clgns'df/ cfrfo{ ................................. 134 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ª\3 g]kfn ............................................................................. 149 /fdPsjfn k|;fb ofbj lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, emfkf ...................................................................... 154 l8NnL kf}8]n, hfg'sf du/, g/dfof sfsL{ / k"0f{ kf}8]n srf]jf{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, af/f ............................................................................ 159 dxfgf/fo0f ofbj, s'df/L s[i0ff, zdf{nfn ;fx, /fdafa' ofbj / /fdPsjfn ofbj k'sf]{6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, tgx'F ;Ltf/fd ahufFO / nIdL s'dfn ........................................................................... 163 cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, gjnk/f;L................................................................. 167 kfj{tL e08f/L / cf:yf e';fn d;'l/of ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, s}nfnL ...................................................................... 171 uf]df e08f/L, kfj{tL ;fksf]6f / dgdfof u'¿ª 306]Zj/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, 8f]6L ef]haxfb'/ dNn / u0f]z lai6 ....................................................................... 175 tfdfkmf]s ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, ;ª\v'jf;ef l8NnL lhdL 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, ndh'ª vu]Zj/h+u u'¿ª / >L/fd ;'j]bL .......................................................... 179 ................................................................. 182 h'+u' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, bf]nvf ............................................................................ 186 g]qaxfb'/ v8\sf / j[Gbf ln+vf xf+s' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, h'Dnf wgs[i0f kf08] / sljtf h};L ............................................................................ 190 l5k|f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, x'Dnf gj/fh e08f/L / ;'Gb/ /fpt ............................................................................ 195 rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, df]/ª ......................................................................... 199 5'd? ;/bf/ yf? r]k]d:of{ª\bL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s tyf ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+s ................. 202 df]xg xdfn bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, nlntk'/ .................................................................. 209 w'jk|;fb ;fksf]6f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL bf];|f] /fli6«o sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf ;'emfp kLtfDa/ >]i7, afns[i0f hf]zL, s[i0fxl/ l3ld/] / b]j]Gb| uf}rg .................. 215 Annex I. Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Factsheet ................................................. 221 Annex II. Inventory of Community Seed Banks in Nepal ............................................. 222 Annex III. Number of Crop Species and Landraces Displayed in the Workshop .......... 226 Annex IV. Workshop Participants ................................................................................ 227 Annex V. Workshop Program ...................................................................................... 230 Dedicated to Dr. Bhuwon Ratna Sthapit for his remarkable contribution to agrobiodiversity and participatory plant breeding. Acknowledgements Following the First National Workshop on Community Seed Banks held on 14-15 June 2012 in Pokhara, many farmers, stakeholders and relevant organizations have shown keen interest in community seed banks. An overview of their status in Nepal, complemented with some guidelines, was published in 2012 in the proceeedings of the First National Community Seed Banks Workshop. This subsequenly resulted in the organizations of the Farmers’ Level First National Workshop on Community Seed Banks held at Kachorwa Community Seed Bank, Bara in 2013. The Kachorwa CSB and LI-BIRD were the key players in these two events, supported by Bioversity International and NAGRC. In Nepal, at present, there are 46 operational CSBs located in three agro-ecozones of the country, i.e. High Hill, Mid Hill and Tarai. We highly appreciate the efforts made by all the members of these 46 CSBs. Their initiatives are helping to conserve local crop landraces and provide easy access to diverse planting materials for farmers, researchers and students. At present, some of the leading research and development agencies to practice and promote community seed banks in Nepal are LI-BIRD, NARC, Bioversity International, Oxfam, Action Aid, and the Department of Agriculture. Governmental organizations (namely, the Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Crop Development Directorate and Department of Agriculture) annualy allocate some budget for CSBs and organize some CSBs related activites. We acknowledge the presence and support from high officials from these organizations. We would like to extend ours special thanks to Dr. Yubak Dhoj GC, Secretary, MoAD, Dr. Baidya Nath Mahto (then ED, NARC), Dr. Balaram Thapa ED, LI-BIRD and to participating institutional heads of various organizations to make the 2018 workshop a success. We gratefully acknowledge the presentations made by NAGRC, LI-BIRD, Bioversity Interntional, DoA, MoAD, Action Aid Nepal and Oxfam, the participation of women and men farmers and CSB leaders, who shared their valuable insights and experiences. We are pleased to report that the workshop was well timed and able to create a common platform for all key actors working in this field, including high-level policy makers and planners, to exchange experiences and lessons learned and disseminate them to a wider audience. We acknowledge the important contributions of workshop participants, in particular of the women and men farmer leaders of community seed banks and the members of the newly established Association of Community Seed Banks of Nepal (ACSBN), government officials and other stakeholders, including the organizing committee, workshop facilitators and rapporteurs. They provided valuable information and support for the publication of these proceedings. We recognize their hard work and strong team spirit. vii The main funding sources for the organization of the workshop were RSF Social Finance/New Field Foundation, USA, through a grant to Bioversity International; the NORAD through the Development Fund, Norway; UNEP/GEF Local Crop project and the SDC Seed Project through Bioversity International. The organizers of the workshop, NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International provided additional funding support for the workshop. We thank the Development Fund, Norway, for supporting the publication of these proceedings. We wish everybody good luck for the further advancement of CSBs in Nepal. The Editors viii Foreword In recent years, community seed banks have become important local institutions to strengthen local seed systems, contribute to the conservation of agrobiodiversity and support livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The core functions of community seed banks are to safeguard seeds of crop landraces, provide access to quality seed and planting materials of diverse crop species and promote farmers’ rights and food sovereignty. Well-functioning community seed banks integrate traditional and scientific knowledge and practices in the conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity. Many community seed banks give priority to conservation, reintroduction, exchange and further improvement of local varieties, but some also produce and supply seed of improved varieties developed by research and development agencies. At present, some of the leading research and development agencies to practice and promote community seed banks in Nepal are LI-BIRD, NARC, Bioversity International, Oxfam, Action Aid and the Department of Agriculture. As is evident from the papers included in this publication, community seed banks have strong roots in Nepal where several non-governmental organizations took the lead in establishing and supporting them. For more than two decades, the community seed bank “movement” in the country has accumulated many rich experiences and achievements. However, it also has confronted some challenges, such as maintaining community seed banks over time, the creation of opportunities for national networking and the mainstreaming of community seed banks in national policies, laws and programs. During the first National Workshop on Community Seed Banks held on 14-15 June 2012 in Pokhara, some of the successes and challenges were documented and debated, and some suggested actions put forward. Six years later, in the Second National Workshop on Community Seed Banks held from 3 to 5 May 2018 in Kathmandu, participants once again discussed the key issues of sustainability, networking and mainstreaming in national policies and program. We are pleased to report that the workshop was perfectly timed and able to create a common platform for all key actors working in this field, including high-level policy makers and planners, to exchange experiences and lessons learned and disseminate them to a wider audience. We acknowledge the important contributions of workshop participants, in particular of the women and men farmer leaders of community seed banks and the members of the newly established Association of Community Seed Banks of Nepal (ACSBN), government officials and other stakeholders for valuable information and support and making the workshop successful. ix We thank the editors, workshop organizing committee and all the contributors to this publication for their hard work and the strong team spirit they demonstrated. The efforts of the organizing committee and editors are noteworthy as they have been able to document the key outcomes of the workshop. Outcomes include a collective action plan and recommendations to the government of Nepal for supporting the community seed bank “movement” aiming to achieve sustainability and mainstreaming. We are enthusiasthic that these outcomes are valuable for Nepal and other countries to scale up a strong and cohesive partnership among community, government, non-government and international organization for producing high quality results as demonstrated in Nepal. Finally, we would like to thank the National Genebank, NARC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International for their joint efforts to document the outputs of the workshop. We believe that these proceedings will be read widely and used as a valuable reference by researchers, development professionals and relevant stakeholders interested in establishing, strengthening and promoting community seed banks, local seed systems and conservation of agrobiodiversity. Tek B. Gurung, PhD Balaram Thapa, PhD Ann Tutwiler Executive Director NARC Executive Director LI-BIRD Director General Bioversity International x Uncommon Abbreviations Uncommon abbreviations and abbreviations not spelled out in the text AAN ABD ABS ACSBN ADS AEO AFU AI APGR ARA ARF ASC BS CAC CAT CBM CBMSA CBR CBSP CDABC CF CFGB CGB CRSA CSB CSE CSPB cv. CWR DADO DADS DFS DOI EDP f. FCHV FGB FGD FR GAC GI HFGB HRC Action Aid Nepal Agrobiodiversity Access and benefit sharing Association of Community Seed Banks of Nepal Agriculture Development Strategy Agriculture Extension Officer Agriculture and Forestry University Agrobiodiversity Index Agricultural plant genetic resource Agrobiodiversity rich area Agrobiodiversity rich farmer Agriculture Service Center Bikram Sambat Collection Acceptance Committee Climate Analogue Tool Community biodiversity management Community-based Biodiversity Management South Asia Community biodiversity register Community-based seed production Crop Development and Agrobiodiversity Center Custodian farmer Community field genebank Community genebank Climate resilient sustainable agriculture Community seed bank Community seed enterprise Climate smart plant breeding Cultivar Crop wild relative District Agricultural Development Office Diversifying Availability of Diverse Seeds Diversity field school Digital object identifier Enterprise Development Program Filius, son Female community health volunteer Field genebank Focus group discussion Farmers’ rights Germplasm Authority Committee Geographical Indicator Household field genebank Human Resource Center xi HSB HYV IMISAP IP LCP LEC MAT MLS NA NPRs OP ORCID PAN PIC PVP RISMFP sp. spp. ssp. subsp. Syn. UCW var. WEP WTLCP X Household seed bank High yielding variety ITPGRFA-MLS Implementation Strategy and Action Plan Intellectual property Local Crop Project Landrace enhancement and conservation Mutually agreed term Multilateral system Not available Nepali Rupees Open pollinated Open researcher and contributor identifier Personal Account Number Prior-informed consent Plant variety protection Raising Income for Small and Medium Farmers Project Species (singular) Species (plural) Subspecies Subspecies Synonym Unpaid care work Variety Wild edible plant Western Tarai Landscape Complex Project Placed after a genus name and before a specific epithet, indicating hybrid origin xii Glossary Working definition of some words used in this proceedings Term Definition Access to genetic resources The arrangement made to collect, acquire, or receive genetic materials, resources, or traditional knowledge from the owner, for the use of others. Accession A distinct uniquely identifiable sample of seeds representing a cultivar (variety or landrace), breeding line or a population, which is maintained in storage for conservation and use. Accessions of the same species or landraces may differ by collection sites, collection year, local name or donor. Agricultural plant genetic resources All cultivated plant landraces and varieties, wild edible plants, and wild relatives of crops. Agro-biodiversity Includes four components of agro-biodiversity (plant and crop genetic resources, animal genetic resources, aqua genetic resources and associated genetic resources) and four subcomponents in each component, ie domesticated, semidomesticated, wild edible and wild relative species. Animal farm genebank Benefit-sharing Black box Catalog Clone Common Rearing of domesticated local and indigenous animals as well as improved breeds on-farm, maintaining different species and breeds available around the command areas of a research station or public farm for conservation, use and research. Sharing monetary or non-monetary benefit acquired by accessing and using genetic material, resources, or traditional knowledge as per an agreement between provider and receiver. A system for depositing samples that does not constitute a legal transfer of genetic resources; the repository gene bank does not claim ownership over the deposited samples. Ownership remains with the depositor, who has the sole right of access to the materials. The repository genebank is not entitled to the use or distribute the germplasm. It is the depositor’s responsibility to ensure that the deposited material is of high quality, monitor seed viability over time, and use its own base collection to regenerate the collection when it begins to lose viability. A list or record of variety and landraces for identification, sharing knowledge and information, which is systematically arranged and often including descriptive material. A genetically identical plant derived from a single mother plant by asexual propagation (cuttings or tissue culture). Found in relatively large numbers, the most widespread, grown in large areas and by many farmers; not rare. xiii Term Community biodiversity register Community gene bank Community seed bank Conservation Crop Crop wild relative Cultivar Distribution Diversity field school Domesticated or cultivated species Ecosystem diversity Definition A register maintained by a local community to record APGRs. A community storage facility for seeds of orthodox types and one or more fields where farmer communities grow recalcitrant types of crops and maintain them over time, managed and owned by a community for its members, giving due emphasis to local crops. Locally used seed storage structure and institution managed by a local community through collective action for strengthening the local seed system of orthodox crops and their conservation. Careful preservation and protection of APGRs on-farm, in-situ or ex-situ, for use of current and future generations. Cultivated angiosperm plant species, either for sale or for subsistence. A non cultivated species which is more or less closely related to a crop species (usually in the same genus) and occur in agroecosystems. Any distinct genotype under cultivation, including both landraces and varieties. Fair and equitable distribution of acquired benefit from the access to genetic material, resources, or traditional knowledge between farmers and stakeholders. A community-based knowledge and action platform that facilitates the use and maintenance of diversity in the production system, as a way of risk minimization (from pest and disease damage or climate variability) and to provide farmers access to knowledge, planting materials, credit and networks. Crop diversity is major subject of discussion, in the same way as it is in the farmer’s field school. Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. They are cultivated through human management interventions. Comprises the variety of habitats, the dynamic complexes of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their nonliving environment. It is the result of interactions and changes over time. Ecotype A distinct form or race of a plant or animal species that occupies a particular habitat. Elite line Any genotype that possess at least one useful trait or a superior line with at least one trait. In the breeding process, an elite line can become a promising and pipeline variety. xiv Term Endangered Endemic species Exotic Definition A species or landrace which has been categorized as likely to become extinct. The population size of that species or landrace is decreasing, usually due to several factors. Organisms found only in one particular geographical location and habitat. Of foreign origin; not native; introduced from abroad, but not fully naturalized or acclimatized. Ex-situ conservation Conservation off-site. Conservation of genetic resources outside of its original or natural habitat, eg in a genebank, botanical garden, field genebank. Farmer The people and communities who identify, conserve, preserve, develop, produce or use genetic material, resources, and traditional knowledge. Farmers field school A platform for learning and sharing agricultural practices in farmers’ fields. Though it was originally used for implementation of integrated pest management, it is now used as an extension tool for holistic management of agricultural production systems covering soil, water and nutrients, and diversity. Farmers’ rights The privilege of farmers and their right to protect varieties developed or conserved by them. A farmer can save, use, re-sow, exchange, share and sell farm produce of a protected variety, and be protected from innocent infringement. Fodder Any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock. Gene The functional unit of heredity. Genebank Facility where germplasm is stored or maintained for research and use, for a long time. Geneflow The exchange of genetic materials between populations including introduction of new varieties. Genepool The total amount of genetic diversity present in a particular population. Genetic diversity The genetic variation present in a population or species. Refers to the variation of genes and/or genomes within living organisms, that is, the genetic differences between populations of a single species and between individuals within a population. Genetic erosion Loss of genetic diversity (specific trait, particular cultivar) between and within populations of the same species over time or reduction of the genetic base of a species. xv Term Genetic material Genotype Definition All or part of the functional units of heredity consisting of the genetic characteristics of domestic or wild animals, plants, microbial organisms, viruses, or of other origins. Germplasm of plants, animals or other organisms containing useful characters of actual or potential value. Genetic composition of a plant, comprised of heritable traits. Germplasm Living tissue (seed or another plant part – a leaf, a piece of stem, pollen or even just a few cells) from which new plants can be grown. High yielding variety Crop variety developed by educated plant breeders, designed to maximize yields at the expense of diversity and generally promoted by agricultural development organizations. Home garden A traditional land use practice carried out around a homestead consisting of several species of plants and animals that are grown and maintained by the family members with the primary objective of fulfilling the family’s food and nutrition needs. Image bank Record of photos (printed or in electronic form) of each accession of crops with some information that is used for identification and reference samples, similar to a herbarium. Indigenous Native, developed or created naturally within country, all APGRs that existed before 1950. In-situ conservation On-site conservation. The conservation of genetic resources in their original ecosystem and natural habitat. Conservation of genetic resources in areas where they developed their distinctive properties, ie in the wild. Both active (growing) and dormancy (after seed matures) periods occur in the same place. Introduced varieties/species Exotic, brought from outside the country. Inventory Kitchen garden Landrace A complete list of varieties, landraces or genotypes with some basic information. A garden or area near to homestead, where vegetables, fruit, or herbs are grown for domestic or kitchen use. Genotype not altered by breeders, but grown continuously by farmers over years. It may be local or introduced. Local landrace Crop landraces available before 1950 in Nepal and grown continuously in particular location for at least 60 years. Local variety Crop variety grown continuously in a particular location for at least 60 years. Major crops Main food crops that form a major part of the daily diet in relatively large quantities as a source of energy, grown commonly and available widely. xvi Term Management Minor crops Definition Conservation and utilization of APGRs. Refers to crops that may be high in value, but that are not widely grown and not commonly available. Modern variety Crop variety developed by educated plant breeders. Also known as high yielding variety. Multilateral access A common pool arrangement made under the provisions of the ITPGRFA to access and use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture by national governments and international organizations working in the area of agriculture and food security for the welfare of human kind. Multilateral system Under the ITPGRFA, the multilateral system (MLS) comprises a common pool of 64 selected crops that are made accessible under certain conditions. On ratifying the Plant Treaty, countries agree to make their genetic diversity and related information about the crops stored in their genebanks available to all through the MLS. National crop gene pool Agricultural plant genetic resources that are necessary to secure food and nutrition for human kind. National list Native or indigenous List of notified crops’ varieties that has been approved by the National Seed Board and published in the Nepal Gazette. There are two categories: released varieties and registered varieties, in the National list. Having always been in a certain place rather than being brought there from somewhere else. Native and indigenous are similar meaning words that refer to naturally growing plants, living animals, and even original inhabitants of a particular region. Nepal Annex 1 crops List of accessions of crops from Nepal included in the MLS. On-farm conservation The conservation of agrobiodiversity in farmers’ fields and/or in community gene banks (seed bank and field gene bank), where new traits or alleles have not originated, but have been cultivated over a period of time. Active life (growing period) remains in the field and dormancy period (after harvest) remains in the structure built by farmers nearby the field. Organic farming Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity and prohibits use of agrochemicals. Origin of landrace Area where farming communities have been growing a landrace for more than 60 years or the location where a landrace was collected. xvii Term Definition Origin of variety Location where a distinct form of genotype is developed either by crossing or selection. Pasture Land covered with grass or herbage and grazed by or suitable for grazing by livestock. Plant Uncultivated and wild flowering (angiosperm) plant species. Population A group of individuals of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. Production systems Includes the livestock, crop, fisheries and aquaculture and forest sectors. Promising variety or line Fixed genotypes that show the signs of future success. Protected area A geographically defined area that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives. Public domain Space containing genetic materials that are not protected by intellectual property rights. Rare Not found in large numbers, grown by few farmers in small areas; localized landraces not commonly available; with a population size remaining constant. Registered Variety after testing one season or two seasons in a target environment and listed in the Nepal Gazette. Released Variety after testing in different breeding trials and at least in three multi-location yield trials and listed in the Nepal Gazette. Repatriation The return of crop landraces to their original site or country. Rescue mission Collection of rare and endangered landraces from particular areas to save them from danger, harm or loss. Researchers’ rights Access to protected varieties for bona fide research purpose. Safety backup Safety duplication of accessions at one or more sites and/or using an alternative conservation method or strategy, such as invitro or cryopreservation or field gene bank. Both depositor and repository gene banks can use and distribute the germplasm. xviii Term Definition Safety duplication The duplication of genetically identical subsamples of an accession to mitigate the risk of its partial or total loss caused by natural or man-made catastrophes. Safety duplicates are genetically identical to the accessions in the base collection and are referred to as the second-most original samples. Safety duplicates include both the duplicated material and its related information and are deposited in a base collection at a different location from the originals, usually in another country. Safety duplication is generally organized under a black-box agreement. Selection Any process, natural or artificial which permits an increase in the population of certain genotypes or groups of genotypes in succeeding generations. Species A taxon comprising one or more population of individuals capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. Species diversity Refers to the frequency and variety of species (wild or domesticated) within a geographical area. Subspecies A category in biological classification that ranks immediately below a species and designates a population of a particular geographic region genetically distinguishable from other such populations of the same species and capable of interbreeding successfully with them where its range overlaps theirs. Sui generis system Sustainable use Traditional knowledge Variety Of its own kind. Any unique form of a system designed to meet certain alternative legal requirements. The use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations. Knowledge, skills, technology, or practices used by farmers from generation to generation to identify, manage, conserve, develop, or use genetic material or resources. Genotype developed by breeders. It may be under cultivation or in the process of development. xix English-Nepali Translation English to Nepali translation words used in this proceedings. English English g]kfnL Agrobiodiversity Listing s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf Agrobiodiversity fair s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf d]nf Local seed Breeding Local variety k|hgg Cereals Management fund cGgafnL Certification Oilseed crop k|df0fLs/0f Collection On-farm ;ª\sng conservation Organic farming Community seed ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s bank Conservation Passport ;+/If0f Diversity block Patent ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn Documentation Promotion clen]vLs/0f Endangered Quality seed nf]kf]Gd'v Exchange Rare ;f6f;f6 Ex-situ conservation Registration k/ :yfgLo Field genebank Released lkmN8 hLg a}+s Genetic material Root crop cfg'j+lzs kbfy{ Genetic resource Spcies cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t Home garden Storage 3/au}+rf Horticulture Tradititonal afujfgL knowledge In-situ conservation Vegetable :j–:yfgLo Legume sf];] afnL XX g]kfnL ;"rLs[t :yfgLo aLp :yfgLo hft Joj:yfkg sf]if Tf]nxgafnL 3/uf]7 v]tL:ynLo k|fËfl/s v]tL kf;kf]6{ :jfldTj ;+j4{g u'0f:t/Lo aLp b'n{e k~hLs/0f pGdf]rg h/] afnL d;nfafnL e08f/0f k/Dk/fut 1fg t/sf/LafnL Workshop Background, Summary and Outcomes Bal Krishna Joshi1, Pitambar Shrestha2, Devendra Gauchan3 and Ronnie Vernooy3 National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center, NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur; BKJ <joshibalak@yahoo.com> 2 Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD), Pokhara; PS <pitambar@libird.org> 3 Bioversity International; DG <d.gauchan@cgiar.org>; RV < r.vernooy@cgiar.org> 1 Background Conservation of local agrobiodiversity is crucial to achieve global food security. Over centuries, farmers and local communities have played a vital role in the maintenance and utilization of local crop diversity and related (traditional) knowledge. In recent times, the concept and practice of community seed bank (CSB) have gained popularity as a valid approach for conserving and promoting the wise use of agro-ecological resources at community level. A community seed bank represents an approach to promote on-farm management of agricultural plant genetic resources governed and managed by a farmers' group, cooperative or organization, mostly in an informal way. Its core functions are to conserve seed of crop landraces for local use, providing access to quality seed and planting materials of diverse crops species and promote farmers' rights and food sovereignty. Community seed banks can also contribute to linking in-situ and exsitu conservation. They can be a mechanism to generate agro-biodiversity based income for member farmers, for example, through the production and marketing of high quality seeds. Well-functioning community seed banks integrate traditional and scientific knowledge and practices. Many community seed banks give priority to conservation, reintroduction, exchange and further improvement of local varieties, but some also produce and supply seed of improved varieties developed by research and development agencies. CSBs have strong roots in Nepal where several non-governmental organizations took the lead in establishing and supporting them. More recently, the government of Nepal also started to invest in CSBs. The first CSB in the country was established in 1994 at Dalchowki, Lalitpur, with the support of USC Canada-Nepal. Currently there are 46 operational CSBs of which 40 are well functioning; most of them are working on orthodox crops. The Nepal government (DoA) has piloted their own CSB approach in nine different mid-hill districts in order to increase seed replacement rate and obtain food security. Bioversity International, LI-BIRD, Oxfam and Action Aid are some of the leading research and development agencies to practice and promote community seed banks in Nepal. There are XXI currently about 10 organizations, including the Government of Nepal, that are actively supporting community seed/genebank activities in the country. The first National Workshop on CSB was held on 14-15 June 2012 in Pokhara, to share the experiences and successes of the conservation and utilization of local crop diversity by CSBs. We have come a long way since the very beginning of CSBs in the country. Two decades of experience and learning in the field of CSBs witnessed many success stories, while also facing some challenges. Following the first national workshop, many CSBs evolved quite well with good achievements, but some encountered major problems. The networking among CSBs, one of the proposed follow up activities of the first national workshop, got off to a slow start. Among the problems encountered were: lack of coordination and mutual learning among key actors involved; the challenge of (long term) sustainability; mainstreaming of CSBs in national policy and law; and issues around ownership in the case of the CSBs established by the Government of Nepal. Another challenge has been to systematically (scientifically) map and analyze the impact of CSBs with regard to enhancing seed and food security. The second national workshop was well timed to address these challenges. Its main objective was to create a common platform for all key actors working in this field to exchange experiences and lessons learned, and to document and disseminate them to a wider audience. A second important objective was to discuss and design a collective action plan for further development of CSBs (as a strong community-based and farmer focused institution) and to move towards sustainability of CSBs in the country. We envision that the emergent national network of CSBs has an important role to play to achieve this longer term objective. Workshop Objectives • • • • • Document status and progress made in conservation, access and availability, technical, governance and management, approaches and institutional aspects of community seed banking in Nepal Identify challenges, problems and issues and ways to overcome on it in the management of community seed banks Discuss ways to strengthen the technical, administrative and organizational capacities of community seed banks concerning conservation, access and availability, variety registration/listing and maintenance Identify options and mechanisms to mainstream and sustain community seed banks Discuss options for strengthening the community seed bank networking in Nepal XXII Program Highlights The unique feature of the workshop was that the presentations, group discussions and information sharing were combined with a display of rare and valuable seeds of local crop diversity in the display stalls in the workshop room brought by nine active community seed banks from different parts of Nepal. There were on display 466 examples of different crop species from the east (Jhapa) to the far western parts (Doti and Kanchanpur) of the country, including high mountains (Humla) to mid hills and lowland of Tarai (Annex III). The workshop started with a formal session chaired by Dr. Baidhya Nath Mahto, Executive Director of the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC). Dr. Yubak Dhoj GC, Secretary to the MoALD was the chief guest of the event. The special guests of the program were Dr. Ronnie Vernooy, Policy Expert at Bioversity International; Mr. Lekhnaath Acharya, Joint Secretary, MoALD; Dr. Ananda K Gautam, Director of Planning and Coordination (NARC); Mr. Madan Thapa, Chief of Seed Quality Control Centre (SQCC) and Mr. Bimal Thapa Chhetri, Program Director, Crop Development Directorate of Department of Agriculture (DoA). Other high level participants were Chief of NAGRC (Genebank), Dr. Devendra Gauchan, National Project Manager (Bioversity International), Dr. Bal Krishna Joshi (Genebank), Mr. Bharat Bhandari of LI-BIRD and Mr. Pitambar Shrestha of LI-BIRD. They were key presenters as well as facilitators of technical sessions of the workshop. Chief guest Dr. Yubak Dhoj GC emphasized the contribution of CSBs to cope with climate change impacts by securing seed availability, conservation of valuable and climate resilient genes and associated farmer’s knowledge and their contribution to research and development. He admired the efforts of farmers, NARC-Genebank, Bioversity International and LI-BIRD in bringing the CSB approach to center stage. He committed to provide full support from the Ministry for the development and mainstreaming of CSBs in national plans and programmes in the days to come. There were 63 participants representing diverse stakeholders including farmers, community seed banks and cooperative members, government agencies, international research organizations, non-government organizations and private seed entrepreneurs. The formal opening session was followed by a series of technical sessions organized around four themes: 1: Good practices, gaps and issues; 2: Capacity building and networking; 3: Sustainability and mainstreaming, and 4: Policy status, gaps and issues. A total of 10 presentations were made that revolved around specific programmes and efforts made by national and nongovernmental organizations to establish and support CSBs and institutionalize them. Speakers presented approaches, methods and tools, achievements and lessons learned, policy issues, the role of the Government of Nepal, obstacles and challenges. XXIII Devendra Gauchan of Bioversity International highlighted access and benefit sharing issues and farmers’ rights on seeds while Mr. Anil Kumar Acharya shared the national legislation, guidelines and programmes with regard to CSBs and proposed ways for their institutionalization. Pitambar Shrestha presented the status and contribution of CSBs to national conservation and seed production based on LI-BIRD’s work while Bharat Bhandari shared CSB experiences based on lessons learned by the UNEP/GEF Local Crop Project. He also proposed a novel way to work toward sustainability through the “Diversity Field School”. Ronnie Vernooy, Bioversity International, shared some insights about the global status of CSBs while highlighting the major CSB achievements made in Nepal. He also praised the country for celebrating its Second National Workshop on Community Seed Banks and expressed gratitude for the willingness of governmental officials to participate in the event enabling all key actors to come together and discuss the further development of CSBs with the common goal of the conservation and promotion of plant genetic resources and traditional knowledge. The highlight of the first and second days was the farmer to farmer sharing of experiences through thematic discussions. Women and men farmers came from 18 community seed banks and four cooperatives. Farmers, especially women, are the champions of implementing CSBs in different parts of Nepal. On the first day, farmers identified constraints related to CSB sustainability, such as the lack of an independent CSB registration mechanism/structure, uncertainty of funding sources for conservation work, inadequate policy and programming prioritization by local governments and the lack of coordination and market linkages for selling seed. Almost all the CSBs highlighted sustainability as a major issue. They emphasized to mainstream CSBs in local development programmes as a solution. Ramekwal Yadav, the chairperson of the ACSBN, discussed the low representation of farmers/CSBs in national level fora and planning processes. He stated that this is one of the reasons why conservation and promotion of local plant genetic resources do not receive much priority. He further highlighted the role of the ACSBN to have a voice at national policy level, coordinate advocacy efforts, organize technical capacity building and collaborate closely with the National Genebank. Key Suggestions for the Network of Community Seed Banks ● ● ● The Department of Agriculture has released two guidelines for the functioning of CSBs. These guidelines should be revised and consolidated into a single document. The CSB network should be involved in doing this. Focus on formalizing the legal registration procedure of CSBs through policy advocacy. Develop capacity building activities for CSB members and the CSB association. XXIV ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Define a set of minimum norms and functions that characterize what a CSB is as a basis for becoming a member of the network. Functions should include at least the conservation and promotion of local crop genetic resources and the maintenance of crop diversity blocks; and could include, as an option, seed production of local crops. Develop guidelines (a format) for registration of a CSB in the CSB network. Define the structure of the network and how communication should flow. Maintain a CSB database (location, conservation status, seed production status etc), monitor and evaluate CSB activities. Conduct regular meetings, maybe yearly or half-yearly to share knowledge and experiences and organize meetings, workshops, seminars and exposure visits for CSB members and other relevant stakeholder so that the visibility of CSBs can be maintained. In addition, seed exchange activities can also be organized. Intervene to ensure seed quality, uniform seed pricing and profit margins across the country. Document good practices and approaches and share nationally. Facilitate linkages with national research organization, especially the National Genebank for long-term conservation and minimizing seed duplication and other technical support and with seed companies for commercialization of local crops. Policy advocacy for mainstreaming and integrating agriculture biodiversity conservation and community seed banks in national policy, plans and activities. Proposed Incentives and Support Needed from the Government ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Community Biodiversity Management (CBM) fund allocation to CSBs Awarding/recognizing custodian farmers and CSBs in a national forum Seed crop insurance (simplifying process) for traditional crops and varieties Incentive and support to purchase agriculture equipments (processing equipment, tools, new technologies) Technical support from the National Genebank on seed conservation, characterization and use Support for conducting good CSB management practices (eg diversity block, seed exchanges) Provide incentives and support as per guideline and work done by CSBs Inclusion of farmers' rights, especially of custodian farmers, in national policy, notably in the (draft) Access and Benefit Sharing bill and draft Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Utilization bill XXV ● ● ● ● Include “Community Seed bank” and its functions in the Agrobiodiversity draft bill including ABS draft bill as a mechanism for ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of crop genetic resources Develop a practical format to guarantee prior informed consent Establish technical linkages between CSBs and the National Genebank for local variety registration and maintenance at the regional research stations Supporting the process of local variety registration by simplifying the process and guidelines Conclusion Overall, the workshop was successful in achieving its objectives. Farmers from all over Nepal, from mountains and mid-hills to tarai, from west to east, shared experiences and knowledge and learned from each other. Farmers came together with other key stakeholders in a single forum to interact, share and learn about on the ground realities and plan together for the future. Women farmers and CSB representatives from far-western and mountain regions were happy to participate in the national level discussion forum. While sharing her experience, Ms. Goma Bhandari from Masuriya, Kailali said: “I was not even able to speak in front of a few people, now I am being able to speak and share my views about our CSB work in front of so many people.” Similarly, Rumfa Devi Upadhyaya from Chhipra, Humla said: “In our place, no woman is allowed to take part and speak in a meeting like this, but I am very grateful to the organizer for giving me this chance to participate and to learn. All issues, questions and answers, and experiences shared during workshop were documented by rapporteurs. All presentations and abstract were shared among the participants and are available at www.researchgate. net/publication/324976462. The brief highlight is available at https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=O-nP-HTJln4. Workshop Recommondations 1. Institutional provision for registration, renewal, listing and monitoring of community seed banks: Until now, community seed banks in Nepal are operated by farmers’ groups, cooperatives and the farmers’ organizations registered as local NGOs. It is because the Government of Nepal (GoN) has not developed any institutional mechanism where community seed banks can be registered and renewed. Due to the operation of community seed banks by different types of farmers’ organizations, we do not have an exact database related to the number of community seed banks, their types and functions, scope of work and status of community seed banks in the country. Therefore, it is essential to have an institutional mechanism for registration, XXVI renewal and monitoring of community seed banks at Provincial and Central levels. Similarly, the main objective of community seed banks is to promote on farm conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity. At the national level, this function has been mandated to the National Genebank. Hence, whatever institutional mechanism is created for registration, renewal and monitoring of community seed banks at Provincial and Federal levels, it is recommended to have a provision of listing, renewal and updating of relevant data and information of community seed banks in a certain interval in the National Genebank on a mandatory basis. 2. Defining minimum standard criteria and classification of community seed/ gene banks: There are many organizations facilitating and supporting the establishment and strengthening of community seed/gene banks in many districts of Nepal. They include USC Canada Asia, LI-BIRD, NARC, Department of Agriculture (DoA), Bioversity International, Oxfam, Action Aid, WWF and others. These organizations have their own way of implementing community seed banks. The question is if they are all promoting community seed banks as per its global definition and understanding. The first National Workshop on Community Seed Banks in Nepal held in June 2012 has defined that the goals of community seed banks should be to promote the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity and provide easy access to diverse types of seeds and planting material for improving livelihoods of farmers. The workshop further elaborated that the term ‘community seed banks’ should not be used if there are no plant genetic resources conservation activities. However, there is no agreement on the minimum number of species and local varieties, including orthodox and non-orthodox seeds to be conserved and promoted by a community seed bank, criteria for CSB membership and number of community seed/gene banks to be established in the country. Community seed banks should obtain legal status. To realize this, a tailor-made mechanism should be developed. It is necessary to define the minimum standard for establishing a community seed/gene bank so that every organization can follow it. 3. Regular budget provision for community seed/gene banks: Apart from some exceptions, such as the community seed bank programme of the former Crop Development Directorate under the Department of Agriculture (DoA), and apart from some support from local government upon request, there are no government organizations that allocate funding for the establishment and strengthening of community seed banks on a regular basis. Hence, it is recommended to allocate funds regularly to operate community seed banks and field gene banks, and to promote on farm management of agricultural biodiversity by the local, provincial and federal Governments. XXVII 4. Identification of areas for agrobiodiversity conservation and community seed banks establishment: Nepal is globally known for its rich biodiversity and agricultural biodiversity. However, due to its diverse geography, not all areas of the country are equally rich in terms of agricultural biodiversity. However, it is considered not wise to promote agricultural biodiversity conservation activities in all the 753 local political units of Nepal. It is recommended to identify agricultural biodiversity rich areas and focus the promotion of conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity there. This should include the establishment of community seed banks as a major activity. These areas can become centers of agrobiodiversity where government, I/NGOs and farmers’ organizations can work together to avoid duplications of activities and waste of resources. 5. Simplification of the process of local variety registration: There are many farmers cultivating landraces or local varieties of crop species in Nepal. Many local varieties have good properties and functional traits. Some can easily compete with improved varieties from the perspective of adaptation, yield and income. However, there are difficulties in registering such varieties using the existing variety release and registration provisions. It is recommended to have a separate and simple provision and guidelines for registration and maintenance of landraces and locally improved varieties. It is also recommended to allow farmer groups and community seed banks to produce and market seeds of these varieties. 6. Amendments of agricultural biodiversity related bills for adding articles on community seed banks: There are three draft bills which are related to agricultural biodiversity namely, i) Plant Variety Protection and Farmers’ Rights, ii) Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing and iii) Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Utilization. None of these three bills has clearly included a provision on the roles of community seed banks in promoting conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity. Therefore, it is recommended to make necessary amendments in all these three draft bills and add a provision of establishment and promotion of community seed/gene banks in Nepal. 7. Awards for agricultural biodiversity conservation: There are many awards for farmers and groups who are involved in promoting improved cultivation practices, cultivating improved varieties and rearing improved animal breeds both at provincial and federal levels. However, there is no award for the farmers and their organizations who are involved in management of community seed banks to conserve unique landraces and to promote conservation and sustainable use of valuable agricultural biodiversity, not at provincial level or the central level. Therefore, it is recommended to establish XXVIII at least one award to recognize individual custodian farmer and another for farmers’ organizations maintaining community seed/gene banks, both at the provincial and national levels. 8. Inclusion of community seed/gene banks in the annual plan of local and provincial governments: There is a rapid loss of agricultural biodiversity from farmers’ fields and natural habitats. The federal government has realized this and has developed strategies, policies and drafted a few bills to do something about the loss. This should be trickled down to the provincial and local governments. To begin with this process, it is recommended to the federal government body responsible for promoting the conservation and use of agricultural biodiversity, to facilitate and provide guidelines to all provincial and local governments to include in their annual development plans and programmes for the promotion of community seed/gene banks for strengthening local seed systems, the conservation of agrobiodiversity and support of rural livelihoods. 9. Strengthening the Association of Community Seed Banks of Nepal: The first meeting of the farmers’ organizations involved in establishing and managing community seed banks was held from 13 to 15 March 2013 in the Kachorwa Community Seed Bank, Bara. The meeting formed an ad hoc committee named ‘National Coordination Committee of Community Seed Banks of Nepal’. Since then, the members of the committee meet once a year, share and review progress made and exchange information and seeds. Given that the committee already exists, it is necessary to strengthen its capacity by allocating some resources and technical support from the responsible government body. This will allow the committee to play a larger role in promoting conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity. This can be done by mobilizing and encouraging its member community seed banks and by organizing seed and information exchange activities on a regular basis. Until now, 28 community seed banks of Nepal are a member of this committee. Very recently, the committee has been renamed as Association of Community Seed Banks of Nepal (ACSBN). 10. Use of Geographical Indication: Specific and unique traits of local varieties can be identified and documented through research partnership with community seed/gene banks. This can be used to explore the possibility of using Geographical Indication (GI) for specific local products. Hence, it is necessary to allocate some resources for research and market promotion of unique local products. Support should be given to individuals and communities to develop nutritional and agro-morphological profiles of local landraces, traditional diverse food items and innovations for GI development. XXIX Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International 30 + 6 Years of Community Seed Banking Around the World: A Good Start, but More to be Done and Learned Ronnie Vernooy Bioversity International, Wageningen, the Netherlands; @: r.vernooy@cgiar.org Sharing seeds: symbolic opening of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB in Nepal. Photo: Ronnie Vernooy, Bioversity International Abstract Six years have passed since the first national meeting of community seed banks in Nepal. Since then, Bioversity International and partners around the world have expanded their capacity development, research and policy advocacy efforts to make community seed banks and the emerging networks of community seed banks more efficient and effective. A series of North-South exchange of experiences took place. New capacity development materials were developed. A number of young researchers researched sustainability and related (novel) issues of importance to community seed banks. In 2018, a proposal was finalized to establish a global community seed banks platform that will support existing community seed banks and national/regional community seed bank networks around the world, scale out their activities and achievements, and contribute to their sustainability Keywords: Farmers’ rights, global platform, networking, resilience, sustainability -1- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Introduction: The Community Seed Banking Journey Continues Six years have passed since the first National Community Seed Banks Workshop in Nepal took place (see for the workshop proceedings, Shrestha et al 2013). At the first workshop, I presented a literature review of mostly descriptive findings of the first 30 years of experiences with establishing and supporting community seed banks around the world. The review aimed to answer two questions: 1) What had been achieved and learned in these 30 years? What were the major challenges?, 2) In the light of more recent challenges related to the sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity, such as the commercialization of agriculture, genetic erosion and the impact of climate change, what roles could community seed banks play (Vernooy 2013)? Following the workshop, Pitambar Shrestha, Bhuwon Sthapit and I embarked on a more systematic review of global community seed banking experiences from various parts of the word. This resulted in the book “Community seed banks: Origins, evolution and prospects” published in 2015 based on contributions from and interactions with the case study contributors over the years 20132014. The book includes 30 case studies of community seed banks, five case studies of organizations supporting community seed banks and five case studies of national policies in support of community seed banks. Insights from the book served to publish a journal article about the multiple functions and services of community seed banks (Vernooy et al 2014). Additional research about the roles of community seed banks in climate change adaptation led to another journal article (Vernooy et al 2017). Not only have we been writing about community seed banking in the past six years. The practical work of establishing and supporting community seed banks (technically, organizationally, policy and legal wise) continued, intensified or started in countries including Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, China, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Madagascar, Nepal, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Uganda (for more information about Bioversity International’s work, https://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-ofcrop-diversity/community-seedbanks/). Three elements stand out in these recent practical efforts: 1) bringing more science to community seed banking both technically and organizationally; 2) adding value to the conservation function of community seed banks through participatory crop improvement and/or seed production and marketing; and 3) linking community seed banks to national genebanks to create synergies. Without doubt, the journey of 30 + 6 years continues. In this chapter, I present some reflections on what the work done in recent years and some thoughts about promising directions for the coming period. -2- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Renewed Interest It appears that interest in establishing and supporting community seed banks and developing new approaches to strengthen them are on the rise. In a number of countries, government and non-government organizations (in some cases with the support of Bioversity International) have joined forces to set up new community seed banks as part of a national conservation and sustainable use strategy. This is happening, for example, in Benin, Ethiopia, India, Madagascar, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda. Proposals to do something similar have been written for other countries, such as Bangladesh, Mali, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. LI-BIRD in Nepal continues to expand the number of community seed banks supported by the organization. In China, the Farmers Seed Network is establishing new community seed banks and assisting other organizations to do the same. In India, government organizations and Bioversity International have set up a number of community seed banks as part of a climate change adaptation strategy. In South Africa, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and Bioversity International are working on a national network of community seed banks that connects the community seed banks to the national gene bank (under the National Plant Genetic Resources Centre). Looking at the larger picture, there appear a number of factors that are directly or indirectly supporting this trend. They are: • Farmers are getting better organized (with support from others) and see a community seed bank as a good way to support the empowerment process. • Agro-ecology, organic agriculture, healthy food and diets movements have a strong interest in safeguarding traditional crops and varieties. • Food safety in some countries has become a priority (eg China, Vietnam). • Conservation and crop improvement researchers are joining forces which is giving traditional varieties more and in some cases, new recognition. • Climate change related challenges and the need for novel diversity to adapt to changing farming conditions is becoming more urgent. • International organizations have put community seed banks high on the agenda. A Start of Sharing Experiences from North and South In recent years, the many diverse community seed bank experiences from around the world have become better known, but in general, their achievements and challenges are not well documented and disseminated. Community seed banks go by various names: community gene banks, farmer seed houses, seed huts, seed wealth centers, community seed reserves and seed libraries. They all have a common objective, which is to support farmers and communities to -3- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 regain, maintain and increase their control over the seeds they use, in particular traditional varieties, but not solely. Community seed banks go through different organizational phases and encounter a number of organizational challenges that are very similar to other grassroots organizations, such as farmer research groups, youth associations or women cooperatives. However, the cooperative movement has been around for more than a century and has undergone a high degree of professionalization. 30 years of community seed banking represent a relatively short time period in terms of institutional development; therefore, much remains much to be done and more to be learned (Vernooy et al 2015). In the global north, community seed banks’ practitioners and supporters have some opportunities to interact and exchange knowledge and experiences, for example, through the internet, meetings and workshops. Seed savers’ organizations in countries such as Australia, Austria, Canada, France and Italy have maintained websites and publish regular newsletters to inform members and subscribers. They also organize events where practitioners can meet and interact. In Europe, through the European Union funded ‘Diversifood’ project (2015-2019), community seed bank practitioners and supporters from several countries have carried out a number of joint awareness raising, capacity development and research activities. The project aims to link experienced national or subnational networks working on the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources to evaluate and enrich the diversity of cultivated plants within diverse agroecosystems (http://www.diversifood.eu/project/). In September 2017, the ‘Diversifood’ project and Bioversity International, with the support of the Secretary of the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) organized an international workshop in Rome, Italy, with community seed bank practitioners and supporters from the global north and the global south to exchange experiences and lessons learned. It was most likely the first time such an event took place. ‘Diversifood’, Bioversity International and other organizations teamed up for another international event to draw attention to the roles of community seed banks (Box 1). -4- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Box 1. Community seed banks at the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture The Fritjof Nansen Institute of Norway, the ‘Diversifood’ project, LI-BIRD of Nepal and Bioversity International joined forced to organize the side event “Community seed banks: Sharing experiences from North and South” during the 7th meeting of the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA held in Kigali, Rwanda (October 2017). The side event aimed to share experiences of community seed banks around the world, strengthen their functioning and obtain more support. Gloria Otieno (Bioversity International, Uganda) presented about the history and evolution of community seed banks in Uganda and the emergence of community seed banks in Kenya and Tanzania. Pitambar Shrestha of LI-BIRD presented the work on community seed banks in Nepal supported by LI-BIRD. He also gave a presentation about community seed banks globally highlighting the book Community seed banks: Origins, evolution and prospects (2015). Other presentations were made by the Community Technology Development Trust of Zimbabwe and Ryukoku University of Japan. A report is available (Andersen et al 2018). Ultimately, the Governing Body adopted Resolution 7/2017: ‘Implementation of Article 9: Farmers’ Rights’ to create an Ad Hoc Technical Expert (AHTEG) on Farmers’ Rights and to develop voluntary guidelines for national implementation. The resolution reflects increasing awareness among the Contracting Parties of the value and importance of community seed banks in fulfilling the objectives of the Plant Treaty on the conservation and sustainable use of crop genetic diversity for food security. The Governing Body invites the countries that are Contracting Parties to promote sustainable biodiverse production systems and facilitate participatory approaches such as community seed banks, along with a range of other supportive measures. However, in the global south, there is very limited space for networking. Nepal is likely the only country where community seed bank practitioners and supporters have had a chance to meet in two national workshops organized by national organizations with the support of Bioversity International (2012 and 2018). The objectives of the 2012 workshop were to share the successes of the conservation and utilization of local crop diversity by community seed banks in Nepal. Topics covered included the concept and practices of community seed banking, technical and organizational challenges, and sustainability (Shrestha et al 2013). There is therefore an opportunity to create a mechanism for global sharing. New Capacity Development Materials Research and capacity development activities with regard to community seed banks are becoming more robust with stronger support of scientific knowledge. Bioversity International, with technical and financial support of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of the federal republic of South Africa, developed and published (in English, French and Spanish) a series of manuals for facilitators of community seed banking processes and for farmers managing -5- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 community seed banks. The manuals have been very well received and are in high demand (Box 2). Several organizations have started to use these manuals. The Farmer Seeds Network in China has planned to translate the farmers’ manual to Chinese and disseminate it in the country. Box 2. Manuals published by Bioversity International and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of the federal republic of South Africa Vernooy R, B Sthapit and G Bessette. 2017. Community seed banks: Concept and practice. Facilitator handbook. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy; the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, South Africa [Also available in French and Spanish]. https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/user_upload/CSB_ Vernooy_2017.pdf Vernooy R, G Bessette, S Sthapit, A Dibiloane, N Lettie Maluleke, L Abner Matelele, M Mokoena, G Phora, P Sema and T Thabo. 2018. How to develop and manage your own community seed bank: Farmers’ handbook. Establishing a community seed bank: Booklet 1 of 3. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy; the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, South Africa [Also available in French and Spanish]. https://www.bioversityinternational.org/ e-library/publications/detail/how-to-develop-and-manage-your-own-communityseed-bank-farmers-handbookestablishing-a-commun/ Vernooy R G Bessette, B Sthapit and A Gupta. 2018. How to develop and manage your own community seed bank: Farmers’ handbook. Technical issues: Booklet 2 of 3. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy; the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, South Africa [Also available in French and Spanish]. https://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/how-todevelop-and-manage-your-own-community-seed-bank-farmers-handbooktechnicalissue/ Vernooy R, G Bessette, B Sthapit and A Porcuna Ferrer. 2018. How to develop and manage your own community seed bank: Farmers’ handbook. Management, networking, policies and a final checklist: Booklet 3 of 3. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy; the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, South Africa [Also available in French and Spanish]. https://www.bioversityinternational.org/ e-library/publications/detail/how-to-develop-and-manage-your-own-communityseed-bank-farmers-handbookmanagement-networkin/ New Research: Community Seed Banks, Agroecology, Resilience and Sustainability One of the major challenges that community seed banks face is sustainability –how to survive and thrive over a longer period of time and maintain their relevance, in particular with a solid resource base of people, money and infrastructure. From the comparative study of the strengths and weaknesses of community seed banks from around the world (Vernooy et al 2015), a number of important enabling factors were identified. Among them are: -6- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 • • • • • • • Farmers’ interest and leadership Local facilitator and network builder Technical and financial support Combine conservation and crop improvement efforts Responsiveness to climate change stress Potential to evolve into broader local, rural development organization Policy and legal support Having this sustainability ‘framework’ in mind is of great value when establishing new community seed banks and strengthen existing ones. It is promising that in recent years young researchers have expressed strong interest in researching sustainability and related (novel) issues of importance to community seed banks. Two Master students, supported by Bioversity International, developed interesting MSc research proposals and went to Nepal and Guatemala respectively to investigate questions concerning community seed banks and agroecological functionality and community seed banks and socio-ecological resilience. They returned with important data and published stimulating briefs and MSc theses upon which practitioners and scholars alike can build to plan future activities in the field. The findings are also valuable for policy makers. Research in Nepal Monserrat Gómez César, a student of organic agriculture at Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands, set out to find answers to three main and several minor questions: 1) How successful have community seed banks been in conservation of local biodiversity? • • • What have been the changes in cultivars and crop varieties cultivated? What effect could these changes in diversity have in the farming system? Are these changes self-sustaining (positively supporting the farming systems, ie introduction of pulses for fertility, perennial crops, varietal diversity for pest resistance etc)? 2) How successful have they been in acting as a platform for knowledge exchange and social change? • Has the community seed bank enabled the involvement of farmers in a research agenda? -7- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 • • How has the community seed bank facilitated the establishment of networks for knowledge exchange? Has the community seed bank strengthen the community’s organizational capacity? 3) How successful have they been in improving farmers’ access to diversity seed? • • • • What are farmers’ perceptions of their seed security? How do they relate this to future climatic changes and current provisioning of resources? What are benefits that they have experienced in terms of favorable crop trait(s) that they now can access? How do they now perceive their availability and access to seed? Based on a review of literature she produced a comprehensive framework based on insights from agroecology to evaluate the performance of community seed banks. The framework has three ‘pillars’: farm management, private livelihoods and social cohesion (see Box 3; Gómez César 2017, adapted from Table 3 on page 17). Farmers of three community seed banks in the country tested the framework. Field research findings suggest that community seed banks play important roles in rural livelihoods. Improved access to seed encouraged farmers to experiment with different varieties and their alternation over time. Greater household-level income and access to loan mechanisms appear to have provided an economic incentive to maintain local crop diversity. The tasks inherent to planning, forming and running a community seed bank creates a space for the intensification of local social cooperation and mutual learning. Aggregate social benefits and greater autonomy from both input pressures and market dynamics appear to be an emergent property of this cooperation (Gómez César 2017). With regards to the evaluation framework she concluded that it holds clear advantages for facilitators of community seed banks and farmers themselves to potentially optimize agroecology and on-farm conservation goals through future information sharing, project planning and the creation of shared strategic concepts (ibid: 37). -8- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Box 3. Community seed bank performance assessment framework Farm Management • Crop varietal diversity: Changes that have taken place in respect to the amount of crop varieties and crop types now grown on-farm • Use of diversity for pest management: Impact on pest and disease suppression due to the use of more diversity • Change in resilience of farming system: The farm’s strength and ability to sustain sudden changes in rainfall, temperature, or sudden climatic events • Skills and knowledge on management of diversity: tThe knowledge gained over how to manage different crop types and varieties • Use of diversity for soil fertility management: The observed effect a greater use of diversity has had on soil fertility Private-Livelihoods • Change in farm revenue: Observed change in revenue from farm production • Change in productivity: Observed change in the total harvest, overall stability in production • Market access: An increased ease in accessing markets and selling farm products • Product diversification: A greater availability of products to sell or used for home consumption • Reduced cost of inputs: Changes in the cost of seed, and other inputs such as machinery, labor, inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides Social Cohesion • Organizational skills and capacity building: Perceived competency in retaining and improving skills and knowledge in respect to the organization of large groups of community members, but also the governance, structure, and management of the community seed bank • Knowledge sharing: Perceived ease and frequency and common happening of knowledge exchange amongst community members • Community empowerment: Autonomy in decision making • Sovereign food systems: The ‘control’ over farmers’ choices of what and how to cultivate food • Collective action: The level of collaboration and action taken within the community Research in Guatemala Anna Porcuna Ferrer, a student in organic agriculture at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria, explored if and how community seed banks are supporting change towards a more resilient socio-ecological system at community-level. Her specific objectives were to: (i) explore how the community seed bank concept has been implemented in the local context and what roles community seed banks play in the local seed system; (ii) explore the change that has taken place due to the establishment of -9- Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 the community seed banks and identify the main driving factors of this change; (iii) identify and analyze the possible connections between this change and the socio-ecological resilience of the community. Her findings from Guatemala indicate that the relationship between community seed banks and resilience is not so straightforward although they do produce important benefits for their members at household and community levels. The farmer communities and the community seed banks she researched in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes are affected by important changes that occur in the region, such as the abandonment of maize cultivation and farming in general, a shift towards a more market-oriented agriculture and migration of young people to the USA (Porcuna Ferrer 2018). Farmers’ seed and production systems are changing as a result. Traditional factors shaping the socio-ecological resilience of the local communities, such as being self-sufficient in maize production, are losing ground. She concluded that community seed banks can contribute to newly emerging forms of resilience through the strengthening of crop diversity management, technical and organizational capacities, and more dynamic and effective networking. At the same time, community seed banks face challenges, such as weak involvement of youth and realizing untapped potential, such as broadening the crop base (ibid). A Multi-functional Global Community Seed Bank Platform It becomes clear that since 2012 many positive developments have been taking place. Encouraged by this, early 2015 a small team of Bioversity International staff began to think about something that could further strengthen community seed banks around the world and bring them to a higher performance level. The idea for the establishment of a global platform for community seed banks was born. The idea for such a platform was endorsed at a workshop about community seed banks and farmers’ rights held in New Delhi, India (October 2015), where community seed bank researchers from around the world called on Bioversity International to take the lead in creating a global platform of/for community seed banks. They argued that such a global platform could serve as a virtual node of convergence and synergy to build more supportive policy and legal environments, internationally and nationally; and to further strengthen community seed banks technically and organizationally at regional and local levels. Over time, by the middle of 2018, this idea evolved into a proposal. The proposal aims to establish a global community seed banks platform that will support existing community seed banks and national/regional community seed bank networks around the world, scale out their activities and achievements, and contribute to their sustainability. The global platform will: • Document, analyze and share practical experiences, successes and challenges; - 10 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 • • • Provide technical, organizational and policy/legal expertise; Coordinate and support action research; Support national/regional networking. Through its multiple activities at local, national and international levels, the global platform will strengthen farmers’ seed systems, diversify income sources and livelihoods, and contribute to increased seed security of local communities and countries. Furthermore, through the establishment of linkages between (inter) national genebanks and community seed banks, farmers and their communities will have better access to more crop diversity –much needed to be able to adapt to climate change and build up resilience. Women seed custodians and community seed bank leaders will play a central role in platform activities. Getting the platform up and running is the present challenge on our continuing community seed banking journey. References Andersen R, P Shrestha, G Otieno, Y Nishikawa, P Kasasa and A Mushita. 2018. Community Seed Banks, Sharing experiences from the North and South: A report from a side event held on the 1st of November 2017 at the Seventh session of the Governing body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, in Kigali- Rwanda. http://www.diversifood. eu/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/report_community_seed_banks_BAT_web.pdf Gómez César M. 2017. Towards an Agroecological Framework for the Evaluation of Community Seed Banks: A Case Study of Nepal. MSc thesis Farming Systems Ecology. Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands. http://himalayancrops.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/GomezCesar_Thesis_ Final_Revised.pdf Porcuna Ferrer A. 2018. Do community seed banks contribute to socio-ecological resilience? The case of the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Guatemala. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. https://www.bioversityinternational. org/e-library/publications/detail/do-community-seed-banks-contribute-to-socioecological-resilience-the-case-of-the-sierra-de-los-cuc/ Shrestha P, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary (eds). 2013. Community seed banks in Nepal: Past, present, future. Proceedings of a national workshop, 14–15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development, Pokhara, Nepal, and Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. http://www. bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Community_seed_banks_in_ Nepal__past__present_and_future_1642.pdf Vernooy R. 2013. In the hands of many: A review of community gene/seed banks the world. In: Community Seed banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proceedings of a National Workshop, 14–15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development, Pokhara, Nepal, and Bioversity International, Rome, Italy; pp.3–15. http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Community_seed_ banks_in_Nepal__past__present_and_future_1642.pdf - 11 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Vernooy R, P Shrestha and B Sthapit (eds). 2015. Community Seed Banks: Origins, evolution and prospects. Routledge, Oxon, UK. https://www. bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/community-seed-banksorigins-evolution-and-prospects/ Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Galluzzi and P Shrestha. 2014. The Multiple Functions and Services of Community Seed banks. Resources 3:636-656. http://www.mdpi. com/2079-9276/3/4/636 Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Otieno, P Shrestha and A Gupta. 2017. The roles of community seed banks in climate change adaptation. Development in Practice 27:316-327. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2017.1294653. |l-------l|l-------l| - 12 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International Government Implemented Community Seed Banks: Approach and Progress Mukunda Bhusal, Prakash Acharya and Bimal Thapa Chhetri Crop Development and Agrobiodiversity Center, Department of Agriculture, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur; @: omukunda@gmail.com; PA <acharyaprakash2007@gmail. com>; BTC <bimalthapa84@gmail.com> Pokhara Community Seed Bank in Dadeldhura District. Photo: DoA Abstract The Government of Nepal started implementing Community Seed Banks (CSBs) in the fiscal year 2008/09. The program covered nine Districts with one CSB in each. Most of the CSBs produced improve seed of major crops; they also conserved local landraces. Two CSBs became nonfunctional, in Sindhupalchowk due to the mega earthquake and in Jumla, due to inefficient leadership. Some of the challenges faced by the CSBs are proper legal provision for registration, misuse of seed money, inefficient leadership and lack of long-term strategic plan. Each CSB requires a sound sustainability plan to address these challenges. A CSB can achieve sustainability through promoting linkages between the national genebank, regional and international genebanks and community seed banks for the exchange of seeds and related information about biodiversity conservation. Other factors that contribute to sustainability include strong social networks, an effective institutional mechanism, dedicated leadership, social inclusion and a strategic long-term work plan. Keywords: Approaches, germplasm conservation, sustainability - 13 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Introduction Seed is one of the few resources available for smallholder farmers to ensure a sustainable livelihood, food and nutritional security. Conservation of agrobiodiversity in farmer’s fields is very important to minimize its loss. Equally important are the conservation (protection) and seed multiplication of neglected and underutilized crops. Although many farmers are shifting towards the production of a handful of productive crops to meet growing food needs, it is now recognized by many that sustainable agriculture cannot be achieved without the conservation of agrobiodiversity (Mercer and Perales 2010, Carvalheiro et al 2011, Ebert 2011, Vigouroux et al 2011). In many countries, farmers are actively exchanging planting materials with neighbors, relatives and even distant strangers, thereby moving crop genetic diversity across farming units and agroecological systems (Chambers and Brush 2010, Coomes 2010). In order to increase the awareness about the importance of agro-biodiversity conservation, the government of Nepal started implementing community seed banks in the fiscal year 2008/09. The implementation of community seed banks was announced in the budget speech of the same year. On 25 January 2009, the prime minister’s speech highlighted the establishment of community seed banks throughout the country in order to develop a national sustainable seed system. In the same year, the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agricultural Development (MoAD) approved the Community Seed Bank Program Implementation Guidelines. As defined in the guidelines, ‘’community seed banks (CSBs) are the community led and owned initiatives for conservation and maintenance of local and improved seeds which ultimately support ensuring seed, food and livelihood security (Shrestha et al 2012, Joshi 2013). The main objective of the establishment of a community seed bank is to improve the access to quality seed through collection, storage, exchange and distribution. A second objective is the conservation of local varieties. Seed security at the local level can be achieved through conservation and increasing the availability and accessibility of seed through seed vendors. Community seed banks can be promoted as an essential instrument for conserving local varieties, restoring ‘lost’ varieties and sharing knowledge and experiences among farmers (Lewis and Mulvany 1997, Shrestha et al 2012). Review of Community Seed Banks Implemented by the Government of Nepal Initially, the program was designed to implement community seed banks covering districts of all five development regions. It was planned to establish community seed banks in 17 districts of Nepal (Table 1). However, actual implementation took place in nine districts, namely Sankhuwasawa, Okhaldhunga, Sindhupalchowk, Dhading, Gulmi, Jumla, Jajarkot, Doti and Dadeldhura. - 14 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 1. Proposed districts for implementing community seed banks Ecological Belt and Districts Development Region High Hill Mid Hill Eastern region Sankhuwasawa Terathum, Okhaldhunga Mid region Sindhupalchowk Dhading Western region Mustang Gulmi Mid-west region Jumla Jajarkot Far-west region Bajhang Doti, Dadeldhura Total 5 7 Source: Community Seed Bank Implementation Guideline 2009. Tarai Siraha Rautahat Nawalparasi Banke Kanchanpur 5 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis SWOT analysis was carried out to evaluate the implemented program and services delivered with the intent of maximizing organizational performance in the future. This analysis was carried out based on discussion with the focal person of each of the program districts. The focal persons were Agriculture Extension Officers (AEOs) of District Agriculture Development Office (DADO) and the analysis was conducted on December 2017. A synthesis of the findings is presented in Table 2. Table 2. SWOT analyses Strength • Participation and ownership of farmers • Seed money Opportunity • Seed supply to neighbor districts • Quality seed production • Enhancement of seed replacement rate Operational Status Weakness • Inadequate market linkages • Lack of technical knowhow • Inadequate manpower • Overdependence on subsidy Threat • • Misuse of seed money Sustainability in absence of subsidy According to the CSB Implementation Guideline 2009, nine CSBs were formed and they are involved in conservation of local varieties and production and distribution of improved varieties seed (Table 3). Currently, the Thakurjyu Community Seed Bank of Jumla and the Sindhutuki Community Seed Bank are no longer operational. The latter collapsed due to mega earthquake of 2015. - 15 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 3. Current status of community seed banks in different districts Current situation/ Name of SN Name of CSB Address Institute involved in District seed business Pokhara Agriculture 1 Dadeldhura Pokhara CSB Amargadhi Cooperative Ranadevi Agriculture 2 Dhading Ranadevi CSB Nilkantha Cooperative Ghanteshwor Jaibik Bibidhata 3 Doti* Joraeel CSB Agriculture Cooperative Malika Agriculture 4 Gulmi Malika CSB Simichaur Cooperative Kalika Agriculture 5 Jajarkot Kalika CSB Khalanga Cooperative 6 Jumla Thakurjyu CSB Mahatgaun 7 Okhaldhunga Sindhu CSB Kuntadevei 8 Shankhusawa Krishi CSB Dharmadevi 9 Sindhupalchowk SindhuTuki CSB Thumpakhaer Not in operation Milanchowk and Maachandeshowari Agriculture Cooperative Krishi CSB Not working due to 2015 earthquake *In collabration with LI-BIRD. Source: Records from community seed banks kept in Districts Agriculture Development Offices. CSBs as Means to Increase Seed Accessibility and Availability CSBs have increased overall abundance, diversity and accessibility of landraces to the farmers in Nepal (Shrestha et al 2012). Nowadays, functional CSBs have become a source center for seed production and conservation (Table 4). They make available to farmers seed of otherwise rarely available crops. This enhances the accessibility to seed and contributes to improving the livelihoods of remotely living farmers. Pokhrel et al (2012) further confirmed that CSBs have improved the availability of seed and associated knowledge. This has contributed to strengthened livelihood security over the years. While monitoring the status of the Pokhara Community Seed Bank at Dadeldhura, it was observed that the CSB is selling their seeds in neighboring districts; sometimes they even send their seed to the eastern districts of Nepal. In Dhading district the Ranadevi CSB supplies most of the maize seed demanded inside the district. - 16 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 4. Target of seed distribution, area expansion and budget allocation SN District 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dadeldhura Dhading Doti Gulmi Jajarkot Jumla Okhaldhunga Shankhusawa Sindhupalchowk Seed Distribution, t 17 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Source: CDD, Annual Report, 2016/2017. Area Expansion, ha 300 32 38 43 16 30 37 45 32 27 Allocated Budget (NPR, 000) 2130 195 215 420 204 214 225 223 217 217 Challenges The community seed banks of these nine districts mostly focus on seed business of rice, wheat, maize and soybean, and second, on the conservation of neglected and underutilized crops (Table 5). However, CSBs face challenges to do this kind of conservation given the low demand for seed in the communities for these types of crops. Given that there is still no legal provision to register a CSB, the CSBs do their seed business registered as a cooperative. Strong leadership is one of the most important factors for running a sound CSB. Table 5. Summary of seed produced (tons) by community seed banks (2016/2017) 2 Name of CSB Sindhutuki CSB, Sindhupalchowk (Nonfunctional due to earthquake) Sindhu CSB, Okhaldhunga 3 Pokhara CSB, Dadeldhura 4 Ranadevi CSB, Dhading 5 KalikaCSB, Jajarkot 6 Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti 7 8 SN 1 Rice 30 Wheat 20 Maize Total 13 13 37 37 10 60 35 5 Soybean 1.5 36.5 12 17 Malika CSB, Gulmi 26.85 26.85 Krishi CSB, Shankhusawa 25 25 Total amount of seed produced Source: Records of Community Seed Banks from Districts Agriculture Development Offices. - 17 - 215.35 Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 In the recent past, the agricultural budget was significantly increased in each district but, unfortunately, the community seed bank was not in the priority list. No one paid attention to the monitoring and evaluation of the community seed bank program. Lack of public support for CSBs is considered one of the key issues affecting CSBs (Khanal and Maharjan 2015). Another problem that emerged was that some of the CSBs used the seed money that was given as a revolving fund for other purposes. CSBs do not have a sustainability plan, but mostly depend on government subsidy. For example, the Thakurjyu CSB of Jumla was established based on demand of local farmers and a building was built early on. After the second year of operations, the chairperson changed and the newly formed management committee did not have a proper understanding of the functions of the community seed bank, its roles and responsibility. They also lacked a longterm strategic plan for the sustainability of the organization. Sustainability of Community Seed Banks There are about 125 CSB established in Nepal, but most of them are not operating properly (Joshi 2013). Monitoring and evaluation of CSBs could help to improve the performance, for example, to develop a proper seed inventory. Another task is the annual budgeting and marketing of produced seeds. The monitoring and evaluation of CSBs should be linked to the operations of the local government and other institutions working at local level. The provincial government should take a lead role in policy planning and facilitation of CSBs, for example, by making a roadmap for the establishment and support of CSBs. The major roles of CSBs should be germplasm collection, conservation and delivery of landraces. For their sustainability, the registration of minor and neglected crops and their seed production could be explored and supported. CSB can be a resource center to supply landraces to seed companies and cooperatives for commercial production. Produced seed should be included in the national seed balance sheet. It is positive that the Department of Agriculture (DoA) has realized the importance of landrace conservation and the roles that CSBs can play. Formal linkages between CSBs and the national genebank, regional and international genebanks and the formal seed system are very crucial for their sustainability (SQCC 2013). Farmers have limited access to seed related information even when sufficient quantities of seed are available (Badstue 2006). To deal with this challenge, strong social networks (Siart 2008), effective institutional mechanisms, dedicated leadership and social inclusion are important factors to take into account (Momsen et al 2013). Their survival could also benefit from awareness campaigns, such as the organization of diversity fairs. - 18 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Conclusion Government established CSB are located in the mid-hill and high-hill regions where farmers are marginalized and cultivate less productive land with a focus on major crops. CSBs support farmers to acquire source seed, although the return rate is usually small. Seed quality is sometimes a challenge. It would be good to have a better functioning seed quality control system in place. Unfortunately, for these regions farmers do not have access to a seed laboratory, which are all located in the Tarai region. Farmers have the right to protect their landraces, which is one of the functions a CSB can fulfil. They have low purchasing power so some kind of support is needed to establish the CSB infrastructure including a conservation facility and processing equipment. Most of the newly elected local leaders do not know the importance of agro-biodiversity conservation. Awareness raising and capacity building of local leaders are needed to attract investment in CSBs and make them sustainable. References Carvalheiro LG, R Veldtman, GB Shenkute, CWW Pirk, JS Donaldson and SW Nicolson. 2011. Natural and within-farmland biodiversity enhances crop productivity. Ecol Lett 14:251–259. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01579.x CDD. 2017. Annual report. Crop Development Directorate (CDD). Hariharbhawan; pp.27-28. Chambers KJ and SB Brush. 2010. Geographic influences on maize seed exchange in the Bajio, Mexico. Professional Geographer 62(3):305–322. Coomes OT. 2010. Of stakes, stems, and cuttings: the importance of local seed systems in traditional Amazonian societies. Profes Geog 62(3):323–334. Ebert AW. 2011. Vegetable germplasm conservation and utilization at AVRDC— the world vegetable center. Acta Hortic 898:89–95. http://www.actahort. org/books/898/898_10.htm Joshi BK. 2013. A brief overview of community seed bank initiatives in Nepal. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proceedings of a National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity International, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal; pp.41-46. Khanal NP and KL Maharjan. 2015. Community seed production sustainability in ricewheat farming. Springer. ISBN 978-4-431-55473-8, pp. 35-54. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10-1007/978-4-431-55474-5 Lewis V and PM Mulvany. 1997. A typology of community seed banks. Natural Resources Institute. University of Greenwich, Kent, UK. http://www. sustainablelivingsystems.org/communityseedbanks.pdf Mercer KL and HR Perales. 2010. Evolutionary response of landraces to climate change in centers of crop diversity. Evol Appl 3:480–493. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1752-4571.2010.00137.x Momsen JH, I Kunze and E Oakley. 2013. Agro-biodiversity and equity: Addressing gender in trans-disciplinary research. In: Cultivate Diversity (A Christinck and M Padmanabhan, eds)! A handbook on trans-disciplinary approaches in agrobiodiversity research. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim; pp.71-91. - 19 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Pokhrel C, P Bhandari, V Lakhe and R Yadav. 2012. Agro-biodiversity conservation through seed banking: A case study from Mid- Western and Far-Western Nepal. Ecoprint 19: 39- 47. Shrestha P, S Sthapit, R Devkota and R Vernooy. 2012. National workshop on community seed banks: Workshop summary report. 14-15/06/2012, Pokhara. LIBIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam Nepal/Bioversity International. Siart S. 2008. Strengthening local seed systems: Options for enhancing diffusion of varietal diversity of sorghum in Southern Mali. Series Communication and Extension 85. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim. SQCC. 2013. National seed vision 2013-2025. Seed Quality Control Centre (SQCC), Lalitpur. Vigouroux Y, A Barnaud, N Scarcelli and AC Thuillet. 2011. Biodiversity, evolution and adaptation of cultivated crops. Compt Rend Biol 334:450–457. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.03.003 |l-------l|l-------l| - 20 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International The National Genebank’s Promotion of Community Seed Banks: Status and Strategy Bal Krishna Joshi, Krishna Hari Ghimire and Deepa Singh National Genebank (NAGRC), NARC, Khumaltar; @: joshibalak@yahoo.com, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7848-5824; KHG <krishnahari.ghimire@yahoo.com>; DS <dees_shrestha@hotmail.com> Participatory seed exchange in Jungu, Dolakha District. Photo: Niranjan Pudasaini, LI-BIRD Abstract Since 2003, the Nepal Agricultural Research Council has considered community seed bank (CSB) as one of the on-farm conservation approaches. The National Genebank (NAGRC) has supported nine CSBSs namely Dalchoki CSB, Kachorwa, Gadaria, Rainas, Simariya, Chhipra, Haku, Ganpokhara and Jugu CSB. Supports were technical, in-kinds and cash. A total of 1263 collections of 81 crops from 24 CSBs have been preserved in NAGRC. Only 65% of the stored accessions from CSBs met the Genebank Standard. Minimum requirements are enough seeds with >80% germination and passport data for conserving collections in the NAGRC. NAGRC defines Community Genebank (CGB) as a system of conservation and use of local crops and plant genetic resources (both orthodox and non-orthodox crops), managed by community covering certain range of areas. CGB consists of a community seed bank with conservation focus which deals with orthodox types of crops (eg rice, pea, etc) as well as community field genebank that deals with non-orthodox crops (eg potato, banana, etc). CGB may not be able to conserve all local crops and plants diversity. Database and display of all the diversity should be - 21 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 maintained in CGB along with traditional knowledge and storage system, phenomages (phenotype+image), traditional agri-tools, related publications, etc National Genebank has collaborated with CGB for collections, regeneration and has planned to collaborate with CGB for characterization and regeneration of already collected and conserved materials in the Genebank and to create and maintain databases. Community genebanks should promote village level field genebank, school field genebank, crop specific parks, religious site based field genebank, rejuvenation of old public and community orchards, distribution of diversity kits, organization of diversity fairs, maintenance of diversity block, etc. Keywords: Collaboration, community seed bank, community genebank, conservation, diversity, on-farm conservation Introduction Nepal possesses 484 indigenous cultivated species with an estimated number of 30,000 landraces (Joshi et al 2017a). Agriculture is practiced from 60 m to 4700 m altitude (Joshi et al 2017a), favoring a large number of plant diversity. Almost 50% of this diversity has been lost from the fields. Conservation initiatives were first started in 1984 in Nepal (Joshi 2017a), however, with poor facilities in the earlier period, conservation could not cover most of the crop diversity and could not conserve effectively for a longer term. In 2010, a well-equipped genebank was constructed and conservation gained momentum with the development of 26 different conservation methods/options and the preparation of 20 action plans (Joshi et al 2016, Genebank 2017). A concept of conservation ladder has been promoted with three layers of different conservation methods (Figure 1). These three layers are local, national and international with the concept of two types of gene pools: national crop gene pool and global gene pool. Equal efforts are necessary at all levels for effective conservation of all types of agricultural plant genetic resources (APGRs). At local level, conservation is possible only through utilization of plants and by mobilizing communities. This is generally termed on-farm conservation. Many national documents (eg IMISAP 2018-2025, NBSAP 2014-2020, Agrobiodiversity Policy 2014, Road Map of MoALMaC 2018, National Seed Vision 2013-2025, ADS 2015, National Agricultural Policy 2004, Community Seed Bank Guidelines 2008, etc) have recognized and some of them promoted on-farm conservation. Under the national strategy, community seed bank (CSB) is a very effective method for management of local crop diversity. CSB is an approach of promoting on-farm management of APGRs governed and managed by a farmer group, cooperative or organization, mostly in an informal way. Its core functions are to preserve seeds of crop landraces for use, providing easy access to seed and planting materials of diverse crops species and to promote farmers’ rights and food sovereignty (Vernooy et al 2014). CSB can enhance the resilience of farmers in the context of climate change (Vernooy et al 2017). - 22 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Figure 1. Conservation ladder for sustainable conservation and utilization of APGRs. Source: Joshi et al 2017a. CSBs have strong roots in Nepal where several non-government organizations took the lead in establishing and supporting them. More recently, the government of Nepal has started to invest in CSBs. The first CSB in the country was established in 1994 in Dalchoki, Lalitpur, with support of USC Canada-Nepal (Joshi 2013, Bhandari et al 2017). NAGRC has taken due consideration of CSBs as main partners for conservation and utilization of APGRs (Bhatta et al 2013). Landrace enhancement and repatriation are among the successful activities implemented by NAGRC in collaboration with CSBs. This paper highlights the current status of CSBs and strategies of the National Genebank to work with Community Seed/Genebanks (CGBs). Conservation Strategy and Method Conservation may be static or dynamic (Figure 2). Each type has its merits and demerits and both are necessary to conserve APGRs for longer term at national level. At local level, generally, a dynamic system exists and some examples are given in Figure 2. Among the four strategies (ie ex-situ, in-situ, on-farm and breeding) at national level, three strategies are being adopted at local level in Nepal (Figure 3). They are on-farm, in-situ and breeding. Under the on-farm strategy, there are a number of methods implemented by NAGRC in different locations (Figure 3). Community Genebank is one of the most effective and widely established methods at local level for conservation of APGRs. Within CGB, there are different forms eg community seed bank, community field genebank, community aqua pond genebank, community livestock farm genebank and community orchard. - 23 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Figure 2. Features of two broad conservation types of agrobiodiversity. G, Genotype; E, Environment; Y, Year; L, Location. Concepts of Community Seed Bank and Community Genebank Conservation of both orthodox and non-orthodox by the community is called Community Genebank which consists of both community seed bank and community field genebank. CSB deals only with orthodox crops and CFGB handles only non-orthodox crops. The concept of community seed bank is known in different ways around the globe, eg community gene bank, farmer seed house, seed hut, seed wealth center, seed savers group, association, or network, community seed reserve, seed library (Vernooy et al 2015). There are many variants of Community Field Gene Bank, such as village level FGB, religious site-based FGB, community based crop specific park and community managed orchard (Figure 4). - 24 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Figure 3. Conservation strategies and methods at local level for management of APGRs. Community Seed Bank Community Field Genebank: First in Ghadariya, Kailali from 2010 with 76 accessions of mango in 5.5 ha and extended to Turmeric, Jack fruit, Barro, Gol Kankri Community Orchard: CFGB Religious site based FGB: For CWR+Non-orthodox+WEP CC Figure 4. Different components within a Community Genebank. CFGB, Community field genebank; CWR, Crop wild relative; WEP, Wild edible plant. - 25 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Genebank Standard and Activities NAGRC has developed a conceptual framework of a community genebank (Figure 5). It expected to run the activities and establish components by CGB as given in this Figure. Figure 5. Components and activities of community genebank. Community Genebank and Sub Banks Community Seed Banks were established in Nepal to handle orthodox crops eg cereals, grain legumes and vegetables. The seeds of these crops are relatively easy to collect, dry, store, pack and handle. They are the main crops in most of the communities, therefore, CSBs were established targeting such seeds. About 40% of total APGRs in Nepal are non-orthodox. They should be given priority for conservation and use. NAGRC therefore promotes conservation of both orthodox and non-orthodox crops. Nowadays, many communities realize to consider all locally available APGRs for conservation. NAGRC has formulated and started working on different approaches for conservation of all types of APGRs. These approaches relate to the types of APGRs based on the conservation modules needed to store them. Generally, CSB and CGB are named with the prefix of location name, eg Dalchoki CSB, which means Dalchoki is the location or village name. To be a CSB or CGB, there should be conservation and utilization of local crop diversity; when farmers only dealing with modern varieties, then the concept of CSB does not apply. - 26 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 The first CFGB was established by Gadharia Community in Kailali district in 2010 by growing local mangoes on 5.5 ha of land. In Nepal, religious sites are automatically protected and such locations can be considered effective for conservation of cultivated crops in addition to crop wild relatives and wild edible plants. Such sites should be managed by the nearby community. In a village level FGB, diversity is managed by growing different landraces by each village member so that the total diversity is conserved at village level. Some communities have established crop specific diversity parks, eg banana park in Sripur Chhatiwan, Makawanpur. Both village level FGB and crop specific park were first established by Parivartan Nepal in 2012 in Sudha Chhatiwan, and Sripur Chhatiwan, Makawanpur. Parivartan Nepal has also established School Field Genebank in Phaparbari, Makawanpur and Pattharkot, Sarlahi in 2012. More than 100 public mango orchards can be found mainly in Lamjung, Kaski, Gorkha and Tanahu districts (Upadhya et al 2017). Most of them are very old, but nobody is taking care of them. Due to the very old age of the trees, they are almost at the stage of extinction. Since 2016 NAGRC has worked on rejuvenating such orchards. Rainas Community in Lamjung has managed an old mango orchard which was initially public, but now it is managed by the community (and called community managed mango park or community field genebank) following the management system of community forest. The main purpose of a CSB is to provide easy access of local crop diversity to the farmers so that local crop diversity can be conserved through continuous crop production. It is the community that actively manages local crop diversity. To make CSB effective, certain management principles should be followed. There are two broad principles called banking and housing (Figure 6). For example, banking implies the standard mechanisms of sale, exchange, loan etc and housing implies standard practices of keeping reference samples, distribution samples etc. Within a CGB, there could be many Household Genebanks (Household Seed Bank and Household Field Genebank). A household genebank is the agrobiodiversity maintained by a custodian farmer who plays significant roles in maintaining crop diversity and germplasm flows. NAGRC supports farmers who are conservation minded and grow a number of different types of crops species and landraces. Status of CSBs and CGBs in the Country Nepal is unique in using CSB and CGB approaches for conservation and sustainable utilization of APGRs. The first CSB was established in 1994 in Dalchoki, Lalitpur (Joshi 2013). In subsequent years there were many national events related to CSBs (Shrestha et al 2012). A timeline of such events is presented in Figure 7. NAGRC has played a key role in most of them. NARC annually allocates a budget for on-farm conservation activities. This contributes to successful on-farm conservation efforts. - 27 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Figure 6. Working principles for managing a community seed bank Figure 7. Major events related to Community Seed Bank (CSB) and community Genebank (CGB) in Nepal DoA, Department of Agriculture; NARC, Nepal Agricultural Research Council; CFGB, Community Field Genebank. - 28 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 144 CSBs in 33 Districts Humla-1 2017 Jumla-3 2009/10/17 Doti-1 2010 Kailali-4 2007/08/18 Lalitpur-3 1994/14/17 Bardiya-2 2007/18 Lamjung-2 2016/17 Dang-1 2010 Tanahu-1 2010 Rasuwa-1 Sindhupalchowk-2 2009/18 Okhaldhunga-1 2010 Jhapa-1 2010 Figure 8. Established year and distribution of 134 CSBs in Nepal (10 CSBs are excluded in the map) Figure within parenthesis is total number of CSBs and number of districts within that Province. Figure after the district name is number of CSBs in that district. Based on the current status, CSBs in Nepal can be grouped into active CSB, passive (dormant) CSB, collapsed CSB and transformed (transmuted) CSB. Active CSBs are those which are functional and working actively to conserve and utilize local crop landraces. Passive CSBs are those that were functional in the past, but for one reason or another, are not active anymore, eg there is no seed collection and exchange, the management committee is not holding any meetings and not promoting any activities. The building and materials are still in place and the CSB could be revived in the near future. Collapsed CSBs are no more in existence although they were functional for some time. Transformed CSBs are those that used to focus on local crop diversity, but then completely moved away from it to focus on different activities. In Nepal, there are 40 active CSBs, 6 passive CSBs, 3 collapsed and 95 transformed CSBs. These CSBs are located across the country (Figure 8). Figure 9 shows the number of CSBs established over the years. The largest number of CSBs was established in 2009. However, most of the CSBs that were established in 2009 have been transformed. There are several reasons why the status of a CSB can change. It will be good to document these to guide other CSBs toward sustainability. Political conflict caused a change from active to passive in one CSB. An earthquake was the major reason for the collapse of a CSB in another area. Transformation of CSBs happened due to the challenge of sustainability. Farmers find it hard to only focus on conservation without - 29 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 any economic incentive or benefit. Both governmental and non-governmental organizations have been actively involved in establishing CSBs in the country. CDD (now CDABC) and NAGRC are the main governmental agencies and LIBIRD and Action Aid are among the main non-governmental organizations (Table 1). Bioversity International is the main international (CGIAR) organization supporting operationalization of some community seed banks in Nepal. About 9 organizations are directly involved in establishing and running the CSBs. The largest number of CSBs was established by Oxfam, but later they were transformed. Active CSBs are being established and maintained by LIBIRD. Total 144 92 13 1 1 1 3 3 1994 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 4 1 2010 2011 2012 7 5 8 5 2014 2015 2016 2017 Figure 9. Number of community seed bank established over the years (1994-2017). Table 1. Institutions working on CSB SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Organization Oxfam LI-BIRD Action Aid NAGRC DoA FORWARD Nepal SAHAS Nepal USC-Canada Nepal Parivartan Nepal Community themselves Some organizations are jointly supporting some of these CSBs CSBs established/ supported, n 90 23 13 9 9 5 2 1 1 0 National Genebank’s Supported CSBs and Success Cases NAGRC is technically and financially supporting nine CSBs (Table 2). Three CSBs have started working on both orthodox and non-orthodox crops: they are therefore named a community genebank. A community genebank has a community seed bank and a community field genebank. NAGRC regularly organizes meetings and maintains communication with the CGBs. It supports to strengthen the management of agro-biodiversity and sustain operations. The CGBs all are very successful in conserving local crop diversity and making landraces easy accessible to farmers. In Lamjung, excellent work is done to - 30 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 rejuvenate the old public mango orchard which has more than 20 different very old landraces. The local community acquired this public orchard and then started rejuvenating and managing it as a community forest management system. The National Genebank provided training on grafting and managing mango trees. Now this orchard is well managed with proper labeling and a catalogue of the mango landraces available in this orchard has been drafted. These CSBs are involved in different regular activities of the National Genebank, eg collections, regeneration, exploration, characterization, repatriation, germplasm rescue, red listing, etc. The National Genebank requested Agyuli CSB to regenerate 100 accessions of rice in 2016 and provided seed samples and other items and covering costs. After harvesting, the National Genebank collected the required amount of seeds for storage in the National Genebank. The farmers kept and the rest of the seeds. This regeneration activity provided an opportunity to farmers to select six landraces of the 100 set to grow in their own fields. This collaboration between a CSB and the National Genebank is exemplary resulting in mutual benefits and promoting conservation efforts. Table 2. List of CSBs supported by NAGRC Dalchoki, Lalitpur Kachorwa, Bara Established year 1994 2003 Initial supporting organization USC Canada Nepal NAGRC and LI-BIRD Gadariya CSB* Gadariya, Kailali 2007 NAGRC and LI-BIRD Simariya CSB Simariya, Sunsari 2011 NAGRC 5 Chhipra CSB Chipra, Humla 2016 NAGRC and LI-BIRD 6 Haku CSB Haku, Jumla 2016 7 Rainas CSB* Rainas, Lamjung 2016 NAGRC and LI-BIRD COPADES and NAGRC Ghanpokhara, Lamjung 2016 NAGRC and LI-BIRD Jugu, Dolakha 2016 NAGRC and LI-BIRD SN CSB Address 1 2 Dalchoki CSB Kachorwa CSB* 3 4 8 9 Ghanpokhara CSB Jugu CSB * Handling orthodox and non-orthodox crops. Germplasm from CSBs and Genebank Standard Seed samples received by the National Genebank from different CSBs are listed in Annex 1 and total amount of crops and collections are given in Figure 10. On 29 December 2014, a seed transfer event was held at the Agyauli Community Seed Bank in the Nawalparasi district, where 15 community seed banks from 12 districts transferred seeds to the National Genebank. NAGRC has received a total of 1263 collections of 81 crops from 24 CSBs. 1200 collections had passport data, however majority of the passport had not complete information. 65 and 60% of these collections had met the two Genebank Standards ie germination - 31 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 2015 capacity and seed amount respectively. Three major Genebank standards are enough seed quantity, complete passport data and >80% germination rate. Those samples that meet these standards are directly stored in the Medium and Long Term Storage facilities. Those that do not meet the standards are sent for seed multiplication, regeneration or research. Lahan, Siraha Kachorwa, Bara 4 2 6 6 8 3 Kunjo, Mustang 6 Shankarpur, Kanchanpur 5 Jogimara, Dhading Talium, Jumla Ghanteswar, Doti 14 18 23 16 39 1 41 11 Ratanchula, Sindhuli Belandi, Kanchanpur Tamafok, Sankhuwasaba 48 19 86 38 96 33 Purkot, Tanahaun 2013 79 31 Pathraiya, Kailali 2012 62 21 Rampur, Dang 115 35 Belawa, Bardiya 22 Shivjung, Jhapa 22 Dalchoki, Lalitpur 23 Simariya , Sunsari 45 24 Ranibas, Sindhuli Agyuli , Nawalparasi 53 22 Gadariya, Kailali 2014 Crops recieved, n Parsaini, Nawalparasi Masuria, Kailali Collections recieved, n 32 15 17 22 20 Sindhu, Sindhupalchok 25 Sangha, Kavre 25 115 135 48 51 56 66 Figure 10. Total crops and collections received from CSB over the years to conserve in NAGRC. Strategies to Promote and Support CGBs The National Genebank has the following working strategies with CSBs for agrobiodiversity management. Strengthening Linkages with Community Seed Banks/Community Gene banks • Involvement of CSBs in regular activities of the National Genebank to support on-farm conservation. One of the important activities will be to regenerate local landraces in collaboration with local CSBs. There is - 32 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 • • a need to select CSBs based on representative agro-climate and agrobiodiversity status. If landraces are not popular among farmers, CSBs are requested to send such landraces along with passport data to the National Genebank and to maintain a sample for display in their own CSB. Common landraces and farmers’ preferred landraces should be conserved through continuous cultivation. Commercialization should be explored to add value. The national genebank need to facilitate existing CSBs to be converted to CGBs and work on all types of agricultural genetic resources. Samples of all available genetic resources should be kept for display in the CSB with proper labeling. Linkage of CSBs with Research Stations and Agricultural Farms • Every CGB should develop a link with a nearby research stations and DoA farms and offer support to establish a field genebank and start germplasm exchange. Local landraces are very poorly used in research and study (Joshi 2017b). Therefore, utilization should be the main goal of CSB and CGB by linking with research centers and private entrepreneurs. • Based on identification of crop specific hot spot areas of diversity, a conservation village should be established and replacement of landraces from such areas should be prohibited. Endangered landraces conserved in such areas should then be classified as vulnerable or common. • Programs should be designed to accelerate seed exchanges among communities by linking with national genebank to strengthen the local crop diversity (Gauchan et al 2016). Identification of Analogueue sites for Germplasm Collection and Repatriation • Analogue sites of every CSB should be identified using the climate Analogue tool (Joshi et al 2017c) to define suitable areas for collections, growing diversity block, regeneration and distribution. When a CSB operates as such, it will be a Climate Smart Community Seed Bank. As an example, the Analogue site of Kachorwa Community See Bank is presented in Figure 11. - 33 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Figure 11. Analogue sites of Kachorwa CSB based on the climate Analogue tool. Survey and Exploration of Germplasm Farmers are not only seed providers, but the sources of information about a large number of genetic resources. Collectors can learn much from farmers and should communicate with them at the initial stage of sample exploration and collecting. NAGRC has already started collaborating with CSBs in survey and exploration of agro-biodiversity and will continue. Collection and Red Listing Collecting is the major activity of NAGRC. The NBSAP (National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan) has targeted to cover the conservation of 75% of the commonly cultivated crops and horticultural crops by 2020 (NBSAP 2014). NAGRC alone will not be able to meet this target. CSBs are collaborating with NAGRC to carry out collections and to identify priority landraces for red listing. NAGRC applies a red zoning system to identify endangered landraces (the methodology is described in Joshi and Gauchan 2017). Red zones should receive priority for collection missions. In other zones, population size and preferential status (Figure 12), and trait distribution criteria (Figure 13) are used to identify vulnerable, rare, endangered and unique landraces. This system of classifying crop landraces has been in practice in Nepal since 2004 (Joshi et al 2004). It builds on a system used for forest genetic resources. For forest genetic resources, IUCN criteria and the CITES system are used. Annex 2 gives an overview of the rare, endangered and endemic species in the country. NAGRC encourages all CSBs to use the list (Annex 2) to collect and conserve species in the community or to collect and send them to the National Genebank. - 34 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Figure 12. Red listing method (grouping) of landraces for priority conservation Figure 13. Technique of identifying unique landraces for priority conservation Genebank Related Regular Activities The National Genebank has a regular program of conservation related activities, some of which are seasonal and location specific. NAGRC aims to identify at least 9 CSBs located in different environments across the three major agro-ecozones in the country (Figure 14). NAGRC has a good linkage with many CSBs and will carry out joint missions. The activities that NAGRC has identified to be done by CSBs are depicted in Figure 14. Some of the collaborative activities already underway are training, participatory varietal selection (landrace enhancement and - 35 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 conservation), diversity kits distribution, maintaining diversity blocks, organizing diversity fairs and food fairs, regeneration, collecting, seed multiplication, characterization, red listing and database management. 6 7 8 9 Landrace enhancement Geographical indication Collections (germplasm + passport) Diversity block Diversity fair 5 Red listing 4 Descriptors development 3 Image banking 2 Multiplication 1 Utilization Repatriation Training Tarai East Nepal Regeneration Mid Hill Mid Nepal Characterization High Hill West Nepal National Genebank Database management Figure 14. Collaborative activities of NAGRC, CSBs, CGBs and CFGBs. Landrace Enhancement and Conservation (LEC) Conservation through use is very effective however, due to poor performance of many landraces, farmers prefer to grow modern varieties. The National Genebank has therefore given priority to improve farmers’ landraces in collaboration with CSBs, farmers and their communities (the approach is described in Joshi 2017a). NAGRC has focused on developing site specific as well as household specific varieties of local landraces. Some improved landraces have been registered by the National Seed Board. Enhanced landraces developed in collaboration with CSB /communities and farmers are Jethobudo Dhan, Gujmuje Rayo, Dude Rayo, Kachorwa-4 Dhan, Dude Chino, Rato Kodo, Paheli Simi, Jumli Simi, Kalo Kaguno, Sunale Latte, Borang Dhan, etc. NAGRC will further intensify this work in diverse crops with different CSBs located across the country. Development of Ownership Documents of Landraces It is common to find the same landraces in many areas and CSBs. It also happens that although they are named the same in in different CSBs, they actually are genetically different. Nepali crop landraces are very poorly documented. To have ownership right of a landrace, a community should have seven different documents: i. Historical information and archeological evidence (for an - 36 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 example, see Figure 15); ii. Phenotypic database including location, landrace or cultural/ religious specific traits; iii. Genotypic database including fingerprint; iv. Associated traditional knowledge and use values; v. Multimedia descriptors; vi. Unique and distinguishable traits and information about the site where its distinct form has been developed; vii. Information related to germplasm flow (trace forward and trace backward. The National Genebank has started to collect the required documents for a number of crop landraces with the involvement of farmers. Relevant stakeholders should work together to compile all the required information. For example, a CSB can contribute information contained in its register of landraces while the National Genebank has genotypic data and germplasm flow information. Figure 15. Stamp of Jumli Marshi rice issued by the Postal Services Department. Geographical Indication Due to the varied agro-climate in the country, there are many geographically linked traits in many crop landraces (Joshi 2017b). Geographically typical landraces should be identified in collaboration with CSBs and CSBs should try to obtain a Geographical Indication right on the local products derived from these landraces. GI labeled products can be sold at premium price. Consumers have shown willingness to pay a higher price for such products. It is recommended that CSBs advance and apply the GI system in their areas. Some of the unique landraces are mapped in Figure 16. Problems and Issues Many CSBs face a major challenge: the limited diversity within their collection. It is not easy to design and carry out a proper sampling strategy; the sample size may be too small or the sampling does not adequately cover all the different areas. Sometimes, farmers give different names to the same landrace. Sometimes they use the same name for two or more different landraces. Many farmers call modern varieties local, which makes it difficult to distinguish modern varieties from local landraces during collections. It is likely that in the National Genebank and in CSBs there are many duplicate accessions. Not only limited knowledge about collection methods is a cause. Sometimes different organizations and collectors duplicate each other’s efforts. A second problem is that local landraces sometimes perform worse than modern varieties. Improving landraces is - 37 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 therefore important. A third challenge is to developed standard practices for CSBs that take into account location, objectives, targets and resources. Figure 16. Some unique crop landraces (name pointed by arrow) and their distribution in Nepal. Conclusion and Way Forward NAGRC is promoting different methods for on-farm conservation such as CSB, CGB, CFGB, Village Level FGB, Religious Site based FGB, and rejuvenation of old pubic orchard. Community seed bank is a very successful method for the conservation and utilization of local crop diversity. NAGRC has technically and financially supported nine CSBs located across the country. Some CGBs participate in the regular activities of NAGRC. At national level, a coherent strategy should be developed for establishing CSBs instead of following a project by project process. The strategy should identify how many CSBs are necessary in the country, where they should be functional and what area they should cover. Most CSBs handle only orthodox seeds; therefore, community genebanks should be strengthened to handle all orthodox and non-orthodox plant species. Their activities could be expanded to include water-based species, livestock, insects and microorganisms. Last but not least, CSBs should not only focus on the conservation of local genetic resources, but add other activities that can add value to the conservation efforts. - 38 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Acknowledgements NARC regularly allocates budgets for on-farm conservation. We thank Bedanand Chaudary, Dinesh Shrestha, Mohan Hamal for providing information. References Bhandari B, BK Joshi, P Shrestha, S Sthapit, P Chaudhary and AK Acharya. 2017. Custodian farmers, agrobiodiversity rich areas and agrobiodiversity conservation initiatives at grass root levels in Nepal. In: Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal (BK Joshi, HB KC and AK Acharya, eds). 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Joshi BK, AK Acharya, D Gauchan, D Singh, KH Ghimire and BR Sthapit. 2017b. Geographical indication: A tool for supporting on-farm conservation of crop landraces and for rural development. In: Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal (BK Joshi, HB KC and AK Acharya, eds). Proceedings of 2nd National Workshop, 22-23 May 2017, Dhulikhel; NAGRC, FDD, DoA and MoAD; Kathmandu, Nepal; pp.50-62. Joshi BK, KH Ghimire, D Singh and MN Paduel. 2016. Conservation options, methods and programs for Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal. NAGRC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. - 39 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. http://www.narc.org.np/publicaton/pdf/journal/Vol5/red_listing_agricultural_ crop_species_varieties_la.pdf Joshi BK, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary. 2017c. Crop Interdependence, Adaptation to Climate Change and the Multilateral Systems of Access and Benefit Sharing: The Case of Nepal. Indian Journal of Plant genetic Resources. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 30(3): 210-217. Joshi BK. 2013. A brief overview of community seed bank initiatives in Nepal. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proceedings of a National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity International, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal; pp.41-46. Joshi BK. 2017a. Conservation and utilization of agro-biodiversity advanced from 1937 to 2017 in Nepal. In: Krishi Sanchar Smarika (F Devkota, ed). AICC, MoAD; pp.181208. Joshi BK. 2017b. Plant Breeding in Nepal: Past, Present and Future. Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University 1:1-33. Shrestha P, S Sthapit, R Devkota and R Vernooy. 2012. Workshop Summary Report. National Workshop on Community Seed Banks, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam Nepal/Bioversity International. Shrestha, TB and RM Joshi. 1996. Rare, endemic and endangered plants of Nepal. WWF Nepal program, Kathmandu. Siwakoti M. 2002. Vegetation and flora of Nepal (with reference to Tarai). IUCN Nepal. Siwakoti M. 2006. An overview of floral diversity in Wetlands of Tarai region of Nepal. Our Nature 4:83-90. Upadhya D, BK Joshi, R Dhakal, R Manandhar, AK Acharya and A Sharma. 2017. Community and public orchards, and community and school field genebanks in Nepal. In: Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal (BK Joshi, HB KC and AK Acharya, eds). Proc. 2nd National Workshop, 22-23 May 2017, Dhulikhel; NAGRC, FDD, DoA and MoAD; Kathmandu, Nepal; pp.102114. Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Galluzzi and P Shrestha. 2014. The multiple functions and services of community seed banks. Resources 4(3):636–656. Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Otieno, P Shrestha and A Gupta. 2017. The roles of community seed banks in climate change adaption. Development in Practice 27 (3):316-327, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2017.1294653. Vernooy R, P Shrestha and B Sthapit, eds. 2015. Community Seed Banks: Origins, Evolution and Prospects. Routledge, London and New York. - 40 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Annex 1. Details of seeds received from some community seed banks for conservation in the National Genebank SN 1 CSB Agyuli CSB Address Nawalparasi Year Handed 2013 2 Belandi CSB Kanchanpur 2014 3 Belawa CSB Bardiya 2014 4 Ghanteswar CSB Doti 2014 5 Jogimara CSB Dhading 2014 6 Kachowra CSB Bara 2014 7 Kunjo CSB Mustang 2014 8 Lahan CSB Siraha 2015 9 Masuria CSB Kailali 2014 Agronomic Crops Rice (15), Maize (20), Barley (1), Buckwheat (1), Wheat (1), Lentil (1), Linseed (1), Sesame (4), Perilla (1) Barley (1), Finger Millet (1), Rice (5), Wheat (2) Rice (1), Maize (1) Wheat (2), Buckwheat (1), Lentil (2), Amaranth ((1), FM (2), Maize (2), Rice (7), Wheat (2), Hemp (1) Horticultural Crops Mustard (2), Bottle Gourd (1), Sponge Gourd (1), Pumpkin (1), Broad Leaf Mustard (1), Garlic (1), Turmeric (1), Zinger (1), Taro (1),Cowpea (4), Pigeon Pea (2), Rice Bean (2), Horse Gram (1) Bitter Gourd (1), Chilly (1), Cowpea (1), Pea (1), Lady's Finger (1), Lentil (1), Mustard (1), Pigeon Pea (1), Pumpkin (1), Ricebean (10), Sesame (2), Soybean (1), Sponge Gourd (1) Ricebean (1), Black Gram (1), BLM (1), Sesame (1) Leafy Vegetable (1), Bean (13), BG (1), Chilly (1), Pea (1), Ginger (1), HG (1), Linseed (1), Perilla (1), Radish (1), Ricebean (2), Sarson (2), Sesame (1), Soybean (3), Spinach (1), Taro (3), Turmeric (1) Lentil (1), Mustard (1), Onion (1), Soybean (2), Taro (3), Ricebean (1), HG (2), Black Gram (2), Cowpea (1), Garlic (1), Fenugreek (1), FM (4), Perilla (1) Bean (1), Black Gram (1), Amaranth (1), Chickpea (1), HG (1)Lentil (1), Oat (1), Barley Linseed (1), Mustard (1), Pea (1), Rice (86), (4), Pigeon Pea (1), Pumpkin Sorghum (2) (1), Sesame (1), SG (5), Ash Gourd (1), Green Gram (1) Mustard (1)Bean (7), Chilly (1), Coriander (1), Pea (1), Radish Maize (1), Barley (1), Rapeseed (1), Soybean (1), (2), Amaranth Swiss Chad (1), Tomato (1), (2), Cumin (1), Radish (1), Bitter Gourd (1), Cumin (1), Rapeseed (1), Pea (1), Bean (7), Rice (6) Pigeon Pea (1), Lentil (1) Bitter Gourd (1), Chilly (1), Rice (7), FM (1), Black Gram (2), Cowpea (2), Mustard (1), Soybean (1) Barley (1), Barnyard Millet (2), Buckwheat (2), Rice (15), Maize (5) - 41 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 SN CSB Address 10 Parsaini CSB Nawalparasi 11 12 13 14 Patharaiya CSB Purkot CSB Rampur CSB Ratanchura Kailali Tanahu Dang Sindhuli Year Handed 2015 Agronomic Crops Rice (3), Maize (1) 2014 Aaarsi (1), Rice (2), Barley (2), Foxtail Millet (2), Finger Millet (2), Rice (28), Maize (1), 2014 Barley (1), Bhang (11), Maize (6), Buckwheat (1), Wheat (1), Colocasia (8), Perilla (2), Rice (18), Elephant Yam (1) FM (11), Foxtail Millet (1), Garden Cress (1) 2014 Ash Gourd (1), Barley (1), FM (1), Wheat (1), Linseed (1), Maize (3), Perilla (2), Rice (28), Sesame (1), Wheat (3), 2014 Rice (1), Finger Millet (1), Amaranth (2), Barley (2), Buckwheat (4), Foxtail (2), FM (12), Maize (3), Rice (10), Sorghum (1) - 42 - Horticultural Crops Leafy Vegetable (2), Mustard (1), Cowpea (2), Brinjal (1), Bottle Gourd (1), BLM (2), Capsicum (1), Carrot (1), Chickpea (1), Chilly (2), Colocasia (15), Cowpea (1), Fennel (1), Fenugreek (1) , FB (3), Larcha (3), Lentil (1), Field Pea (3), Elephant Foot Yam (1), Potato (3), Ricebean (2), Sarson (1), Sesame (2), Soybean (2), SG (1), Torai (1), Turmeric (2), Yam (5), Githa (2), Pea (1) Leafy Vegetable (1), Bhyakur (1), Sesame (4), Yellow Sesame (1), Bitter Gourd (1), Black Gram (6), Mustard (2), Soybean (8), Bottle Gourd (2), Okra (2), SG (3), Chilly (5), Pea (2), Turmeric (2), Cowpea (6), Fennel (1) , Pigeon Pea (2), Rice Bean (7), Field Bean (1), Garlic (1), Linseed (1), Radish (1), Yam (1), Sponge Gourd (3) Pea (1), Bitter Gourd (1), BG (1), BLM (1) , Chickpea (2) , Chilly (2), Cowpea (4), Cucumber (1), Fennel (1), Fenugreek (1), Field Bean (1), Horse Gram (1), Lady Finger (1) , Lorcha (2), Lentil (1), Mustard (1), Niger (1), Pea (1), Potato (1), Pumpkin (1), Radish (1), Soybean (2), SG (3) , Turmeric (3), Yam (2), Jhilingo (1), Garden Cress (1) Soybean (2), Black Gram (5), Bottle Gourd (1), BLM (1), Chickpea (1), Chilly (1), Coriander (2), Cowpea (2), Fennel (2), HG (1), Lentil (2), Mustard (1), Niger (1)Pea (3), Perilla (3), Pumpkin (1), Ricebean (4), Sesame (2), Soybean (5) , Sunflower (1), Pointed Gourd (1), Lovage (2), Bethe (1) Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 SN CSB Address 15 Shankarpur CSB Kanchanpur Year Handed Agronomic Crops 2014 Rice (5), FM (1), Horticultural Crops 16 Shivjung CSB Jhapa 2014 Rice (59), Barley (1), Maize (3), Finger Millet (3), Buck Wheat (2), Lentil (1), Sesame (1), Perilla (2) 17 Talium CSB Jumla 2014 Maize (2), Barley (2), Lentil (1) 2014 Rice (14), Finger Millet (2), Foxtail Millet (2), Proso Millet (1), Rice (2) 18 Tamafok CSB Sankhuwasaba Sesame (1), Soybean (2), Mustard (1) Leafy Vegetable (5), Bottle Gourd (2), Sponge Gourd (6), Mustard (1), Taro (10), Soybean (2), Bean (9), Black Gram (3), Pea (1), Broad Bean (1), Cowpea (10), Horse Gram (10), Pigeon Pea (2), Pea (1) Leafy Vegetable (8), Bottle Gourd (1), FB (11), Black Gram (2) HG (1), Soybean (2), Pumpkin (2), Black Gram (1), Cowpea (1), Tartary BW (1) Annex 2. Rare, endangered and protected species in Nepal SN Nepali name English name Nepal's rare, endangered and endemic APGRs Dhan (Marshi, Yanseere, 1 Rice Guture) 2 Gahau Wheat 3 Jau Barley Wild Onion, 4 Jimbu Aromatic Leaf Garlic 5 Jimbu Wild Onion 6 Kaghuno Foxtail Millet 7 Kakro (Seto, Hariyo) Cucumber 8 Karanke ghans 15 Kharuki Khursani (Dalle, Thande, Pire) Kodo (Bhojpure, Fyakure) Kurilo, Satavari Lamche khursani Makai (Yangrupe, Thulo seti, Phalendo) Paheli Makai 16 Phaper Buckwheat 17 Pipla Long Pepper 18 Rudrakxhya Utrasum Bead Tree 19 Siplikan, Simligan Garlic Pear 9 10 11 12 13 14 Chili Pepper Finger Millet Asparagus Chili Pepper Scientific name Oryza sativa L. Triticum aestivum L. Hordeum vulgare L. Allium hypsistum Stearn Allium przewalskianum Regel Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Cucumis sativus L. Capsicum frutescens L. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Capsicum annuum L. Maize Zea mays L. Maize Zea mays L. Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Fagopyrum esculetum Moench Piper longum L. Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum. Crateva unilocularis Buch.-Ham. - 43 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 SN Nepali name English name 20 Uwa Naked barley APGRs listed in CITES 1 Rukh Unyu, Chatre Unyu 2 Vyakur Nepal's protected APGRs 1 Okhar 2 Vyakur 3 Yarsa Gumba, Jeevan Buti Scientific name Hordeum vulgare var. nudum (L.) Hook. f. Tree fern Potato yam, wild yam Cyathea spinulosa Wall.ex Hook Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb Walnut Potato yam, wild yam Cordyceps Mushroom Juglans regia L. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sung et al Sources: IUCN/Nepal 1995, Shrestha and Joshi 1996, Chaudhary 1998, Siwakoti 2002, 2006 |l-------l|l-------l| - 44 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Safeguarding Agricultural Biodiversity and Strengthening Local Seed Systems Pitambar Shrestha and Ram Bahadur Rana Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD), Kaski, PO Box 324, Pokhara; @: pitambar@libird.org; RBR <rbrana@libird.org> Abstract Purkot Community Seed Bank in Tanahu District. Photo: Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD This paper presents LI-BIRD’s approach to promoting community seed banks in Nepal with a focus on their role in on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity, improving access to and availability of diverse types of seeds and planting materials and enhancing the local seed systems. Other dimensions of community seed banks, such as internal management, technical aspects, and issues and challenges will also be discussed. In collaboration with national and international organizations, LI-BIRD has supported the establishment of 20 community seed banks across seven provinces of Nepal. These community seed banks have conserved 1,066 local varieties of 62 crop species. Some of these local varieties would have been lost from farmer’s fields in the absence of these community seed banks. The 20 community seed banks produce and distribute over 150 tons of seed of both local and improved varieties of different crop species. More than 5,000 smallholder farmers access this seed annually. Several of the crop varieties distributed through the community seed banks are high yielding and others are resilient to climate-induced and other risks, such as drought, insects, and diseases. Evidence suggests that the community seed bank approach is not only appropriate for conserving agricultural biodiversity on-farm, but also important for strengthening local seed systems, improving food security and contributing to resilience of smallholder farmers. Keywords: Agricultural biodiversity, community seed banks, conservation, local seed system, local varieties - 45 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 National Context and Initiatives Nepal’s agriculture is in transition. The general scenario is that farmers are gradually shifting to cultivate improved varieties, using imported hybrid seed and adopting improved technologies and practices, particularly in the accessible areas, such as the tarai and mid-hills. In order to meet the growing demand of food to feed the ever-growing population, reduce poverty, increase food and nutrition security and reduce the trade deficit, the Government of Nepal has focused on developing strategies, policies, plans and programs towards commercialization of agriculture through engagement of private sector and cooperatives and through connectivity development (ADS 2015). Government of Nepal has developed the Agrobiodiversity Policy for promoting conservation and use of agricultural biodiversity in 2004 and has made the first Amendment to the policy in 2014 (MoAD 2004), but implementation in terms of on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity is limited. The first guideline of implementation of community seed banks was approved by the cabinet and implemented in Okhaldhunga, Sindhupalchok and Dadeldhura districts of Nepal as a pilot programme. It focused on increasing the seed replacement rate through production and distribution of quality seed of improved varieties at community level instead of promoting on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity (CDD 2009, Pokhrel & Joshi 2013). In general, the majority of farmers are not aware of the importance of conservation of local crop diversity for current and future food and nutrition security. Moreover, Nepal’s extension system is oriented towards promoting the dissemination of high input responsive agricultural practices and technologies. As the cumulative effect of various factors, local varieties cultivated by farmers during generations are being lost from farmer’s fields and their natural habitat. The number of households, the number of local varieties and the area covered by local varieties are shrinking (Shrestha et al 2003, Chaudhary et al 2004). Initiated in Nepal in 1994, the community seed bank approach gained momentum after almost a decade as a successful method for the conservation and promotion of the use of local varieties of various crops at community level; and as a means to provide easy access to quality seed and planting material of diverse crop species (Shrestha et al 2013). Although detailed empirical research has not yet been conducted, there is some evidence that community seed banks in Nepal are also contributing to improve food security, income and livelihoods. Besides, the community seed bank approach is developed as an effective mechanism to realize farmers’ rights on seeds as outlined by the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA 2004), to promote food sovereignty (Development Fund, 2011; Vernooy et al 2014; Vernooy et al 2017). Experiences have shown that the community seed banks in Nepal are playing - 46 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 important roles to strengthen farmers’ seed systems and address the issues of climate change adaptation in agriculture. This approach is equally applicable in other developing countries with similar agricultural systems where the informal or farmers’ seed system provides about 90% of the total seed requirement. LI-BIRD has been involved in promoting community seed banks in Nepal and South Asia since 2003 (Shrestha et al 2004). In the past fifteen years, LI-BIRD has supported the establishment and management of 20 community seed banks in 16 districts of the country. Through its Community-based Biodiversity Management South Asia (CBMSA) programme, five community seed banks in Sri Lanka, 13 in Bangladesh and three in India were established. In order to keep the momentum going and further strengthen community seed banks work in Nepal, LI-BIRD facilitated the establishment of an Association of Community Seed Banks of Nepal (ACSBN) together with the National Genebank and Bioversity International. This paper analyses the various aspects of community seed banks in Nepal, such as their roles in safeguarding agricultural biodiversity; increasing access and availability of seed and planting materials; technical, governance and management aspects; improvement in farmers’ income; development of a mechanism to sustain community seed banks, and ways to link community seed banks to the National Genebank. Some issues, challenges and a way forward will also be discussed. Community Seed Banks and the Informal Seed System The majority of farmers in Nepal save some portion of the harvest as seed for the next planting season or obtain seed from neighbors, relatives and friends through exchange, purchase or gift (Subedi et al 2003). As it is a dynamic process, the practice of saving, using and exchanging farm saved seed has undergone some change. The exchange takes place if the farm saved seed is not enough, or if farmers want to replace the seed lot of the same variety, or if something goes wrong with the seed stored at home. While saving seed for the next planting season, some farmers do careful selection in the field (before the crop is harvested) to identify the best quality seed. Other farmers select seed after harvesting. Farmers who do careful selection do not necessarily follow scientific quality standards, but instead are guided by their own technical and traditional knowledge and practice. However, it is not known how many farmers do careful seed selection in the field. This means that, despite the various positive aspects of farmer seed saving, there is no clarity about the overall quality of the seed supplied by the informal or farmers’ seed system. Our experience in Nepal shows that poor quality of farm saved seed is one of the reasons of low crop production and low productivity leading to food insecurity. - 47 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 To address this problem, (formal) seed sector development strategies have targeted to increase the seed replacement rate (SSR) and increase the share of the formal seed system (CDD, 2009; MoAD, 2014; SQCC, 2013). Strengthening and improving the farmers’ seed system through adopting a community-based approach such as community seed banks, could play an important role to improve the access to quality seed where the formal seed supply system is not present. Better quality seed will lead to improved crop production and productivity. A systematic study is yet to be conducted, but many farmers who use seed from community banks have reported increased crop yield. Smallholder Farmers, Farmers’ Seed Systems and Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation of agricultural biodiversity is still a new subject for many organizations and professionals working in the agricultural sector and for hundreds of thousands of farmers across the globe. Maximizing the benefits from the small piece of land to meet the family requirement of food and income is a major challenge for smallholder farmers in developing countries. To achieve this goal, they constantly look for better options to grow and produce more from the same piece of land. In this process, previously grown varieties including local varieties are replaced by new ones. In recent times, this process has been accelerated by the push of the private sector to use improved varieties and imported hybrid seed. As a result, many local varieties of major food crops and vegetables are either being lost from farmer’s fields and communities or pushed towards the endangered zone. This is a process of loss of agricultural biodiversity. Community-based approaches, such as community seed banks, can be promoted to halt the loss of local varieties and offer new diversity to smallholder farmers. LI-BIRD’s Approach to Promote Community Seed Banks Since 2003, LI-BIRD has been involved in promoting community seed banks in Nepal and in South Asia as an effective approach for on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity and to provide easy access to diverse types of quality seed and planting materials (Shrestha et al 2013). A community seed banks is governed and managed by a farmers’ group, cooperative or organization, mostly in an informal way. Based on more than 20 years of work on community seed banks in Nepal, LI-BIRD has demonstrated that community seed banking is a successful approach. Community seed banks can also promote food sovereignty given that they provide options to farmers to choose from different types of seed and planting material depending on the types of land they have and crop varieties they would like to grow in their home garden and farm. To a certain extent, community seed banks promoted by LI-BIRD are contributing to enhancing food and nutrition security, generating local employment, strengthening local seed systems and improving income and livelihoods of local people. The drivers of success of LI-BIRD’s approach to community seed banking in Nepal - 48 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 are empowerment of farmers and their organization and the introduction of innovative sustainability mechanisms. In order to establish a well-functioning and self-sustained community seed bank, LI-BIRD follows a ten steps process (Figure 1). The site selection of community seed bank establishment is very much driven by the nature of the project. The lessons LI-BIRD has learned is that community seed banks can either be established in a diversity rich area or in a marginal and vulnerable community. Diversity rich areas are prioritized for the establishment of community seed banks to maintain the available diversity of the community and area. Marginal and vulnerable communities are selected to supply the community with better and more diverse quality seed and planting material. In order to initiate a community seed bank, an in-depth discussion is conducted with the community about its functions and potential. Before making a decision to establish a community seed bank, both the community and the organization facilitating the establishment of a community seed bank should realize that a community seed bank is not just a “simple” project activity, but the creation of a local institution. Since the goal is to maintain this institution for the long term, sufficient resources and time should be allocated by both sides. A legally registered farmer group, cooperative or similar organization is considered a must for initiating a sustainable community seed bank. Without legal status, obtaining support from local government and external agencies becomes difficult. 10. Sustainability: Development of self-financing mechanism 1. Selection of site: Diversity rich, and vulnerable and marginal community 9. Partnership and collaboration: Collaboration with local government, research and extension agencies, and NGOs 8. Capacity building for quality control: Conduct training on quality seed production, processing, packaging and marketing 2. Community consultation: Discussion with community and come into consensus Steps for establishing a community seed bank 3. Institutional set up: Identification/formation of farmers' group, cooperative, organization 4. Capacity building: Conduct training/exposure visit on community seed banks management 7. Development and implementation of detail implementation plan: Annual seed production plan, physical infrastructure and assets 5. Documentation of diversity and knowledge: Identification of custodians, local crops and varieties cultivated in the area and surrounding 6. Collection of diversity: Collection of source seed and passport data Figure 1. Steps for establishment and management of community seed banks. - 49 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Capacity building activities such as training, visits and discussions are organized for members with regard to community seed bank management, quality seed production and storage, technical, management, governance and sustainability aspects. Normally, during the first training, an action plan, implementation timeline and division of tasks are prepared to move ahead. Implementation of the action plan prepared during the training gradually leads to the establishment of the community seed bank. Following the identification and documentation of the local varieties available in the community with basic information and traditional knowledge through group discussion, a seed collection plan is prepared and collection of seeds begins including passport data. Based on this collection and as per the demand of the local community, an annual seed production plan is prepared and implemented. At the same time, physical infrastructure development work is carried out in collaboration with the local government and other relevant stakeholders. At this stage, on-site training in quality seed production for community seed bank members is conducted. The final step is the establishment of a seed fund and a community biodiversity management fund as self-financing mechanisms. These funds will be described in more detail in the following pages. Community Seed Banks Supported by LI-BIRD In collaboration with local, national and international organizations (government and non-government), LI-BIRD has supported the establishment of 20 community seed banks in 16 districts of Nepal from 2003 to 2017 (Table 1). In 2018, LIBIRD planned to initiate an additional three community seed banks (one each in Bardiya, Kailali and Sindhupalchok districts) and strengthen the capacity of two existing community seed banks (one each in Bardiya and Kailali districts). Not all the community seed banks supported by LI-BIRD are in “good shape” - some are functioning well, some are in process of establishment and some became dormant after the project was phased out from the area. Five of twenty are dormant, five are in process and ten are functioning well even after the projects supporting them were phased out. Our experiences show that community seed banks with a legal registration led by a strong and a committed leader have higher levels of ownership by the community. This contributes to their sustainability. Community seed banks that provide members with economic benefits are functioning well (Table 2). A self-financing mechanism plays an important role to sustain a community seed bank. - 50 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 1. List of community seed banks supported by LI-BIRD Year of establishment Name and location of community seed bank 2003 Kachorwa CSB, Bara (1) 2007 Shankarpur CSB, Kanchanpur7; Gadariya CSB, Kailali7; Belawa CSB, Bardiya5 (3) 2008 Masuriya CSB, Kailali7; Pathraiya CSB, Kailali7; Beldandi CSB, Kanchanpur7 (3) 2009 Tamaphok CSB, Sankhuwasabha1; Jogimara CSB, Dhading3 (2) 2010 Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa1; Purkot CSB, Tanahun4; Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi4; Sunaulo CSB, Rampur, Dang5; Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti7; Talium CSB, Jumla6 (6) 2016 Lahan CSB, Siraha2 (1) 2017 Jugu CSB, Dolakha ; Ghanpokhara CSB, Lamjung4; Hanku CSB, Jumla6; Chhipra CSB, Humla6 (4) 2018 Piskar CSB, Sindhupalchok3; Mohammadpur CSB, Bardiya5; Joshipur CSB, Kailali7 (3) 2 Collaborating partners of LI-BIRD for initiating and strengthening the CSB NARC, Bioversity International, IDRC, SANFEC/USC Canada, SGP/UNDP/GEF, SDC, IFAD WTLCP (MoFSC, UNEP/GEF/UNDP, NARC, Bioversity International) WTLCP (MoFSC, UNEP/GEF/UNDP, NARC, Bioversity International) IDRC, Canada; The Development Fund/NORAD, Norway The Development Fund/NORAD, Norway CARE Nepal 3 Local Crop Project (UNEP/GEF, NARC/Genebank, Bioversity International) The Development Fund/NORAD, Norway Note: The number in superscript denotes the Province number. Number of community seed banks supported by LI-BIRD by Province: Province 1: 2, Province 2: 2, Province 3: 3, Province 4: 3, Province 5: 3, Province 6: 3 and Province 7: 7. - 51 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 2. Status of community seed banks supported by LI-BIRD Status Wellfunctioning community seed banks Name and location of CSB Kachorwa CSB, Bara; Tamaphok CSB, Sankhuwasabha; Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa; Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi; Purkot CSB, Tanahun; Sunaulo CSB, Rampur, Dang; Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti, Belawa CSB, Bardiya; Masuriya CSB, Kailali; Shankarpur CSB, Kanchanpur (10) Community seed banks in progress Chhipra CSB, Humla; Hanku CSB, Jumla; Ghanpokhara CSB, Lamjung; Jugu CSB, Dolakha, Lahan CSB, Siraha (5) • Applied diversity field school (DFS) approach except in Siraha. Dormant community seed banks Jogimara CSB, Dhading; Pathraiya CSB, Kailali; • Weak leadership and poor ownership of community No initiation of seed production for marketing Poor social capital - low level of cooperation Low/no support other than limited project funding • Gadariya CSB, Kailali; Beldandi CSB, Kanchanpur; Talium CSB, Jumla (5) Just started Key drivers of success/failure • Committed leadership and strong ownership feeling of community • CSB members receiving economic benefits from CSB activity • Developed functional collaboration with public, private and CSOs • Producing seeds in volume and developed marketing linkages • Higher level of exposure and capacity building support • Development of sustaining mechanism Piskar CSB, Sindhupalchok; Mohammadpur CSB, Bardiya; Joshipur CSB, Kailali (3) Safeguarding Agricultural Biodiversity • • None Among the many activities being carried out by the community seed banks, conservation of agricultural biodiversity is a core function (Vernooy et al 2014). Based on available data, 14 community seed banks supported by LI-BIRD have conserved 1066 local varieties of 62 crop species (Table 3). These community seed banks have adopted various methods for regenerating seed annually. While some community seed banks establish and manage collectively diversity blocks of major crops such as rice and finger millet, the responsibility to produce seeds of other crop varieties is given to an individual farmers associated with the community seed bank. Seed producer farmers are selected carefully based on the interest in and suitability of varieties on their land. At least two to three farmers are identified for each variety to assure that the return of seed to the community seed bank after the crop is harvested every year is sufficient. - 52 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 3. Conservation of agricultural genetic resources in community seed banks Name of No. of No. of Province SN community seed Major crop species local crop local # banks species varieties Tamaphok CSB, Rice, finger millet, 1 1 24 101 Sankhuwasabha bean 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa Kachorwa CSB, Bara Lahan CSB, Siraha Jugu CSB, Dolakha Ghanpokhara CSB, Lamjung Purkot CSB, Tanahun Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi Sunaulo CSB, Rampur, Dang Chhipra CSB, Humla Hanku CSB, Jumla Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti Masuriya CSB, Kailali Shankarpur CSB, Kanchanpur 1 Rice, perennial bean, cow pea, pulses, cucurbits, oil seed 26 149 2 Rice, sponge gourd, pigeon pea 23 115 2 Rice 17 55 3 Rice, finger millet, bean 10 42 4 Rice, finger millet, fox tail millet, soy bean 15 74 42 116 24 63 40 84 11 51 20 65 32 69 26 64 8 18 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 Rice, finger millet, maize, rice bean, taro Rice, perennial bean, cow pea Rice, perennial bean, cow pea Rice, proso millet, foxtail millet, bean, finger millet Rice, beans, finger millet, buck wheat Rice, bean, maize, wheat, taro Rice, perennial bean, cow pea, taro Rice Total 1066 Source: Quarterly and annual progress reports. Registers of community seed banks. Improving Access and Availability of Seeds and Planting Materials Improving access and availability of farmer preferred diverse seed and planting material is the second important function of community seed banks. To meet this objective, community seed banks produce seeds of local varieties conserved in community seed banks and some improved varieties that have higher demand in the community. Quantity of seed and the number of crops and varieties to be included in the seed production depend on local demand and/or the ability of the community seed bank to market the seed. - 53 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community seed banks employ different strategies to produce seeds. While the seed of some rare local varieties is produced in a diversity block managed by community seed bank members or a group of farmers collectively, common local varieties having higher seed demand in the community are produced in farmer’s fields. In the case of improved varieties, community seed banks normally collaborate with the district extension office and private seed companies to obtain source seed. They receive some technical and financial support from the extension office and company and sell seed to them. Some district extension offices procure seed from community seed banks for their regular programme. For instance, the District Agriculture Development Office (DADO) Dang regularly uses seed produced by the Rampur community seed bank. The DADO Dang then distributes this seed in the form of minikits (small quantities of seeds of different crops/varieties). Table 4 shows the quantity of local and improved varieties seed produced by the community seed banks supported by the CBMSA programme in Nepal in the last five years. Table 4. Quantity of seed produced by six community seed banks practicing CBM (2012-2016) Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Quantity of seed produced (Ton) Local varieties Improved Varieties Total quantity 0.2 4.3 4.49 4.4 11.3 15.71 11.1 83.9 95.03 10.0 124.8 134.79 21.7 118.9 140.56 Source: Quarterly and annual progress reports. The data include community seed banks from Shivagunj, Jhapa; Purkot, Tanahun; Agyauli, Nawalparasi; Rampur, Dang; Ghanteshwor, Doti and Talium, Jumla. The quantity of seed produced by community seed banks has increased significantly in the last five years from 4.49 tons in 2012 to 140.56 tons in 2016. This increase is due to: i) over the years, community seed banks gain confidence in seed production, handling and marketing; ii) development of physical infrastructure, such as seed storage, threshing and drying floor, procurement of small machinery; iii) increased seed demand due to better quality and lower price compared to other sources and; iv) expansion of the market due to demands from district extension offices, private seed entrepreneurs and companies, and NGOs. The six CBM supported community seed banks have developed a mechanism to make seed available to local farmers. They normally distribute rare local variety seed free of cost with the aim to turn them into common varieties. Seed of the common local varieties and improved varieties is sold. The price of seed sold by - 54 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 a community seed banks always remains below the market price. It is possible for a community seed bank to sell seed at a lower price compared to other sources because: i) they are service oriented; ii) the physical infrastructure is built with external support; iii) operational costs are low given that members are volunteers and only a few local staff are contracted. These favorable conditions explain the increase in the number of farmers accessing seed from community seed banks (Table 5). The decrease in 2016, according to community members, was due to an increase of seed saving by farmers from their harvest instead of procuring new seed from the community seed banks. The numbers fluctuate, because farmers normally do not replace the seed lot every year. They may do so once every 3-4 years for the self-pollinated crops most of these CSBs coonserve. Table 5. Number of households obtaining seed from CSBs Name of community seed bank Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi Purkot CSB, Tanahun Sunaulo CSB, Rampur, Dang Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti Talium CSB, Jumla Total Number of households obtaining seed from CSB by year* 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 470 855 1410 1814 1322 98 634 692 1640 1238 23 380 434 1305 717 36 277 1089 1735 1449 54 244 388 554 558 54 293 118 183 2444 4306 7166 5467 681 2012 - Note: * This includes seed taken on payment basis and free of cost. Source: Quarterly and annual progress reports. A community seed bank is an organization of local farmers that regularly produces, safely stores and distributes seed (the latter includes selling). It contributes to the enhancement of income generation by seed producer farmers. Adding value to community seed bank operations is an important mechanism to support the conservation and access and availability functions of a community seed bank. Community seed banks in Nepal produce seeds of local and improved varieties for which each community seed bank has identified and trained a number of seed producer farmers. Tables 6 and 7 respectively present the number of farmers involved in seed production and the amount of income they earned by selling seed to community seed banks. - 55 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 6. Number of households involved in seed production for community seed banks (2012-201 Name of CSB site Shivagunj, Jhapa Rampur, Dang Ghanteshwor, Doti Talium, Jumla Purkot, Tanahun Agyauli, Nawalparasi Total Number of farmers involved in seed production by year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 13 39 63 82 118 18 35 71 53 70 27 106 95 71 10 11 15 18 20 74 58 61 47 41 112 329 306 279 Table 7. Summary of the amount of income earned by farmers through seed production for CSBs (2012-2016) Name of CSB site Shivagunj, Jhapa Purkot, Tanahun Rampur, Dang Ghanteshwor, Doti Talium, Jumla Agyauli, Nawalparasi Total (NPR) Total (USD) 2012 39,275 NA 109,100 NA 36,300 Amount of income (NPR) by year 2013 2014 2015 97,220 758,342 975,860 NA 41,807 251,608 476,105 603,059 764,419 68,484 563,270 533,145 40,000 65,500 84,000 2016 950,278 482,936 1,533,741 1,870,711 301,500 NA NA NA NA 1,171,939 184,675 1,846.75 681,809 6,818.09 2,031,978 20,319.78 2,609,031 26,090.31 6,311,105 63,111.05 Note: 1 USD= NPR 100 - 56 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 The Clients of Seed Produced by Community Seed Banks Community seed banks primarily produce seeds to meet the local need. However, there are opportunities to produce and market larger quantities beyond the community. Some of the community seed banks supported by LIBIRD have developed good collaboration with some seed companies, district extension offices and private seed entrepreneurs. They all reap benefits. While some seed companies and district extension offices provide source seed for seed production, they also buy back the seed produced by community seed banks. Out of 10 well-functioning community seed banks, five community seed banks, namely Shivagunj, Agyauli, Purkot, Rampur and Ghanteshwor, are involved in seed business beyond the community. Of the total quantity of seed sold by these five community seed banks in 2017, 38% was procured by individual farmers, 40% by seed companies and private seed entrepreneurs, 19% by district extension agencies and 3% by I/NGOs (Table 8). Table 8. Users of seed produced by community seed banks in 2017 Buyers/ Clients Quantity of seed sold by CSB (Kg) Rampur CSB, Dang Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi 3,650 23,937 3,755 8,048 14,345 10,000 DADO 7,835 560 I/NGOS 2,289 Total (Kg) 21,822 Individual farmers Private seed companies Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti Purkot CSB, Tanahun Total 56 34,478 (38%) 3,331 - 35,724 (40%) - 1,513 7,035 16,943 (19%) - 4 560 - 2,853 (3%) 38,842 13,759 8,483 7,091 89,997 (100%) Strengthening Farmers’ Seed Systems 3,080 The contribution of farmers’ seed systems accounts for more than 80% of the total seed requirement in Nepal (SQCC 2018). Some interventions of Government of Nepal, such as the District Seed Self Sufficiency Programme (DISPRO) implemented by the DoA and the Community-based Seed Production programme (CBSP) and Community Seed Enterprises (CSE) programme supported by I/NGOs, have played significant roles in promoting and supporting farmers’ seed systems. Research stations managed by NARC and farms under DoA also contribute in a positive way by providing local farmers direct access to seed although in limited quantity. These programmes produce mainly seed of - 57 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 improved varieties. Community seed banks offer seed of locally adapted diverse types of improved and local varieties and planting material to farmers. Seed of local varieties is not available from government farms and seed companies. Experience indicates that the community seed bank approach is evolving as a mechanism to bridge the formal and farmer’s seed supply systems. Community seed banks not only identify, document and promote conservation activities of local genetic resources, but also work closely with district extension offices to obtain source seed of improved varieties and technical and financial support for seed production activities. Community seed banks conduct their seed production and conservation activities in farmer’s fields. Because of this feature, promising farmer preferred varieties can easily be disseminated from a few farmers to many within a few years. The easy access mechanism of a community seed bank and related promotional activities with regard to conservation further accelerates farmer to farmer dissemination. Seed Quality Control Mechanism and Technologies in Use Community seed banks are managed by a legitimate farmer organization registered at the District Administration Office (DAO) or as a cooperative at the Divisional Cooperative Office. The farmer organization that operates a community seed bank has obtained permission for seed production and sales from DADO as per the government policy. In addition, they obtained a Personal Account Number (PAN) from the Inland Revenue Department in the respective district head offices. These are some of the legal requirements that need to be fulfilled to operate a seed business. In the last six years, LI-BIRD has trained a few capable local resource persons in each site. The farmer organizations have recruited them as regular staff to look after the community seed bank management and other day-to-day activities. Seed quality determines the success and failure of any seed business including community seed banks. In order to maintain the seed quality produced and distributed by the community seed banks supported by the CBMSA programme in Nepal, a number of mechanisms were developed and modern seed storage technologies introduced. The production of quality seed depends on good quality source seed, good field management practices and safe handling of threshing, cleaning and drying. While the source seed of local varieties is carefully selected in a diversity block or in a farmer’s field, source seed of improved varieties is obtained from Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS) farms through DADO or directly from the Stations. Seed production activities of both local and improved varieties are conducted mainly by the trained farmers or custodians of local varieties. Each year, a few hours of practical training are conducted before providing source seed - 58 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 to the seed producer farmers covering agronomic practices, roughing and other issues related to maintaining good quality. Mistakes made in the past season or year are reviewed as well. In the case of high volume seed production, a community seed banks develops a seed business plan that includes a calculation of the cost of seed production, including storage, handling, packaging and marketing. It also includes a market assessment. In some cases, a community seed bank signs a contract with a large volume buyer or buyers. This preparatory process helps to produce what is in demand and prevents selling seed as grain at a lower price. Proper seed storage technology is equally important to maintain good seed quality. Initially, traditional seed storage practices were used for storing seed in the community seed banks (Shrestha et al 2006), but later it was realized that there are important differences between the indoor environment of a farmhouse and a community seed bank facility. Traditionally, farmers hang maize cobs for seed above the fireplace and put other seed storage structures on the first floor. Because of the fire and smoke development inside the farmhouse, the in-house environment becomes dry and less humid. Seed stored in this traditional way remains safe for a season or longer. Farmers usually check, clean and re-dry seeds at home on a regular basis. This practice cannot be used in the same way in a community seed bank. Learning from some initial mistakes, LI-BIRD explored and identified the latest seed storage technologies, such as airtight plastic pots, Perdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for storing seeds, the use of zeolite beads that absorb excess seed moisture, and hydrian or humidicator paper which indicates if seed is dried enough or not (Figure 2). Use of these technologies has become very handy for seed curation of community seed banks. Figure 2. Hydrian paper (left) and PICS bag (right). - 59 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Knowledge Documentation and Information Management Community seed banks supported by the CBMSA programme have maintained a number of registers related to knowledge and information of local varieties and seed transactions. Such types of documentation, including through a community biodiversity register (CBR), which is an inventory of crop species and varieties and associated information and traditional knowledge (Subedi et al 2006), were already introduced before decisions were made to establish the community seed banks. The community biodiversity registers were actually used to make this decision and were useful to identify/locate custodians to collect source seed. All the community seed banks have maintained crop passport data registered in a standard format of all local varieties conserved. This helps to trace back the source material when required. In addition, the community seed banks keep records of seed production, maintain a seed stock book and a seed distribution and sales book using a standard format. The Self-Financing Model The most important challenge that community seed banks around the world face is probably their sustainability. In most cases, community seed banks have been established or are established with the financial and technical support from a non-government organization (NGO) that in turn often depends on funding support from one or more donor agencies. Community seed banks usually function well until their support dries up. This happens because to a large extent community seed banks are set up as a regular project activity. However, a well-functioning community seed bank is not a time and resources bound projects. Establishment of a community seed bank implies creating a community institution or system that operates for a long time. Time, effort and resources should be allocated accordingly. LI-BIRD has addressed the sustainability challenge of community seed banks under the CBMSA programme by creating a self-financing model (Figure 3; Table 9). In this model, a strong farmer organization with a solid membership base and registered as a legal entity, is the foundation of a community seed bank. To make a community seed bank self-financing two financial mechanisms are used: i) community biodiversity management (CBM) fund and ii) seed fund. The community biodiversity management fund is mobilized as a collateral free loan, but with a lower interest rate compared to other sources. This fund is used among the members of the organization to conduct household level economic activities, such as vegetable farming, seed production, cattle and small animal raising, operating a small grocery shop etc (Shrestha et al 2012). This mechanism enhances access of smallholder farmers to financial resources in support of their livelihoods. This fund generates some income in the form of interest on a regular basis, which is used to cover the administrative costs of the farmer organization. At least 20% of the total amount of interest generated is used for - 60 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 purchasing local seed produced by the seed producer members or custodians of the community seed banks. Some portion of interest gained is added to the total of the CBM fund (Table 9). Table 9. The amount of CBM fund in some CSBs during its initiation and at the end of 2018 Amount of CBM fund Amount of seed fund Name of CSB (USD) (USD) Initial As of Dec. Initial As of Dec. amount 2018 amount 2018 Kachorwa CSB, Bara 750 12,339 5,000 3,087 Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa 400 14,870 5,000 13,800 Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi 400 9,314 5,000 6,957 Purkot CSB, Tanahun Sunaulo CSB, Rampur, Dang Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti 400 18,652 3000 3,913 400 11,304 5,000 7,391 400 6,956 3,000 5,652 Note: 1 USD=NPR 100 and 115 has been used for conversion of the initial amount and the amount as of December 2018 respectively. The objective of establishing the second funding mechanism, the seed fund, is to provide community seed banks with the means to deal with a large volume of seed, run a business and earn some income. Community seed banks use this fund to purchase seed from the seed producer farmers immediately after the crop is harvested. Seed is then dried and stored until the next planting season. After seed is sold, the money goes back into the account. Some portion of the profit is used for paying salary of staff and to cover other operating costs of the farmer organization and to maintain diversity block and community seed bank. Unspent money is added to the seed fund so it continues increasing every year. Community Seed Bank Capital for transaction of seed in volume Profit Interest Mobilized as loan and interest is used for conducting seed production of rare, unique local vars. and maintain diversity blocks CBM Fund Approx. $10,000 Seed Fund Approx. $5000 Farmers' Organization Figure 3. A self-financing mode of community seed banks practiced in Nepal - 61 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 10. Some other steps taken to empower farmers’ organizations operating community seed banks for their sustainability Name of CSB Legal entity obtained Indicative sustainability parameters Membership base Partnership and collaboration Funding from DADO for rice diversity block available regularly Funding from DADO for diversity block of various crops available regularly Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa Registered at DAO 1087 households organized in 23 groups Purkot CSB, Tanahun Registered at DAO 992 households organized in 23 groups Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi Registered at DAO 879 households organized in 38 groups At the preliminary stage of establishing relationship with DADO and the Municipality Rampur CSB, Dang Registered as a cooperative 604 households organized in 26 groups Closely working with DADO and private seed entrepreneurs Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti Registered as a cooperative 396 households organized in 17 groups Closely working with DADO, a private seed company and seed entrepreneurs DAO= District Administration Office In the last fifteen years, one of the main lessons learned by LI-BIRD to operate a community seed bank successfully is the need for empowerment of the farmer organization operating the community seed banks in legal, social and economic terms. Other key components of sustainability include human capital development (awareness raising, educational development, self-realization) and physical capital development. Community Seed Banks in Times of Crisis A community seed bank is not only a living repository of agricultural genetic resources, but also a back-up of seeds and planting materials for the community. If something goes wrong with the seed kept in a household, people can easily access seed from the community seed bank. Community seed banks have great potential to supply seed in times of crisis, such as when drought, flood, hurricane, fire or earthquake hit an area. One recent example of such a crisis was when Nepal was severely hit by a series of earthquakes in 2015. Three community seed banks stepped in to supply seeds to the earthquake affected area in a unique humanitarian manner. Community seed banks of Agyauli, Nawalparasi; Rampur, Dang and Purkot, Tanahun were able to provide 9875 kg rice seeds of different varieties to three earthquake affected districts, namely Gorkha, Lamjung and Tanahun. This seed was distributed to 1807 earthquake affected households who had lost their seed due to the earthquake. One important lesson learned from this case is that community seed bank structures should be disaster proof and have a mechanism to keep some quantity of seed in reserve for use in times of crisis. - 62 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Linking Community Seed Banks with the National Genebank It is generally believed that in-situ/on farm conservation and ex-situ conservation should complement each other. However, only a hand full of references can be found regarding the effective collaboration between these two conservation strategies (Shrestha & Sthapit, 2014). The CBMSA programme made an attempt to bridge this gap in Nepal by facilitating and organizing an event in which 17 community seed banks from 12 districts handed over 916 accessions of 62 crop species to the National Genebank located in Khumaltar, Lalitpur, for long term storage. The then chief of the National Gene Bank, Mr. Madan Raj Bhatta, received seed samples along with passport data from the representatives of the 17 community seed banks on 29 December 2014 in the Agyauli community seed bank, Nawalparasi. An additional 105 accessions were sent in 2015 for the same purpose (Table 11). In return, the National Genebank provided 101 rice accessions to the Agyauli community seed bank for regeneration in 2015. The National Genebank reported that they received back a very good amount of regenerated seed from the community seed bank compared to other seed sources. National Genebank expertise was used to train members of community seed banks in the community and at the National Genebank facilities. Table 11. Summary of crop species and varieties sent to the National Genebank for ex-situ conservation in 2014 and 2015 SN Name of CSBs or community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa Purkot CSB, Tanahun Kachorwa CSB, Bara Pathraiya CSB, Kailali Sunaulo CSB, Rampur, Dang Tamaphok CSB, Sankhuwasabha Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti Ratanchura, Sindhuli Jogimara CSB, Dhading Ranibas CSB, Sindhuli Talium CSB, Jumla Kunjo, Mustang Shankarpur CSB, Kanchanpur Beldandi CSB, Kanchanpur Masiruya CSB, Kailali Belawa CSB, Bardiya Total Number of species and varieties sent to the National Genebank Varieties/ Species accessions 21 147 34 120 23 115 30 108 40 89 24 77 25 60 19 54 24 49 19 48 21 34 16 32 16 23 8 23 17 22 6 14 6 6 1021 - 63 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Tailor Made Training/Capacity Building LI-BIRD is not only facilitating the establishment of community seed banks in its working area, but also providing technical and training facilitation support to other organizations in Nepal and in South Asia. LI-BIRD considers this an opportunity to disseminate the community seed banks approach in the country and in the region. From 2014 to 2018, LI-BIRD facilitated twelve training events on community seed banks of one to five days duration (Table 12) in which 277 farmers and NGO staff participated. Table 12. Summary of training on community seed banks facilitated by LI-BIRD Year/ Organization/programme No. of SN Duration Participants Month organizing training participants 1 Dec 2018 SAHAS Nepal 26 4 days 2 Nov 2018 NESFAS, Meghalaya, India 38 4 days 3 Nov 2018 Peace Corp Nepal 38 half a day 4 Nov 2017 HomeNet Nepal 25 3 days 5 Oct 2016 BBP Pariwar, Kavrepalanchok 25 3 days 6 May 2016 20 3 days 7 Feb 2016 20 3 days 8 Jan 2016 20 3 days 9 Apr 2015 Action Aid Nepal, Nepalgunj 20 5 days 10 Jun 2015 Action Aid Nepal, Biratnagar 20 5 days 11 Aug 2014 Peace Corp Nepal 5 1 day 12 Nov 2017 HomeNet Nepal 25 2 LCP project (LI-BIRD/ NARC/Bioversity) NFGF, Sindhupalchok, Kavrepalanchok and Dolakha RtF Project (LI-BIRD, SAHAS Nepal, CARE Nepal) Total participants 277 - 64 - Staff and community members Staff, partners and community members Peace Corp volunteers and Extension officers from GoN Farmers and staff Farmers and staff Farmers and staff Farmers and staff Farmers and staff Farmers and staff Farmers and staff Cooperative members Staff and community members Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 The duration of the training depends on the demand made by the partner organization. Following the training, most of the participants became involved in establishing in managing community seed banks. Some example includes participants from Action Aid Nepal, HomeNet Nepal and the NESFAS. Some Issues and Challenges Community seed banks in Nepal are making progress. The number of community seed banks in Nepal is growing and innovations, knowledge generation and quality improvement are taking place. As a result of the continuous involvement of a number of organizations to promote community seed banks, including the government of Nepal and the National Genebank, community seed banks are known to many international organizations and represented in many forums. These are some of the positive developments, but there are also a number of issues and challenges that need to be addressed by the organizations working on this agenda. Despite more than 20 years of implementation of community seed banks in Nepal, in-depth scientific study of the impact of community seed banks on conservation, food security, income and livelihood improvement, is lacking. Official registration and recognition of community seed banks remain on the agenda. The claim made that community seed banks in Nepal have conserved more than 1000 local varieties of 62 crops species needs further explanation. More detailed characterization, assessment and evaluation are needed. Capacity to carry out these tasks is limited. More than 1000 seed samples conserved by community seed banks that were sent to the National Genebank for ex situ conservation have yet to receive their permanent accession number (PAN). Some community seed banks have stopped regenerating seed every year thinking that they can bring back the seed from the National Genebank at any time if something goes wrong in the community seed bank. This may or may not be the case. In general, due to lack of incentives, smallholder farmers are not very interested in using and conserving landraces. This is a reality. Government mechanism must support conservation work so that farmers can continue growing landraces. Community seed banks have a conservation interest and are maintaining diversity blocks. However, some community seed banks lack resources to do this work properly. A technical issue that community seed banks have to deal with is to maintain genetic purity of seed of cross-pollinated crops. Right now, they are not in the stage of applying netting or other isolation technologies. An increasingly important challenge is to link local food made of local varieties to the market so that farmers and custodians will be able to generate some income and be motivated to cultivate local varieties promoted by community seed banks. Another task on the agenda is the creation and maintenance of a central database with information about all the community seed banks. - 65 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Conclusion and Way Forward Community seed banks are not only about seed conservation, but they equally contribute to improve food security, income and employment at local level. It is a successful approach for promoting conservation and sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, providing access to quality seed at local level and strengthening local seed systems. A community seed bank is a reservoir for climate stress tolerant crops and varieties, but a thorough assessment of the local varieties conserved by community seed banks with such characteristics is essential. Community seed banks are a platform for social learning and sharing and have enormous potential to scale activities and benefits to a large number of farming households. They can be very effective in times of crisis, such as when earthquake, flooding, drought or famine happens. A strong supportive policy environment and more focused research and funding support are needed to fully realize their potential. Organizations and individuals interested in community seed banks should be aware that managing a community seed bank is more than a project activity. It requires adequate attention by its actors and stakeholders and adequate resource allocation (time, effort, money). A short-term involvement of I/NGOs and communities is not enough to maintain valuable agrobiodiversity on-farm and in its natural habitat. A regular programme and strong support from the formal sector are a must. References ADS. 2015. Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) 2015 to 2035. Ministry of Agricultural Development, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu CDD. 2009. Community Seed Bank Implementation Guideline. DoA, Lalitpur, Nepal. Chaudhary P, D Gaucha, RB Rana, B Sthapit, D Jarvis 2004. Potential loss of rice landraces from a Tarai Community in Nepal: a case study from Kachorwa, Bara. Plant genetic Resources Newsletter, 2004, 137:1-8, FAO, Rome. Development Fund. 2011. Banking for the Future: Saving, Security and Seed. A Short Study of Community Seed Banks in Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Hondurus, India, Nepal, Thailand, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Oslo, Norway. ITPGRFA. 2004. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO. LI-BIRD and The Development Fund. 2017. Farmers’ Seed Systems in Nepal: Review of National Legislaitons. Pokhara, Nepal: LI-BIRD. MoAD. 2004. Agrobiodiversity Policy (First Amendment 2014). Ministriy of Agriculture Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. MoAD. 2014. Agriculture Development Strategy. Kathmandu, Nepal. Pokhrel S and P Joshi. 2013. Policies and Proceedures for Implementing Community Seed Banks in Nepal. In P. Shrestha, R. Vernooy, & P. Chaudhary, Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future. Proceedings of a National Workshop. (pp. 101-111). Pokhara, Nepal: LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity Internaitonal. Shrestha P, A Subedi, D Rijal, D Singh, B Sthapit and MP Upadhyay. 2004. Enhancing local seed security and on-farm conservation through a community seedbank - 66 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 in Bara district of Nepal. In B. Sthapit, M. P. Upadhyay, P. K. Shrestha, & D. Jarvis (Ed.), On-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal. Proceedinsg of the Second National Workshop, 25-27 August. II, pp. 70-76. Nagarkot, Nepal: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome, Italy. Shrestha P and S Sthapit. 2014. Linking Exsitu and Insitu Conservation: Community Seedbanks Transfers 900 local varieties to the National Genebank. Retrieved from www.libird.org. Shrestha P, S Sthapit, I Paudel, S Subedi, A Subedi, B Sthapit. 2012. A Guide to Establishing a Community Biodiversity Management Fund for Enhancing Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihoods. LI-BIRD, Pokhara, Nepal. Shrestha P, S Sthapit, A Subedi and B Sthapit. 2013. Community biodiversity management fund: promoting conservation through livelihood development in Nepal. In W. S. de boef, A. Subedi, N. Peroni, M. Thijssen, & E. O’Keeffe, Community Biodiversity Management: Promoting Resilience and the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources (pp. 118-121). Routgledge. Shrestha P, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary. 2013. Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future. Proceedigs of a National Workshop. 14-15 June 2012. Pokhara, Nepal: LI-BIRD, Bioversity International. SQCC. 2013. National Seed Vision. Lalitpur, Nepal: MoAD. Subedi A, P Chaudhary, BK Baniya, RB Rana, RK Tiwari, D Rijal, and D Jarvis. 2003. Who Maintains genetic Diversity and How? Implications for On-farm Conservation and Utilization. Culture and Agriculture, 25(2). Subedi A, B Sthapit, D Rijal, D Gauchan, MP Upadhyay, PK Shrestha. 2006. Community Biodiversity Register: Consolidating community role in management of agricultural biodiversity. In B. Sthapit, P. Shrestha, M. Upadhyay, Bioversity Internaitonal, LIBIRD, & NARC (Eds.), On-farm management of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal: Good practices. Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Gallozzi and P Shrestha. 2014. Multiple Functions and Services of Community Seedbanks. resources, 3, 636-656. Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Otieno, P Shrestha and A Gupta. 2017. The roles of community seed banks in climate change adaptation. Development in prctice, 27(3), 316-327. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline. com/action/showCitFormats?DOI=10.1080/09614524.2017.1294653 |l-------l|l-------l| - 67 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International A Novel Approach for Implementing Community Seed Banks in the Mountain Area of Nepal Bharat Bhandari1, Niranjan Pudasaini1, Rita Gurung1, Devendra Gauchan2, Pitambar Shrestha1, Krishna Hari Ghimire3 and Bal Krishna Joshi3 Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD), Pokhara; @: bbhandari@libird.org; NP <niranjan.pudasaini@libird.org>; RG <rgurung@libird.org> PS <pitambar@libird.org> 2 Bioversity International, Kathmandu, Nepal; <d.gauchan@cgiar.org> 3 National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center, NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur; KHG <krishnahari.ghimire@yahoo.com>, BKJ <joshibalak@yahoo.com> 1 Jugu Community Seed Bank in Dolakha District, Photo: Niranjan Pudasaini, LI-BIRD Abstract Community seed bank (CSB) is one of the approaches successfully applied in Nepal and globally for conservation and use of local crop diversity for food and agriculture. However, there are only a few success examples of CSBs in high mountain areas of Nepal, particularly focusing on traditional underutilized crops. This chapter aims to present the modality and experiences of implementing community seed banks in mountain districts, namely, Humla, Jumla, Lamjung and Dolakha, by the UNEP GEF Local Crop Project (LCP) jointly implemented by Bioversity International, NAGRC, DoA and LI-BIRD. The project was implemented in 2014 in Nepal for providing diversity rich solutions and mainstreaming the conservation and use of local agricultural biodiversity in the mountain agricultural production landscapes. The LCP adopted Diversity Field School (DFS) approach to sensitize and mobilize communities about the importance of local crop genetic resources, - 68 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 paving way in realizing the need of CSB and its institutionalization. DFS approach has been found effective to identify and mobilize custodians of agrobiodiversity, promote good practices such as participatory variety selection, grass-roots breeding, food fairs and promote farmer- to-farmer learning and sharing as a part of local capacity building processes. DFS approach has empowered women farmers to take leadership roles in managing community seed banks. The project engaged local governments (Palikas) from the beginning to make them realize the vital need of CSBs, strengthen local seed systems as a mechanism to increase access to quality seeds of traditional and underutilized crop species. It has resulted a positive outcome to develop ownership on institutionalizing CSB in local agriculture development plans and providing significant amount of financial resources and material support to establish and sustain CSBs in LCP sites. In remote high mountain areas, where seed business opportunity is limited; engagement of and ownership of local government is crucial to sustain CSBs. Keywords: Conservation, diversity field school, high mountains, local government, traditional underutilized crops Introduction The world´s food basket today is shrinking at an alarming rate and what is most concerning is the reduction in the number of crop species and varieties used by humankind for food and nutrition security. This has become a serious issue for the food diversity and sustainability of food systems of the world today and in the future. Genetic erosion of traditional crop varieties is taking place in many communities due to lack of awareness and knowledge about their food and non-food values, technological interventions promoting mono-cultures and mechanization, easy access to hybrids seed, loss of traditional culture and food systems and frequent natural disasters like floods and drought. Various participatory approaches, methodologies and tools have been developed to promote on-farm conservation of plant genetic resources and increase local seed security in various parts of the world. Community seed bank (CSB) is one of the concepts developed and promoted globally for on-farm conservation and utilization of local plant genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, and to halt the process of rapid loss of genetic resources from the local production systems. CSB approach is in practice since the early 1990s and continue to emerge in different parts of the world in response to concerns about the gradual loss of biological diversity in agricultural systems, the loss of seeds by natural disasters and the demands of farmers to participate in locally driven diversity management strategies (Vernooy 2013). It is operated at local level, managed by a community and involves the processes of production, collection, storage, distribution (exchange, loan, grant) and marketing of locally important plant genetic resources (Joshi 2013). It aims to strengthen seed security through improving access to seeds, empowering farming communities to increase their stakes over seeds and planting materials and facilitate access and benefit - 69 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 sharing of plant genetic resources (Shrestha et al 2013; Gauchan et al 2018). CSB therefore is a holistic and community-led approach in which farmers and their local institutions are involved in collection, storage, exchange, distribution and maintenance of local crop seeds and manage information system locally. In recent years, CSBs have been portrayed as an effective mechanism to realize farmers’ rights on seeds by conservation scientists, supporting the implementation of provisions of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. CSBs can promote food sovereignty and help adapting agriculture to climate change (Development Fund 2011, Vernooy et al 2014). CSBs offer diverse and locally adapted seeds and planting materials to farmers and therefore play important roles in strengthening farmer’s seed systems at the local level in developing countries like Nepal. CSB is one of the community-based approaches successfully applied In Nepal and globally for conservation and promotion of crop diversity for food and agriculture. However, there are only a few successful examples of CSBs in high mountain areas of Nepal that conserve and promote the utilization of traditional and underutilized crop varieties. In this context, this chapter aims to propose a specific strategy and approach adopted by the Nepal UNEP GEF Local Crop Project (LCP) to establish and sustain CSBs that promote conservation and utilization of traditional underutilized crops in remote high mountain areas. In these areas there are limited income opportunities for CSBs as seed enterprises compared to market accessible hills and Tarai landscapes. The chapters also highlights the benefits of the Diversity Field School (DFS) approach and the Community based Biodiversity Management (CBM) fund for operationalizing and sustaining CSBs and paving the way to satisfy the needs of CSBs and their institutionalization. Importance of Community Seed Banks in the Mountain Areas In the mountain areas of Nepal, traditional crop varieties are an important source of food and nutrition as they are rich in nutrition, resistant to disease-pest and better adapted to climate stresses, such as drought and cold. However, the area and production of underutilized traditional crops are declining due to multiple factors, such as increased road connectivity, access to improved crop varieties, youth out-migration, change in food habits and climate change. Despite unique adaptive traits and qualities, most of the traditional crop varieties have been neglected or underutilized by the national agricultural research and extension systems. In remote mountain districts of western Nepal, frequent drought has been reported that causes severe food shortage due to lack of sufficient and timely rainfall to grow and harvest crops. This has also resulted in shortage of locally adapted seeds and planting material for the next season, since farm saved seed is the only source of seed in such risk-prone mountain regions for most of the traditional crops. Therefore, the need of timely access to locally adapted seeds is - 70 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 important in the inaccessible risk-prone mountain areas where the informal seed system fulfills more than 95% of seed requirement. In this scenario, community seed bank has been considered a sound approach for conserving and utilizing local plant genetic resources of traditional crop varieties for the benefits of local communities, while strengthening farmer seed systems and creating awareness about the importance of agricultural plant genetic resources (APGRs) for making our farming system resilience and sustainable. The Local Crop Project (LCP) was implemented to fulfill the gaps in research and development of important traditional underutilized mountain crops aiming to provide diversity rich solutions and mainstream the conservation and use of local agricultural biodiversity in the mountain agricultural production landscapes. The project included eight traditional underutilized crops that are nutrient dense, climate resilient and indigenous to the Nepal mountains. These crops are amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, A. caudatus and A. cruentus), barley and naked barley (Hordeum vulgare and H. vulgare var. nudum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) and cold tolerant rice (Oryza sativa). The project has implemented CSB as one of the key interventions to build local capacity of farmers and community-based organizations (CBOs) for strengthening farmers seed systems, conserving traditional crops and supporting livelihoods of smallholder farmers. Community Seed Banks Implementation Modality of the Local Crop Project There are a number of steps suggested to follow while establishing and operationalizing CSB in Nepal. In most cases, CSBs are planned to be established as part of project activities to be accomplished within a limited period. Often, there is inadequate understanding of the community context and their willingness to run a CSB. This might be the reason of the poor functioning of some CSBs. CSBs established in more accessible areas of Nepal have income opportunities to sustain CSBs from seed enterprising, but CSBs in high mountain areas have limitations to generate significant income from seed business, mainly due to poor infrastructure and weak market opportunities. However, there is greater need of CSBs to conserve and make availability of locally adapted nutrient rich traditional crops to increase production and productivity in mountain areas, where there are limited alternatives for access to quality seeds from external sources. The project adopted a different strategy to establish and sustain CSBs in remote mountain areas focusing on awareness raising and mobilization of communities and local government and non-government stakeholders about the need of a - 71 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 CSB for sustainable food systems and livelihoods. Diversity Field School (DFS) has been identified as a first step to discuss about a CSB among farmers and make them realize the importance of a CSB. This then paves the way to prepare communities for CSB establishment, management and institutionalization in LCP sites as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1. Community seed bank implementation steps adopted by LCP. This is followed by identification and mobilization of community-based institutions and agrobiodiversity custodians, development of their skills and knowledge in agrobiodiversity conservation, promotion of good practices, such as participatory variety selection, grass-roots breeding, diversity cum food fairs and the promotion of participatory seed exchanges and farmer-to-farmer learning and sharing as part of community seed bank operations. These activities are vital for continued conservation and increased local access to quality seeds of traditional underutilized crops. The project has also established and implemented a Community Biodiversity Management (CBM) fund as a self-financing model by linking with group credits and saving schemes for sustainability of the community seed banks. In addition, the project emphasized to build a functional partnership between project team members, communities and the local governments from the very beginning of the CSB process with the aim to develop strong sense of ownership of the local government and integrate CSB in the local agricultural development plans. This facilitated generation of resources and strengthened the operationalization of CSBs. It can sustain CSBs in remote mountain areas where limited alternative income and business opportunities exist to sustain on its own mechanism. Diversity Field School Diversity field school is one of the evolving concepts applied in the LCP for the first time in Nepal building on insights of Farmers Field School (FFS), Diversity Field Flora (DFF) and Community based Biodiversity Management (CBM) approaches. DFS is defined as a community centered learning and action platform where - 72 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 farmers participate to understand the value of biodiversity, manage agriculture plant genetic resources (APGR) by practicing various diversity management methods and tools and sustain successful initiatives through collective community actions. It is based on four key elements: a) participatory and holistic approach on managing agricultural biodiversity for food and nutrition security; b) valuing farmer’s knowledge, experience and their involvement in decision making process; c) promoting farmer- to-farmer learning and sharing as a part of local capacity building process; and d) customization of the actions as per the local context. DFS has suggested a framework curriculum which is based on the concepts of To Know, To Do and To Sustain, as illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2. Diversity field school modules, themes and expected outcomes. It is recommended to complete module 1 of the DFS curricula before establishing a CSB, which will be the integral part of module 2. DFS module 3 focuses on empowering CSBs and communities by building technical, financial capacity, leaderships, networks and partnerships with public and private sector stakeholders including local governments. The project used DFS as an effective tool to sensitize communities, particularly women, identify custodian farmers (agrobiodiversity rich farmers) and bring them together for planning, implementation and management of CSBs with a strong sense of conservation and promotion of locally grown important traditional crops varieties. Besides these, DFS forum is used to test and transfer farmer friendly tools and technologies and to document farmer’s knowledge for research purposes. From July 2015 until 30 June 2018, a total of 84 DFS classes were held in four project sites involving about 100 farmers (20-25 farmers per site). Among regular DFS participants, 65% were women members in LCP sites, indicating that DFS is effective to motivate women farmers to carry out local crop conservation, take on CSB management roles and diversify home gardens. As feminization in rural agriculture systems is a major issue in the context of - 73 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 male outmigration (Gartaula et al 2010, Devkota et al 2016), DFS can be a useful approach to mobilize and train female farmers in a changed socio-economic context. Partnership and Collaboration Conservation, utilization and promotion of APGR are of great significance to local food and nutrition security and income opportunities. This implies that each and every concerned agency has an important role to play in this process. Engagement of key stakeholders in the process of CSB establishment and defining its operational modality is critical for ownership. The Local Crop Project itself is a result of joint collaboration between international, national non-governmental, government research institutions and extension agency as well as communitybased organizations of the local area. The sphere of collaboration of community seed bank developed in the LCP sites is presented in Figure 3. Figure 3. Sphere of collaboration of community seed bank developed in the LCP sites. The project has invested in bringing key stakeholders, especially local government, district line agencies and organizations working in agriculture on board from the very beginning by ensuring their participation in key processes of CSB establishment, eg organizing seed fairs and seed production. In addition, the project has been engaging local seed shops, private seed companies and seed dealers through discussion, exposure visits and linkages to CSBs for sale of seeds of potential local landraces. Lately, CSBs have been coordinating with respective local governments (Rural Municipalities) for integrating CSB plans for promoting traditional crop into local policy, plans and programs. Local governments now - 74 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 have significant power and authority to make policies, plans and allocate resources. During the process, CSBs have gained recognition. This is helpful to mainstream the project initiative in the local government system. The project has initiated work towards establishing a seed value chain by developing CSBs as local resource centers for accessing quality seeds and locally developed local crop products, in coordination with local agro-entrepreneurs (eg Humla), organic shops and concerned rural municipalities. Apart from this, the project has supported CSBs to connect to the Association of Community Seed Banks in Nepal (ACSBN), the network that was established for collective learning, sharing of experiences and bringing the CSBs agenda into policy discussions. This can facilitate the recognition and participation of CSBs in decision making processes, to discuss issues of farmers’ rights and access and benefit sharing of local genetic resources conserved and maintained by local community seed banks (Gauchan et al 2018). Operations and Management CSBs in LCP sites are managed and operated by community institutions established as a cooperative or farmer group. A large number of farming households (with significant numbers of women farmers involved) implements a community biodiversity management (CBM) trust fund (Table 1). These local institutions have formed a separate CSB management committee consisting of custodian farmers, both men and women. DFS is an integral part of the functioning of CSBs. Most of the DFS members are engaged in production, exchange and management of seeds of traditional crops. The role of community institutions is to provide overall leadership of CSB operations and fund management, building linkages, coordinating partnerships with public and private sectors to enhance local capacity, leverage resources, and sell seeds. The project is promoting women leadership given that women are the de-facto managers of seeds and planting materials in households and are playing a crucial role in sustaining family farming in the current context of increasing out-migration of men to foreign countries (Gartaula et al 2010). These CSBs have established and manage a community biodiversity management (CBM) trust fund of NPR 1.2 million for supporting seed production, collection, management and other regular CSB activities. The CBM trust fund also provides small credit support to the most needy and vulnerable farm households for conducting income generating activities and for the conservation of rare and unique local crop genetic resources. - 75 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 1. Summary of members and the trust fund managed by CSB in LCP sites. Site CBM trust fund Members Name of local institution operating CSB Female Male Total (NPR) Chhipra, Humla Karnali Agriculture Cooperative Limited 68 66 134 350,000 Hanku, Jumla Shree Dhauligaad Agriculture Biodiversity Conservation Group 57 19 76 300,000 Ghanpokhara, Lamjung Ghanpokhara Seed Production and Conservation Farmers Group 15 40 55 315,000 Jungu, Dolakha Himchuli Multipurpose Cooperative Limited 45 41 86 300,000 185 166 351 Total 1,215,000 CSB activities, such as seed production and fund mobilization, have provided direct incentives to CSB members through increasing access to quality seeds and small financial capital locally and giving additional earning opportunities for growers from the sale of seeds. In 2017, four CSBs in LCP sites produced 4.8 tons seeds of 32 varieties of 10 crops species involving 166 farmers in total (Figure 4). Some sites produced a relatively large number of crop varieties of more crop species, such as Dolakha and Humla as compared to Jumla and Dolakha. These CSBs are emphasizing the production and supply of seeds of a large number of traditional crop varieties rather than supplying a large quantity seeds of few crop varieties. Jumla Humla Lamjung 62 Dolakha 45 32 32 28 24 27 14 7 8 7 No of crops 10 No of varieites No of farmers Figure 4. Number of crop varieties and farmers engaged in seed production activity in LCP site in 2017. - 76 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Sustainability Mechanisms of CSBs Most of the CSBs in Nepal are established as a project activity supported by nongovernment agencies. Some of the community seed banks are facing challenges to sustain their operation after phasing out of the projects. Organizations sometimes start CSBs without adequate groundwork that prepares communities to lead the process. Often, they lack mechanisms to provide follow up support. Due to its nature, establishment of a functional CSB requires a bottom up planning process and social mobilization to engage local leaders, communities and stakeholders. This need is often poorly understood and therefore not prioritized by organizations. Social mobilization increases interest and engages communities in the participation of decision making processes necessary to build local ownership. CSB management therefore needs to be planned from the very beginning of its establishment. Establishment of a vibrant local institution, developing active and young agrobiodiversity custodians (men and women), building financial and physical assets as well as networking and partnerships with government and non-government stakeholders including private actors are key for sustaining CSBs managed by the communities. The LCP project has emphasized these aspects from the beginning. The project has also implemented Community Biodiversity Management (CBM) fund as an integral part of CSBs since the beginning of 2018 as a self-financing model for sustainability. Capacity Building of Local Institutions and Communities LCP utilized the DFS platform to discuss about CSB, raise awareness and prepare farmer leaders to mobilize communities for CSB establishment, operations and management. Custodian farmers and community leaders received CSB Management training and exposure opportunities to observe and interact with the CSB community in Nawalparasi in May 2016. It motivated them to lead the process of establishing CSBs in LCP sites. They discussed with existing farmer’s groups and cooperatives and relevant government agencies about the legal provisions and support mechanisms for production and marketing of seeds as a function of CSB. They received training and material supports for seed storage from the project and government extension agencies. The local institution responsible for the management of the CSB has mobilized trained men and women custodians and seed producer farmers to produce seed for the CSB. Local institutions are trained in CSB management, financial and fund management, seed business planning and leadership with priority given to women and youth. CSBs were established at the end of 2016 and became operational by the middle of 2017. Establishment and Management of Community Trust Funds Building financial assets is one of the important aspects for the continuity and sustainability of CSB activities after the project support is over. Our experience - 77 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 shows that a community fund generates interest, binds communities and promotes collective action in achieving CSB goals because it directly supports production, collection and distribution of seed and planting materials. LCP promoted CSBs have established a CSB Fund of about NPR 300 thousand in each project site managed by the local institutions. A partial amount of this fund is made available to seed producers and custodians as credit to increase production of quality seeds. Each CSB has developed and implemented a fund mobilization guideline. It is mobilized as a revolving fund and the interest is used for covering operational cost of the CSB, which is important for sustaining the CSB. CSB fund is now reintegrated with the community biodiversity management (CBM) trust fund and linked to local group credit and saving schemes as a self-financing model for CSB for conservation, livelihood improvement and a benefit sharing mechanism for poor and vulnerable farmers. Seed Value Chain Development of Local Crops Communities often undervalue their existing APGR, which hinders their optimal utilization. This affects in particular the traditional minor crops in the mountain region. DFS approach combined with CSB processes and mechanism is found to be quite effective to raise awareness and engage communities to address this issue. Linking production to improved processing with the use of women friendly machinery and adding value through diversifying products contributed significantly to better valuing traditional crops and increasing their utilization. Selection and improvement of varieties through grassroots breeding has been ongoing in Dudhe Chino (proso millet) in Humla, Rato Kodo (finger millet) in Jumla, Bariyo Kaguno (foxtail millet) in Lamjung and Pahenlo and Khairo Simi (common bean) in Dolakha. Dolakha beans have been proposed for formal registration in the national seed system, which will enable CSB communities to benefit from seed production and connect to the private sector. CSBs have an important stake in the seed value chain to produce, sell and maintain seeds and provide direct benefits to farmers and sustain CSB functions. Product diversification and marketing of proso-millet, foxtail millet and finger millet by training local farmers via the DFS forum have created synergetic effects to strengthen the seed value chain. The participation in the national level food fair of 2018, the varietal registration of Dolakha beans and the making of proso-millet bakery products linked to local tourism in Humla are some of the efforts that are adding value to local crops, ultimately contributing to diversify the biodiversity-based income sources of smallholder farmers. Efficient processing and guaranteeing quality are crucial for establishing marketable products. The introduction of a finger millet thresher cum dehusker and proso-millet dehusker were instrumental in reducing human labor, drudgery of women and improving the quality of the processed products. CSBs are becoming local resource centers and are managing these processing machines by applying a - 78 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 “Payment for Service” scheme. Dolakha has generated about 15,000 NPR from operating a millet thresher under this scheme in two seasons. Revenue generated through the operating processing machines is utilized for the management of the CSBs . LCP introduced CSBs have started making income from the sale of seed in the local market. With project support, the CSBs produced 6.7 tons of seed of a large number of crop varieties, which were distributed to more than 6000 households in 2018 (Table 2). They also earned NPR 99,100 (USD 950) by selling seed to governmental service centers, seed companies and local agro-vets. Table 2. Details of crop varieties, seed quantity and number of beneficiaries by year No. of crops Name of CSB Chhipra CSB, Humla Hanku CSB, Jumla Ghanpokhara, CSB Lamjung Jugu CSB, Dolakha No. of varieties Total seed (Kg) No. of seed receivers (HHs) Y1 Y2 Y3 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y1 Y2 Y3 2 5 11 6 15 25 583 1605 1920 624 886 1997 5 8 6 16 18 14 394 928 2315 496 2315 2162 5 7 8 11 14 20 213 640 631 360 573 468 4 4 24 7 18 41 140 1191 1857 431 562 1381 1330 4364 6723 1911 4336 6008 Total Note: Y1 = 2016, Y2 = 2017, Y3 = 2018. Source: CSB records Recently, the potential of community seed banks to deal with the effects of climate change has become evident. Increasing crop and varietal diversity is adapted by mountain smallholders to cope with climate change as a risk reduction strategy. As traditional mountain crops are well adapted and hold large genepoolw to cope with climate stresses, CSBs directly contribute to adaptation. At the same time, income generation from seed sales and social capital building help to build climate resilient livelihood systems of mountain farmers. Integrating Community Seed Banks in Local Development Plans After the recent restructuring of the state in Nepal, the local government is independent to develop and implement local policies and plans. In this context, it is crucial for the project and community institutions to collaborate with local government while establishing CSBs. To collaborate and build partnership, LCP organized a two day orientation and interaction workshop with the local government authorities of the project sites on 16-17 February 2018. The participants were the chair persons and vice-chair persons of Rural Municipalities (RMs), Ward Chairpersons of project implemented RMC, Chairs of CSB committees, Cooperatives and Members of Farmers Groups from project rural municipalities (Palikas). The interactive workshop identified the areas of joint work to promote local crops through CSBs, the testing and promotion of - 79 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 processing technologies of traditional crops and the need to build capacity of local institutions and communities. Local government leaders were instructed to implement the Local Government Act 2017 (2074), which explicitly outlines the production, promotion and conservation of local crops and agrobiodiversity. Local government leaders of LCP are now engaging CSB managers in the local agricultural planning process and start allocating resources for organizing seed fairs, distributing CSB seeds and providing grants for building CSB storage facilities, supporting processing machines and providing seed production training in all sites. Local governments of LCP sites have realized that CSBs are a local mechanism to increase access to quality seed and promote the use of local and underutilized crops. Karnali Provincial government has integrated CSB in its policies and plans with the statement to “establish CSBs in all local government units in partnership with farmer’s cooperatives for the conservation and promotion of local crops” and has allocated resources in the coming fiscal year. Local governments of LCP sites Kharpunath RMC Humla, Tatopani RMC Jumla, Marsyangdi RMC Lamjung and Gaurishankar RMC Dolakha included CSBs in their local policies and programs and started supporting strengthening CSBs supported by LCP. To date (mid 2018), CSBs have leveraged a total of NPR 3.78 million (USD 37,000) from local governments in four project sites to strengthen community seed banks and support conservation and local development initiatives (Table 3). Project site Humla has leveraged the largest amount of resources of NPR 1.65 million. Table 3. Status of resources leveraged from local government from 2016-2018 Name of CSB Total NPR Chippra, Humla 1,650,000 Hanku, Jumla 800,000 Ghanpokhara, Lamjung 202,500 Jungu, Dolakha 1,130,000 Grand Total 3,782,500 Purpose of the support CSB building structure & land purchase, seed storage, and processing equipment, seed production and distribution, value chain development CSB storage structure, seed production, cash (apple) crop production, purchase of processing equipment, generator for electricity Seed storage materials, seed purchase, production and distribution, CSB building structure & land purchase, purchase of tillage, irrigation & processing equipment, micro irrigation canal for vegetable & fruit nursery development and agricultural inputs Most of the resources leveraged are for infrastructure and institutional strengthening of CSB through support in seed storage, processing equipment, seed production and distribution. This indicates that local governments in project sites have strong interest in CSB development. - 80 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Conclusion, Lessons Learned and Way Forward The community seed bank approach promotes collective local action for conservation and sustainable use of traditional crop genetic diversity. The LCP project has piloted the diversity field school (DFS) approach and developed close coordination with key stakeholder, especially local government, for the establishment of Community Seed Banks in project sites. The project team has learned that there is a need for continuous efforts to maintain CSBs wellfunctioning and diversify their functions from seed value chain development to local product promotion. Capacity development is therefore very important. The DFS approach is very effective to promote capacity development. There is also a need to integrate CBM fund in CSB operations to enhance access to financial credit for the needy and vulnerable farmers and communities and generate livelihood options in addition to conserving rare and endangered landraces. CBM fund is an option to develop incentive and benefit sharing mechanisms for CSB members and local farmers. A CBM fund is also a viable self-financing model for the sustainability of community seed banks in the remote high mountain regions of Nepal where easy access to credit and financial resources from external sources is limited. Based on the experiences and lessons learned by the LCP, we suggest five core elements to support CSBs: (i) identification, mobilization and capacity building of communities and custodian farmers; (ii) implementation of DFS; (iii) development of a functional partnership with local government for the development of ownership and integration in local government programs and plans; (iv) seed and product value chain development, and (v) CBM trust fund as a self-finance model. The first and foremost task is to identify and sensitize custodian farmers and community institutions about the vital need of a CSB, its multiple functions and benefits for smallholders. DFS as an integral component of CSB is effective to raise awareness, build capacities and mobilize the community. DFS also provides a platform for collective learning and sharing, often a missing component in most of the CSBs established in Nepal and elsewhere. The roles of custodian farmers and local leaders to motivate fellow farmers and establish and run community institutions has to be planned ahead of CSB establishment. It is recommended to identify active farmer cooperatives or groups, custodians of agrobiodiversity and lead farmers in the process of DFS implementation. It is important to first motivate, dialogue with and engage local government in the process to establish a CSB before coming to a partnership agreement. After the state restructuring, local governments have authority and mandate to make local policies and plans and allocate resources. The project recommends communities to approach local governments to share ideas about a CSB, its multiple benefits and the potential to become a local resource center for conservation and livelihood improvement. For sustainability, engagement, ownership and integration of CSB with local government plans and programs is indispensable. Generation of some economic benefits from the operation of CSB is imperative at both individual and - 81 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 community levels. This can be achieved by diversifying its services as a locally active resource center for farmers. One important reason why community seed banks become less functional when external support is withdrawn is the lack of economic activities to support livelihoods of member families (Vernooy et al 2014). The CBM trust fund is an important part to be integrated in CSB operations to enhance access to financial resources, in particular for needy and vulnerable farmers and communities. It is crucial to develop incentive mechanisms for CSB members through establishing seed enterprise and community trust fund for easy access to small credit facilities. CSBs can benefit from linkages with academic and research institution for development of human resources by blending community knowledge with science. Mountain areas have a unique advantage due to agro-climatic suitability to grow traditional vegetable crops. CSBs can integrate seed production and seed enterprise development of high value-low volume traditional vegetable and other mountain crops. References Devkota R, K Khadka, H Gartaula, A Shrestha, S Karki, K Patel and P Chaudhary. 2016. Gender and labor efficiency in finger millet production in Nepal. In: Towards Transforming Gender and Food security in the Global South (J Njuki, J Parkins and A Kaler, eds). Routledge, New York; pp.7-26. Development Fund. 2011. Banking for the Future: Saving, Security and Seed. A Short Study of Community Seed Banks in Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Hondurus, India, Nepal, Thailand, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Oslo, Norway Gauchan, D., BK Joshi and B Bhandari. 2018. Farmers’ Rights and Access and Benefit Sharing Mechanisms in Community Seed Banks in Nepal. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International (in this proceeding). Gartaula, HN, A Niehof and L Visser. 2010. Feminization of Agriculture as an Effect of Male out Migration: Unexpected Outcomes from Jhapa District, Eastern Nepal. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 5(2):565-577. Joshi BK. 2013. A Brief Overview of Community Seed Bank Initiative in Nepal. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proceedings of a National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity International, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. Shrestha P, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary. 2013. Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future. Proc. National Workshop, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. Vernooy R. 2013. In the Hands of Many: A Review of Community Gene/ Seed Banks around the World. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proceedings of a National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity International, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Galluzzi and P Shrestha. 2014. The Multiple Functions and Services of Community Seedbanks. Resources 3(4):636-656. |l-------l|l-------l| - 82 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International Making a Community Seed Bank Functional and Sustainable: An Experience from Bajura Ram Krishna Shrestha1 and Bal Krishna Joshi2 Department of Agriculture, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur; @: rksathi05@gmail.com National Genebank, NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur; <joshibalak@yahoo.com> 1 2 Local food items produced using local crops. Photo: Bal Krishna Joshi, NAGRC Abstract Over the years, there has been a marked trend of growing fewer landraces and indigenous cultivars in Bajura with some of them on the verge of extinction. This is threatening the food and nutrition security of local people. Some of the main reasons for this trend are mono-cropping of modern varieties of staple crops, changes in food preferences mainly towards rice, shortage of farm labor, high costs of production and the stigma attached to landraces/indigenous cultivars as ‘poor men’s food/crop’ that leads to undervaluation and negligence. To counter this trend, it was considered crucial to conserve and utilize the landraces for food security and livelihoods of local people. The community seed bank (CSB) is playing an instrumental role to achieve this. In Bajura, CSB was a new intervention. Some of the major achievements of the CSBs in Bajura include the conservation of landraces, contribution to seed replacement rate, increase in farm income and improvement in livelihood of local people and social capital building. Various success factors contributed to the good performance: seed production and marketing of modern varieties, various incentives and benefits from the government for - 83 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 conserving landraces, and investment in building social capital in the local community and among the members. The study found that commercial seed production and product diversification of landraces were critical for the sustainability of the community seed bank in Bajura. It is argued that a special federal policy is urgently needed for the conservation and promotion of landraces in the context of the loss of these important plant genetic resources. Keywords: Indigenous cultivars, landraces, product diversification, seed production Introduction The importance of agriculture plant genetic resources (APGRs) for the wellbeing of mankind cannot be overemphasized. However, there is a rapid loss of APGRs worldwide with some of them on the verge of extinction. This situation has threatened the food and nutrition security nationally and globally. The main reasons for this situation are the mono-cropping of modern varieties and poor utilization of landraces and indigenous cultivars in modern farming practices. The negative impact of climate change has only aggravated the situation. Therefore, it is crucial to conserve and utilize the landraces and local cultivars for food and nutrition security and sustainable livelihoods of local populations. A community seed bank (CSB) could play an instrumental role to this end. There is a variation in understanding and use of a CSB. However, in general, a CSB is a grassroots institution of farming communities that strives for the conservation and utilization of local agro-biodiversity (Shrestha 2012, Joshi 2013, Vernooy et al 2015). Community Seed Bank Initiatives and Present Status Bajura is one of the most remote districts located in far-western region with the lowest HDI (36.8) and highest percentage (64%) of people living below the poverty line in Nepal (NPC 2014). The district has only 12% cultivable land. The state of food security is very poor as it is one of the chronic food deficit districts. As per the latest human development report (NPC 2014), 41.17% of children under five years are malnourished and 17% of the population does not live beyond 40 years. Not long ago, landraces and indigenous cultivars were the major sources of food and nutrition security in Bajura. However, the trend of growing such landraces has been on the decline over the years with some of them being on the verge of extinction. Some of the main reasons are mono-cropping of modern varieties; changes in food preferences mainly towards rice; shortage of farm labor; high costs of production; the stigma attached to landraces/indigenous cultivars as ‘poor men’s food/crop’ leading to undervaluation and negligence. This has threatened food and nutrition security of local people. Therefore, it is important to conserve and utilize the landraces and indigenous varieties for better food security and livelihoods of local population. A community seed bank (CSB) can be instrumental to achieve this. - 84 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 The popularity of CSBs has been growing in recent years among the rural folks of Nepal. In Bajura, however, it is a new intervention. Three CSBs, one Community Grain cum Seed Bank and one Community Seed Processing and Storage Center are operating in the district in 2018 with varying scales of operation and degrees of activeness among them. The first ever CSB was established in 2014 in Jera village, Wai (now a part of Swami Kartik Rural Municipality) under the management of Hariyali Krishak Samuha and the joint initiation of the DADO, Bajura, Action Aid Nepal and the Human Resource Center (HRC), a local NGO. Status of Community Seed Banks in Bajura Table 1 presents an overview of the CSBs operating in Bajura. CSBs in Bajura do not have a long history: all of them are less than five years old. All the CSBs were established by outside initiative and support; they were not established by the self-initiation of the respective community. There is a wide variation in the way the CSBs are operating. Two CSBs are managed by cooperatives whereas the others are managed by farmers group. Three are operating by the true name of CSB. One was initially set up as community grain bank, but was later converted to a community grain cum seed bank. Another is operating as a community seed processing and storage center. The major activities undertaken by the most of the CSBs are collection and marketing of seeds of modern varieties of cereals. Only two CSBs are involved in preservation and utilization of landraces. Table 1. Community seed banks operating in Bajura district CSB CSB managed by Hariyali Krishak Samuha Location Swami Kartik Rural Municipality-5, Jera Year established Initial supporter 2014 DADO, Bajura Action Aid Nepal and Human Resource Centre DADO, Bajura Community Grain cum Seed Bank managed by Srijanshil Krishak Samuha Budhiganga Municipality-2, Khetkot 2016 CSB managed by Badimalika Mahila Krishak Samuha Budhinanda Municipality-5, Birsen 2017 - 85 - DADO, Bajura Main activities Collection, preservation and utilization of landraces, collection, processing and marketing of seeds of improved varieties of cereals and local cultivars of buckwheat Commercial production of improved seeds of wheat and paddy by the members and supply to nearby Community Seed Processing and Storage Centre managed by Hatemalo Sana Kishan Krishi Sahakari Sanstha Collection, processing and marketing of seeds of improved varieties of cereals Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 CSB CSB managed by Yekata Sana Kishan Krishi Sahakari Sanstha, (small farmers agriculture cooperatives) Community Seed Processing and Storage Centre managed by Hatemalo Sana Kishan Krishi Sahakari Sanstha Location Badimalika Municipality-9, Martadi Budhiganga Municipality-2, Taprishera Year established Initial supporter 2017 DADO, Bajura 2017 DADO, Bajura Main activities Collection, and preservation of landraces, collection, processing and marketing of seeds of improved varieties of cereals and local cultivars of buckwheat, retailing of grains and flour of local beans, cereals and millets Collection, processing and marketing of seeds of improved varieties of cereals and local cultivars of buckwheat Conservation and Utilization of Landraces With the support and facilitation from DADO, Bajura, Action Aid Nepal and the Human Resource Centre, two of the five CSBs are actively involved in collection, preservation and utilization of landraces. For example, the CSB managed by Hariyali Krishak Samuha, Jera, has maintained four dozen entries of landraces of paddy, maize, wheat, finger millet, buckwheat, proso millet, foxtail millet, amaranth, sorghum, sesame, cotton, collected and conserved in the seed bank until now. It has also conserved in the seed bank the landraces collected from nearby villages and districts. The CSB managed by Hamro Yekata Sana Kishan Krishi Sahakari has maintained altogether 10 entries of landraces of paddy, foxtail millet, proso millet, finger millet, sorghum in the seed bank. Other CSBs are not involved in preserving landraces, but have a plan to do so in the future. The Jera CSB has collected seeds of landraces of various crops and preserved them in earthen pots and plastic containers. The Secretary of the local Hariyali farmers group, also the manager of the CSB, maintains the written records of landraces and local cultivars collected from members and other local villagers. Local farmers receive seeds of landraces and indigenous cultivars before the cropping season from the seed bank on the condition that they will return the seeds after the crop harvest, usually adding 10% of the borrowed amount. Farmers from nearby villages and districts visit the seed bank to buy seed. The seed bank also provides seed free of cost for destitute people. Governance of Community Seed Banks Executives and members of most of the CSBs do not have a very good understanding about the function(s) and importance of the CSB. Initially, CSBs - 86 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 simply followed what their promoters asked them to do. Systematic collection and maintenance of landraces and other works pertinent to agro-biodiversity conservation are yet to be institutionalized in the CSBs. No separate committee was formed by the CSBs to manage seed bank affairs systematically. Members have not discussed much yet about the rules and regulations for setting up of a seed bank and managing its affairs. Generally, a low level of social capital was observed across the CSBs. One of the challenges is the general lack of trust among members. In most cases, DADO Bajura is keeping the CSBs alive by purchasing source seeds and improved seeds produced by the seed bank, using the original source seeds provided by the DADO. In other words, the main activity and business of most of the CSBs in Bajura has been seed collection of commercial varieties and selling seed to DADOs and other institutional buyers. Roles of DADO and Community Seed Banks In 2016, DADO Bajura initiated a campaign to promote the conservation and utilization of landraces and local cultivars with a long-term goal of improving food and nutrition security in the district. The campaign essentially consisted of five components (Figure 1). Local CSBs have played a crucial role in the implementation of four components; but they have not implemented the product diversification component. Below is a brief account of the implementation of the campaign and role played by the CSBs. Figure 1. Five components of promotion of landraces and local cultivars in Bajura. - 87 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Awareness Raising Under this component, awareness raising activities were conducted in the district using various means and methods. A message about health benefits and economic importance of landraces and local cultivars of cereals, pseudo cereals and other crops was designed and broadcasted by local FM radios and published in local newspapers on a regular basis. Wall paintings with short messages were used across the districts and hoarding boards were placed in major locations where there was a high flow of movement of local people (Figure 2). Stakeholder workshops in district headquarters and in various parts of the districts were organized to discuss the issues of promoting landraces and local cultivars. DADO utilized forums such as mass meetings and people’s gatherings to talk about and spread the message on the importance of such crops. Several meetings with CSB related persons or executives and members of the farmer groups and cooperatives were also conducted. In such meetings, CSBs were requested to spread the message about conserving landraces in their respective villages. Figure 2. Poster and wall text to promote the conservation of local crop diversity. Seed and Technology Support As a result of the awareness raising program more farmers became interested in growing landraces and local cultivars. Farmers who did not have seed were supplied seed free of cost collected locally. Mainly seeds of foxtail millet, proso millet, buckwheat barley and beans were freely distributed. In addition, seeds of improved varieties of finger millet and buckwheat developed by the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) was distributed freely. Farmer trainings were organized to impart improved cultivation practices of these crops at the district headquarters and in production pocket locations. One booklet about the importance, distribution, and general cultivation practice of landraces was published and a few copies were made available to field agriculture technicians and leader farmers. Furthermore, several field demonstrations were conducted in some production pocket locations to demonstrate the production potential and facilitate participatory variety selection process. - 88 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Product Diversification A total of 28 local hoteliers and restaurant owners/chefs and Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) were trained in cooking and preparing eight dishes utilizing grains and flour of landraces and local cultivars such as finger millet, buckwheat, foxtail millet and amaranths (Figure 3.) During initial field visits to the communities, DADO found that one of the main reasons for local people not liking foods prepared from grains and flour of these landraces and local cultivars was the lack of product diversification. Farmers did not have ideas about making modern products, such as cake and other popular Nepali dishes including momo, namkin, paratha, laddu and halwa. Figure 3. Glimpse of new dishes prepared with local varieties - 89 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Hoteliers and restaurant owners/chefs were trained with the idea that they can offer these dishes to visitors coming from outside the district as local specialties. This can help in creating demand for the raw materials and ultimately contribute to the conservation of local landraces. Trained FCHVs, on the other hand, can impart the knowledge and skills of product diversification to the fellow women villagers who usually meet once a month to discuss the health and nutrition of mothers, babies and the family. After these dishes became popular in the district headquarters there was a time when serving these dishes was a norm in most of the formal meetings, workshops, trainings and other types of public gatherings. DADO facilitated replicating the product diversification endeavors in newly established municipalities and rural municipalities in the district. This has had some success. Only a few hoteliers have continued offering above mentioned dishes to outsiders and government offices and local NGOs. By the end of 2018, only a couple of restaurants in district headquarters were offering above mentioned dishes. Figure 4. Local seed and food fairs and community seed bank Market Promotion and Market Linkages Market promotion of products from landraces and local cultivars was necessary to motivate local farmers to conserve and cultivate landraces and local cultivars. Another strategic objective was to help farmers realize the nutritional and economic importance. The strategy developed was to find markets in cities and linking the local producers to these distant markets. DADO played a crucial role - 90 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 in the decision of the Nepal Food Corporation (NFC) to buy local produce, mainly buckwheat, through its local outlet. One CSB and a farmer group were financially and technically supported to establish a retail outlet of raw product of landraces and local cultivars in the district headquarters. The first year 2016/17 met with failure with no purchase at all by the NFC outlet due to lack of sufficient volume of production. The following year local farmers were able to sell some buckwheat. CSBs helped some local producers to sell their products to the local NFC outlet. Two food fairs were organized in the district headquarters (Figure 4). One district headquarter based restaurant was sponsored and supported to participate in the tenth National Organic Fair organized in Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur in 2017. The supported restaurant prepared and sold various dishes made from the raw materials of landraces and local cultivars and won the first prize of NRS 10,000.00 in the recipe competition. The same dishes were displayed in Kathmandu on the occasion of 37th World Food Day. Grains and flours of various landraces and local cultivars of cereals, millets and pulses were displayed on the occasion. Conservation of Landraces and Local Cultivars DADO initiated various activities aiming at conserving landraces and local cultivars. DAO supported the CSBs to this end. For example, DADO gave financial and technical support to two CSBs to prepare an inventory of the landraces and local cultivars conserved in the CSB. Information about the name of the crop, variety, characteristic features, economic potential, sowing and harvesting times were recorded in a register. DADO offered capacity building to two CSBs to enhance their competency in running and managing a CSB. In addition, DADO provided some financial and capacity building support to four CSBs to set up and manage a diversity block. Moreover, a matching grant of NRS 50,000.0 was provided to one CSB to set up an agro-biodiversity management fund. DADO and Agriculture Service Centers (ASCs) organized biodiversity fairs at district headquarters and other towns and villages. DADO and ASCs collected seed of endangered species which was kept on display in their respective offices. Despite all these efforts, a field observation of November 2018 revealed that, except two CSBs, the others had discontinued the conservation activities. Some of the major reasons found were members’ tendency towards seeking immediate economic benefits from the CSB, weak commitment to the CSB by the leadership and low level of social capital developed in the CSB. Another important reason was the absence of regular follow up support and monitoring of progress. This was mainly due to the termination of DADO support by government decision. The roles played by DADO are summarized in Table 2. - 91 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Sustainability of Community Seed Banks in Bajura Figure 5 summarizes the sustainability path of CSBs operating in Bajura. It emphasizes the fact that besides the core activity of conserving and utilizing landraces and local cultivars, CSB need to diversify their business mainly through involvement in seed production and marketing of modern varieties. This can provide more incentives for local farmer producers to be involved in conservation of their landraces and local cultivars and help ensure sustainable livelihoods in remote hilly villages of the district. Table 2. Roles played by DADO Bajura in initiating and making CSBs functional Areas of support Awareness and capacity building Financial support Material support Seed purchase from CSB Networking Networking Description • Workshop, meeting, visiting the site of CSB and meeting with community members, biodiversity fair • Cash support of NRs29,00,000 for construction of three CSBs and one community seed processing and storage building • Agrobiodiversity management fund of NRs50,000 to set up • Financial support of NRs60,000 to renovate local small irrigation scheme • 50% subsidy on metal seed bins and weighing machine, printed plastic sacks, sack sewing machine • 85% subsidy on hermetic bags About 15 tons of improved seeds of wheat, maize and paddy purchased from local CSBs during FY 2016/17 and 2017/18 Local Municipalities and Rural Municipalities approached and mediated to purchase seeds from CSBs CSBs linked with other seed marketing cooperatives, farmers group and DADOs outside the district Figure 5. Sustainability path of CSBs operating in Bajura. - 92 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Conclusion and Recommendations CSB is a new phenomenon in Bajura. Awareness of the need and importance of CSB is growing among the local people and stakeholders. Of the five CSBs, only two are functioning well in the spirit and objectives of a standard CSB. A CSB can be instrumental in conserving landraces and local cultivars and enhance food and nutrition security in Bajura. However, to make the CSBs in Bajura function more sustainably, the following factors need to be considered: • • • • • • • Seed production and marketing of modern varieties Business diversification encompassing various value chain stages Networking with seed cooperatives, private companies and other possible buyers of improved seed Various incentives and benefits from the government for conserving landraces Training and capacity building of CSB executives and members Investment in building social capital in the local community and among the members of the CSB Accessibility and a good working transport network Based on the findings of the study of CSBs in Bajura, the following recommendations can be made to strengthen and institutionalize the community based conservation and utilization of landraces and local cultivars: • • • • • • • • • • • The government should develop and implement a separate policy on promoting landraces and endangered species Registration of landraces for commercial seed production should be simplified Output-based incentives/subsidy should be given to CSBs for conserving and growing landraces or, alternatively, NFC should guarantee their purchase Local level government should be sensitized and taken on board in landraces conservation and utilization efforts Varietal improvement should be set up through adaptive trials, Participatory Varietal Selection or other methods Research should be done to reduce cost of production of landraces Development and circulation of training materials should be promoted; for example, a colored handbook on food preparation and preservation Cooperative farming/lease farming/contract farming should be promoted Mobilize support for organic group certification Facilitate linkages between local producers/collectors an urban based traders/wholesalers/retailers School curricula on nutrition, dietary diversity, utilization of landraces, - 93 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 • • • and food preparation should be developed Product diversification (noodles, bread, cookies etc) and cooking training for local restaurants and Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHV) should be stimulated The government should begin massive training of FCHVs, local resource persons and social mobilizers in food preparation and utilization Behavioral change communication materials should be produced about nutrition, food diversity, food preparation and utilization References Joshi BK. 2013. A brief overview of community seed bank initiatives in Nepal. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proceedings of a National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity International, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal; pp.41-46. NPC. 2014. Nepal Human Development Report 2014. Beyond Geography, Unlocking Human Potential. National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal. Shrestha P, S Sthapit, R Devkota and R Vernooy. 2012. Workshop Summary Report. National Workshop on Community Seed Banks, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam Nepal/Bioversity International. Vernooy R, P Shrestha and B Sthapit, eds. 2015. Community Seed Banks: Origins, Evolution and Prospects. Routledge, London and New York. |l-------l|l-------l| - 94 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International Community Seed Bank Implementation Approach of Action Aid Nepal Mahesh Badal1, Shiv Narayan Chaudhary2, Badri Subedi3 and Chhumru Sardar Tharu4 Action Aid Nepal, Lazimpat, Kathmandu; @: Mahesh.badal@actionaid.org Action Aid Nepal, Eastern Resource Center, Biratnagar, Morang; <shivnarayan. choudhary@actionadi.org> 3 Indreni Social Development Forum, Bardaghat Municipality, Panchanagar, Nawalparasi; <badri@indreninepal.org> 4 Charpate Community Seedbank, Gramthan Rural Municipality, Morang 1 2 Maa Bhagawati Community Bank, Goalgunj-Amarpur in Bara District. Photo: Action Aid, Nepal Abstract Since 2012, Action Aid Nepal (AAN) has facilitated the establishment of community seed banks in Lalitpur, Bara, Siraha, Morang, Therhathum, Shankhuwasabha, Nawalparasi and Bajura districts of Nepal. The objective of providing support for the establishment of community seed banks is to contribute to the sustainability and resilience of smallholder production systems. Such systems are key to achieve food security and food sovereignty, one of Nepal’s development goals (CSP IV). This approach allows small-scale farmers and local communities take control over their agriculture and food system. AAN uses a nine steps approach to establish community seed banks, including conceptual clarity, identification of local partner, orientation, selection of farmers’ groups or - 95 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 cooperatives, formation of community seed bank management committee, capacity building, preparation of the community seed bank management guideline, creation of a record keeping system, development of a strategy for the sustainability and long-term management, and development of necessary infrastructure. Through this process, AAN has been able to facilitate the establishment of 13 successfully operating community seed banks in eight districts of Nepal. Altogether, 208 local varieties of 14 crops species have been conserved and utilized by these 13 community seed banks with an involvement of 800 households. These community seed banks are involved in conserving local varieties, production and distribution of seeds of local as well as improved varieties to the local communities and facilitation of farmers’ easy access to planting materials. Most of the community seed banks are being managed by a well-organized group of women. Keywords: Conservation, community seed bank, market, utilization Introduction In small-scale agricultural production systems, farmers select their own seeds, store them at home and share them with their neighbors and relatives. This is a common strategy for the conservation of local genetic resources and agrobiodiversity ensuring that sufficient seeds are made available for the next planting season. Traditional seeds are the result of years of farmers’ investment in the selection and adaptation of plants to their local environmental, social, cultural, and economic conditions and needs. However, the past several decades have observed a strong pressure on farmers and their efforts to conserve their traditional seeds. In many places around the world, the introduction of highyielding varieties (HYVs), hybrids and other Green Revolution technologies has displaced traditional varieties; many of them are difficult to find nowadays or have already become extinct. The conservation of diverse local varieties is important not only because seeds are one of the main inputs for smallholder production systems, but also because they hold essential genetic characteristics that can help smallholder farmers adapt to multiple climatic challenges they may face, now and in the future. In this context, community seed banks are useful mechanisms to facilitate and enhance the capacity of smallholder communities to collectively identify, select, store and preserve their planting materials (Shrestha et al 2012, Joshi 2013, Bhandari et al 2017). They help to strengthen and scale up existing local initiatives on seeds – opening collective possibilities, which go far beyond individual farmers’ homebased seed storage capacities and encourage the community to take common responsibility to take care of their traditional seeds and collective benefits. Action Aid Nepal's Approach to Community Seed Banks Action Aid Nepal (AAN), is a non-governmental, non-denominational, non-partisan and national social justice organization, rooted and working locally in different parts and regions of Nepal (https://hive.actionaid.org/Nepal/SitePages/Home. - 96 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 aspx). AAN is a member of the Action Aid International federation and also a part of national and global social justice movements and other civil society networks, alliances and coalitions. AAN believes in human rights and embraces a Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) to fight against the symptoms and the structural causes of poverty, injustice and inequality. Discriminated, excluded and exploited people – particularly women and girls - living in poverty and facing injustice, whose rights are denied or violated, are our primary stakeholders. AAN calls itself a feminist organization and practices feminist principles and approaches in all its operations. AAN always put women central, from the Kamalari/Kamaiya movement in the past decades to the free women from bonded labor campaign, to the Safe City Campaign at present to create awareness and fight against sexual violence and harassment of women in public spaces. For most women, time spent on unpaid care work (UCW) is disproportionately high compared to men. Girls and women spend hours fetching water, collecting firewood, doing laundry, preparing food, caring for children and elderly, nurturing their families and doing other household chores, besides carrying out agricultural duties. These duties are a burden for women and have a strong impact on poverty. AAN has been working to break this stereotype role and advocate for recognition, reduction and redistribution of UCW to ensure women’s meaningful representation at all levels. For AAN, agroecology and climate resilient sustainable agriculture are priority areas. Smallholder farmers have limited access to support systems and services resulting in increased land abandonment and food insecurity. Their situation is worsened by the fact that local and improved seeds are being replaced by hybrid seeds which do not contribute to sustainability. AAN Nepal is promoting Climate Resilient Sustainable Agriculture (CRSA), which has seven pillars: gender equity and women’s rights, soil conservation, sustainable water management, agro-biodiversity preservation, livelihood diversification, processing and market access and support farmer’s organizations. The conservation of agro-biodiversity is one of the components of CRSA and the promotion of community seed banks a way to implement it. Women have assumed a leadership role in AAN’s work on agrobiodiversity. Farmers’ groups led by women have been the most successful in terms of sharing indigenous knowledge and skills. Women farmers have vast knowledge of indigenous farming practices, methods and tools with regard to seed preservation. AAN has recognized this contribution of women to agrobiodiversity. Community seed banks are among AAN’s best examples of working towards sustainability - 97 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 and resilience of smallholder production systems and maintaining control over their agriculture and food system. Establishment and Management of a Community Seed Bank AAN initiates the process of establishing a community seed bank by sharing and reflecting on existing experiences and conducting exchange visits to already established community seed banks. Exchange visits help farmers to understand pros and cons, the costs and the current and future benefits associated with community seed banks. This gives participants encouragement and confidence to set up their own community seed bank in their community. Following the exchange visit, the community needs to adapt their observations to their own reality and needs. It is important to keep the design simple in a way that the community seed bank can be easily managed by the community. AAN uses the following six steps to set up a community seed bank: 1. Conducting a survey of currently available seeds and documentation of characteristics and associated local knowledge; 2. Locating a place to set up a community seed bank; 3. Defining objectives, rules and working modality; 4. Formation of a group of members to take forward the day to day activities; 5. Creating a record keeping system to document the flow of seeds; 6. Identifying the most effective, affordable, and locally available seed storage system. The following activities are carried out to promote community seed banks. Some of them (from number six onward) can take place simultaneously: 1. Organize a forum to discuss and bring conceptual clarity among partners about the basics and importance of a community seed bank; 2. Identify potential and interested partners in the promotion of the community seed banks in their program area; 3. Community level orientation and awareness raising about the roles of a community seed bank; 4. Selection of a group or cooperative to establish and promoting a community seed bank; 5. Formation of a community seed bank management committee; 6. Capacity building of the selected leader farmers through training and exposure visits; 7. Development of a community seed bank management guideline to define the functions and objectives of the community seed bank; 8. Development a strategy for the sustainability and long-term management of the community seed bank - 98 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 9. Development of necessary infrastructure, such as storage facilities (building, storage bins, etc) Status of Community Seed Banks Supported by AAN Since 2012, AAN has supported the establishment of 13 community seed banks in Nepal (Table 1) in Bajura, Bara, Lalitpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Shankhuwasabha, Siraha and Therhathum districts. The overall goal of establishing a community seed bank is to contribute to the sustainability and resilience of smallholder production systems necessary to achieve food security and food sovereignty. The 13 community seed banks conserve 208 varieties of 14 crop species (Table 2). A total of about 800 households are directly associated to these community seed banks. Besides the conservation of local varieties, the community seed banks are also involved in seed production and distribution of seeds of local as well as improved varieties to the local communities. This facilitates farmer’s easy access to planting materials. Table 1. Community seed banks in Nepal supported by AAN SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Name of CSB Srijanshil Seed Production Committee Shree Karmanasha tarkari utpadak Krishi Samuha Hariyali community seed Bank Sirjanshil Community Seed Bank Puthak Saving and Credit Coop Ltd Janalaknyan Multipropose cooperative Ltd. Kalyankari Women Livestuck Agriculture Cooperative Dihiwar Aricultural Group Gobindapur Agriculture Group Municipality/Rural Municipality and district Year of estabishment Godawari Municipality- 4, Badikhel, Lalitpur 2017 41 2014 33 2014 60 Bardaghat municipality-15 Prithbibasti, Nawalparasi 2016 350 Baragadhi Rural Municipality, Pipra Basatpur -1, Bara 2012 40 Fedap Rural Municipality 2 Oyakjung, Terhathum 2015 100 Chhatar Rural Muncipality Ward No. 5, Terhathum 2015 15 2017 25 2015 25 Godawari Municipality-10 Ghyampedada Chapagaun, Lalitpur Swami Kartik-Khapar Rural Municipalty-5 Zera, Bajura Lahan Municipality ward no 22, Jahadi, Siraha Lahan Municipality ward no 24 Malahanama, Siraha - 99 - Total Members Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 SN Name of CSB Municipality/Rural Municipality and district 10 Kharang Community Seed bank Kharang, Chainpur Municipality-10 Kharang, Sannkhuwasabha 2016 57 Golagunj- Amarpur Bara 2015 51 Baragadhi Rural Municipality, Pipra Basatpur -1, Bara 2015 - Gramthan rural municipality-1, Morang 2013 - 11 12 13 Ma Bhagawati Community Bank Gadhimae Community Seedbank Charpate community Seedbank Year of estabishment Total Members In Terhathum district, smallholder farmers are organized in a cooperative and engaged in conserving local varieties of different crop species. They initiated a community seed bank and conducted a series of orientations about the importance of local seeds, their conservation, utilization and use in the community. Janakalyan Cooperative Limited is the first cooperative in Terhathum district involved in conservation of local seeds. This cooperative initially allocated U$410 to purchase and distribute seed in the community and to set up a mechanism for regenerating seeds. In Sankhuwasabha district, 40 smallholder farmers are organized in a Sana Kisana agriculture cooperative Kharang and they manage a community seed bank. After organizing a capacity building training workshop, they became involved in collecting, processing and distributing seeds in the communities. AAN provided the basic infrastructure support (eg plastic bins, plastic bags, bottles) and a revolving fund to operate the community seed bank. Community seed banks have been established and are in operation in Bajura and Nawalparasi, one in each district. For institutional development and strengthening the community seed banks, AAN provided a token support like seed money, logistics, infrastructure and technical assistance. Women farmers are at the center of the conservation, utilization and marketing of seeds to their neighbors and at nearby markets. They sell their seeds on demand. Due to male migration, the major agricultural functions are performed by women. Agriculture contributes about one third of the nation’s GDP mainly through the efforts of women. - 100 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Table 2. Summary of local crop diversity conserved and promoted by community seed banks supported by AAN SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 No. of local varieties by crop C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Name of community seed bank Srijanshil Seed Production Committee Badikhel, Lalitpur Shree Karmanasha tarkari utpadak Krishi Samuha, Chapagaun, Lalitpur Hariyali community seed Bank, Swami Kartik, Zera, Bajura Sirjanshil Community Seed Bank, Prithbibasti, Nawalparasi Puthak Saving and Credit Coop Ltd, Pipra Basatpu, Bara Janalaknyan Multipropose cooperative Ltd., Oyakjung, Terhathum Kalyankari Women Livestuck Agriculture Co-operative, Chhatar, Terhathum Dihiwar Aricultural Group, Lahan, Jahadi, Siraha Gobindapur Agriculture Group, Lahan, Malahanama, Siraha Communicy Seed bank, Kharang, Sannkhuwasabha Ma Bhagawati Community Bank, Golagunj, Amarpur Bara Gadhimai Community Seedbank, Pipra Basatpur, Bara Charpate community Seedbank, Gramthan, Morang Total 7 2 5 3 15 2 17 5 2 7 1 3 Total 1 13 3 11 2 3 6 4 1 9 2 6 31 5 15 1 3 14 1 3 6 14 9 1 3 7 6 1 4 1 2 14 18 2 5 5 8 38 4 5 2 1 4 16 1 2 2 4 17 1 13 10 36 208 8 88 88 3 Note: C1=Cereal, C2=Vegetables, C3=Roots/tubers, C4=Oil seed, C5=Spices, C6=Others Support and Sustainability Some sustainability approaches and examples have already been initiated in some of the working districts. Baragadimai Rural Municipality Bara has provided around US$5,000 to community seed banks for further strengthening. Chhathar Rural Municipality Terhathum has acknowledged the attempt of establishing a community seed bank and decided to scale up the initiative through a policy provision. The Janakalyan Cooperative, Terhathum, has been allocated US$410 to manage a community seed bank. The cooperative has developed a mechanism for renewing and conserving crops by local farmers. - 101 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 In Nawalparasi, the seed management committee received US$8500 from Daunnedevi Municipality for storage construction. In Bajura, DADO has supported the purchase of boxes for seed collection and US$800 was collected from the sale of seeds. In Lalitpur, a seed storage building is under construction in collaboration with the local government. Garmthan Rural Municipality has allocated US$2000 for the Charpate Community Seed Bank, Morang, to purchase a seed grading machine, moister testing machine and germination testing machine to sustain the community seed bank. For sustaining community seed banks, policy engagement and formulation are required by every level of government (from to national). The government should address issues such as farmers’ seed right, farmers’ indigenous knowledge right, access to natural resources right and the defense of the public common good. The National Gene bank could play a vital role to take over some community seed banks for improved management and utilization. Constraints and Limitations One of the major constraints that AAN has been facing are the limited financial resources to respond to the demands of the communities. This hampers the proper equipment and institutionalization of community seed banks and their sustainability. Another constraint is that the local governments have many priorities and often agriculture is not high on the list. There is no legal provision yet in place to register community as legal entity. Most of the existing community seed banks are functioning under the management of a farmer’s group or a cooperative, which hampers their development as a community seed bank. Last, there are many seeds that enter the country freely from India without permission and registration, contributing to the replacement of local seeds. Conclusion Agroecology and climate resilient sustainable agriculture are priority areas to support marginalized people living in poverty. Community seed banks are excellent initiatives to build sustainability and resilience of smallholder’s production systems and contribute to food security and food sovereignty. They allow local communities to maintain control over their agriculture and food system. References Bhandari B, BK Joshi, P Shrestha, S Sthapit, P Chaudhary and AK Acharya. 2017. Custodian farmers, agrobiodiversity rich areas and agrobiodiversity conservation initiatives at grass root levels in Nepal. In: Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal (BK Joshi, HB KC and AK Acharya, eds). Proceedings of 2nd National Workshop, 22-23 May 2017, Dhulikhel; NAGRC, - 102 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 FDD, DoA and MoAD; Kathmandu, Nepal; pp.92-101. Joshi BK. 2013. A brief overview of community seed bank initiatives in Nepal. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proceedings of a National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity International, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal; pp.41-46. Shrestha P, S Sthapit, R Devkota and R Vernooy. 2012. Workshop Summary Report. National Workshop on Community Seed Banks, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam Nepal/Bioversity International. - 103 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Annex 1. Community Seed Banks and their details (all are functional) SN 1 Name of Group/Cooperative/Seed Bank Address Srijanshil Seed Production committee (Srijansil Biu Utpadak Samuha) Godawari Municipality, Ward-4, Badikhel, Lalitpur 2 Shree Karmanasha tarkari utpadak Krishi Samuha 3 Hariyali community seed Bank 4 Sirjanshil Community Seed Bank 5 Puthak Saving and Credit Coop Ltd 6 Janakalyan Multipropose cooperative Ltd. 7 8 Godawari Municipality, ward no 10, Ghyampedada Chapagaun, Lalitpur Swami KartikKhapar Rural Municipalty-5 Zera, Bajura Bardaghat municipality-15 Prithbibasti, Nawalparasi Baragadhi Rural Municipality, Pipra Basatpur -1, Bara Fedap Rural Municipality 2 Oyakjung, Terhathum Kalyankari Women Livestuck Agriculture Cooperative Chhatar Rural Muncipality Ward No. 5, Terhathum Dihiwar Aricultural Group Lahan Municipality ward no 22, Jahadi, Siraha - 104 - Crop Variety Maize (Seto, Pahelo, Murali), Wheat (Local Masino), Rice (Taichung, Khumal-10), Rapeseed (Bal tori, Kalo Tori), Barley, Ginger (Nase), Turmeric, Coriander, Soybean (Seto, Khairo, Kalo), Linseed Maize (Seto, Rato, Golo), Soyabean (Seto, Kalo, Khairo), Barley, Cowpea (Khairo), Bean (Local, lahare) Buckwheat, Rice (Jauli, Thap chini, Charan Basmati, Jaran, Rato dhan), Wheat (Bugali, Thulo Mudhe, Sano kane), Peanut, Foxtail Millet, Chino Lentil, Rapeseed Shallot (Chhyapi), Lentil, Black Gram, Horse Gram, Maize, Chili (Akbare) Pea (Hariyo), Garlic, Shallot (Chhyapi), Radish, Belchan Local, Beans (Winter Season), Chilli (Akbare), Maize (Yellow), Turmeric Maize (Manakamana, Seto thulo, sano seto, pahelo, murali), Soybean, (Nepale, Kalo, Seto), Pulse (Rato Ghore, seto Ghore), Bean (Jare Simi, ghee simi, Pothre), Cowpea, Chilli (Akbare), Shallot (Chhyapi), Pea (Sikkime), Brinjal (Dalle, Lamche), Bitter Gourd (White, Green, Dalle), Cucumber (Seto, hariyo), Pumpkin, Broad Leaf Mustard, (Marpha Chauuda, Teliya), Raddish, Tokinase, Horse Gram, Sorghum Rice (Basmati, Kale basmati, Khemati, Hardinath, Lalsair, Bhola, Rambilash) Lentil, Finger millet, Horse Gram, Green gram, Lathyrus, Bean, Pea Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Name of Group/Cooperative/Seed Bank Address Crop 9 Gobindapur Agriculture Group Lahan Municipality ward no 24 Malahanama, Siraha 10 Communicy Seed bank, Kharang Chainpur Municipality-10 Kharang, Sannkhuwasabha Rice Rambilash, Meghdut, Chandani) Broad Leaf Mustard, Asparagus, Sponge Gourd, Pumpkin, Bottle Gourd, Okra, Chili, Lentil, Gram, Pigeon Pea, Red Gram Lentil, Horse Gram, Black Gram, Wheat, Barley, Broad Leaf Mustard, Rapeseed, Yellow mustard, Sesame, Niger, Maize, Rice, Cardamom, Sorghum, Buckwheat Rice (Seto Basmati, Rato basmati, kalo basmati, Sabitri, Sathi, Anadi, Rato Kheda, Seto Kheda, Budhiya, Katarni) Maize (Maize bhadai, Janera, Ganga kaberi), Lentil, Pigeon Pea, Horse Gram, Black Gram, Lathyrus, Pea (Sugiya, Seto), Broad Bean (Seto, Kalo), Linseed, Kalo tori, Yellow mustard, Sesame (Badhaiya, Baisakha), Coriander, Chili, Garlic, Turmeric, Zinger Rice (Anadi), Sponge Gourd, Bottle Gourd, Bitter Guard, Okra, Lentil, Broad Bean, Pigeon Pea, Lathyrus, Rapeseed Yellow mustard, Broad Leaf Mustard, Coriander SN 11 12 13 Ma Bhagawati Community Bank GolagunjAmarpur Bara Gadhimae Community Seedbank Baragadhi Rural Municipality, Pipra Basatpur -1, Bara Charpate community Seedbank Gramthan rural municipality-1, Morang |l-------l|l-------l| - 105 - Variety Rice (Basmati, Anadi, kariyakamodh, Birenphul, Jira-4, Satraj, Chananchur) Finger millet, Local Lentil, Horse Gram, Black Gram, Arhar, Sesame, Rapeseed Termeric, Garlic, Potato Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International Promoting Cooperative-based Seed Enterprises in Surkhet and Dadeldhura Districts of Nepal Prakash Subedi and Swikriti Sharma Oxfam Nepal; @: psubedi@oxfam.org.uk; SS: <Ssharma@oxfam.org.uk> Pavitra Seed Enterprise in Surkhet District. Photo: Swikriti Sharma, Oxfam Nepal Abstract Nepal’s seed sector faces some major problems such as insufficient production, questionable seed quality, unavailability of foundation seeds, unorganized and low-skill farmers, inappropriate farming practices, lack of assured market, flexible import policy for hybrid seed and existence of non-viable community seed enterprises. To address these problems, Oxfam in Nepal adopted its own model for promoting community seed enterprises to make them economically viable and sustainable. Oxfam’s seven years of experience of working in two seed cooperatives, namely Pavitra Janakalyan Agriculture Cooperative Ltd (Pavitra) in Surkhet and Dadeldhura Agriculture Farmer’s Cooperative Limited (DAFACOS), have shown that seed enterprises can play a crucial role in conserving different varieties of open-pollinated seeds, generating revenues for sustaining cooperative enterprises and improving income and livelihoods of smallholder farmers. This chapter discusses various components of the Oxfam approach and the impacts made to make cooperative enterprises sustainable. Keywords: Access to finance, cooperative-based seed enterprise, enterprise development, market guarantee, sustainable - 106 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Introduction Nepal has diverse geographic and agro-climatic conditions, which are suitable for producing varieties of cereal and vegetable seeds. This provides high potential for commercial seed production in all climatic zones, contributing to fulfill the national seed demand. According to the government owned National Seed Company Ltd., annual demand for cereal crop seed is about 194,000 tons and for vegetable crop seed about 1,200 tons (SQCC 2018). Majority of this demand is for open-pollinated seed given that the price compared to hybrid seed is much lower and better affordable for farmers. Eighty percent of the demand for cereal crop seed and 60% for vegetable crop seed is supplied by producers within the country and the rest is imported, mainly from India (MoAD 2015). Owing to increasing agriculture commercialization in Nepal, especially in vegetable farming, the demand for good quality seed is increasing. There is a significant preference for seed produced in the hills of Nepal, within the country and also outside the country (in India and Bangladesh in particular) due to the high quality. The size of the market is large enough to sustain several community seed enterprises. A good crop starts with good seed. Insufficient production, questionable seed quality, lack of enabling environment for seed enterprises, unavailability of foundation seed, unorganized and low-skilled farmers, inappropriate farming practices, lack of assured market, and a flexible import policy for hybrid seed are some of the issues affecting seed quality in Nepal. To address these problems related to seed Oxfam Nepal has supported communities in Dadeldhura and Dailekh districts to establish a community seed bank, which later evolved to a seed enterprise. Oxfam has adopted its own model for promoting community seed enterprises to make them economically viable and sustainable. Oxfam Nepal started supporting community-based seed enterprises under its Enterprise Development Programme (EDP) since 2011 in partnership with an agriculture cooperative in Surkhet named Pavitra Janakalyan Agriculture Cooperative Ltd (Pavitra). Later in 2012, a similar model was started in Dadeldhura district with the Dadeldhura Agriculture Farmer’s Cooperative Limited (DAFACOS). Oxfam’s seven years of experience have shown that seed enterprises can play a crucial role in conserving different varieties of open-pollinated crops, generating revenues for sustaining cooperative enterprises and improving income and livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The seed enterprises, operated by Pavitra and DAFACOS, involve 3450 seed producers who produce seeds of 38 varieties of 27 vegetable and cereal crops. Both Pavitra and DAFACOS provide inputs, extension services, training, access to finance and market guarantee to seed producers (Pavitra and DAFACOS 2017). - 107 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Oxfam has successfully demonstrated a viable business model of communitybased seed enterprises through Pavitra and DAFACOS under the EDP. This chapter intends to share the good practices of a community based cooperative seed enterprise, the business model, impact and challenges. The chapter is based on desk reviews and the study of project documents, reports and consultations with cooperative seed enterprises and farmers. One of the main findings indicates that cooperative seed enterprises can be effective means to fulfil national seed demand and to create a ripple effect in the rural economy of Nepal. Community-based Cooperative Seed Enterprises Seed, being a high value non-perishable product, provides a quick income to rural farmers, especially in those areas where commercial fresh vegetable production is difficult due to high transportation costs. Cooperative-based seed enterprises involve smallholder women farmers in seed production and ensure availability of quality seed on the market. They also help to increase production and productivity of seed by providing different services and inputs, such as agriculture inputs, extension services, access to finance, market guarantee and opportunities for sustainable income generation. Furthermore, these enterprises create employment opportunities in remote rural areas. Cooperative seed enterprises were started to assure the sustainability of Oxfamsupported community seed banks by establishing linkages between community seed banks and community seed enterprises. Oxfam supported community seed banks had the physical infrastructure built for seed storage, but they did not function as business units. To sustain community seed banks, the business model of community based cooperative seed enterprise was introduced. The business model for a community based cooperative seed enterprise supported by Oxfam is presented below. The community seed enterprise supports the community seed bank by providing market guarantee of seed produced and collected in the community seed bank. This helps the community seed bank to generate revenues and diversify seed production, and develop a good market. In addition, the community seed enterprise support the community seed bank in the technical aspect of seed production, ie providing foundation seed, cultivation techniques, harvesting, cleaning etc. Oxfam’s Interventions in Cooperative Seed Enterprises Community based cooperative seed enterprises are being supported under Oxfam’s Enterprise Development Programme (EDP), which is a business-based approach to development that identifies business opportunities to support entrepreneurs to develop and implement a viable business plan (Oxfam 2017). The EDP provides a mix of loans, grants and business mentoring to small and - 108 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 medium enterprises. This mix creates a high social impact in terms of improved livelihoods, income and food security. In the following sections, we present the EDP components that support cooperative seed enterprises to grow and expand their business. Loans to Business Cooperative seed enterprises need investment to improve infrastructure, buy or adopt high quality and more efficient technologies and expand their business. Normally, large businesses obtain bank loans and small business access loan from micro-finance sources. In the middle of these two extremes are medium enterprises like cooperative seed enterprises, which do not have or have limited access to finance, mostly because of tedious procedures and requirements of high collateral. Unlike conventional development programs that focus on providing grants to run businesses, EDP utilizes an innovative approach of providing a bank guarantee via a fixed deposit to enable the enterprise to receive a loan. The aim of EDP is to change the grant dependent mindset of the beneficiaries and enable them to establish a viable business through the culture of acquiring credit. The targeted cooperative based seed enterprises did not have linkages with banks and their businesses were not mature enough for the banks to invest without a guarantee. The loans provided to the enterprises by the bank against Oxfam’s guarantee as fixed deposit, helped enterprises to meet their working and fixed capital requirements, provide credit to seed producers to buy foundation seed and necessary agro-inputs and to establish their own agro-vets that supply agroinputs to farmers. In case of a business default by a cooperative seed enterprise to repay the loan to the bank, EDP has a provision to bear 10% to 50% of the loan default. The two cooperative seed enterprises repaid back the loans timely. This approach provided an opportunity for banks and financial institutions to safely invest in a deprived sector considering that agriculture lending was made mandatory by the Nepal Rastra Bank through its monetary policy. Business Development Services Many small and medium enterprises in Nepal do not receive abundant and good quality business development services. This is also the case for cooperative seed enterprises. The EDP provided these services to the management and operation team of seed enterprises to increase their productivity, enhance financial management and improve sales and marketing. These services were provided either by the EDP team or by business mentors at the district, regional or national levels. - 109 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 EDP also supported cooperative seed enterprises with training and expertise to increase their capacity and skills to manage their business successfully. Training was provided in financial management skills, business planning, managerial and financial capacity building, business promotion, support in branding, packaging, access to finance and markets, and market promotion. EDP Social Inclusion Grants EDP supported community seed enterprises through its social inclusion grants to enable women to realise their right to earn a living, become producers of the enterprise and rightfully utilize its benefits for their personal growth. Due to lower levels of education, poor financial literacy, gender-based norms at the household and community level, rural women are either restricted to their caretaker role or are not empowered enough to claim individual ownership over their income or to make financial decisions. With this grant provided by EDP, women were provided leadership training and awareness raising on subjects related to their individual, social, political rights and responsibilities. These grants built better ties between enterprise and smallholder farmers. The women seed producers were also supported with women friendly-equipment and tools that saved their productive time. They received gender-sensitization training and took part in financial literacy classes to improve their basic knowledge and build their technical skills to increase the quality of production and productivity. Business Operation Grants Occasionally EDP provides small Business Operation Grants to struggling businesses to become profitable. This support is utilized in the enterprise to grow and to manage high costs during the initial phase of the operation. The aim is to make it a profitable business within a short period of time, after the start of its operations. The two cooperative seed enterprises, Pavitra and DAFACOS, were supported under this grant during their initial phase of operations to cover their basic operation costs. The grant support decreased in descending order from 100%, 75%, 50% to 0% in four consecutive years. Changes Then and Now a. Ownership, Decision Making and Leadership Capability Even before EDP interventions, the engagement of EDP experts in business planning and project appraisal was a transformative experience for Pavitra and DAFACOS officials as it motivated them to change their ‘dependent mindset’ and develop an outlook of an entrepreneur. It also required Pavitra and DAFACOS to change their leadership composition by increasing the proportion of women shareholders in the executive committee. - 110 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 The enterprises and its leadership are unified in the purpose to specialize as the producer of quality seeds. The shareholders are also clear about this purpose and have given full trust and decision making authority. As a result, the leadership is more willing to take entrepreneurial risks. The integration of producer groups with the cooperative has proven to be critical in developing a sense of ‘community ownership’ in the seed producing business. The executive board of both DAFACOS and Pavitra has at least 50% women members, increasing their ability and authority to influence in decision making. Of 213 shareholders in Pavitra 30% were women before the EDP intervention, now of 1050 shareholders 60% are women. Of 601 there were 23% women shareholders in DAFACOS before the EDP intervention; now there are 997 shareholders of which 50% are women. These two community seed enterprises are benefitting 3448 seed producing farmers, 64% of whom are women seed producers. b. Technical Capability Before EDP interventions, the decision makers were well versed in community organization but they lacked managerial skills to run a business. As the business venture was new, there was very little knowledge about seed production and running the business. To deal with this shortcoming, the EDP engaged board members and staff to conduct a business appraisal, studying the market, preparing a viable business model and ways to implement it. This enabled board members to self-evaluate and enhance their technical managerial capability of running a seed company and their understanding of enterprise, ecosystem and economic dynamics. With enough commitment and motivation focused on the seed business the current teams of the community seed enterprises have enough technical capacity and decision making ability to run the seed enterprise successfully. c. Strategy and Planning Initially, Pavitra and DAFACOS made losses in purchase and sales agreements with farmers and buyers of seed due to poor estimates of seed production and demand. Both had worked to implement NGO projects, but lacked a strategic vision for business execution. The EDP engaged Pavitra’s executive board in preparing a business plan, which required clearly stating its business model, business goals, activities and processes to attain its objectives. EDP supported the setting of annual social and business performance targets for both community seed enterprises. As a result of this focused business strategy guidance by EDP the community seed enterprises achieved significant progress in terms of increasing sales, the number of shareholder farmers, representation and leadership of women, improved technical skills of farmers for cultivating, sorting and grading of seed, improved provision of producer loans to farmers, stronger engagement of stakeholders and a broadening of their customer base. - 111 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 The production capacity has increased from 2 to 116 tons (Pavitra) and from 12 to 140 tons (DAFACOS) annually with the gross margins of around 10-18%. In 2018, Pavitra and DAFACOS initiated a separate seed company in partnership named Pavitra Seed Industry, selling packaged seed under the brand name of Pavitra Seeds. d. Innovation and Technology Use Pavitra and DAFACOS lacked machinery for cleaning, grading and packaging of seed. They used to sell ungraded seeds in bulk at a much cheaper rate. Lack of appropriate machinery was hurting the revenue of Pavitra. The EDP supported the enterprises to acquire high quality equipment for seed cleaning, grading and packaging. Now, all seed is sold by the enterprises with its own brand name. e. Human Resource Management The enterprises did not have sufficient human resources and lacked sufficient financial resources to pay them. The EDP supported the enterprises to hire capable human resources to run day-to-day activities, train and provide extension services to seed producer farmers and manage the overall business. As a result, the enterprises now have a competent Manager, Finance Officers and Agriculture Technicians working full time. f. Physical Resource Management Pavitra and DAFACOS ran their office from small spaces and did not have separate land and buildings for storage and processing. With the support of EDP, Pavitra collaborated with district level stakeholders, such as District Agriculture Development Office and Village Development Office, to obtain additional funds to establish a separate unit for seed threshing, storage, processing and packaging. EDP supported DAFACOS to establish linkages with the Raising Income for Small and Medium Farmers Project (RISMFP), from which it received NPR 4.3 million for the construction of new seed storage, processing house, procuring, grading and packaging machines. Both enterprises managed to procure 0.1 hectare of land to establish e processing unit from their own business. g. Financial Management Both enterprises lacked financial resources to build up working capital. As a result, they were not able to adequately mobilize their farmer base to produce seed. The enterprises could not provide farmers with adequate financial support to buy foundation seed, fertilizer and technical support and to purchase the harvest. Until 2011, Pavitra’s annual revenue was limited to less than Rs 0.5 million. The company was making a net loss of around 32% due to high operation costs and salaries. Until 2013, the DAFACOS annual revenue was NPR 1.3 million and the company was making a net loss of 14%. In both enterprises, the bookkeeping and - 112 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 accounting was done in paper based account books. The finance management was not technically sound. Now, both enterprises have accessed a working capital loan from the Kumari Bank used to buy foundation seed and provide credit to the farmers (Pavitra obtained NPR 7 Million and DAFACOS NPR 4 Million) and to buy the harvested seeds from the farmers. These loans enabled the farmers to upscale their production while the enterprises upscaled their purchase and sales of seed. Pavitra sales revenue was 12,636,653 NPR with a net profit of 2.5% in 2017. DAFACOS sales revenue was 12,200,000 NPR with a net profit of 1% in 2017. Both enterprises now have a software based accounting system in place. h. Quality Control In the early days, both cooperatives lacked access to seed experts, regular monitoring and supervision, good storage facilities and proper seed packaging. With the support of Oxfam, the seed enterprises now have good linkages to the Regional Seed Quality Control Center, which conducts regular crop monitoring. In addition to this, both the cooperatives ensure that all batches of seed undergo tests of purity, germination, moisture and other requirements as per the standard required by Seed Quality Control Center. Oxfam also supported the improvement of the storage facilities of both cooperatives and the help of a seed expert who regularly inspects and monitors the quality. i. Market Linkages Before EDP, the seed production of the two cooperative seed enterprises was very low and their sales were limited to a few known vendors. Gradually, the production started to increase after EDP intervention. Pavitra sold loose seed in bulk to two seed companies of Kathmandu. It did not sell to retailers and agrovets who sell directly to farmers. DAFACOS sold loose seed in bulk to a few seed companies in Dhangadi and Doti, local buyers in Dadeldhura and three agro-vets of Kathmandu. Oxfam supported both enterprises to prepare and implement a marketing strategy to increase their market share by directly accessing a greater range of buyers both locally and nationally for bulk sale and packaging sale. Oxfam supported Pavitra to design the packaging and take it to wholesalers and retailers. Currently Pavitra sells to 16 bulk seed buyers and 26 packaged seed buyers all across the country. Pavitra’s new packaging has received a good response at local and regional levels. DAFACOS sells to six established seed companies and nine agro-vets. For the bulk seed sales, it has a strong network of wholesalers. - 113 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Impact in Summary The seed enterprises have a positive impact on the economy of the farmers as well as the enterprises. The interventions in the cooperative seed enterprises have significantly contributed to supply quality seeds to the Nepalese market and improved the income of smallholder farmers. The summary of the major achievements in the Pavitra seed enterprise and in DAFACOS is presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Table 1. Summary of achievements in Pavitra Seed Enterprise SN 1 2 3 4 5 Particular Number of seed producer Share Capital / Equity (NPR) Annual Seed Production Qty Annual Seed Sales Revenue (NPR) Saving/ Deposit (NPR) Before 2011 213 21,300 4 tons 490,909 45,000 In 2017 1558 1,224,000 116 tons 12,636,653 2,191,060 6 Loan Investment to farmers (NPR) 0 7,120,993 7 8 9 Loan receiving farmers Loan Borrowed from Bank (NPR) Number of buyers 0 0 1 10 Working Area 1 VDC 11 Seeds Radish, Pea 4 season beans 577 7,000,000 50+ 2 Municipalities & 1 Rural Municipality 27 Crops/ 38 Varieties Table 2. Summary of achievements in DAFACOS Seed Enterprise SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Particular Number of seed producer Share Capital / Equity (NPR) Annual Seed Production Qty Annual Seed Sales Revenue (NPR) Loan Investment to farmers (NPR) Loan receiving farmers Loan from bank (NPR) Number of buyers Before 2011 601 60,100 12 tons 450,000 0 0 0 1 9 Working Area 4 VDCs and 1 Municipality 2 Municipalities & 5 Rural Municipalities 10 Farmers’ Group 11 Seeds 10 Radish, Pea 4 season beans 68 27 Crops/ 38 Varieties - 114 - In 2017 1889 353,100 140 tons 12,200,000 4,000,000 200 5,000,000 15+ Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 The farmers now receive good access to finance, have a guaranteed market, receive a fair price and have access to inputs and extension services without any hassle. The major impacts are: • Increased access to finance to 2000 farmers, with a total loan portfolio of NPR 120 million. • Both community seed enterprises are providing agriculture inputs obtained through their agrovets. They have the technical staff to provide extension services to 3448 farmers. • Ensured seed market for 3,450 smallholder farmers. • 256 tons of quality seed produced and sold on the Nepalese market. The major seed include radish (40 day, tokinasi and mino early), cress, pea (Sikkim Local) cow-pea (Prakash), brinjal, tomato (Srijana), chilly (akabare), okra (anamika), cucumber (Bhaktapur local), carrot, broad bean, broad leaf mustard, snake guard, bitter guard, sponge guard, bean(Chuamase) and maize (Arun, Rampur composite, Manakamana). • 3,450 farmers are getting market guarantee for 256 tons of cereal (60%) and vegetable (40%) seed. • Full time employment creation by the EDP interventions at enterprise level -13 and at farmer’s level – 333. • Multiplier effect at farmer’s level by utilizing Access to Finance provided by the community seed enterprises for other business/livelihood opportunities by the rural farmers. Challenges of the Community Seed Enterprises The main challenges faced by the community based cooperative seed enterprises are: • It is very hard to obtain quality foundation seeds for commercial seed production. • Seed produced in other countries is abundantly available on the Nepalese market. It is very hard to compete with imported seeds. • Long droughts, hailstones and heavy rainfall are the major challenges for seed production. Insurance companies are not very interested in insuring seed production, because of fragmented production and high administrative costs. Despite a series of dialogues with concerned stakeholders and insurance companies, the problems remain same. • Maintaining forward linkages for community-owned enterprises is difficult due to the management structure, the system of changing leadership every three years and a complex decision making process. • Community seed enterprises are facing the problem of high receivables and bad debts of their buyers due to weak business ethics among the value chain actors. • Finding competent human resources to run a business in rural areas is hard. - 115 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Learnings and Recommendations • • • • • • • Community seed banks can opt for the model of community seed enterprise to become a viable and sustainable business, creating positive impact for a large number of smallholder farmers. Seed enterprises have some competitive and comparative advantages to grow their business while at the same time increasing the income of rural communities and contribute to the conservation of local varieties. This approach could be promoted and replicated in other parts of the country. To meet the national demand of seed, production of foundation seed at cooperative level is crucial. Although the use of hybrid seed seems to be growing, there is an unmet demand in the market for open-pollinated seed. Cooperative seed enterprises should be promoted to fulfill the demand for quality seeds. Provision of crop insurance should be made easier and more farmer friendly. Local and provincial governments should support and encourage community seed enterprises. Integrated service/input delivery by government organizations and research and extension organizations is crucial for sustaining community seed enterprises. Conclusion Despite the high potential of commercial seed production, Nepal’s dependency on imported seed is rapidly increasing. At the same time, there are a number of community seed banks promoted by the Government of Nepal and other development agencies which are struggling to become financially sustainable. To address this problem, Oxfam’s EDP model could be appropriate as it has successfully demonstrated a sustainable business model for community seed enterprises. The business model benefits large number of farmers and value chain actors engaged in the seed sector by providing quality and reliable seed on the market. The experiences of Oxfam’s Enterprise Development Programme can be leveraged and replicated in other community seed banks of Nepal. References MoAD. 2015. Agriculture Development Strategy 2015-2035. Ministry of Agricultural Development, Nepal. Oxfam. 2017. Enterprise Development Program Annual and Semester Reports 2016/17 and 2017/18. Oxfam in Nepal. Pavitra and DAFACOS. 2017. Financial Reports of Pavitra Janakalyan Agriculture Cooperative Ltd (Pavitra) and Dadeldhura district with Dadeldhura Agriculture Farmer’s Cooperative Limited (DAFACOS) 2016/17 and 2017/2018. Nepal SQCC. 2018. National Seed Balance Sheet 2017/2018. Seed Quality Control Centre, Government of Nepal. |l-------l|l-------l| - 116 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International Farmers’ Rights and Access and Benefit Sharing Mechanisms in Community Seed Banks in Nepal Devendra Gauchan1, Bal Krishna Joshi2 and Bharat Bhandari3 Bioversity International, Nepal, Kathmandu; @: d.gauchan@cgiar.org National Agriculture Genetic Resources Centre, NARC, Lalitpur, Nepal; <joshibalak@ yahoo.com> 3 Local Initiatives for Biodiversity Research and Development (LI-BIRD), Pokhara; <bbhandari@libird.org> 1 2 Ghanapokhara Community Seed Bank in Lamjung District. Photo: LI-BIRD Photo Bank Abstract Farmers’ Rights and access and benefit sharing (ABS) are important and interlinked issues in the conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity. This chapter aims to assess the current status and policy gaps of implementing farmers’ rights and ABS mechanisms with regard to community seed banks and the conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity in Nepal. It also explores potential options and strategies to promote community seed banks as local legitimate institutions for formalizing ABS mechanisms and realizing farmers’ rights. The information for this study is generated and synthesized from a review of relevant policies and programs, key informant interviews and focus group discussions with community seed bank members and stakeholder consultation meetings. Recently, community seed banks (CSBs) are emerging as important communitybased institutions for local level access and exchange of genetic resources, strengthening local seed system, realizing farmers’ rights and safeguarding agrobiodiversity. They are also gradually emerging as a local grass-roots institution for crop improvement, - 117 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 variety maintenance and registration of local varieties for increased benefit sharing with farmers and local communities. A well-functioning CSB adopts community biodiversity management (CBM) approaches and tools, such as community biodiversity register, diversity field school, diversity fair, community biodiversity management fund, participatory plant breeding, value addition and marketing to promote local access, exchange, use and conserve crop genetic resources using customary rules and practices. At present, however, there are no formal mechanisms, rules, guidelines and protocols for facilitating access, exchange and use of genetic resources from the CSBs in line with national and international policies and protocols. Considering this situation, we propose a model for developing a community seed bank as a legitimate institution (platform) for prior-informed consent (PIC) and ABS mechanisms and formalizing farmers’ rights to genetic resources. This will, however, require creating incentive mechanisms for custodian farmers and communities and bringing support from formal sector agencies through relevant policies, legislation and programs to promote and sustain community seed banks. Keywords: Access and benefit sharing, community seed banks, farmers’ rights, policy Introduction Small farmers in developing countries have made unique, evolutionary and historical contributions to the conservation and development of genetic resources for food and agriculture. Over generations, farmers have selected, domesticated and nurtured crop varieties and their wild relatives by retaining seeds, recycling them for the next planting seasons and exchanging them with their neighbours and local communities to meet various household, social, economic and cultural needs (Gauchan 2011). It is estimated that 70-90 percent of the seeds required in developing countries is met through this type of informal seed system (Development Fund 2011), that promotes informal sharing, exchanges with local communities and local markets. Recently, community seed banks (CSBs) have emerged in developing countries as important informal institutions for meeting local seed requirements, conserving agrobiodiversity and making seeds available of traditional varieties by promoting community exchanges, selection, sharing and improvement. The core functions of community seed banks are to preserve seeds of crop landraces for local use, providing access to quality seed and planting materials of diverse crops species and promote farmers’ rights and food sovereignty (Shrestha et al 2013a, Vernooy et al 2014). Community seed banks give priority to the conservation and use through local saving, selection, reintroduction, improvement and facilitating local access and exchanges of local varieties through collective efforts. Such collective practices of selecting, sharing, saving and exchanging seeds are essential for preserving the dynamics of the seed system, conserving agrobiodiversity and facilitating access and availability of agricultural genetic resources to local communities. These vital roles that farmers play in selecting, - 118 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 continuously improving, conserving and ensuring availability of agricultural genetic resources mean that promoting local level access and benefit sharing and preserving farmers’ rights to traditional knowledge is essential (Gauchan 2016). Indeed, farmers’ rights are closely linked to access and benefit sharing (ABS) in traditional farming systems, where farmers have control over their seed system through local selection, saving, exchange and improvement of seeds of traditional crops and varieties. International convention and treaties and national policies are increasingly putting emphasis on developing provisions for ensuring farmers’ rights and facilitate formal mechanisms for effective implementation of ABS. However, currently implementation of such provisions at the national level is limited and there are very few practical models for ensuring farmers’ rights and facilitating formal mechanism for ABS at local level. In addition, due to the dominance of farmers’ seed systems and prevailing informal access and benefit sharing practices, mechanisms to formalize ABS and ensure farmers’ rights are not among the priority activities of community seed banks. In this context, there is a need of exploring options about the role of CSBs to facilitate local level formal ABS mechanisms and ensuring farmers’ rights. This paper aims to explore this role. It argues that a community seed bank can be such a legitimate local institution in Nepal. Methodology The study used a combination of literature review, focus group discussion (FGD) with communities and custodian farmers in the UNEP GEF Local Crop project sites Dolakha, Humla, Jumla, and Lamjung. In addition, key informant interviews and interaction meetings were carried out in the last three years with key stakeholders in the project sites and other places including R&D professionals, private seed entrepreneurs and CSB leaders from Bara, Nawalparasi, Dalchowki. Using specific checklists, the information for this study was generated, compiled and synthesized. The concepts, rationale and feasibility of employing CSB as an institution to formalize ABS and farmers’ rights were also discussed and presented in the UNEP GEF virtual workshop from December 15 2016 to January 15, 2017. Useful feedback was received from colleagues. A draft of the chapter was validated at the recently held consultation meeting with stakeholders and the national CSB Network in Kathmandu during the 2nd national CSB workshop 3-5 May, 2018. Findings International and National Policies on Farmers’ Rights The concept of farmers’ rights was introduced in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources - 119 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 in 1979 and, later, in the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGFRA) in 2001, following a series of debates that started in the FAO about unequal distribution of benefits obtained from the sharing of germplasm (FAO 2001). The concept of farmers’ rights, which is included in the ITPGRFA, emphasizes the need for promoting and protecting farmers’ rights at both national and international levels. Article 9 of the Treaty recognizes the enormous contribution that farmers and local communities have made to the conservation and development of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) and identifies measures to protect and promote farmers’ rights (FAO 2004). It also recommends national governments to take national measures to realize farmers’ rights. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, under the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), supports and protects farmers’ rights by seeking prior and informed consent (PIC) of related communities for obtaining access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge. It makes provisions for equitable sharing of benefits accruing from the use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. The World Trade Organization (WTO)’s Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement has direct relevance to crop improvement, conservation, exchange and ownership (Gauchan et al 2017). The Article 27.3(b) of the TRIPS agreement has a provision for the requirement of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) that can be met either through patents, an effective sui generis system or combination thereof. Globally, the Indian Plant Variety Protection and Farmers’ Rights Act (2001) is the first example of a national sui generis law that recognizes farmers’ rights. The Agrobiodiversity Policy of Nepal (2007) revised in 2014, recognizes farmers’ rights to agricultural genetic resources. The Intellectual Property Policy of Nepal (2017), Agricultural Development Strategy (2015), National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014) and National Seed Vision (2013) also mention farmers’ ownership rights for genetic resources and traditional knowledge. The currently proposed Plant Variety Protection and Farmers’ Rights draft Act of Nepal (2008) envisages a set of balanced rights of farmers and plant breeders in line with the provisions of the ITPGRFA and in line with the Indian Plant Variety Protection and Farmers Rights Act, 2001 (Gauchan 2016). Farmers’ rights are important components included in the draft Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Utilization Act (2016) which is currently being finalized. The draft Access and Benefit Sharing Act of Nepal (2016), awaiting final approval by the government of Nepal, has provisioned the ownership rights of local and indigenous communities to genetic resources and traditional knowledge in line with the Nagoya Protocol and Convention of Biological Diversity (Gauchan et al 2017). - 120 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Some authors have argued that the community seed bank approach is an effective mechanism to realize farmers’ rights on seeds, promote food sovereignty and address the issues of climate change adaptation in agriculture (Development Fund 2011, Vernooy et al 2017). Community seed banks function as a mechanism to implement farmers’ or indigenous rights by way of recognition of the important roles of farmers as seed custodians, allowing farmers’ participation in local benefit sharing and decision making and, to a lesser degree, in the development of a supportive policy and seed regulatory framework (Pistorius 2016). Farmers’ rights to genetic resources are one of the fundamental rights to recognize the individual and collective contributions of farming communities. These rights should be complemented by incentives for their efforts in conservation and sustainable development of agriculture (Gauchan 2011, 2016). Another major accomplishment to advance farmers’ rights in this way will be the legal recognition of community seed banks. This is still a challenge, including in Nepal. International and National Policies on Access and Benefit Sharing The major international policies with specific provisions of access and benefit sharing (ABS) of genetic resources are the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Nagoya Protocol and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). Concerning genetic resources in general, the Nagoya Protocol (2010) of the CBD provides national ABS mechanisms through prior informed consent (PIC) and mutually agreed terms (MAT). Nepal has not yet ratified the Nagoya Protocol. With respect to plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, the ITPGRFA is the important international policy provision that provides a mechanism for facilitated access of crop genetic resources through the use of the multilateral system of access and benefit sharing. The Plant Treaty provides mechanisms of access and exchange of genetic resources for 64 crops (35 food crops and 29 forages: the so-called Annex-1 materials) (FAO 2004). It makes the point that the creation of the multilateral system will benefit all contracting parties. The Treaty (Article 13) provides for sharing the benefits of using plant genetic resources for food and agriculture through information exchange, access to and transfer of technology, capacity building and the sharing of benefits arising from commercialization (Gauchan and Upadhyay 2006). Some of the national policies and legislation in Nepal that have a provision of ABS of genetic resources include: Agrobiodiversity Policy 2007 revised in (2014), National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014), ITPGRFA Multilateral System (MLS) Implementation Strategy & Action Plan (IMISAP 2017); draft Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) Act (2016) and draft Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Utilization Act (2016). In a recently developed Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Germplasm Access and Exchange Authority Committee (GAC) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) some guidelines are included for formal access and exchange of crop genetic resources as per the provision - 121 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 of ITPGRFA multilateral system. A similar provision is also included in the draft Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Utilization Act (2016), which is under revision and finalization (MoALD 2018). Formal Mechanisms of Access and Benefit Sharing The development and use of formal mechanisms of access and benefit sharing, through a legal contract, are not very common for agricultural genetic resources; though for medicinal herbs some examples exist. One example of an agreement concerning agricultural crops is the ABS agreement between a number of Andean communities growing traditional potato varieties in Peru and the International Potato Centre (CIP) about the repatriation of their traditional potato varieties (Argumedo 2011). In Nepal, a formal access and benefit sharing agreement exists for improved hybrid Srijana tomatoes, signed between NARC (developer) and private seed companies and agro entrepreneurs. In this case, a MoU between NARC Horticulture Research Division (HRD) and seed companies was agreed in November 2010 (NARC 2010) to provide access of superior parental inbred lines to the private sector. In return, the private sector agreed to share some benefits with NARC Horticulture Research Division (developer of the parental lines) through the payment of a royalty of commercial seed sales. According to the agreement, private seed companies and entrepreneurs need to pay 3% of the value of seed sales in dealer price to NARC. Informal Mechanisms of Access and Benefit Sharing At present, mechanisms to regulate access and benefit sharing are mostly informal, without any formal legal procedure. Community seed banks largely operate as part of the informal seed system and accordingly have developed mostly informal norms, rules and practices of access and exchange of genetic resources and sharing benefits arising from their use. Traditionally, there has always been free access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge in farmers’ seed systems. Some localized/customary benefit sharing mechanisms can be found. Seed producer farmers involved in a CSB generate benefits from seed production and marketing of promising local varieties as well as improved varieties. This is usually done through coordinating the production, exchange and marketing of the seed of locally adapted seed varieties among farmers in the form of Truthful Labeled (TL) seeds. Community seed banks and other forms of seed exchange are effectively putting informal access and benefit-sharing into practice in a way that enhances the resilience and autonomy of food producers and their farming systems while preserving biodiversity (Pistorius 2016). Some of the other important informal mechanisms employed in Nepal for access and benefit sharing are supporting farmers and building their capacity to establish and operate community seed banks through collaboration with the national genebank, farmers’ involvement in participatory grassroots breeding, seed selection, multiplication and registration, and value addition and marketing of local crop genetic resources. - 122 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks as Emerging Institutions for ABS Recently, community seed banks (CSBs) are emerging as collective informal community-based institutions for strengthening local seed system and safeguarding agrobiodiversity. Most of the community seed banks act as an extension of farmers’ informal seed systems, in which the various stages of seed management—selection, conservation, exchange and improvement—take place without involvement of or control by research, development or government agencies (Pistorius 2016). According to De Jonge et al (2016), community seed banks can be seen as a collective framework and institutional platform for making decisions about crop cultivation, seed production and conservation of locally adaptive germplasm. As such, they are effective mechanisms to implement farmers’ rights as defined by the Plant Treaty. CSBs are also becoming important intermediary institutions at the local level to provide access of genetic resources to farmers and outside agencies as well as obtain genetic resources from outside communities and external agencies (Figure 1). Farmers External Agencies Community Seed Banks Outside Communities Local Rural Municipalities National Genebank Figure 1. Community seed bank as a local institution for access and benefit sharing. CSBs not only provide farmers’ access to seed diversity, but also the ability to share in the benefits of the continuing cycle of seed conservation and development (De Jonge et al 2016). Previous studies have demonstrated that CSBs are effective for the exchange of traditional knowledge and genetic resources in communities (Shrestha et al 2013b). They have positive effects on increasing access to local seeds; development of new varieties; identification, conservation and promotion of local landraces as well as increased benefit sharing from marketing of local varieties (Paudel et al 2008). CSBs have the potential to expand the use of the multilateral system of exchange of genetic resources nationally and - 123 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 internationally through linking CSBs with national and international genebanks (Bhatta et al 2013). CSBs that adopt tools and approaches of CBM, such as community biodiversity register, diversity fair, participatory seed exchanges and participatory plant breeding and that use the prior informed consent (PIC) mechanism effectively facilitate the regulated exchange of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Community seed banks can play an important role in providing access to seeds during a crisis, such as disasters, droughts, floods or cyclones. During Nepal’s devastating 2015 earthquake, some community seed banks in the country (eg CSBs of Tanahun, Dang and Nawalparasi) provided access to locally adapted seeds through a seed relief program to farmers and communities in earthquake affected areas far away from their locations (Shrestha 2018). Recent evidence of the “Seeds for Needs” initiative of Bioversity International from India and Ethiopia indicate that CSBs can play a role in making local seed systems more cost effective and efficient, foster seed exchanges at local and supra-local levels, access novel diversity not conserved locally and access seeds from areas where plants have adapted to extreme weather conditions (Vernooy et al 2017). Therefore, CSBs are emerging as an important platform for accessing and sharing diverse sources of germplasm in a decentralized manner. Case Study of UNEP GEF Project Managed Community Seed Banks Community seed banks operating actively in Nepal managed by the UNEP GEF Local Crop Project (LCP) in the mountains of Nepal have implemented various community biodiversity management (CBM) tools and approaches: diversity fair, diversity field school, participatory plant/grass-roots breeding, community biodiversity register and community biodiversity management fund. Farmers and local communities access, exchange and share quality seeds of locally adapted crop varieties through these CBM tools and approaches often at a lower price than prevailing market rates. The project was initiated in 2014 in four remote mountain districts of Humla, Jumla, Lamjung and Dolakha representing western, central and eastern Nepal. The project focuses on eight target underutilized traditional mountain crops: amaranth, barley (both hulled and hull less), beans, buckwheat, foxtail millet, finger millet, proso millet and cold tolerant rice. The project is being implemented by Bioversity International jointly with NARC, LIBIRD and Department of Agriculture (DoA) with funding support of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through UN Environment. The project supports CSBs to carry out seed collection, exchange and display through routine activities. It works with local social networks and organizes specific events, such as diversity fairs and food fairs, diversity field schools, participatory seed exchanges, participatory variety selection and grassroots breeding. It trains farmers to do on-farm characterisation and evaluation, and - 124 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 crop and seed value chain development. The method used to train local custodian men and women farmers is the diversity field school (DFS), which also include exchange visits and exposure to national decision making and policy fora. These activities are important to realize farmers’ rights. The project has also supported the development of farmers’ variety catalogues and a varietal registry procedure that facilitate sharing of information and traditional knowledge resulting in better access and benefit sharing from the use of underutilized local farmers’ varieties. Another activity has been the use of diversity kits and IRD (Informal Research & Development) kits of target underutilized crops to a large number of farmers beyond the project sites and districts. Table 1 presents the status of crop genetic resources that have been conserved and made available and that have produced benefits to farm households and communities in the project districts of Humla, Jumla, Dolakha and Lamjung of the remote mountains. Table 1. Crop genetic resources conserved, made available and households benefited No. of No. of No. of HHs Community Major crop SN Province local local benefited seed bank species crops varieties from CSB Jungu, rice, beans, finger 1 3 24 42 Dolakha millet, buckwheat 2374 rice, finger millet, Ghanpokhara, 2 Gandaki foxtail millet, 15 74 Lamjung 1410 beans rice, beans, finger millet, amaranth, Chhipra, 3 Karnali proso millet, 29 51 Humla foxtail millet, 6900 buckwheat rice, beans, finger 4 Hanku, Jumla Karnali millet, amaranth, 21 65 9400 foxtail millet Total 35 232 20,084* Source: Bioversity International (2018); *Cumulative estimation 2014-2018. In the last three years, the project, through the national genebank and other research centres, has deployed a total of 300 varieties of eight target underutilized mountain crops for on-farm testing in four project sites. 60 varieties of these eight under-utilized crops were made available to about 16,000 households until mid 2018 in remote mountainous project sites of Jumla, Humla, Lamjung and Dolakha (Bioversity International 2018). When major food crop varieties of lower altitude rice, wheat and maize including other non-target crops (eg legumes, oilseeds and vegetables) are considered, the project has provided access to diverse varieties and quality seeds of about 35 food crops covering over 20,000 households. This is resulting in better food security and livelihood of - 125 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 smallholder farmers in the remote risk prone mountains of Nepal. Participation of local farmers and communities in on-farm germplasm evaluation is increasing their awareness and capacity to identify and recognise specific attributes and suitability of crop varieties. This is a more focussed approach to promote ABS, where the seeds managed and made available to the local communities in the community seed banks are managed through evolutionary adaptation. They are kept under the direct control of the farming community to strengthen their capacity to adapt and mitigate the risks related to climate change and natural disasters. The CSBs manage a Community biodiversity management (CBM) fund that allow direct benefit sharing by local communities in the form of credit flow to needy, poor and vulnerable communities (poor, women and disadvantaged social groups). Stronger collaboration of the CSBs with the national genebank and NARC research centers such as Hill Crops Research Program (HCRP), Kavre, Dolakha and Agricultural Research Station, Jumla, has provided better access to and choice of germplasm from other parts of Nepal. Farmers are also reaping the benefits of technical information and scientific knowledge provided by these national research organizations. In conclusion, the CSBs managed in remote and risk prone high mountains of Nepal are providing easy and timely access of seed diversity of underutilized traditional crops to smallholder poor farmers in marginal farming systems. They do this in a context where access to seeds and support from formal sector agencies is either very much limited or absent. Community Seed Banks for Participatory Crop Improvement and Variety Registration CSBs are also gradually emerging as a local grass-roots institution for crop improvement, variety maintenance and registration of local farmers’ varieties for increased benefit sharing with local communities. Their engagement in participatory plant/grassroots breeding and variety selection activities have strengthened access to and availability of improved seeds and increased diversity through collaboration between farmers, plant breeders and seed producers. For instance, the CSBs of Chippra, Humla and CSB Hanku, Jumla are engaged in improvement of local farmers’ varieties, such as Dudhe Chino variety of proso millet and Rato kodo variety of finger millet respectively through grass-roots breeding. CSB Jungu, Dolakha is also engaged in selection and maintenance of seeds of two endangered varieties of bean (Khairo Ghiu simi and Panhelo simi) and is in the process of registration for marketing in collaboration with formal sector agencies. CSB Bara (Kachorwa) has engaged in development and improvement of Kachora-4 variety of rice through participatory plant breeding and maintaining seed quality, registration and marketing of this variety. Community seed banks practicing participatory plant/grassroots breeding activities build on the existing and mostly informal forms of access and benefit sharing while adding new - 126 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 elements. They have control over management of seeds and planting materials to realize their rights to seeds. Gaps in Implementation of ABS and Ensuring Farmers’ Rights Farmers and stakeholders lack awareness and knowledge about ABS issues including ownership rights of farmers and communities to genetic resources. In addition, farmers are not adequately represented in national level fora and decision-making bodies concerning the use and conservation of agricultural genetic resources. Community seed banks as a form of farmer organization, do not have formal legal status as such, hindering their organizational development. The country lacks legal means to protect farmers’ rights and traditional knowledge on genetic resources (Gauchan 2008). Legislation on plant variety protection, farmers’ rights and access and benefit sharing mechanisms is not formally in place, which hinders facilitated access and exchange of genetic resources and the creation of incentives for farmers, plant breeders and other actors to conserve and sustainable use the diverse agricultural genetic resources of the country (Gauchan et al 2017). The Seed Act 1988 (amended 2008) mentions breeders’ rights (specific details are not outlined), but the provision for farmers’ rights is not included. The Agriculture Development Strategy (2015) clearly emphasizes the broad rights of farmers related to agriculture, land and support services, but does not elaborate specific rights of farmers and local communities to agricultural genetic resources as per the provisions of the ITPGRFA. As a party to WTO TRIPS and the CBD, Nepal has drafted a Plant Variety Protection and Farmers’ Rights Bill (2005) and an Access and Benefit Sharing Bill (2016). Both have recently been revised, but are still in draft form. They need improvement and approval from government before they can be implemented to support ABS, farmers’ rights and conservation of agrobiodiversity. The present draft Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) legislation (2016), now in the process of final approval, focuses on access and benefit sharing of genetic resources with the provisions of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and mutually agreed terms (MAT) as per the provision of the CBD and Nagoya Protocol (2010). However, the Bill has limited application to agricultural genetic resources (MoFE 2018). Since crop genetic resources in community seed banks are presently maintained and used through frequent and free exchange and sharing between and among the communities, an access legislation that restricts facilitated and free exchange of seeds among communities, will likely have negative effect on farmers’ incentives to manage and promote local seed security and conservation of biodiversity. Other challenges include the current varietal registration and release formats, guidelines and procedures that are not farmer friendly. The varietal development and release/registration processes are dominated by the formal system providing no alternative, incentives and flexibility for farmers wishing to assess different cultivars, obtain access to seeds, increase the genetic diversity of their crops or add value to them (Gauchan et al 2005). - 127 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Banks as Legitimate Institutions for Farmers’ Rights and ABS Mechanisms Many countries are in the process of developing (or some have developed) national policies and legislation in line with international conventions, treaties and protocols to implement farmers’ rights and ABS mechanisms. These policies and legislation affect how national and local governments, public research organizations, private sectors and farmers conserve, protect, manage and make available and exchange genetic resources among different users and stakeholders and also ensure rights of farmers and local communities to these genetic resources. While the policy and legal frameworks are essential at the national level to recognize, protect facilitate and implement ABS and ensure the rights of farmers and communities, their practical implementation remain the major challenge in a least developed agro-based country like Nepal (Gauchan 2011). In this context, a local level institutional mechanism is required to implement and facilitate effective ABS and ensure rights of farmers and local communities in line with national and international policies. Considering this, the community seed bank is proposed as a local legitimate institution or platform. A CSB facilitates local level collective sharing, exchange, conservation and use of local genetic resources. Many of the past and on-going projects and initiatives of Bioversity International jointly with LI-BIRD and NARC have developed and piloted some good practices, approaches and tools of community biodiversity management (CBM) in Nepal (Sthapit and Gauchan 2006, Shrestha et al 2013c). CSBs use these practices to enhance ABS at the local level and ensure rights of farmers to genetic resources (Paudel et al 2008). Figure 2 illustrates this. Participatory Seed Exchange Community Biodiversity Register Participatory Plant Breeding CSB for FRs & ABS Participatory Value Addition & Marketing Community Biodiversity Fairs Diversity Field School (DFS) Diversity Blocks & Diversity Kits Community Biodiversity Management Trust Fund Figure 2. Mechanisms that realize farmer’s rights and local level ABS in Nepal - 128 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 A promising event is that the Association of community seed banks of Nepal (ACSBN) recently formed by a network of 27 functional CSBs has agreed to serve their member CSBs as the designated local institution for implementing and defending farmers’ rights and ABS mechanism in respective parts of Nepal. According to Anderson et al (2018), community seed banks are relevant stakeholders and may thus be among those organizations that could be engaged in decision making at the national level. National institutions including agricultural extension services should provide the best institutional infrastructure to embark on a scaling up of such approaches. Conclusions and Implications Farmers’ Rights and access and benefit sharing are important and interlinked issues in the conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity. Key applicable approach based on existing rural realities are community seed banks and farmer seed systems, which serve as local points of access to genetic resources as well as ensuring equitable sharing of benefits. Community seed banks can enhance both informal and formal access and benefit sharing through strengthening farmers’ seed system and promoting its linkages with formal sector agencies. They provide mechanisms that promote the availability and accessibility of seed diversity and quality seeds of preferred varieties (both traditional and modern). Community seed banks involved in participatory plant breeding and variety selection and maintaining quality source seeds of farmer varieties and their engagement in variety registration and release of locally adapted varieties promote improved access and benefit sharing to local community, particularly for traditional underutilized crops and landraces, where options for access to seeds from external sources is limited and absent. The information presented above envisages that community seedbank can be an effective institution to implement farmers’ rights and ABS through saving, exchanging, sharing and using farm-saved seeds and promoting prior informed consent to obtain access to plant genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated to local genetic resources. In addition, they can be used for enhancement of farmers’ varieties, their registration, certification and marketing of quality seeds by strengthening organizational capacities of local institutions for promoting commercialization and wider sharing of benefits. Considering these, we propose a model for developing CSB as a legitimate local platform for prior-informed consent (PIC) and access and benefit sharing mechanisms that promote and ensue farmers rights to genetic resources. This will however, require legal recognition of community seed banks as farmer organization and creating incentive mechanisms for custodian farmers and communities by bringing support from formal sector agencies through relevant policies, legislations and guidelines. Furthermore, there is a need of programs and action plans to support, promote and sustain community seed banks by linking with - 129 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 national genebank and other formal sector R &D agencies for formalizing farmers rights and promoting facilitated access and effective equitable benefit sharing. New national laws on access and benefit sharing, agrobiodiversity conservation and utilization and plant variety protection and farmers’ rights that are under formulation should make appropriate provisions of recognizing community seed banks as local platform for facilitated ABS mechanisms and formalizing farmers rights. This is a best suggested option because, presently there are no other local level institutions that have knowledge, skills, experience, and expertise other than community seed banks. International policies and funding mechanisms such as Benefit sharing fund of ITPGRFA should make sure that sufficient funds for supporting community seed banks are in place as part of their obligations to implement Farmers’ Rights and other provisions of the Plant Treaty, such as facilitating multilateral system of access, exchange and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. References Argumedo A. 2011. Community Biocultural Protocols. Building Mechanisms for Access and Benefit Sharing among the Communities of the Potato Park based on Customary Quechua Norms. ANDES (Peru), the Potato Park Communities and IIED. Andersen R, P Shrestha, G Otieno, Y Nishikawa, P Kasasa and A Mushita. 2018. 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Banking for the Future: Savings, Security and Seeds, Development Fund, Oslo, Norway. http://www.planttreaty. org/sites/default/files/banking_future.pdf De Jonge B, A Mushita and P Kasasa. 2016. Access and benefit sharing for family farmers in Zimbabwe. In: Access and Benefit Sharing of Genetic Resources “Farming Matters: Making work it for family Matters” (formerly LEISA Magazine). Special Issue FAO. 2001. International Convention on Plant Genetic Resource for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Nov 3, 2001 FAO Press Release 01/81 C5 http://www. fao.org/WAICENT/OIS/PRESS_NE/ PRESSENG/2001. - 130 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 FAO. 2004. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Gauchan D. 2008. Farmers’ Rights in Nepal: Context, Concepts and Perceptions. Agriculture Development Journal 4:1-14. Gauchan D. 2011. Protection of Farmers’ Rights and Conservation of Agrobiodiversity in Nepal. Agronomy Journal of Nepal 2:12-23. Gauchan D. 2016. Farmers’ Rights in South Asia’s IPR Regime. SAWTEE, Kathmandu, Nepal. Trade Insight Vol. 12 (4). Gauchan D, SB Tiwari, AK Acharya, KR Pandey and BK Joshi. 2017. National and International Policies and Incentives for Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Use in Nepal. In: Conservation and Utilization of Agriculture Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal (BK Joshi, HB KC and AK Acharya, eds). Proceedings of 2nd National Workshop, May 22-23, 2017, Dhulikhel, NAGRC/FDD/MoAD, Kathmandu, Nepal. Gauchan D, N Maxted, M Cole, M Smale, MP Upadhyay, BK Baniya, A Subedi and BR Sthapit. 2005. Policy incentives for conservation and the sustainable use of crop genetic resources in Nepal. 2005. In: On-farm Conservation of Agrobiodiversity in Nepal (BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay, PK Shrestha and DI Jarvis, eds). Volume II. Managing Diversity and Promoting its Benefits. 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Proceedings of a national symposium, 18-19 July 2006 Kathmandu, Nepal (Reprint); pp.2-211. Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Galluzzi and P Shrestha. 2014. The Multiple Functions and Services of Community Seedbanks. Resources 3: 636-656. http://www.mdpi. com/2079-9276/3/4/636. Vernooy R, B Sthapit, G Otieno, P Shrestha and A Gupta. 2017. The roles of community seed banks in climate change adaptation. Development in Practice 27:3, 316-327. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2017.1294653. |l-------l|l-------l| - 132 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / gLltut Joj:yf clgns'df/ cfrfo{ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf zfvf, s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn @: acharyanilku@gmail.com ;f/ g]kfndf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ljsf; tyf lbuf] pkof]usf nflu ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + Ps ;zQm k4ltsf ?kdf ljsf; eO/xsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + x?sf] k|j4{gsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]l{ zsf -lj=;=+ @)^%_ / ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + :yfkgf sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw -lj=;=+ @)&@_ NofPsf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s_ ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;+:yfut ;'b9[ Ls/0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] ;ª\sng, e08f/0f / ljt/0fdf ;xhtf Nofpg], v_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? hg;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt ug],{ u_ aLp u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f k4lt -k|df0fLs/0f, u'0f:t/ 3f]lift aLp / oyfy{ ;ª\st] –kq_ sf] cjnDag ug],{ 3_ :yfgLo hftx?sf] k|of]u / ;+j4{g ug{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ / ª_ u|fdL0f If]qdf u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] pknAwtf / kx'rF df ;'wf/ ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $@ tyf wf/f %!, /fli6«o s[lifgLltsf] a'bF f g+= %@ / %#, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt -lj=;=+ @)!%–@)#%_, lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo -;g\ @)!^–@)#)_ / s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt @)^# -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)&!_ n] s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf pkof]u;DaGwL s'/fx? ;d]6s ] f] 5 . To;} u/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]l{ zsf @)^% / ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + :yfkgf sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)&@ NofO{ o;sf] sfof{Gjog klg eO/x]sf] 5 . o; kl/k|I] odf ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + ;DaGwL PsLs[t gLlt Pj+ lgb]l{ zsf sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + lj:tf/, ;'b9[ Ls/0f, d"No clej[l4, lbuf] ahf/Ls/0f ugf{sf ;fy} ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + sf] cfTdlge{/tf / Joj;flostfdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . d'Vo zAb M s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt, ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, :yfgLo aLp ;+/If0f - 134 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s M cjwf/0ff ;j{ky| d ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + sf] cjwf/0ff :yfgLo hftx?sf] oyf:yfgLo ;+/If0f (Insitu conservation) sf nflu z'¿jft ePsf] kfOG5 . xfn o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + n] a[xt\ If]q ;d]6L ;d"xsf] g]tT[ jdf :yfkgf / ;~rfng eO{ :yfgLo aLpsf] ;+/If0f tyf pGgt hftx?sf] cw{Jofj;flos sf/f]af/ u/]sf]] kfOG5 . cyf{t\ ;fd'bflos aLp a+s } eg]sf] ;d'bfon] g]tT[ j u/L ;~rfng ePsf] aLpsf] sf/]fjf/ ug]{ ynf] xf] . g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + x?n] :yfgLo tyf pGgt hftx?sf] aLp–pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f, :yfgLo :t/df ;f6f;f6 tyf lhNnfaflx/ ;d]t laqmLljt/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;g\ !(($ df o'P;;L Sofgf8fsf] ;xof]udf ;flassf] bnrf]sL ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;ª\sng Pj+ e08f/0f u/L s[ifsx?df cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfo{ yfngL ePsfn] o;nfO{ klxnf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}ssf ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 -afnL ljsf; lgb]z { gfno, @)^%_ . kl5 uP/ nL–a8{, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ / afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zgnn] af/f lhNnfsf] srf]jf{df ;fd'b' flos aLp a}s + sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lrq g+= ! df b]vfOPsf] 5M JolQmut ;d"xut /}yfg] hft pGgt/cfw'lgs hft s[ifs tl/sf #= k|zf]wg @= aLhj[l4 ;fdbflos ljp a}+s != aLpsf] k|sf/ s[ifs / cfw'lgs tl/sf $= JolQmut %= ljt/0f gub sf/f]af/ ;f6f;f6 ;d"xut aLp C0f/aGwsL lrq g+= !M ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] cjwf/0ff ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] p2]Zo s[lif cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tx?sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ugf{sf ;fy} ltgsf] ljsf; / plrt pkof]uaf6 s[ifs Pj+ ;d'bfonfO{ cfTdlge{/tkm{ pGd'v u/fpgfsf ;fy} cfly{s nfe klg lbnfpg ;Sg' xf] . t;y{ lrq g+= ! df b]vfOPsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf /}yfg] k|hfltnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;d'bfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ pGgt aLpx?sf] ;d]t ;+/If0f ug'f{sf ;fy} ltgsf] - 135 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ljsf;, k|j4{g / pkof]u ug{ aLhj[l4, aLp k|zf]wg tyf e08f/0f ug'{, s[ifs–s[ifs Pj+ ;d'bfoaLr ;f6f;f6 ug'{ / ljqmLljt/0f ug'{ klg xf] . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;Fu ;DalGwt gLltut Joj:yf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $@ df ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsdf :yfgLo aLplahg / k|hfltsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] Joj:yf M -$_ k|To]s ls;fgnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd s[lifsfo{sf nflu e"lddf kx'Fr, k/Dk/fut ?kdf k|of]u / cjnDag ul/Psf :yfgLo aLplahg / s[lif k|hfltsf] 5gf]6 / ;+/If0fsf] xs x'g]5 . To:f}u/L wf/f %! df /fHosf gLltx?df b]xfo cg';f/sf k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 M • k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / pkof]u;DaGwL gLltsf] a'Fbf g+= % df hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf;DaGwL r]tgf a9fO{ cf}Bf]lus Pj+ ef}lts ljsf;af6 jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ jg, jGohGt', kIfL, jg:klt tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / lbuf] pkof]u ug]{, • o;}u/L a'Fbf gDa/ -&_ df k|s[lt, jftfj/0f jf h}ljs ljljwtfdfly gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] jf kg{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo k|efj lgd"{n jf Go"g ug{ pko'Qm pkfox? cjnDjg ug]{] . /fli6«o s[lifgLlt @)^! /fli6«o s[lifgLltsf tLgj6f d'Vo p2]ZodWo] t];|f] p2]Zodf k|fs[lts ;|f]t, jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g Pj+ ;b'kof]u ug]{] Joj:yf ePsf] / of] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu s[lifgLlt g+= %@ / %# df b]xfo cg';f/ pNn]v ePsf]M • %@ M h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu hLg a}+ssf] Joj:yf / :j:yfgLo ;+/If0f (In-situ conservation) nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . ;Defljt If]qdf ;xeflutfTds h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f If]q (Participatory Biodiversity Park) :yflkt ul/g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . • %# M x}l;ot lau|]sf jg tyf k|fs[lts hnfzosf] x}l;ot ;'wf/ ug]{ u/L h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ;b'kof]u tyf s[lif jgk|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . - 136 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt @)^# -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)&!_ o; gLltdf vfB Pj+ s[lifhGo cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t, kbfy{ tyf :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk cflbsf] ;+/If0f, pkof]u / nfesf] ;dGoflos (Equitable) Pj+ Goflos (fair) afF8kmfF8 u/L jt{dfg / efjL k':tfsf] vfB;'/Iff Pj+ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ s'/fsf] kl/sNkgf (Vision) ul/Psf] 5 . o; gLltsf p2]Zox? b]xfo cg';f/sf 5g\ M • s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / lbuf] pkof]u u/L s[lifsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; Pj+ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;'b[9 ug]{Ù • s[ifssf] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, vf]h, k|ljlw, pkof]u / cEof;x?sf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+j4{g ug]{Ù • s[lif cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t tyf kbfy{sf] kx'Fr / pkof]uaf6 ;[lht cj;/ / nfex?sf] ;dGoflos Pj+ Goflos ljt/0fk|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]Ù • bL3{sfnLg ?kdf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+j4{g u/L kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng clej[l4 ug{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLltsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M • s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]uaf6 vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf hf]8Ù • k/Dk/fut 1fg ;Lk, vf]h, k|ljlw pkof]u / cEof;x?sf] ;+/If0fÙ • h}ljs ;|f]t / k/Dk/fut 1fgdf cfwfl/t cWoog, cg';Gwfg / k|;f/Ù • s[ifs–s[ifs aLp ljlgdo ;'b[9Ls/0fÙ • s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd, pBf]u Joj;fo / ahf/ ljsf;Ù • s[lif h}ljs ;|f]tsf] clen]vLs/0f÷k~hLs/0fÙ • s[lif h}ljs ;|f]t / h}ljs ;Dkltaf6 k|fKt nfesf] ;dGoflos afF8kmfF8Ù • jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg ubf{ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ dxÎjÙ • hf]lvdo'Qm cg'j+z kl/jlt{t hLj (GMO) sf] pTkfbg, cfoft tyf k|of]unfO{ lg?T;fxg÷lgoGq0fÙ • /fli6«o s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;ldltsf] Joj:yf . o;sf ;fy} s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf tyf k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, ljsf; / lbuf] pkof]usf nflu lgDg gLltut Joj:yfx? 5g\ M • cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;+/lIft g]kfnsf cfg'jl+ zs kbfy{ / ;|ft] x?sf] :j:yfgLo ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf (Restoration), cg';Gwfg / ljsf; sfo{x?sf] k|j4{gsf nflu /fli6«o s[lif cfg'jl+ zs ;|ft] s]Gb|, l;d]g a}s + , ;fd'bflos aLp a}s + , s[lif, afujfgL tyf kz' kmfd{ / cGo cg';Gwfgsf lgsfox?;Fu ;xsfo{Ù - 137 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 • ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg k4ltnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf clen]vLs/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf d]nf, ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, lkmN8 hLg a}+s, l;d]g a}+s / h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]ifh:tf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng / lj:tf/Ù • k/:yfgLo / :j:yfgLo ;+/If0f sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6«o s[lif cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t s]Gb| / l;d]g a}+s, ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sh:tf :yfgLo sfo{qmdx?aLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ a9fOg]5 . cfg'j+lzs kbfy{ / ;|f]t tyf k/Dk/fut 1fgdf s[ifs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf] gLltut Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M • s[ifsn] ljsf; u/L ;+/If0f / pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf jg:klt, kz'kIfL / cGo k|f0fLsf hft Pj+ k|ljlw pkof]u u/L pTkfbg / laqmLljt/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/df s'g} x:tIf]k x'g glbg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . aLplahgsf] hu]gf{, ;f6f;f6 / k'gMk|of]u / pTkfbg u/L hf]ufPsf] aLplahg (Farmer saved seed) laqmLljt/0f ug{ kfpg] s[ifs clwsf/df afwf kg]{ u/L s'g} sfg'g agfOg]5}g . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt -lj=;+= @)!%–@)#%_ g]kfnsf] @) jif]{ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{, s[lif k]zfsf] Joj;foLs/0f ub}{ k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfåf/f s[lif If]qsf] b|"t ljsf; ug]{ kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . o; /0fgLltn] of]hgf th'{df, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf ls;fgx?sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ls;fgx?sf clwsf/x?nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ / ljleGg gLltut÷;+/rgfut ;+oGqdf ls;fgsf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu Ps pRr :t/Lo clwsf/ ;DkGg / :yfoL k|s[ltsf] ls;fg cfof]u u7g ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPadf]lhd ;f] u7g eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf b]xfosf pRrtd pTkfbsTj;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOG5 M • s[ifs ;d"x / ;+:yfx?sf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgfÙ • h}ljs ljljwtf gLltsf] sfof{GjogÙ • aLp tyf bfgf / 3fF; ;l~rlt k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fÙ • h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng . - 138 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] pSt h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu b]xfosf gLltx? lnPsf] kfOG5 M • s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ljljw h}ljs ;+;fwgsf] ;ª\sng, juL{s/0f / n]vfhf]vfnfO{ ;anLs/0f ug]{ / j}1flgs k|ltj]bg÷clen]vdf ;xof]u ug]{Ù • s[lif–h}ljs ljljwtfsf] btf{k|0ffnL ;'? ug]{Ù • g]kfnL h}ljs ljljwtf / cfg'j+lzs ;+;fwgsf] cg';Gwfg Pj+ k|of]usf nflu lgod th'{df ug]{Ù • h}ljs ljljwtf, cfg'j+lzs ;+;fwgsf] / dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjaf6 aRg cg';Gwfgsf nflu afx]s cfg'j+lzs ?kdf kl/jlt{t hLjsf] (Genetically Modified Oraganism) -aLp, afnLx?, kz'kG5L_ lgof{t, pTkfbg / k|of]udf /f]s nufpg] . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo -;g\ @)!^–@)#)_ lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo g+= @ df ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{, vfB;'/Iff tyf pGgt kf]if0f xfl;n ug]{ / lbuf] s[lifsf] k|j4{g ug]{ (End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) nIo lgwf{{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;df b]xfosf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf;Fu ;DalGwt p2]Zox? /flvPsf] kfOG5 M • s[lif pTkfbsTj Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/, s[lif cg';Gwfg, k|ljlw ljsf;, jg:klt tyf rf}kfofsf] hLg a}+s :yfkgfdf nufgL j[l4 ug]{Ù • vfB d"Nosf] r/d cl:y/tfnfO{ ;Lldt ug{df d2t k'¥ofpg vfBj:t' ahf/ / tT;DaGwL sf/f]af/x?sf] ;d'lrt ;~rfng x'g] u/L pkfox? cjnDjg ug]Ù{ • lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo g+= @ df /flvPsf] z"Go ef]sd/Lsf nflu o;sf] qm=;+= @=% df ;g\ @)@) ;Dd aLp, v]tL ul/g] af]6la¿jf, kmfd{ Pj+ kz'kfng / ltgsf hª\unL k|hfltx?sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ljleGg aLp, la¿jf Pj+ nf]kf]Gd'v kz'x?sf] l8PgP (DNA) a}+s / ;fd'bflos aLp a}ssf] lj:tf/ ug{ nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . - 139 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo g+= @ k"/f ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfo{of]hgf ljsf; u/]sf] 5, h;nfO{ tflnsf ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M tflnsf != aLp÷af]6la¿jf÷kmfd{÷kz'kfng / hª\unL k|hfltx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nIoM cg'udg 9fFrf nIo / ;"rs 8f6f ;do lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;|f]t lbuf] ljsf; nIo @=%M ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf aLp–v]tL ul/g] afnL, kz'kfng / ltgsf ;DalGwt hª\unL k|hfltsf cfg'j+lzs ljljwtf ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+j4{g ug]{ MIS Annual MoAD, MoLD, lbuf] ljsf; nIo @=%=!M MoFSC, NARC vfB tyf s[lifsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu af]6la¿jf / kz'sf cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tx?sf ;ª\Vofsf] dWod Pj+ bL3{sfnLg ;+/If0fsf sfo{x? MIS Annual MoAD, lbuf] ljsf; nIo @=%=@M nf]k x'g] hf]lvddf /x]sf, MoFSC, NARC g/x]sf / yfxf gePsf :yfgLo j+zx?sf] cg'kft M MoAD, NARC ! aLpsf k|hfltx?sf] l8PgP (DNA) a}+ssf] ;ª\Vof ! MIS Annual MIS Annual MoFSC, NARC @ la¿jfsf k|hfltx?sf] l8PgP a}+ssf] ;ª\Vof MoFSC, NARC # nf]kf]Gd'v kz'sf k|hfltx?sf] l8PgP a}+ssf] ;ª\Vof MIS Annual ;|f]t M lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo, @)&# cGo gLltut Joj:yfx? s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;b'kof]u Pj+ ;fd'bflos aLp a}snfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg b]xfosf cGo gLlt, ;f]r Pj+ 9fFrfx?n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOG5 M • /fli6«o aLplahg gLlt @)%^ • hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^& • lj1fg tyf k|ljlw gLlt @)^! • h}ljs k|ljlw gLlt @)^# • jg gLlt @)&! • aLplahgsf] bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o ;f]r ;g\ @)!#–@)@% • hnr/ ;+/If0f P]g @)!& -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)%%_ • /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt @)^* • /fli6«o h}ljs ;'/Iff 9fFrf–vfsf @)^# (National Bio-safety Framework) - 140 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s M lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, vfB;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf tyf lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] pknJwtf Pj+ k|of]udf s[ifs ;d'bfosf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'g] x'gfn] ;f]sf] ;xsfo{ ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 . ljkGg, ul/a, ;LdfGts[t tyf lgjf{xd'vL s[ifsx?sf] s[lif k4ltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf] ah]6 jStJodfk{mt ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s (Community Seed Bank) :yfkgf ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/\of] . ;fy} ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] ldlt @)^%.!).!@ sf] ;Daf]wgdfk{mt ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ug]{ yk k|lta4tf hgfOof] . ;f]xL cg';f/ u'0f:t/Lo aLp–pTkfbg / k|of]udf Jofkstf Nofpg] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}s :yfkgf / ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlw tof/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; qmddf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf -@)^%_ / ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw -@)&@_ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)^% ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s eGgfn] aLpsf] pTkfbg, ;ª\sng / e08f/0f ul/g] ;fd'bflos uf]bfd eGg] a'lemG5 . o; a}+sdf vf; u/L ljleGg JolQm, cgf}krfl/s ;d"x tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 aLp ;ª\sng ug'f{sf ;fy} cfk;df afF8kmfF8 Pj+ laqmLljt/0f ul/G5 eGg]h:tf cjwf/0ffut ljifo, kl/efiffdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . s[ifsx?sf] cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df 5gf]6 ePsf :yfgLo tyf pGgt hftsf aLp– pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / e08f/0f ;d'bfo:t/d} u/L u'0f:t/Lo aLpdf kx'Fr, pknAwtf tyf Joj:yfkgdf a9f]Q/L u/L ;f]af6 ul/a, ljkGg tyf ;LdfGts[t s[ifsx?sf] hLjg:t/df clej[l4 ug]{ o; sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ljlzi6 p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] ;ª\sng, e08f/0f / ljt/0fdf ;xhtf Nofpg]Ù • ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? h:t} M uf]bfd3/, aLp k|zf]wg pks/0f, vlnofg cflbsf] ljsf; u/L ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt ug]{Ù • s[ifs tyf If]qLo aLplahg k|of]uzfnfx?sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df cf}krfl/s aLp u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f k4lt -k|df0fLs/0f, u'0f:t/, 3f]lift aLp / oyfy{ ;ª\s]tkq_ sf] cjnDag ug]{Ù • :yfgLo hftx?sf] k|of]u / ;+j4{g ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / • ul/a, ljkGg, blnt, hghflt tyf dlxnf / åGåk|efljt u|fdL0f If]qdf u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] pknAwtf / kx'Frdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . - 141 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ef}uf]lns sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s vf; u/L pGgt hftx?sf] u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] kx'Fr gk'u]sf If]qsf s[ifsx?nfO{ nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . k|yd jif{ tflnsf @ df lbOPsf !& lhNnf o; sfo{qmdsf nflu kfOn6 sfo{qmdsf ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] / qmdzM cGo lhNnfx?df lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 eGg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] kfOG5 . tflnsf @= ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)^% n] tf]s]sf] ef}uf]lns sfo{ If]q ef}uf]lns If]q tyf lhNnfx? ljsf;If]q pRr kxf8 kxf8 t/fO{ k"jf{~rn ljsf;If]q ;ª\v'jf;ef t]x|y'd, cf]vn9'ª\uf l;/fxf dWodf~rn ljsf;If]q l;Gw'kfNrf]s wflbª /f}tx6 klZrdf~rn ljsf;If]q d':tfª u'NdL gjnk/f;L dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf;If]q h'Dnf hfh/sf]6 afFs] ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf;If]q aemfª 8f]6L, 8F8]nw'/f s~rgk'/ ;|f]t M ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf, @)^% sfo{ljlw tyf /0fgLlt sfo{ljlw /0fgLltdf b]xfosf ljifoj:t'x? ;d]l6Psf 5g\M • ;d'bfodf hgr]tgf hufpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfngÙ • ;fd'bflos aLp pTkfbs ;d"xx?nfO{ g} aLp a}+s ;~rfng ug{] lhDd]jf/LÙ • ;fd'bflos aLp–pTkfbg ;d"x (CSP-G) u7gÙ • !% ;b:oLo Ps ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ldlt (SCB-C) u7gÙ • ;LdfGts[t, blnt, hghflt tyf åGåaf6 k|efljt If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfÙ • hft 5gf]6sf] cfwf/ FVs / MVs b'j} k|sf/sf hftx?sf]] aLhj[l4Ù • aLpsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fdf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no tyf If]qLo aLplahg k|of]uzfnfsf] ;xof]uÙ • :yfgLo hftx?sf] a[xt\ cWoog, cg';Gwfg, 5gf]6, pTkfbg cflbsf nflu /fli6«o hLg a}+s (National Genebank) ;Fu ;dGjoÙ • s]Gb|Lo :t/df ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{Gjog ug{ Pp6f sfo{bnsf] u7g . - 142 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ljleGg lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L ;fd'bflos aLp–pTkfbg ;d"x, ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s÷;~rfns ;ldlt, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷uf=lj=;=, Pu|f] e]6÷lghL :t/sf aLp Joj;foL, If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, s]Gb|Lo aLplahg k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf÷If]qLo aLplahg k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf, aLplahg tyf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f s]Gb|, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, s[lif ljefu÷afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, kz' ;]jf ljefu, /fli6«o aLplahg ;ldlt / tTsfnLg s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnox?sf] lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sfof{Gjogk|lqmof ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgfsf nflu tk;Lnadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] M • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ljifoaf/] cled'vLs/0f tflndÙ • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ul/g] uf=lj=;= tyf ;d'bfosf] 5gf]6Ù • ;fd'bflos aLp–pTkfbg ;d"x u7gÙ • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ldltsf] u7gÙ • Ifdtf clej[l4 tflnd / aLpsf] hftLo gS;f tof/ ug]{ / jLhj[l4 sfo{qmd sfof{GjogÙ • ;xeflutfd"ns hftLo 5gf]6sf] sfof{Gjog (PVS)Ù • aLpsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f, aLp vl/b tyf ;ª\sngÙ • aLp k|zf]wg e08f/0f tyf aLp d]nfsf] cfof]hgfÙ • aLp ;f6f;f6 tyf ljt/0f, cg'udg lg/LIf0f / k|ltj]bg . sfof{Gjog tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)^%, sfof{Gjogsf nflu s]Gb|Lo :t/df ul7t sfo{bn lhDd]jf/ /xg], • o; lgb]{lzsfdf ;do ;fk]If kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ s]Gb|Lo :t/df ul7t sfo{bnn] ug]{ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] sfo{of]hgf ;d'bfodf hgr]tgf hfu/0f, :yfgLo ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f, gLltlgod agfpg], ;fd'bflos aLp ljsf; a}+s ;+/rgfx? -k|zf]wg tyf cGo ;'ljwfx?_ sf] lgdf{0f, Ifdtf clej[l4 -tflnd, e|d0f, k|bz{gL cflb_, aLp of]hgf÷ afnL tyf - 143 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 hftsf] 5gf]6, pTkflbt aLpsf] ahf/ Joj:yf u/L cfo:t/ a9fpg], ;fd'bflos aLp ljsf; a}+s tyf aLpsf] u'0f:t/ lg/LIf0f cg'udg / k|efj d"Nofª\sg h:tf lqmofsnfkx? /fvL lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ck]lIft pknlAw o; • • • • • • • lgb]{lzsfdf /flvPsf ck]lIft pknlAwx? M cfjZostf cg';f/sf] u'0f:t/Lo aLp :yfgLo :t/df g} cfk"lt{ x'g]Ù uf=lj=;= :t/df g} u'0f:t/ aLpdf cfTdlge{/ x'gÙ] k|To]s uf=lj=;=df sDtLdf Pp6f ;fd'bflos alp a}+s :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng x'gÙ] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ kfpg]Ù ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ ;xsf/Ldf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsg]Ù ;fd'bflos aLp a}+saf6 sDtLdf !)) 3/ kl/jf/ k|ToIf ?kn] nfeflGjt x'g]Ù :yfgLo hftsf] ;+/If0f tyf pkof]u x'g] . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf nflu k|:tfljt gD;{ • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ 5'§} gD;{ tof/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)&@ s[lif OlGhlgol/ª lgb]{zgfnon] ;fgfb]lv 7"nf s[ifsx?sf] ;d:ofnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;fd'bflos ?kdf aLh e08f/0f, y|]l;ª, l;8 k|f];]l;ª, Kofs]lhª cflb sfo{df ;+nUg eO{ kf]i6 xfe]{i6 Ifltdf Go"gLs/0f u/L :yfgLo :t/df vfB;'/Iffsf nflu z'4 aLp Joj:yfkg ug{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s clt cfjZos b]vL e"sDkkLl8t lhNnfdf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ug]{ ;f]r /fvL of] sfo{ljlw sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . o; sfo{ljlwdf ljleGg kl/efiffx? ;d]6L nfeu|fxL ;+:yfsf ?kdf 36Ldf $)Ü e"sDkkLl8t eO{ k|df0fkq k|fKt s[ifs ;d"x jf ;xsf/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] o;sf p2]Zox? b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M • e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfsf ls;fgx?nfO{ ;fd"lxs aLp e08f/0fdf ;xof]u x'gÙ] • e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfsf ls;fgx?nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df cfjZos aLp ;dodf / ;xh ?kdf pknJw x'g]Ù • :yfgLo :t/df e"sDk k|lt/f]ws ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? lgdf{0f x'g]Ù • aLp a}+s ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgaf6 ;+:yfsf] k|fljlws tyf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfclej[l4 x'g] . - 144 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 sfo{qmd ;~rfngk|lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu If]q 5gf]6sf cfwf/df @)&@ j}zfv !@ / @( ut] cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L dxfe"sDkaf6 k|efljt @$ lhNnf / cfufdL cfly{s jif{df cGo pko'Qm lhNnfx?df ;~rfng ul/g] Joj:yf ePsf] . sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog s[lif OlGhlgol/ª lgb]{zgfnon] k|d'v ?kdf vfBfGg tyf t/sf/LafnLdf aLhj[l4 sfo{df ;+nUg ;+:yfx?dfkm{t, e"sDk k|lt/f]ws aLp e08f/ #) b]lv !)) d]=6g Ifdtfsf] / cGo cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ aLp a}+snfO{ 6«flGh6 ;]8, d]l;g ;]8, y|]l;ª km\nf]/ cflb / cfjZos kg]{ aLp u|]l8ª d]l;g/L cflbdf sfof{Gjog x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] . ;+:yfsf] 5gf]6k|lqmof s[lif OlGhlgol/ª lgb]{zgfnon] e"sDk k|efljt @$ lhNnfdf k|:tfj ;ª\sng ug{ /fli6«o b}lgs klqsfdf #) lbg] ;"rgf hf/L u/L ;+:yf 5gf]6 ug]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 eg] cfjZos sfuhft ;lxt ;"rgfsf] Dofbleq ;DalGwt lh=s[=lj=sf=df k|:tfj btf{ ug]{ ToxfFaf6 lgb]{zgfnodf k7fpg] k|lqmof ckgfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . k|fKt k|:tfjx?sf] 5gf]6sf nflu k|:tfj 5gf]6 ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . sfof{Gjog–k|lqmof aLp a}+s ejglgdf{0f sfo{qmdcGtu{t ljleGg lsl;dsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? / z'4 aLp tof/ ug{ d]l;g/L pks/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ePsfn] # cf=j=df sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug]{ Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+:yfn] gub ;xeflutf !) k|ltzt / d]l;g pks/0fx? vl/bsfo{df ;+:yfn] gub ;xeflutf %) k|ltzt Aoxf]g'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lgdf{0fsfo{ ubf{ ;+:yfn] s'g} klg 7]s]bf/nfO{ 7]Ssf glbO{ cfkm\gf] /f]xj/df u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg Joj:yf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{ dGqfno, s[lif ljefu, ;DalGwt lgb]{zgfno jf sfo{qmdaf6 x'g] / lhNnf:t/df cg'udg tyf d'Nofª\sgsf] sfo{ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / o;cGtu{tsf ;]jf s]Gb|af6 x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . - 145 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 d'Vo ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? • gLlt, lgb]{lzsf Pj+ sfo{ljlw sfof{Gjogdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/Ù • hgr]tgf tyf Ifdtf clej[l4Ù • cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t / k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yf -ljz]if u/L ut *_ jif{sf cjlwdf ljZjdf &% k|ltzteGbf a9L ;a} afnL ljljwtfx? :yfoL ?kn] g} nf]k ePsff 5g egL ljZj vfB ;+u7gn] @))( df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] @)!& sf] k|sfzgdf hnafo' kl/jt{g Pj+ cfw'lgsLs/0fsf sf/0f cfpg] bzsdf 7"nf] kl/df0fdf dxÎjk"0f{ vfBfGg afnLsf hª\unL k|hfltx? Nff]k x'g ;S5g\ elgPsf] kfOG5_ . • cfg'j+lzs kbfy{ / ;|f]tsf] rf]/L (Biopiracy)Ù • cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t / k/Dk/fut 1fgdf kx'Fr / ;f]af6 l;lh{t nfesf] afF8kmfF8 Pj+ lgikIf / ;dGoflos ljt/0fÙ • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] cfTdlge{/tf / Jofj;flostfÙ • pk]lIft (Neglected) tyf Go"g pkof]udf /x]sf (Underutilized) k|hfltx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, d"No clej[l4 / pkof]uÙ • cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf clen]vLs/0fÙ • :jfldTj / ;dGjoÙ • cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw÷;lGw÷cle;lGwdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfÙ • vfg] afgL / kl/sf/df kl/jt{g . ;'wf/sf kIfx? ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ s[lif h}ljs ;|f]tx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g Pj+ ;f]sf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbgdf j[l4 NofO{ cyf]{kfh{s cfh{gdf 7f]; of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] ePsfn] ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/;sf/L lgsfo Pj+ s[ifs ;d"xx?n] :yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/df s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf / k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] clen]vLs/0f u/L k~hLs/0fsf] Joj:yf, cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;+/lIft g]kfnsf cfg'j+lzs kbfy{ / ;|f]tx?sf] :j:yfgLo ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf, cg';Gwfg / ljsf; sfo{x?sf] k|j4{gsf nflu /fli6«o s[lif cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t s]Gb|, l;d]g a}+s, s[lif, afujfgL, kz' kmfd{ / cGo cg';Gwfgsf lgsfox?;Fu ;xsfo{sf ;fy} h}ljs ljljwtf d]nf, ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] lj:tf/, h:tf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} pk]lIft tyf Go"g pkof]udf /x]sf k|hfltx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, ljsf; / pkof]unfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ pQm k|hfltx?sf] lbuf] pkof]usf nflu Joj:yfkg, k|hgg Pj+ u'0f:t/ tyf d"No - 146 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 clej[l4 u/L ahf/Ls/0f k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL PsLs[t gLlt Pj+ lgb]{lzsf sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lj:tf/, ;'b[9Ls/0f, d"No clej[l4, lbuf] ahf/Ls/0f ugf{sf ;fy} ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] cfTdlge{/tf / Jofj;flostfdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . cGo s]xL ;'emfpx? tn lbOPsf 5g\M • h}ljs ljljwtf d]nf, ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] lj:tf/, PsLs[t v]tLk|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t k|fËfl/s v]tL Pj+ kz'kfng, 3/–au}Frf, s[lif–jg, h}ljs u|fd (Bio-village), zx/L jg, s[lif kof{ko{6g (Agro-ecotourism) h:tf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfÙ • pk]lIft (Neglected) tyf Go"g pkof]udf /x]sf (Underutilized) k|hfltx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, ljsf; / pkof]unfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfÙ • k|hfltx?sf] lbuf] pkof]usf nflu Joj:yfkg, k|hgg Pj+ u'0f:t/ tyf d"No clej[l4 (Value addition) u/L ahf/Ls/0f k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/Ù • s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]udf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] s[ifs, s[ifs ;d"x, ;fd'bflos a}+s, j}1flgs, k|fljlws, ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfÙ • cfg'j+lzs kbfy{ / ;|f]tsf] rf]/L (Biopiracy) jf aLplahgsf] u}/sfg'gL ljqmLlat/0f / k|of]u jf k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] b'?kof]usf sf/0f s[ifsnfO{ xfgLgf]S;fgL ePdf kL8saf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fOlbg] Joj:yfÙ • s[lif cfg'j+lzs kbfy{ / ;|f]t tyf ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fgdf kx'Fr / ;f]af6 l;lh{t nfesf] afF8kmfF8 Pj+ lgikIf / ;dGoflos ljt/0fsf nflu sfg"gL Joj:yfÙ • k/Dk/fut tyf :yfgLo s[lif cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t / 1fgsf] :jfldTjsf] ;+/If0f k|bfgÙ • hgr]tgf Pj+ Ifdtf clej[l4 cleofg ;~rfngÙ • z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?df ljifoj:t' ;dfj]zÙ • k|lta4tf cg'?k kIf /fi6«n] k""/f ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Pj+ ;+:yfut bfloTj k"/f ug'{kg]{Ù • ;DalGwt lgsfox?aLr ;dGjofTds ckgTjÙ • lgoldt sfo{qmddf cfGtl/sLs/0f / o;sf nflu ;|f]tJoj:yfÙ • k/Dk/fut h}ljs ;|f]t tyf 1fgsf] clen]vLs/0f tyf k~hLs/0fÙ • k"jf{wf/ Pj+ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fÙ - 147 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sM PsLs[t gLlt Pj+ lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0fÙ • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lj:tf/, ;'b[9Ls/0f, d"No clej[l4 / lbuf] ahf/Ls/0fÙ • k|efjsf/L ;dGjo, cg'udg÷d"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0f . ;Gbe{;|f]tx? cfrfo{, n]vgfy / clgns'df/ cfrfo{ . @)&# . g]kfndf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf pkof]uM ;Defjgf, cfjZostf / gLltut Joj:yf . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf cGtlqmof uf]i7L, s[lif ljefu, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f+} . hL;L, o'jsWjh / cd//fh l3ld/] . @)&# . Status and Trends of Associated Biodiversity in Nepal, s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf cGtlqmof uf]i7L, s[lif ljefu, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg . @)&@ g]kfn ;/sf/ . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt . @)^# . g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . /fli6«o s[lif gLlt . @)^! . g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt . @)&@ . s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo . @)&# . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf . @)^% . s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw . @)&@ . s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno . @)^% . afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ . http://cddnepal.gov.np/content.php?id=30 FAO. 2009. Leading the field, a major international effort to achieve equity and food security for all. Food and Agriculture Organization, http://www.fao.org/3/abc054e.pdf MoAD. 2017. The state of Nepal’s biodiversity for food and agriculture (BK Joshi, AK Acharya, D Gauchan and P Chaudhary, eds). Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. |l-------l|l-------l| - 148 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ª\3 g]kfn /fdPsjfn k|;fb ofbj l;d|f}gu9 gu/kflnsf *, srf]jf{, af/fÙ @: adcs2010@gmail.com kl/ro h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_ kf]v/fsf] ;+of]hgdf s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;dfh, srf]jf{, af/fn] lj=;+= @)^( kmfu'g @* ut] b]lv #) ut];Dd ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg s[ifs ;d"xx?sf] k|yd /fli6«o sfof{zfnf uf]i7L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, srf]jf{ af/fdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . o; uf]i7Lsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf aLrdf ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, aLp ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ / /fli6«o hLg a}+s;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ k|lqmofsf] yfngL ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . oL sfdx?nfO{ ;+:yut?k lbO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rfngsf nflu sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ln] g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf] /fli6«o :t/sf] ;~hfn agfpg'kg]{ lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof] . ctM ;f]xL uf]i7Ln] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ub}{ srf]jf{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf tTsfnLg cWoIf >L /fdPsjfn k|;fb ofbjsf] cWoIftfdf ( ;b:oLo tby{ ;ldlt;d]t u7g u/]sf] lyof] . pSt uf]i7Ldf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng ul//x]sf @# lhNnfsf s[ifsx?, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, /fli6«o hLg a}+s / nL–a8{sf k|ltlglwx? tyf ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . pQm uf]i7Ln] gjul7t ;ldltsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{x? ug{ kxn ug'{kg]{ lg0f{ox? klg u/]sf] lyof] M • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf aLrdf aLp, ;"rgf, tyf hfgsf/L / cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg u/fpg]Ù • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL gLltut kxn ug]{Ù • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL ;femf cjwf/0f tof/ kfg]{Ù • s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL /fli6«o txdf x'g] 5nkmn, uf]i7L tyf cGo - 149 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 sfo{x?df k|ltlglwTj ug]{Ù • /fli6«o hLg a}+s;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ / • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fpg] . xfn;Dd ;DkGg lqmofsnfkx? != ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltn] nL–a8{sf] ;xof]udf ljwfg tof/ u/L To;} cg';f/ sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltsf] klxnf] ;fwf/0f;ef lj=;+= @)&! sflQs @ / # ut] gjnk/f;Lsf] u+}8fsf]6sf] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o; ;fwf/0f;efn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?df ;+/If0f ul/Psf :yfgLo hftx?sf] aLp k/:yfgLo ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o hLg a}+sdf k7fpg kf;kf]6{ 8f6f clgjfo{ ePsfn] ;f];DaGwL 5nkmn / /fli6«o hLg a}+sdf k7fpgsf nflu cfjZos aLpsf] kl/df0fsf af/]df klg lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . @= lj=;+= @)&! k'; !$ ut] cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, gjnk/f;Ldf nL–a8{sf] ;xhLs/0fdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] Ps sfo{qmddf g]kfnsf ljleGg ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?n] ;+/If0f ul//x]sf ljleGg afnLx?sf (!^ hftx?s]f aLp kf;kf]6{ 8f6f;lxt tTsfnLg /fli6«o hLg a}+ssf k|d'v >L dbg/fh e§nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . #= lj=;+= @)&# k'; & ut] /fli6«o hLGf a}+s v'dn6f/sf] cfof]hgfdf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltsf ;b:ox? / /fli6«o hLGf a}+ssf aLrdf 5nkmn tyf tflnd ;~rfgn ePsf] lyof] . o; tflnddf ;xefuL @% hgf s[ifsx?n] /fli6«o hLg a}+sdf ;+/If0f ul/Psf aLpx?sf] hfgsf/L, cjnf]sg / cWoog ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf lyP . $= lj=;+= @)&% j}zfv @) b]lv @@ ut];Dd nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] lxdfno xf]6ndf nL–a8{, /fli6«o hLg a}+s / afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zgnsf] ;xof]udf g]kfndf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;DaGwL bf];|f] /fli6«o sfo{zfnf uf]i7L ;DkGg eof] . uf]i7Ldf w]/} ljifox?df 5nkmn eP / ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg] ljifodf klg lg0f{o eof] / xfn To;sf nflu k|lqmof cl3 a9fO;lsPsf] 5 . %= bf];|f] sfo{fzfnf uf]i7Ldf ePsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg] ;Gbe{df klqmof cl3 a9fpg nflu lj=;+= @)&% >fj0f #! ut] o; ;ldltsf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] cUof}nLsf] ;fd'bflos - 150 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 aLp a}+sdf ;DkGg eof] . To; e]nfn] u/]sf lg0f{ox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltsf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L ‘;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ª\3 g]kfnÚ /flvof] . • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ª\3 g]kfnsf p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /xg] lg0f{o ul/of] M -s_ g]kfndf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sfo{df ;+NfUg ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf] ;dGjo ug]Ù{ -v_ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf] d"n k|jfxLs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo, k|fb]lzs tyf ;ª\3Lo txdf gLltut k}/jL ug]{Ù -u_ ;fd'bflos aLp a}sx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug]{ -3_ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?n] u/]sf sfd tyf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/Lsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ / -ª_ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?n] u/]sf ultljlw tyf jflif{s k|ultljj/0f Pslqtu/L jflif{s ?kdf cBfjlws ug]{ . • o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ª\3 g]kfnnfO{ lbgsf nflu j}wflgstf btf{k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg & j6} k|b]znfO ;d]6\g] u/L lgDgfg';f/sf] tby{ ;ldlt u7g ul/of] M cWoIf pkfWoIf ;lrj sf]iffWoIf ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o M M M M M M M M M /fdPsjfn k|;fb ofbj, k|b]z g+= @ k|ltlglw, af/f kfj{tL e08f/L, u08sL k|b]z k|ltlglw, gjnk/f;L gGbs'df/ bfxfn, k|b]z g+= !, k|ltlglw, ;'g;/L ;'ufs'df/L 8fFuL, k|b]z g+= % k|ltlglw, bf+ª rGb|snf u'¿ª, s0f{fnL k|b]z k|ltlglw, ;'v]{t cfzf/fd rf}w/L, k|b]z g+= & k|ltlglw, s~rgk'/ ;Ltf/fd ahufO{, u08sL k|b]z k|ltlglw, tgx'F w|'jk|;fb ;fksf]6f, k|b]z g+= # k|ltlglw, nlntk'/ g/dfof sfsL{, k|b]z g++= ! k|ltlglw, emfkf - 151 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 tflnsf !M ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ª\3 g]kfnsf] ;fwf/0f ;b:otf lnPsf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx? ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s jf ;fd'bflos qm=;+= aLp a}+s ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfsf] 7]ufgf ;Dks{ g++= gfd ! s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;dfh srf]jf{, af/f (*%%)$*((# @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) ejfgL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8 h}ljs ljljwtf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8 h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt s~rg h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt Kf|fËfl/s s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8 Yff? s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;d"x s[lif ljsf; ;+/If0f tyf s[ifs ;ldlt Tflnpd, h'Dnf (&$*()*#)! 3G6]Zj/, 8f]6L (*$**(%@%# /fdk'/, bfª (*%&*#@@$$ Hff]uLdf/f, wflbª (*$()&^$&@ lzju~h, emfkf (*)&((*&)% d;'l/of, s}nfnL (*$*$(@%*% /fgLjf;, l;Gw'nL (*!^**%)@) l;dl/of, ;'g;/L (*$@)^(!&) cUof}nL, gjnk/f;L (*^&!*#!%) !! bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s bnrf]sL, nlntk'/ (*^@@^&^&^ !@ r]tgf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8 cflntfn, 88]nw'/f (&$(%##*#$ !# !$ !% h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt a]njf, alb{of (*$*)&))$% Tfdfkmf]s, ;ª\v'jf;ef (*$@!^@(!@ zª\s/k'/, s~rgk'/ (&$(%#!%(% - 152 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s jf ;fd'bflos qm=;+= aLp a}+s ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfsf] 7]ufgf gfd ldngrf]s dlxnf aLhj[l4 !^ s'Gtfb]jL, cf]vn9'Ëf s[ifs ;d"x ;Dks{ g++= (*$@(%##@$ !& h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;ldlt k'sf]{6 #, tgxF' !*= cd[tkfg s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8 !( xfd|f] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s @) Rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Nfxfg gu/kflnsf !, l;/xf s6f/L gu/kflnsf *, pbok'/ nvGt/L, df]/ª (*$@)$%%)% @! s[ifs ;d"x ;dGjo ;ldlt h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt >L kljq hgsNof0f s[ifs ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8= ky/}of, s}nfnL (*$*$*(($& ubl/of, s}nfnL (*^**)%#@( u'ef{sf]6, ;'v]{t (*$*@)^%(* @$ 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s 3gkf]v/f, ndh'ª (*^$!@#^(( @% s0ff{nL s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8 vfk'{gfy ufpFkflnsf $, l5k|f, x'Dnf (*$*##)(()* @^ >L lxdr'nL ax"2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8 uf}/Lzª\s/ gu/kflnsf !, h'u', bf]nvf (*$#*!#### @& wf}nLuf8 h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;d"x tftf]kfgL ufpFkflnsf $, h'Dnf (&$*)&()&# @* >L r]k]d:of{ªbL ;fd'bflos ljsf; aLp a}+s /fOgf; gu/kflnsf $, ndh'ª (*^))@!!)* @@ @# |l-------l|l-------l| - 153 - (*%^)^)*&* (*)&&!&*#! (*$((^)**# Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, emfkf l8NnL kf}8]n!, hfg'sf du/!, g/dfof sfsL{! / k"0f{ kf}8]n@ ! lzjztfIfL gu/kflnsf &, lzju~h gu/kflnsf, emfkf, @nL–a8{, kf]v/f kl/ro lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lj=;+ @)^% b]lv lj=;+= @)&# ;Dd h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_ kf]v/fåf/f ;~rflnt ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf lzjztfIfL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= &, lzju~h Efmfkfdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . sfo{qmdsf] z'¿jftdf ;flassf] lzju~h ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf gf}j6} j8fnfO{ ;d]6]/ k|To]s j8fdf sDtLdf Ps s[ifs ;d"x / ;a} j8fsf s[ifs ;d"xx?sf] k|ltlglwTjdf uf=lj=;= :t/Lo >L s~rg h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt u7g u/L To;}dfkm{t ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP . o;} ;ldltn] lj=;= @)^* -;g\ @)!)_ df ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] yfngL u/]sf] xf] . z'¿jftsf s]xL jif{;Dd o; aLp a}+sn] :yfgLo hftsf aLpx?sf] gd"gfdfq ;ª\sng u/L/fVg] u/]sf] / aLp dfu ug]{ s[ifsx?nfO{ ;DalGwt s[ifs;Fu ;Dks{ u/fOlbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)&! j}zfvdf >L s~rg h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, rGb|u9L efmkfdf s[ifsx?sf] ;+:yfsf ?kdf btf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] lzjztfIfL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ^ / & -;fljssf] lzju~h uf=lj=;=_ nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q agfP/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . o;df ;fljssf] lzju~h uf=lj=;= sf @# j6f s[ifs ;d"xx?df cfa4 !)&) hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;b:ox?dWo] ^(* hgf -^% k|ltzt_ dlxnf / #&@ hgf -#% k|ltzt_ k'¿if /x]sf 5g\ . >L s~rg h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; sfo{;ldltdf !! hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;+:yf btf{ ePkl5 lgoldt ?kdf jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef, n]vf k/LIf0f / ;+:yf gjLs/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . btf{ ePsf] jif{b]lv g} o; ;ldltn] - 154 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 :yfgLo tyf pGgt hftsf aLp–pTkfbg, ljqmLljt/0f, ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]if kl/rfng sfo{ ub}{ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, cfocfh{g / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df 6]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} lzju~h / o;sf] j/k/sf ufFpx?df pknAw tyf nf]k x'g nfu]sf ljleGg afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;ª\sng tyf ;+/If0f ug'{ / s[ifsx?nfO{ ;'ne ?kdf tL hftx?sf] aLp pknAw u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 . of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] lgoldt ?kdf @^ lsl;dsf afnLx?sf] !$( j6f :yfgLo hftx?sf] aLp–pTkfbg tyf ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oLdWo] wfgsf &) j6f hftx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu # sÝf If]qkmndf k|To]s jif{ ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn -Diversity Block) :yfkgf u/L aLp–pTkfbg ul/G5 . cGo afnLx?sf xsdf aLp– pTkfbg sfo{ s[ifsx?sf] v]ttaf/Ldf g} ul/G5 . lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f u/]sf :yfgLo afnL tyf hftx?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf ! df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M tflnsf != lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f u/]sf :yfgLo afnL tyf hftx?sf] ljj/0f qm=;= afnL Hfft hft;+Vof sfnf]g'lgof–!, sfnf]g'lgof–!), sfnf]g'lgof, stf/ v]/f, af;dtL, ?b\|fIf, sfnf] af;dtL, gflh/, /ftf] aR5L, /ftf] xfK;f r'N7], a]nu'7L, xf]8aR5L, ;]tf] af;dtL, xf8Lkmf]/, ef]6fª], rDkf;/L, rgfr'/, cgbL, wgs'6], nfnaR5L, lal/ªkm"n, 5f]6L af;dtL, /ftf] cgbL, u'8'/f, cd/Wjh, uf]nf] cgbL, l8?jf, abnwfg, ;]tf] cgbL, Efmx/, ;dn rf}/L, sf]dn, ^% ! Wffg uf}df, sgslh/f af;dtL, sfnf] /ftf] af;dtL, ;fgf] /ftf] af;dtL], lh/f;/L, /fFuf, c§], b"w/fh, /f;wfg, df;L{, c08L, hf]/kfn af;dtL, x+;/fh, /ftf] :yfgLo, ltNsL, /ftf]6F'8] af;dtL, Zofdlh/f, l3ps'df/L, bf];/f, l;sLrg, 7"nf] dG;/f, /fda]nf, cfFkEf'mQ], 5\ofu|f, du/ cgbL, hg]{nL, l3pk'/L, lEfmg'jf, lel8of] cgbL, yfkfrLgL alnª\6f/], ;]t] @ Dfs} ;l7of ;]tf] / d'/nL ds} @ - 155 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 qm=;= # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !* !( @) @! @@ @$ @% @^ afnL Kfmfk/ sf]bf] hf} h'g]nf] Hfft ;l7of / 7"nf] kmfk/ d'8\s], kfª\b'/] / dª\l;/] :yfgLo ;]tf] ;]tf] af];] nfdf], ;]tf] af];] 5f]6f], ;]tf] xf8], xl/of] Aff]8L af];] xl/of] xf8], /ft]f af];], /ftf] xf8], /ftf]÷;]tf] sf];f / sfnf] sf];f ;]tf] nfdf], ;]tf] 5f]6f], xl/of] nfdf], xl/of] 5f]6f], l;dL xl/of] ;fgf], /ftf] nfdf], /ftf] 5f]6f], /ftf] 6f6], /ftf] r'n];L, xl/of] 6f6], kf]y]| as'Nnf :yfgLo s]/fp :yfgLo ;fgf] Dff; sfnf] ;l7of, sfnf] lrNnf] / kx]nf] /x/ ;fgf] bfgf / 7\nf] bfgf uxt sfnf], s}nf] / /ftf] d;'/f] sfnf] / s}nf] Ef6df; ;]tf], sfnf] / s}nf] ;]tf] nfdf], ;]tf] 8Nn], xl/of] nfdf], xl/of] 8Nn] / Nff}sf afx|df;] s/]nf ;]tf] nfdf], xl/of] nfdf] / xl/of] ;fgf] km;L{ 8Nn], hfFt], dfbn], l5s]{ / sfnf]cfFv] xl/of] 5f]6f], xl/of] nfdf], ;]tf] 5f]6f], ;]tf] nfd], l3/f}+nf af;dtL, Ef'mTtL ;fgf] / Ef'mTtL 7"nf] ;]s]g sRr', nª\s], k~rd'v], l;tf sRr', t]nL k];f, lk+8fn' af; sRr', ;]tf] sRr', ;]tf] b"wdfg], sfnf] b"wdfg], b;{g] kf]O;fu /ftf] 8fF7], xl/of] 8fF7] nfkmf ;fgf] kft] / 7\nf] kft] ;fu cfn; :yfgLo Tff]/L 7"nf] tf]/L, ;fgf] tf]/L ltn ;]tf] ltn, sfnf] ltn hDdf - 156 - hft;+Vof @ # ! ! ( !! ! ! # # # @ # % # % & !) @ @ ! @ @ !$( Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf sf]if kl/rfng lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfngsf nflu >L s~rg h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;ldltn] ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]if :yfkfgf u/L kl/rfng ul//xsf] 5 . k6s–k6s u/L nL–a8{n] pknAw u/fPsf] ¿ ( nfv, ;d'bfosf] ¿ %) xhf/ / xfn;Ddsf] Aofh u/L @)&% c;f/ d;fGt;Dd ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]ifdf ¿= !&,!),))).– /sd hDdf ePsf] 5 . of] /sd k|To]s jif{ jflif{s !* k|ltzt Aofhb/df ;b:ox?dfem cfod"ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{sf nflu kl/rfng ul/G5 . o; sf]ifaf6 k|To]s ^÷^ dlxgf u/L jif{df @@% hgfn] C0f lng] u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L k|fKt x'g] Aofhaf6 :yfgLo aLp vl/b ug]{ / ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] tna / k|zf;lgs vr{ rnfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . aLp–pTkfbg tyf ljqmLljt/0f lj=;+= @)&! b]lv lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] :yfgLo tyf pGgt hftsf aLp– pTkfbg u/L k|rlnt ahf/d"NoeGbf ;'ne ?kdf :yfgLo s[ifsx?nfO aLp ljqmL ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} Efmfkfsf] ;'?ªdf l:yt cgdf]n aLp sDkgL;Fu klg ;dGjo u/L d"n aLp Nofpg] / pTkflbt aLp sDkgLnfO{ g} ljqmL ug]{ sfo{ klg ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;~rfng u/]sf] aLp–pTkfbg sfo{af6 aLp– pTkfbs s[ifsx?sf] pTkfbg, cfDbfgL / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df dgUu] 6]jf k'lu/x]sf] 5 . lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] pTkfbg u/]sf] pGgt hftsf] aLpsf] kl/df0f tflnsf @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M tflnsf @ M lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] pTkfbg u/]sf] aLpsf] ljj/0f aLp–pTkfbg kl/df0f -s]=hL=_ qm=;+= jif{ -lj=;+=_ :yfgLo hft pGgt hft ! @)&) (!^ !,@(@ @ @)&! @,!&^ !^,%!@ # @)&@ @,$#) @%,%)^ $ @)&# @,&(& #*,)%) % @)&$ #,!!& $@,@@) ^ @)&% -pTkfbg nIo_ #,))) - 157 - $%,))) hDdf @,@)* !*,^** @&,(#^ $),*$& $%,##& $*,))) Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;fem]bf/L ;ª\3;+:yf lzju~h ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] d'Vo ;fem]bf/ jf ;xof]uL ;+:yf nL–a8{, kf]v/f xf] . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snufotsf ;+:yfsf sfddf :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn;Dd nL–a8{sf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;flassf] lzju~h uf=lj=;=n] o; aLp a}+snfO{ nueu @ sÝf If]qkmn a/fa/sf] ;fj{hlgs hUuf pknAw u/fP/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{df 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 eg] xfn;fn} lzjztfIfL gu/kflnsfaf6 klg ;|f]t aLp vl/b tyf cGo sfdsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, If]qLo cg';Gwfg s]Gb| t/x/f / cgdf]n aLp sDkgLaf6 wfgsf] d"n aLp / cGo k|fljws ;xof]u pknAw x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cgdf]n aLp / :yfgLo Pu|f]e]6x?n] klg o;n] pTkfbg u/]sf] aLp vl/b ul/lbP/ dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ . |l-------l|l-------l| - 158 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. srf]jf{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, af/f dxfgf/fo0f ofbj, s'df/L s[i0ff, zdf{nfn ;fx, /fdafa' ofbj / /fdPsjfn ofbj l;d|f}gu9 gu/kflnsf *, srf]jf{, af/fÙ @: adcs2010@gmail.com kl/ro af/f lhNNffsf] l;d|f}gu9 gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * df cjl:yt srf]jf{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lj=;+= @)^) j}zfv ( ut] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ -gfs{_ / afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zngåf/f ;flassf] srf]jf{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf lj=;+= @)%% b]lv @)^@ ;Dd ;~rfng ul/Psf] oyf:yfgLo s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sfo{s|dsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf ePsf] xf] . srf]jf{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo srf]jf{ tyf cf;kf;sf ufpFx?af6 nf]k x'g nflu/x]sf wfgnufotsf cGo afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . srf]jf{ ufpFdf oyf:yfgLo s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/xFbf klg wfgsf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;ª\Vof ## af6 36]/ !$ j6f ePsfn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf ul/Pkl5 srf]jf{af6 nf]k ePsf / af/f, k;f{ tyf /f}tx6 lhNnfdf v]tL eO/x]sf :yfgLo wfgsf hftx? ;d]t ;ª\sng u/]kl5 xfn of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf wfgsf *% j6f hftx?sf] ;+/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . z'¿jftL lbgx?df srf]jf{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu tTsfnLg srf]jf{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 klg ;fj{hlgs hUuf / cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L cfO{=8L=cf/=;L= Sofg8fsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf o"=P;=;L= Sofg8f g]kfnåf/f ;~rflnt ;fgkm]s sfo{qmd / o"=Pg=8L=kL= sf7df8f}+sf] ;fgf cg'bfg sfo{qmdn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;kmn ?kdf lg/Gt/ ;~rfng eO/x]sfn] xfn;Dd klg nL–a8{, gfs{ / afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zngåf/f ;~rflnt cGo - 159 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 kl/of]hgfx?af6 s]xL cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . o; aLp a}+ssf] ;~rfng s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;dfh srf]jf{, af/fn] ub{5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfngsf nflu g} of] ;+:yfsf] :ykgf klg lj=;+= @)^) j}zfv ( ut] g} ePsf] xf] . of] ;+:yf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no af/f, sn}ofdf btf{ ePsf] 5 / lgoldt ?kdf gjLs/0f klg eO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf cnfjf ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]ifsf] kl/rfng, art tyf C0f ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng / cGo ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf ultljlwx? klg ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yf;Fu !! j6f s[ifs ;d"xx? cfa4 5g\ . oL ;a} ;d"xx?sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L #( hgf s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;dfhsf ;fwf/0f ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . hDdf ;b:ox?dWo] !$ hgf dlxnf / @% hgf k'¿if /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;fwf/0f ;b:ox?sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] ( ;b:oLo sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] u7g ub{5 . k|To]s sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] cjlw tLg jif{sf] x'G5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f srf]jf{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] p2]Zoadf]lhd o;n] ljleGg tf}/tl/sfaf6 o; If]qsf s[lif h}ljs jljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s z'¿jft ubf{ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf d]nf k|bz{gLsf] cfof]hgf / ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf clen]vnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ :yfgLo hftsf aLpx?sf] ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 l5dsL ufpF / k;f{ tyf /f}tx6 lhNnfaf6 klg afnL kfSg] a]nfdf @÷# hgf ;b:osf] 6f]nL agfP/ wfgsf aLp ;ª\sng ul/P . sltko aLpx? ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf ;b:ox?n] cfkm\gf gft]bf/dfkm{t klg aLp ;ª\sng ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . xfn of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] wfg, sf]bf], /x/, l3/f}+nfnufot !! k|hfltsf !)& j6f :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;+/If0f ul//x]sf] 5 -tflnsf !_ . Psflt/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf ;+/If0f ul/Psf aLpx?nfO{ k|To]s jif{ ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yndf nufP/ aLp– pTkfbg ul/G5 eg] eg] csf{lt/ ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]ifaf6 C0f lnP/ cfocfh{g ug]{ ;b:ox?nfO{ klg pgLx?sf] ¿lr / v]taf/L ;'xfpFbf aLp /f]Kg nufP/ ;+/If0fsf] sfd ul/G5 . ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn klxnf hUuf ef8fdf lnP/ ;~rfng ul/GYof] eg] xfn ;flassf] srf]jf{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{non] pknAw u/fPsf] % sÝf ;fj{hlgs hUufdf nufpg] ul/Psf] 5 . o; hUufdf cGo :yfgLo afnLx? klg nufP/ lkmN8 hLg a}+ssf ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ hfg] ;f]r /x]sf] 5 . o;/L pTkfbg ul/Psf aLpnfO{ k|To]s jif{ afnf em'G8\ofP/, k/fnsf] df]/df afFw]/, df6fsf] sf]7L tyf 5}+7L, af;sf] sf]7L, df6fsf] 3}+6f, Knfli6ssf] xfjf aGb l8Aaf / af]tnx?df e08f/0f u/]/ /flvG5 . o;/L e08f/0f u/]/ /flvPsf] aLp /f]Kg] ;do z'¿ x'gf;fy pdf/zlQm k/LIf0f u/L aLpsf] dfu cg';f/ ljqmLljt/0f ul/G5 . - 160 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 tflnsf !M ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf ;+/If0f ul/Psf afnL / :yfgLo hftx?sf] ljj/0f qm=;+= afnL Hfft hft;ª\Vof glv;f/f], ;f]6jf, /fËf], l;lsrg, d'6d'/, uh/uf}n, b'lw;f/f], ;f7L, au/L, e]nf;f/f], em/nfemL, s6f}+;, nNsf af;dtL, sl/of sdf]w, /dgL, a/de';L, ph/sf af;dtL, axfgL{, dfnef]u, /dhjfOg, l3ps'df/, nfemL, and;f/, dxfhf]ugL, e7L, hu/glyof, l;nx6, nfn6]Ëu/, /hnf, dw'dfnf, sdf{, b"w/fh, 5t/fh, xl/0fs]/, dG;f/f, cfdf3f}+h, ;]tf] k/]jfKjFfv, sl/of k/]jfKjfFv, ;]tf] v]x|f, sl/of v]x|f, cfFuf, kfv/, /ftf] uf]nf–!, nNsf h];l/of, *% ! Wffg phsf{ h];l/of, aT;/, a"9L8fOg–!, aª\ulnof, efF8;/, cgbL, sfGx/, hfu8, ;fv8, a"9L8fOg–@, 3'ylg;f/f], uf]s'nrg, /ftf]6'F8], sfnf]g'lgof, emfkf af;dtL, lgdf]O, slGs/aL{, ux'df, /ftf]cgbL lrtjg, s];/aRrL, rgGr'/, sfnf]t'n;L, Gofp/L, dnfy] c6], lrp/], s:t'/L, s';'dsnL, w';/f, /f6Lg, sfFem, ;]tf] 8Nn], 9'Gd'lgof ;]tf], b]j;f/, a"l98fOg–#, cGhgf, s/ËL, ;]tf] ;f7L, sfnf] ;f7L -6'F8fjfnf_, eb}of af;dtL, /ftf]uf]nf–@ Ufnkm'lnof, tujf, nDsf phsf{, nDsf xl/osf{, @ l3/f}+nf % a;dltof # sf]bf] d'gf, emfn/L @ $ /x/ rgsL, khfjf @ % as'nf sfnf], ph/sf, nNsf # ^ cfn; :yfgLo ! & uxt Dff3L ! * hf} 6'F8fjfnf, d'8nf @ ( s'laG8f] ;]tf] nfdf], uf]Nsf @ !) km;L{ xl/of] uf]nf], nDsf @ !! cf]n :yfgLo ! hDdf !)^ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f u/]sf :yfgLo hftsf aLpx? k/:yfgLo ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o hLg a}+s, v'dn6f/, nlntk'/ klg k7fOPsf] 5 . of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] oyf:yfgLo s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f kl/of]hgf cjlwdf z'¿ u/]sf] ;xeflutfd"ns afnL k|hgg sfo{qmdaf6 ljsf; ul/Psf] srf]jf{–$ wfgsf] klg - 161 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 aLp–pTkfbg tyf ljqmLljt/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . of] hft :yfgLo b"lw;f/f] / pGgt hftsf] xbL{gfy–! nfO{ qm; u/fO{ srf]jf{df g} ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . srf]jf{–$ nfO{ /fli6«o :t/df btf{ ug]{ k|of; klg eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]if kl/rfng ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ tyf ;b:o s[ifsx?nfO{ cfocfh{gd"ns lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;dfh srf]jf{n] ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Jo:yfkg sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . o; sf]ifaf6 ;b:ox?nfO{ cfod"ns lqmofsnfk ;~rfngsf nflu jflif{s !@ k|ltzt Aofhb/df lagflwtf] C0f lbOG5 . o;/L C0f lng] ;b:on] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf /x]sf :yfgLo hftx?dWo] clgjfo{ ?kdf Pp6f hftsf] aLp lnO{ cfkm\gf] v]taf/Ldf nufpg'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb s'g} s[ifsn] ;+/If0fsf nflu ! s]=hL= aLp lnPdf afnL kfs]kl5 sDtLdf ! s]=hL= %)) u|fd z'4 aLp ;fd'bflos aLp a}sdf kms{fpg'kb{5 . ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]ifsf] :yfkgf klg lj=;+= @)^) g} z'¿ ul/Psf] xf] . z'¿df kl/of]hgfsf] ¿= %) xhf/, tLg j6f dlxnf ;d"xsf] ¿= !%,))) / s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;dfhsf] ?= !),))) u/L ¿= &% xhf/Aff6 z'¿ ul/Psf] xf] . xfn o; sf]ifdf ¿= !,#)$,))).– k'u]sf] 5 . o; sf]ifaf6 jflif{s ?kdf !!) hgf nfeflGjt eO/x]sf 5g\ . |l-------l|l-------l| - 162 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. k'sf]{6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, tgx'F ;Ltf/fd ahufFO{ / nIdL s'dfn >L h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;ldlt, efg' gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * k'sf]{6, tgxF' kl/ro k'sf]{6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s tgx'F lhNnfsf] ;flassf] k'sf]{6 ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . xfn of] efg' gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= *, afO{;hª\3f/df cjl:yt 5 . ;d'b|L ;txaf6 $)$ ld6/b]lv !)*) ld6/ prfOdf km}lnP/ /x]sfn] k'sf]{6 h}ljs ljljwtfdf wgL 5 . t/ s}of}+ c;n u'0f ePsf ljleGg k|hfltsf afnL / hftx? nf]k xF'b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . log} s'/fnfO{ dgg u/L lj=;+= @)^@ df tTsfnLg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no tgxF'n] k'sf]{6df Ps ;ldlt u7g u/L pQm ;ldltsf] cu'jfOdf ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf clen]vsL/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] . o; qmddf ljleGg k|f0fL / jg:kltx? u/]/ ^%) hftx? clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf lyP . k|fKt ^%) hftx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ lj=;+= @)^& df h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_ n] k'sf]{6df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] . o; sfo{qmdcGtu{t lj=;+= @)^* df k'sf]{6df ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] yfngL ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo k'sf]{6 tyf cf;kf;sf ufpFx?df v]tL ul/g] ljleGg /}yfg] jf :yfgLo hftx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, lgoldt aLp–pTkfbg / s[ifsx?sf] dfu cg';f/ ;'ne ?kdf pknAwtf u/fpg' xf] . oL lqmofsnfkx? j}wflgs ?kdf ;~rfngsf nflu z'¿df h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] / ;f]xL ;+:yfnfO{ lj=;+= @)&! >fj0f !^ ut] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;ldlt gfds/0f u/L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, tgx'Fdf btf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; of] ;+:yfdf xfn @@ j6f s[ifs ;d"xx?df cfa4 &@* dlxnf / #!@ k'¿if u/L hDdf !)$) 3/sf kl/jf/ ;b:o 5g\ . - 163 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 k'sf]{6sf ax';ª\Vos s[ifsx? d"ntM s[lif k]zfdf g} lge{/ /x]sfn] s[ifsx?sf nflu kz'kfng, cGgafnL, t/sf/Lv]tL, t]nxg, bnxg / gub] afnL ;fy} :yfgLo tyf pGgt hftsf] aLpaLhg pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ;+:yfn] ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf sf]ifaf6 shf{, tflnd / k|fljlws ;xof]u klg lbO/x]sf] 5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f k'sf]{6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] $@ k|hfltsf afnLx?sf !!^ :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;+/If0f, lgoldt aLp–pTkfbg / s[ifsx?sf] cfjZstf cg';f/ ljt/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 -tflnsf !_ . oL afnLx?sf] ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn :yfkgf u/L k|To]s jif{ gofF aLp–pTkfbg u/L ;+/If0fsf] sfd ul/G5 . ljljwtf k|bz{gL :ynsf nflu o;cl3 lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / xfn j8f sfof{noaf6 cfly{s ;|f]t pknAw x'g] u/LPsf] 5 . h}ljs ljljwtf k|bz{gL :ynsf cnfjf aLp–pTkfbs / ;+/Ifs s[ifsx?af6 klg :yfgLo aLp–pTkfbg u/fO{ vl/b ul/G5 . o; a}+sn] afnL k|hflt / hft cg';f/ k|To]s jif{ @)) u|fd b]lv %) s]=hL= ;Dd aLp vl/b tyf pTkfbg ub{5 . o;/L aLp vl/b ubf{ aLp–pTkfbs s[ifsx?sf nflu k|ToIf cfly{s kmfObf klg k'lu/x]sf] 5 . tflnsf !M k'sf]{6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f ul//x]sf afnL / ltgsf :yfgLo hftx? qm=;++= afnL ! wfg @ sf]bf] # ds} $ % ^ & * ( h'g]nf] uxF' sfu'gf] lrgf] Hff} kmfk/ :yfgLo gfd hft;ª\Vof /ftf] cgbL, ;]tf] cgbL, l3pk'/L, cfFkem'Q], lrlgofF, h]7f]a"9f], kx]+n], sfnf] 8Nn] dl;gf], sfnf] dl;gf], kx]+nf] dl;gf], dG;/f, sf7], sfnf] kfTn], df;L{, rf]af], b]jsf]l6gL, 7fF6/, kfv] lemg'jf sflQs], nfkm|], ;fgf] d'8s], kfFpb'/], b"w], tgxF', HjfOF -;]tf]_ , uf]/vfnL, rd]| kx]+nf], ;]tf], /ftf], d'/nL ;]tf], kx]+nf] d'/nL, sfnf] ;]tf], /ftf] /ftf], ;]tf] sfu'gf] lrgf] -wfg sf]bf]_ :yfgLo dL7] kmfk/ - 164 - !* ( ^ @ @ ! ! ! ! Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 qm=;++= afnL !) af]8L !! !@ !# e6df; Dff; uxt !$ d:ofª !% !^ !& !* !( @) /x/ l;dL ltn em';] ltn, ltn Tff]/L cfn; @! lk+8fn' @@ @# @$ @% @^ @& @* @( #) #! #@ ## #$ #% #^ #& #* #( $) $! $@ hDdf t¿n cf]n km;L{ l3/f}+nf Nff}sf lrlr08f] s'le08f] sfFqmf] lt/O{ s/]nf le08L /fof] nF'8]÷n§] pv' cb'jf xn]bf]÷a];f/ v';f{gL ;f]+k l;nfd efª n;'g :yfgLo gfd hft;ª\Vof sfnf], sfnf] ufhn], ;]tf] ufhn], tg], sflQs] k'G6], 7"nf] ;]tf], sfnf], v}/f] sfnf] km';|], /bnL, lrNnL, d'ª, v}/f] kx]+nf], 7"nf] l5s]{lds]{, ;fgf] l5s]{lds]{, 7"nf] /ftf], sfnf] ;]tf], /ftf] 6f6] xl/of], 6f6] /ftf] sfnf], v}/f] em';] ltn, ltn tf]/L, tf]/f, ;:o"+{ cfn; b"w], 5fp/], v/L, k~rd'v], sfnf] d'v], np/], /ftf] d'v] hfFt], wf]qm] cf]n 8Nn], kf6], hfFt] 5f]6f] xl/of], a'b'g], jf:gf cfpg] nfdf] dfbn], 8Nn] xl/of], ;]tf] ;]tf] dfbn], xl/of] ;fgf] xl/of] wf/] r'r] xl/of] xl/of] c;f/], ;tf] c;f]h] lrNnf] kft], v;|f]kft] sfF8], lrNnf] kft] sfnf], km';|] g;], af];], kx]+nf], /ftf] 7f8], lh/], csa/], ;f]+k eft], xf8] efª dl;gf] s];|] - 165 - % $ $ ! % @ @ @ ! # ! & @ ! # # @ @ ! @ ! ! @ @ @ @ @ @ # ! @ ! ! !!^ Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 pGgt hftsf] aLp–pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0f k'sf]{6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] nL–a8{, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / ndh'ª s[lif SofDk;;Fusf] ;xsfo{df pGgt hftsf] aLp klg pTkfbg / laqmLljt/0f ub}{ cfO/xsf] 5 . o;af6 :yfgLo s[ifsx?sf nflu s]xL hftsf wfgsf] aLp ;'ne ?kdf pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 eg] aLp pTkfbs s[ifsn] /fd|f] cfDbfgL klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . pGgt hftsf] aLpsf] sf/f]af/sf nflu of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;Fu ¿= $%),))).– sf] aLp k'FhLsf]if /x]sf] 5 . aLp laqmLaf6 ePsf] gfkmfsf] s]xL k|ltzt ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] tna / ;~rfng vr{sf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]if ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfngsf nflu h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;ldlt;Fu ¿= @!,$%,))).– sf] ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfk sf]if /x]sf] 5 . of] /sd nL–a8{, tTsfnLg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lhNnf kz';]jf sfof{no, ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no / ;d'bfosf] cfkm\g} of]ubfgaf6 h'6fOPsf] xf] . sf]ifaf6 k|To]s jif{ :yfgLo v/L afv|f k|jw{g, aLp–pTkfbgnufotsf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt sfdsf nflu o;sf ;b:ox?nfO{ jflif{s !@Ü k|ltzt Aofhdf C0fsf ?kdf kl/rfng ul/G5 . Aofhsf] s]xL k|ltzt sd{rf/Lsf] tna / ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng vr{sf ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 eg] afFsL Aofh sf]ifdf g} hDdf ul/G5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf /x]sf ;fdfu|L tyf k"jf{wf/x? ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng tyf cGo sfdsf nflu h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;ldltn] ljleGg ef}lts ;DklQx? h'6fO;s]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nodfkm{t ;fdYo{ g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf %) 6g Ifdtfsf] e"sDk k|lt/f]wL aLp e08f/0f ejg klg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . |l-------l|l-------l| - 166 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, gjnk/f;L kfj{tL e08f/L! / cf:yf e';fn@ ! sfjf;f]tL !$, cUof}nL, gjnk/f;LÙ @nL–a8{, kf]v/f kl/ro cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lj=;+ @)^% -;g\ @))*_ b]lv lj=;+= @)&# -;g\ @)!^_ ;Dd h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_ kf]v/fåf/f ;~rflnt ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf sfjf;f]tL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !$ cUof}nL, gjnk/f;Ldf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . sfo{qmdsf] z'¿jftdf ;flassf] cUof}nL ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf gf}j6} j8fnfO{ ;d]6]/ k|To]s j8fdf sDtLdf Pp6f s[ifs ;d"x / gf}j6} j8fsf s[ifs ;d"xx?sf] k|ltlglwTjdf uf=lj=;= :t/Lo h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt u7g u/L To;}dfkm{t ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} ;ldltn] lj=;= @)^* -;g\ @)!)_ df cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] yfngL u/]sf] xf] . z'¿jftsf s]xL jif{;Dd o; aLp a}+sn] :yfgLo hftsf aLpx?sf] gd"gfdfq ;ª\sng u/L /fVg] u/]sf] / aLp dfu ug]{ s[ifsx?nfO{ ;DalGwt s[ifs;Fu ;Dks{ u/fOlbg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)&! h]7df h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;ldlt gfds/0f u/L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, gjnk/f;Ldf s[ifsx?sf] ;+:yfsf ?kdf btf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;ldltdf sfjf;f]tL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !$, !% / !^ -;flassf] cUof}nL uf=lj=;=_ sf $! j6f s[ifs ;d"xx?df cfa4 (%# hgf ;b:ox? 5g\ . hDdf ;b:ox?dWo] ^*) hgf -&! k|ltzt_ dlxnf / @&# hgf -@( k|ltzt_ k'¿ifx? /x]sf 5g\ . s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f s[ifs ;ldltdf !! sfo{sf/L ;b:ox? 5g\ . ;+:yf btf{ ePkl5 lgoldt ?kdf jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef, n]vf k/LIf0f / ;+:yf gjLs/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . btf{ ePsf] jif{b]lv g} o; ;ldltn] :yfgLo tyf pGgt hftsf] aLp–pTkfbg, ljqmLljt/0f, ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf - 167 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Joj:yfkg sf]if kl/rfng cflb sfo{ ub}{ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, cfocfh{g / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df 6]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf;+/If0f cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} cUof}nL tyf j/k/sf ufFpx?df pknAw tyf nf]k x'g nfu]sf ljleGg afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx?sf] aLp ;ª\sng tyf ;+/If0f ug'{ / s[ifsx?nfO{ ;'ne ?kdf tL aLpx? pknAw u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 . o; aLp a}+sn] lgoldt ?kdf @$ lsl;dsf afnLx?sf ^# j6f :yfgLo hftx?sf] aLp–pTkfbg tyf ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oLdWo] wfgsf @! j6f hftx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu % sÝf If]qkmn hUufdf k|To]s jif{ ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn -Diversity Block) :yfkgf u/L aLp–pTkfbg ul/G5 . cGo afnLx?sf] xsdf aLp–pTkfbg sfo{ s[ifsx?sf] v]ttaf/Ldf g} ul/G5 . cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f u/]sf :yfgLo afnL tyf hftx?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf ! df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf ! M cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f u/]sf :yfgLo afnL tyf hftx?sf] ljj/0f s|=; afnL Hfftsf] gfd tyf ;ª\Vof hft;ª\Vof l3pk'/L, em'Kk], rd]nL, 5\ofª0ff, /fda]nf, lel8of] cgbL, yfkflrgL, lemg'jf, a'lnª\ 6f/, ;]t] wfg, ! Wffg cfFkem'Q], ltns~rg, uf}l/of, ld7fO{, dw's/, /ftf] @! cgbL, du/ cgbL, afs'nL cgbL, hg]{nL cgbL, ;]tf] af;dtL, sfnf] af;dtL @ Dfs} ;]tf] ds}, kx]+nL ds} @ # Kfmfk/ ld7] kmfk/ ! $ Hff} :yfgLo ! % Aff]8L Dfs} af]8L, sflQs] af]8L, af];] af]8L # ^ l;dL ;]tf] nfdf], xl/of] nfdf], xl/of] 5f]6f], kf6], 6f6] % & as'Nnf :yfgLo ! * s]/fp dfOnL s]/fp, ;]tf] s]/fp @ ( v];/L nt/L ! !) Nff}sf Nffdf], 8Nn] @ !! km;L{ Dffbn], hfFt], 8Nn] # !@ l3/f}nf xl/of], nfdf] @ !# lt/fO lt/fO ! !$ s'le08f] :yfgLo ! !% lrlrG8f] 5f]6f] ! - 168 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 s|=; !^ !& !* !( @) @! @@ @# @$ hDdf afnL cfn; Tff]/L Tff]/f ltn em';] ltn Ef6df; Dff; /x/ Df';'/f] Hfftsf] gfd tyf ;ª\Vof :yfgLo sfnf] tf]/L Kfx]+nf] sfnf], v}/f], ;]tf] em';] ltn ;]tf], sfnf], v}/f] sfnf] df;, e6df;] df;, d'ª df; dª\l;/], r}t] :yfgLo hft;ª\Vof ! ! ! # ! # # @ ! ^# ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf sf]if kl/rfng cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfngsf nflu s[lif ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f s[ifs ;ldltn] ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf sf]if :yfkgf u/L kl/rfng ul//xsf] 5 . k6s–k6s u/L nL–a8{n] pknAw u/fPsf] ¿= &,@(,%!#.– / xfn;Ddsf] Aofh ¿= #,$!,%(^.– u/L lj=;+= @)&% c;f/ d;fGt;Dd ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]ifdf ¿= !),&!,!)( .– hDdf ePsf] 5 . of] /sd k|To]s jif{ jflif{s !@ k|ltzt Aofhb/df ;b:ox?dfem cfod"ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{sf nflu C0fsf ?kdf kl/rfng ul/G5 . o; sf]ifaf6 k|To]s jif{ #% b]lv %) hgfn] C0f lng] u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L k|fKt x'g] Aofhaf6 :yfgLo aLp vl/b ug]{ / ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] tna / k|zf;lgs vr{ rnfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . aLp–pTkfbg tyf ljqmLljt/0f lj=;+= @)&! b]lv cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] :yfgLo tyf pGgt hftsf aLp– pTkfbg u/L k|rlnt ahf/d"No eGbf ;'ne ?kdf :yfgLo s[ifsx?nfO{ aLp ljqmL ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} lrtjgsf] e/tk'/ l:yt cgdf]n aLp sDkgL;Fu klg ;dGjo u/L d"n aLp Nofpg] / pTkflbt aLp sDkgLnfO{ g} ljqmL ug]{ sfo{ klg ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] pTkfbg u/]sf] pGgt hftsf] aLpsf] kl/df0f tflnsf @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M - 169 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 tflnsf @ M cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] pTkfbg u/]sf] aLpsf] ljj/0f aLp–pTkfbg kl/df0f -s]=hL=_ jif{ -lj=;+=_ :yfgLo pGgt @)&) !,)#& – @)&! !,!^* @%,%&^ @)&@ $@( $&,#^# @)&# *& $^,^%( @)&$ !,#(# !&,((# @)&% -pTkfbg nIo_ !,))) $),))) hDdf !,)#& @^,&$$ $&,&(@ $^,^%( !(,#*^ $!,))) ;fem]bf/ ;ª\3;+:yf cUof}nL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] d'Vo ;fem]bf/ jf ;xof]uL ;+:yf h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_ xf] . :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn;Dd nL–a8{sf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;flassf] cUof}nL uf=lj=;=n] of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ nueu # sÝf If]qkmn a/fa/sf] ;fj{hlgs hUuf pknAw u/fP/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf sfo{df 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 eg] xfn;fn} sfjf;f]tL gu/kflnsfaf6 klg d"n aLp vl/b tyf cGo sfdsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no gjnk/f;Laf6 klg wfgsf] d"n aLp / cGo k|fljws ;xof]u pknAw x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . cgdf]n aLp / :yfgLo Pu|f]e]6x?n] klg o;n] pTkfbg u/]sf] aLp vl/b ul/lbP/ dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ . |l-------l|l-------l| - 170 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. d;'l/of ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, s}nfnL uf]df e08f/L, kfj{tL ;fksf]6f! / dgdfof u'¿ª@ ! uf}/Luª\uf gu/kflnsf *, d;'l/of, s}nfnLÙ @nL–a8{, kf]v/f kl/ro d;'l/of ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf klZrdL t/fO{ e"–kl/lw ljsf; cfof]hgfcGtu{t h}ljs ljljwtf cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_ n] ;~rfng u/]sf] s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{qmdsf] kxndf ePsf] xf] . of] sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)^$ b]lv @)&) ;fn;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . nL–a8{n] d;'l/ofdf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu lj=;+= @)^$ df3 dlxgfdf ;flassf] d;'l/of uf=lj=;= sf gf}j6} j8f ;d]6L k|To]s j8fdf s[ifs;d"x? / tL ;d"xx?sf] k|ltlglwTjdf uf=lj=;=:t/df Pstf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt :yfkgf ug{ ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] . of] ;ldlt :yfkgf ugf{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo d;'l/of tyf j/k/sf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] vf]hL / To;sf] ;+/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 s[ifsx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df 6]jf k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] lyof] . d;'l/of ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ug'{eGbf klxnf d;'l/ofsf] s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] clen]vLs/0f, s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf k|bz{gL d]nf, s[ifs e|d0f cflb lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP . oL lqmofsnfk ;~rfngkl5 s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxÎj / ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L lj=;+= @)^$ df g} ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] yfngL ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf pkof]u k|j4{g ug]{, :yfgLo s[ifsx?sf nflu cfjZos y/Ly/Lsf u'0f:t/Lo aLp ;'ne ?kdf pknAe u/fpg] / d;'l/ofsf s[ifsx?sf] vfBfGg pTkfbg / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df 6]jf k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] 5 . - 171 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgk|lqmof Pstf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lj=;+= @)^$ df g} tTsfnLg lhNNff s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, wfgu9Ldf s[ifs ;dGjo ;ldltsf ?kdf btf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;ldltdf ;flassf] d;'l/of uf=lj=;=df /x]sf @$ j6f s[ifs ;d"xx? cfa4 lyP . tL @$ j6f s[ifs ;d"xx?df #^( hgf dlxnf / !%% hgf k'¿if u/L $@^ hgf ;b:o lyP . log} @$ j6f s[ifs ;d"xaf6 5gf]6 eOcfPsf k|ltlglw s[ifsx?sf] d"n ;ldltn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]if kl/rfng, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, /fli6«o aLplahg sDkgLnufotsf ;ª\3;+:yfx?;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf] lyof] . xfn o; ;ldltdf cfa4 s]xL ;d"x tyf ;b:ox? lgliqmo /x]sfn] o; ;ldltnfO{ ;xsf/Lsf ?kdf btf{ u/L ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{sf] k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . o;df k'gM lj=;+= @)&$ c;f/af6 ;~rfngdf cfPsf] nL–a8{sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ tyf ;dfg's"ng Ifdtf clej[l4 kl/of]hgfn] ;xhLs/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} d;'l/of ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sfo{df dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] d"ntM s[ifsx?:fFu ;dGjo u/L :yfgLo afnL tyf hftx?sf] aLp–pTkfbg tyf ;+/If0f sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . klZrdL t/fO{ e"kl/lw ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] ;dflKtkl5 s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f sfo{df s]xL ;d"x tyf ;b:ox? lgliqmo /x] klg s]xL ;b:ox?sf] lg/Gt/ k|of;af6 cfh;Dd of] a}+s ;~rfng eO{ g} /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)&$ c;f/af6 nL– a8{sf] k'gMcfudgn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL sfo{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of;sf] yfngL eO;s]sf] 5 . xfn o; a}+sn] @& lsl;dsf afnLx?sf] ^% j6f :yfgLo hftx? ;+/If0f, aLp–pTkfbg / ljt/0f ul//x]sf] 5 -tflnsf !_ . Tflnsf != uf}/Luª\uf ;d'bflos aLp a+}sdf gd'gf /flvPsf] afnL tyf hftsf] ;ª\Vof qm=;= afnL ! Wffg @ # Dfs} sf]bf] Hftfsf] gfd tyf ;ª\Vof Zofdlh/f, cGhgf, /ftf] cgbL, ;]tf] cgbL, /ftf] af;gfbf/ cgbL, lemg'jf, ltNsL, ;]tf] ;f7f, sfnf] ;f7f, df;L{ /ftf] :yfgLo 8Nn] sf]bf] - 172 - hft;ª\Vof !) ! ! Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 qm=;= $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !* !( @) @! @@ @$ @% @^ hDdf afnL tf]/L ;:oF"{ ltn l;nfd Afs'Nnf Ef6df; l;N6'ª Dff; s]/fp Hftfsf] gfd tyf ;ª\Vof sfnf] tf]/L, vf}/f] tf]/L kx]nf] ;:oF"{ sfnf] ltn ;]tf] sfnf] sfnf] sfnf], l5s]{, ;fgf] bfgf, xl/of] bfgf kf]y|] :yfgLo u'OFl6, xl/of] af];], /ftf], xl/of] nfdf], lxpFb] l;dL r]K6] Ef06f 8Nnf], xl/of], sfnf], ;]tf] Nff}sf 8Nn], dfbn], lrGGf] km;L{ Affx|df;], rlsof, hfFt], 8Nn], nfdf] sflt{s], tg]af]8L, ds}af]8L, :yfgLo /ftf] Aff]8L sfnf] af]8L, yfFqm] af]8L l3/f}+nf xl/of] tf]/}of, em'QL tf]/+of, xl/of] tf]/}of Af]nrg clDnldrf{, lrNnf] nrf{ s/]nf ;bfkmn V'f;f{gL cfsf;] sfnf] / ;]tf] t¿n ;]tf] hfFt], /ftf], kQfn] lk+8fn' b"w], sfnf], gª\u|], k~rd'vL, uAbf, ;]n] cfn' Yff? cfn' hft;ª\Vof @ ! ! ! ! ! $ ! ! ^ $ # % % ! @ @ ! @ # ^ ! ^$ aLp–pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0f d;'l/of ;fd'bflos aLp a}sn] wfg / ux'F afnLx?sf] pGgt hftsf] aLp lg/Gt/ pTkfbg tyf ljqmLljt/0f ul/x/sf] 5 . jif{ cg';f/ ljqmL ul/Psf] aLpsf] kl/df0f tflnsf @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M - 173 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 tflnsf @ M d;'l/of ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] pTkfbg tyf ljqmL u/]sf] aLpsf] kl/df0f ljqmL ul/Psf] jif{ d'Vo aLp afnL d'Vo hftx? aLpsf] kl/df0f -lj=;+=_ vl/bstf{ -s]=hL=_ /fwf $, ;'Svf #, ;'Svf /fli6«o aLplahg wfg #%#^ @)&$ @, ;'Svf !, xlb{gfy !, sDkgL ux'F Pg= Pn= (&!, laho $%%) lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;fjf ;a !, ;fljqL, wfg &^) sfof{no, Pu|f]e]6, ;'Svf # aLplahg sDkgL @)&# lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ux'F 8An=' s]= !@)$, ljho @)$$ sfof{no, Pu|f]e]6, aLplahg sDkgL lhNnf s[lif ljsf; /fwf $, ;fljqL, ;fjf @)&@ wfg !@) sfof{no, Pu|f]e]6, dG;'nL aLplahg sDkgL ;fljqL, ;fjf dG;'nL, wfg $) s[ifs /fwf $ @)&! /fli6«o aLplahg Ufx'F cflbTo, ljho (@)) sDkgL wfg kGt !@, /fwf $ ^)!) @)&) cflbTo, Pg= Pn= @(&, ux'F !&*# uf}td @)^( wfg kGt !@, /fwf $ !^&) Pg= Pn= !)%#, Pg= Pn= @)^( ux'F @%*% !)&#, uf}td @)^* wfg ;fljqL, l3pk'/L, hfgsL %@^* aL= Pn= #@^$, la= Pn= @)^* ux'F #)^#, Pg= Pn= @(&, $^#! uf}td /fwf $, ;fljqL, cGhgf, @)^& wfg $!*^ jif{] @)!$, 3}of, /fdwfg Uff}td, aL= Pn= @*)), Pg= @)^& ux'F $*%) Pn= @(&, @)^^ wfg xbL{gfy !, /fwf $ !&)) hDdf %@,%!( |l-------l|l-------l| - 174 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. 306]Zj/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, 8f]6L ef]haxfb'/ dNn / u0f]z lai6 hf]/fon ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= !, u}/f, 8f]6L, @ bhojbdr.tpt@gmail.com kl/ro 306]Zj/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s 8f]6L lhNnfsf] hf]/fon ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= !, u}/fdf cjl:yt 5 . of] a}+s lj=;+= @)^% b]lv @)&# ;Dd h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_ n] 8f]6L lhNnfsf] 306]Zj/nufot b]zsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;~rfng u/]sf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; a}+ssf] z'¿jft eg] lj=;+= @)^* df ul/Psf] xf] . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u ljsf; sf]if gj]{dfkm{t gf]/\of8af6 k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . of] a}+s z'¿ ubf{ Pp6f sf]7f ef8fdf lnO{ sfdsf] yfngL ul/Psf] lyof] . tTkZrft nL–a8{, tTsfnLg ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNNff s[lif ljsf; sfof{noaf6 ejg lgdf{0f / cGo ef}lts ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . xfn of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng / sfof{no k|of]hgsf nflu ;–;fgf # j6f ejg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . 306]Zj/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s 8f]6L lhNNffsf] klxnf] / & g+= k|b]zsf] gd'gf ;fd'bflos aLp a}Fssf ?kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] :yfkgf d"ntM 306]Zj/ tyf cf;kf;df v]tL ul/g] ljleGg afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;+/If0f / lg/Gt/ k|jw{g ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo tyf pGgt hftsf y/Ly/Lsf aLp–pTkfbg u/L aLp–pTkfbs :yfgLo s[ifsx?sf] cfDbfgL a9fpg] / ;du| ;'b"/ klZrd If]qdf t/sf/L tyf cGgafnLx?sf] :yfgLo / pGgt hftsf] aLpsf] pknAwtf a9fpg' /x]sf] 5 . of] aLp a}Fs & g+= k|b]zsf] kxf8L lhNnfsf] k|j]zåf/df /x]sfn] jflif{s ?kdf ljleGGf ;ª\3;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?sf] e|d0fnufot cf]=h]=6L= ljBfyL{x?n] l;Sg] ynf]sf] ?kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . - 175 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;~rfng tyf JoJf:yfkgk|ls|of 306]Zj/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L btf{ ug'{k"j{ o;nfO{ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt gfds/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;xsf/L btf{ ePkl5 lgoldt ?kdf n]vf k/LIf0f, ;fwf/0f;ef / gjLs/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . of] ;xsf/Ldf hf]/fon ufpFkflnsf jf8{ g+=! jf ;flassf] 306]Zj/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf gf}j6} j8fdf tTsfnLg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf !^ j6f s[ifs ;d"xx? k|ToIf cfa4 ePsf 5g\ . oL ;d"xx?df !^& dlxnf / !$* k'¿if u/L hDdf #!% hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;b:ox? ;xsf/Lsf z]o/ ;b:o klg x'g\ . o; h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf !! hgf / n]vf tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ;ldltdf # hgf ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ eg] sd{rf/Lx? $ hgf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :f~rfngsf nflu # hgf ;b:o /x]sf] 5'6\6} ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . oxL ;ldlt / sd{rf/Lx?n] lgoldt ?kdf :yfgLo aLp–pTkfbg, ;ª\sng, ljt/0f / cg'udgsf] sfd ub{5g\ . ;+/If0f 306]Zj/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}Fsn] cGgafnL, bnxgafnL t/sf/LafnL, d;nfafnL / t]nafnL u/L #@ afnL k|hfltx?sf ^( j6f :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;+/If0f, lgoldt aLp– pTkfbg / ljqmLljt/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 tflnsf -!_ . oL hftx?sf] aLp k/:yfgLo ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o hLg a}s, v'dn6f/df kf;kf]6{ 8f6f;lxt k7fOPsf] 5 . tflnsf ! M 306]Zj/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}s F , 8f]6Ldf ;+/If0f ul/Psf afnL tyf hftx? qm=;+= afnL hft hft;ª\Vof df;L{, ;]p8f], pHunf], df;f]{, ! wfg * x+;/fh, kf]v/]nL, yfkflrgL, kfv] sfF8] ;]tf], sfF8] /ftf], ;]tf] 7"nf], @ ds} % lg:sf]6], d'/nL # sf]bf] sfnf] 8Nn], d'8\s] @ $ ux'F ;]tf] bfAbL, em';] /ftf], bfAbL # % kmfk/ :yfgLo ! ^ hf} :yfgLo em';] ! @ & d:ofª l;N6'ª u'/f}+; @ * uxt sfnf], v}/f] ( df; sfnf] df; ! !) e6df; ;]tf] 7"nf], v}/f], ;fgf] ;]tf], sfnf] $ - 176 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 qm=;+= afnL !! l;dL !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !* !( @) @! @@ @# @$ @% @^ @& @* @( #) #! #@ d';'/f] s]/fp d"nf lk+8fn' l3/f+}nf sfFs|f n§] kfn'ª\uf] Kofh cb'jf xNbL v';f{gL n;'g wlgofF ;:o'{+ em';] ltn ltn efFuf] l;nfd cfn; ;:o"F{ hDdf hft ef]6], ls/ld/], nfx'/], bfr'{n], /ftf] l5s]{lds]{, sk/f, /ftf], sfnf], d':tfª kx]Fnf], l3pl;dL, ws]{, ;f]:6f, km';|f], sfnf] l5s]{lds]{, a]g;] /ftf] sfnf], v}/f] ;fgf] s]/fp rf]tf] ;]tf] s'rfo, nf}/], 3'OofF, aª\ufnL xl/of] nfdf] :yfgLo ;]tf] df6] :yfgLo sfF8] :yfgLo 7"nf] Kofh :yfgLo :yfgLo :yfgLo :yfgLo :yfgLo kx]Fnf] em';] ltn :yfgLo 3/efFuf] ;]tf] l;nfd :yfgLo sfnf] ;:o"F{ hft;ª\Vof !% @ ! ! $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ^( pGgt aLp–pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0f :yfgLo hftsf afnLx?sf] ;+/If0fsf cltl/Qm o; a}+sn] pGGft hftsf ds} -c¿0f @, /fdk'/ sDkf]lh6, b]ptL, dgsfdgf #_, d"nf -ldg'cnL{, $) lbg], 6f]lsgf;]_ /fof] -dfkmf{ rf}8fkft, dgsfdgf, v'dn rf}8fkft, v'dn /ftf]_, s]/fp ufFh/, wlgofF, a|f]sfpnL, sfpnL cflbsf aLp–pTkfbg u/L lhNnfleq / lhNnfaflx/sf Pu|f]e]6, aLp sDkgLx?;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ laqmL ul//x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf cfa4 ePsf / gePsf s[ifsx?sf] cfDbfgL j[l4 / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'lu/x]sf] 5 . aLp–pTkfbg tyf laqmLljt/0faf6 cf};tdf jflif{s sf/f]af/ %) nfv a/fa/sf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . - 177 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 g;{/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] aLpsf cltl/Qm o;sf] lbuf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf / :yfgLo s[ifsx?nfO{ kmnkm"n tyf 8fn] 3fF;sf la¿jfx?df ;'ne kx'Fr a9fpgsf nflu ljut & jif{b]lv g;{/L klg Joj:yfkg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 jflif{s ?kdf nuenu !),))).– la¿jfx? pTkfbg u/L ljqmLljt/0f ul/G5 . ;fem]bf/ tyf ;xof]uL ;ª\3;+:yfx? 306]Zj/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf tyf lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfngsf nflu nL– a8{, kf]v/fsf] d'Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} nL–a8{s} cu|;/tfdf tTsfnLg lhNNff s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, 8f]6L;Fu ;dGjo u/L ljleGg ;dodf cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u kfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] ejglgdf{0f / hUuf v/Lb ug{ tTsfnLg 306]Zj/ uf=lj=; af6 ;xsf/L ljsf; sf]ifsf] /sd ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . |l-------l|l-------l| - 178 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. tfdfkmf]s ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, ;ª\v'jf;ef l8NnL lhdL wd{b]jL gu/kflnsf @, tfdfkmf]s, ;ª\v'jf;ef kl/ro lj=;+= @)^* df h}ljs ljljwtf cg';Gwfg, tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_ åf/f ;flas tfdfkmf]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmdn] k|To]s j8fdf s[ifs ;d"x / tL j8fdf ePsf ;d"xsf k|ltlglwx?af6 ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt txdf tfdfkmf]s h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g ug{ ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 o; ;ldltdfkm{t tfdfkmf]sdf ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf clen]vLs/0f, s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf d]nf k|bz{gL, g;{/L :yfkgf, ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]if :yfkgf / ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sh:tf lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ePsf lyP . t/ ;ldltn] z'¿ u/]sf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng ug{ s]xL c;xh ePkl5 ;flas j8f g+ % sf] s[ifs ;d"xn] cfkm\g} j8fdf xfn ;~rfng eO/x]sf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] z'¿jft u/]sf] xf] . To;kl5 nL–a8{af6 oxL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ s]xL cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt eof] . nL–a8{åf/f ;~rflnt kl/of]hgf tLg jif{df g} ;dfKt eP klg ;flas j8f g+ % sf s[ifs ;d"xx? ldn]/ o; a}+ssf] ;~rfng lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul//x]sf 5g\ . tfdfkmf]s ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;ª\v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] wd{b]jL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @, tfdfkmf]sdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] tflnsf ! df plNnlvt tfdfkmf]saf6 nf]k x'g nfu]sf vfBfGg, t/sf/L / cGo u/L #^ lsl;dsf afnLx?sf *$ j6f :yfgLo hftsf aLpx? lgoldt pTkfbg, ;+/If0f / ljt/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cfkm\g} ejg klg /x]sf] 5 . ejgsf] tNnf] tnf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s / dflyNnf] tnf ;fd'bflos ;efxnsf ?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f ug{ nL–a8{n] rf/ nfv krf; xhf/, hf]/wf/f ls;fg ;d"xn] k};ÝL xhf/, pnfª\t]g s[ifs ;d"xn] bz - 179 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 xhf/, l;+xb]jL vf]nfkfl/ ls;fg ;d"xn] kfFr xhf/ aufn] 6f]n ls;fg ;d"xn] bz xhf/, hf]/wf/f dlxnf ;d"xn] kfFr xhf/, n]cn'ª\df ax"2]ZoLo dlxnf ;d"xn] kfFr xhf/, ljleGg JolQmx?sf] ;xof]uaf6 tL; xhf/, hg>dbfgaf6 Ps nfv krkGg xhf/, ;flas tfdfkmf]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltaf6 Ps nfv k}+tL; xhf/ C0f u/L hDdf cf7 nfv k}+;ÝL xhf/sf] nfutdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . tflnsf != tfdfkmf]s ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f ul//x]sf afnL tyf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ljj/0f s|=;= afnL ! Wffg @ # $ % ^ hf} kmfk/ sf]bf] pjf ux'F & l;dL * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !* !( @) @! @@ @# @$ as'Nnf s]/fp df; as'Nnf l;dL uxt d:ofª e6df; sfFqmf] nf}sf km;L{ l3/f}+nf s'leG8f] tLt] s/]nf r'Rr] s/]nf lkmn'Ë] tf]/L ltn Hfftsf] gfd tyf ;ª\Vof kfyLe/f, slrg], h'+u], c§], /ftf] gn], b/dfnL, afu], /ftf] cgfbL, a]ns'6L, lemg'jf, u'b'/], sfnf] af;dtL d'8'n] hf}, h'Fu] hf} tLt], dL7] 8Nn], n§], ;]tf], 8fF8fufpFn], r'ªjfª, kfpFb'/ :yfgLo pjf d'8'n] r]K6] sfn], r]K6] /ftf], l5/la/], /ftf], v}/f], d+l;/], sfnf], l3p l;dL, ebf}/] kx]+nf] as'Nnf :yfgLo s]/fp, d6/ sfnf] df; :yfgLo /ftf] uxt, v}/f] uxt ;]tf], ;fgf], yfFqm], ;]tf] ;fgf] ;]tf], g]kfn], sfnf] xl/of], ;]tf] :yfgLo nf}sf hfFt], l5/la/] :yfgLo l3/f}+nf :yfgLo s'leG8f] 7"nf], ;fgf] r'Rr] s/]nf lkmn'Ë] :yfgLo tf]/L sfnf], ;]tf] - 180 - hft;ª\Vof !@ @ @ ^ ! ! ( ! @ ! ! @ $ # @ ! @ ! ! @ ! ! ! @ Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 s|=;= afnL @% ;:o"F{ @^ ;"o{dv ' L @& v';f{gL @* @( #) #! #@ ## #$ #% #^ ;f]+k wlgofF 5\ofkL n;'g cb'jf /fof] cfn' ?v uf]ne]8f a}u'g hDdf Hfftsf] gfd tyf ;ª\Vof ;:o"{F ;"o{d'vL csa/], 8Nn], nfDr], cfsf;], lh/] /ftf], lh/] ;]tf] :yfgLo ;f]+k :yfgLo, sfF8] ;fgf], 7"nf] ;fgf], 7"nf] ;fgf], 7"nf] :yfgLo /fof] v}/f] cfn', s';'d] cfn' ?v uf]ne]8f nfDr], 8Nn] hft;ª\Vof ! ! ^ ! @ @ @ @ ! @ ! @ *$ tfdfkmf]s ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf r'gf}tLx? tfdfkmf]s ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] xfn;Dd aLpsf] Joj;flos pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fdf Wofg lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] sf/0f oftfoftsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf geP/ klg xf] . sltko cj:yfdf aLpnfO{ vfBGgsf ?kdf klg ljqmL ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . t/sf/Lsf] aLpaf6 eg] s]xL d'gfkmf klg eO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] d"ntM aLpx? nf]k x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] sfd dfq ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+saf6 ahf/ klg 6f9f 5 eg] ufpFdf jif}{lkR5] v]taf/L klg afFlem+b} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . wfg, ds} / sf]bf] v]tL ubf{ sltko cj:yfdf nufgL klg gp7\g] tyf o'jfx? klg ljb]z hfg] ePsfn] >lds kfpg klg sl7g x'Fb} 5 . tfdfkmf]ssf v]taf/L / kfvfdf cn}FrLv]tL lj:tf/ ePsfn] o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] Tolt kmfObf lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g tfklg o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] d'Vo p2]Zo w]/} kmfObf lng]eGbf klg vfBfGg, t/sf/L, t]nxg, nx/] afnL tyf sf];] afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx? nf]k x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] ePsfn] To;} cg';f/ sfd cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . |l-------l|l-------l| - 181 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, ndh'ª vu]Zj/h+u u'¿ª! / >L/fd ;'j]bL@ ! d:of{ª\bL ufpFkflnsf @, 3gkf]v/f, ndh'ªÙ @nL–a8{, kf]v/f kl/ro 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf lj= ;= @)&# -;g\ @)!^_ df d:of{ª\bL ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= @ -;flassf] 3gkf]v/f uf= lj= ;= j8f g+= %_ ndh'ªdf ePsf] xf] . o; a}+ssf] :yfkgf 3gkf]v/f aLp–pTkfbs tyf ;+/Ifs s[ifs ;d"x, h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_, s[lif ljefu, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\÷hLg a}+s / afof]efl;{6L OG6/g]zgnsf] ;+o'Qm kxndf ;~rflnt “:yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgf” sf] ;xof]udf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljleGg afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf pkof]u k|jw{g ub}{, :yfgLo s[ifsx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf u'0f:t/Lo aLplahg ;'ne ?kdf pknAwtf u/fO{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t cfod"ns lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ug{' /x]sf] 5 . oL p2]Zox? k"/f ug{sf nflu o; a}+sn] d:of{ª\bL ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= ! / @ nfO{ sfo{If]q agfO{ ljleGg afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftsf] klxrfg, clen]vLs/0f, ;+/If0f, aLp–pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf d:of{ª\bL ufpFkflnsf cGo j8f / l5d]sL ufpFkflnsfx?df klg sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo lnO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/L tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?;Fu ;dGjo ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgk|lqmof 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg 3gkf]v/f aLp–pTkfbs tyf ;+/Ifs s[ifs ;d"xn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] s[ifs ;d"x tTsfnLg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, ndh'ªdf lj= ;+= @)&# df btf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;d"xdf hDdf $) hgf k'¿if / !% hgf dlxnf u/L %% ;b:ox? 5g\ eg] $ dlxnf;lxt !! hgf ;b:o /x]sf] Ps sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt klg u7g u/LPsf] 5 . 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg oxL sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . k|To]s dlxgfsf] - 182 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 % ut] o; ;ldltsf] dfl;s a}7s a:5 . :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf o; a}+sn] jflif{s of]hgf agfO{ ToxL cg'?k aLp–pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgfsf] z'¿jftL r/0fd} ePsfn] cem w]/} sfd ug{ afFsL g} 5 . o;nfO{ lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]if klg :yfkgf u/L kl/rfng ug{ yflnPsf]] 5 . xfn o; sf]ifdf :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfsf tkm{af6 pknAw u/fOPsf] ¿= #,!%,))).– /sd /x]sf] 5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] aLp–pTkfbs tyf ;+/Ifs s[ifsx?sf] ;xeflutfdf h}ljs ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn tyf aLp–pTkfbg u/L !% k|hfltsf afnLx?sf] &$ j6f :yfgLo hftx? ;+/If0f ul//x]sf] 5 -tflnsf !_ . o;} u/L s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf d]nf k|bz{gLsf] cfof]hgf u/L 3gkf]v/f ufpFdf v]tL u/Lg] afnL tyf To;sf :yfgLo hftx? / k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] clen]vLs/0f klg ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf != 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf ;+/If0f u/LPsf afnL tyf :yfgLo hftx? qm=;+= afnL :yfgLo hftsf] gfd hft;ª\Vof uf}/], 8Nn], cfFkem'Q], lkofFn], hf} wfg, /ftf] bdf{nL, sflQs], dg;/f, cfFuf, /ftf] cgbL, ! wfg sfnf] lemg'jf, uf]vf{nL, u'bL{, kdfnL, n]sfnL @# af;dtL, af]/fª, sfnf] wfg, ;]tf] sflQs], h'Fu], ;n]g, ef]6], su]/L, PSn] 8Nn], gªu|], av]{, d'n", ;Fun], kfpFb'/], s]u|f], @ sf]bf] !) ;]tf], 5ª\u|], nD;/] # hf} :yfgLo hf} ! $ sfu'gf] al/of], tLgdf;], /ftf], sfnf] $ % ds} :yfgLo ;]tf], :yfgLo kx]+nf] @ ^ pjf dgfª] :yfgLo ! lxpFb] ;]tf], lxpFb] sfnf], av]{ -c;f]h]_, tLgdf;], & l;dL ^ rf}df;], l3p * af]8L sflQs], ;]tf] af];], sfnf] af];], ds}af]8L $ ( uxt :yfgLo ! !) e6df; v}/f], ;fgf] sfnf], 7"nf] sfnf], ;]tf] $ !! l3/f}+nf xl/of], ;]tf] @ !@ lk+8fn' nx/] ;]tf], 5fp/], sfnf] nx/] # - 183 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 qm=;+= afnL !# v';f{gL !$ !% sfFqmf km;L{ :yfgLo hftsf] gfd csa/], ;xlnof -nfdf]_, lh/] ;]tf], lh/] xl/of] dfbn], xl/of], eQmk'/] nfDr], 8Nn], km';|] hDdf hft;ª\Vof $ # # &$ aLp–pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0f 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv clxn];Dd cfOk'Ubf & j6f afnLx?sf @$ hftx?sf] *%# s]=hL= aLp–pTkfbg u/L ($! 3/w'/LnfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . aLp–pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf lglDt o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf lghL ;ª\3;+:yfx?;Fu ;fem]bf/L tyf ;dGjo ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cg'?k @)&$ ;fndf la/dkm"n # sf] aLp–pTkfbg u/L Pu|f]e]6dfkm{t ahf/Ls/0fsf] z'¿jft u¥of] eg] lj=;+= @)&% b]lv cgdf]n aLp k|f=ln= ;Fu ;dGjo u/L dfn]kf6g ! hftsf] af]8L / rf}df;] l;dLsf] aLp–pTkfbg sfo{ z'¿ u/]sf] 5 . 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] u/]sf dxÎjk"0f{ sfo{x? M y ljleGg afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftsf] aLpsf] gd'gf ;ª\sng u/L hfgsf/L;lxt k|bz{gLdf /flvPsf], h}ljs ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn, aLp–pTkfbs s[ifs / ;+/If0f s[ifsx?dfkm{t :yfgLo hftx?sf] ;+/If0f sfo{sf] ;'?jft u/]sf], :yfgLo hftsf] aLp–pTkfbg u/L aLpsf] pknAwtfdf ;'wf/ NofPsf]Ù y nf]kf]Gd'v afnLx? h:t}, sfu'gf], pjf cflbsf] ;+/If0f tyf oL afnLx?sf ;fy;fy} cGo :yfgLo afnL h:t}, sf]bf], n§]af6 aGg] vfB kl/sf/nfO{ vfB dxf]T;jdf k|bz{g u/L k|jw{gsf] sfo{df 6]jf k'¥ofPsf]Ù y h}ljs ljljwtf kf7zfnf ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo aLp–pTkfbs s[ifsx?sf] Ifdtf j[l4, s[lifsf ljleGg ;d;fdlos ljifox?df 5nkmn tyf tflnd ;~rfng u/]/ dlxnf tyf k'¿if s[ifsx?sf] ;zQmLs/0f / y pGgt aLp–pTkfbg sfo{sf] yfngL u/L :yfgLo :t/df cfocfh{gsf] cj;/ l;h{gf u/]sf] . - 184 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;fem]bf/ ;ª\3;+:yfx?M :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfsf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?df nL–a8{, /fli6«o hLg a}+s, / afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zgnaf6 o; a}+ssf nflu cfjZos ef}lts, cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]ux? k|fKt xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo :t/df j8f sfof{no, ufpFkflnsfsf] sfof{no, ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q cfof]hgfn] klg ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf, tTsfnLg s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] klg ;do–;dodf cf–cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 ;xof]u ul//x]sf lyP . o;} u/L pTkflbt aLp lalqmljt/0fsf qmddf :yfgLo lzlz/ Pu|f]e]6 / cgdf]n aLp sDkgLn] ;fy lbPsf 5g\ . ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgfsf] ;'?jftL r/0fd} ePsfn] w]/} sfdx? ug{ afFsL g} 5g\ . tyflk oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf o; a}+sn] ;fdgf u/]sf s]xL ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M • ;d'bfo tyf ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox?df ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] dxÎj tyf sfo{z}nL ;DalGw ;dfg 1fg gx'g tyf hgr]tgfsf] klg cefj b]lvg'Ù • ;d'bfosf ;fy;fy} :yfgLo ;/sf/ tyf hgk|ltlglwdf o; ljifoa:t'k|lt 1fg tyf rf;f] sd ePsfn] ubf{ of] If]q tyf sfo{qmd :yfgLo ;/sf/ sf] sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldstfdf kg{ g;Sg'Ù • hgr]tgfsf] cefjsf ;fy;fy} ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, sfd ug]{ If]q ;a}lt/ oftfoft tyf ;~rf/sf] c;'ljwfn] ubf{ 3gkf]v/f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] of]hgf cg'?ksf] ult lng g;Sg'Ù • Jofj;flos aLp–pTkfbgsf nflu v]tLof]Uo hldg tyf aLp–pTkfbs s[ifssf] cefj x'g', ;fy} of] cl;gf kg]{ If]q ePsfn] aLp–pTkfbg ubf{ gf]S;fgL v]Kg'kg]{ hf]lvd /xg'Ù • aLp Jofj;foLs/0fsf nflu kof{Kt ;dGjo tyf of]hgf agfP/ sfo{qmd ug{ g;Sg'Ù • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] :yfgLo :t/df cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg g;sL k"0f{ ?kn] kl/of]hgfdf g}] lge{/ /xg' . |l-------l|l-------l| - 185 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. h'+u' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, bf]nvf g]qaxfb'/ v8\sf! / j[Gbf ln+vf@ ! uf}/Lzªs/ ufpFkflnsf !, h'+u', bf]nvfÙ @nL–a8{, kf]v/f kl/ro h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_, s[lif ljefu, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\÷/fli6«o hLg a}+s / afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zgnsf] ;+o'Qm kxndf ;~rflnt …:yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfÚ / :yfgLo ;xsf/L …>L lxdr'nL ax"]ZoLo ;xsf/L lnld6]8Ú sf] ;xsfo{df h'+u' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf @)&$ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] uf}/Lzª\s/ ufpFkflnsf ! h'+u' bf]nvfdf ePsf] xf] . lj= ;= @)^) df :yflkt o; ;xsf/Lsf] Ps sfo{qmdsf ?kdf of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rflnt 5 . xfn o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] uf}/Lzªs/ ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= ! / @ nfO{ sfo{If]q agfP/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] eP tfklg eljiodf ufpFkflnsfsf cGo j8fx?df klg o;sf] ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . h'u' tyf cf;kf;sf] If]qdf v]tL ul/g] ljleGg afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx? / oL hftx?;Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] ;+/If0f / k|of]u a9fpg' o;sf] d'Vo p2]]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo s[ifsx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ pGgt aLpx?sf] pTkfbg / ;xh pknAwtf a9fpg', aLpdf cfwfl/t cfod"ns cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf ug{' klg o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf cGo p2]Zox? x'g\ . xfn o; a}+sn] ljleGg afnLx?sf] ljljwtf k|bz{gL :ynsf] Joj:yfkg / aLp–pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo aflnx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|jw{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgk|lqmof h'+u' ;fd'blos aLp a}+ssf] ;~rfngsf nflu >L lxdr'nL ax"2]ZoLo ;xsf/LcGtu{t rf/ hgf dlxnf ;lxt ( hgf ;b:o /x]sf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] sfd ;~rfngdf yk # hgf k'¿if / !# hgf dlxnfx? klg ;lqmo ?kdf nflu/x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;~rfng - 186 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ug]{ aLp–pTkfbg lqmofsnfkdf !$) 3/w'/Lx? ;+nUg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] dfl;s ?kdf a}7s u/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf lgoldt lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . aLp–pTkfbg of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog, lalqmljt/0f / aLp k'FhL sf]ifsf] kl/rfng o; ;ldltn] g} ub{5| . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xsf/L / :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfsf] e"ldsf dxÎjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 eg] :yfgLo lgsfox?n] klg ;fy / ;xof]u lbO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos d'Vo ef}lts, cfly{s Pjd\ k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/of]hgfsf tkm{af6 ul/Psf]] 5 eg] s]xL ;xof]u ;xsf/L, ufpFkflnsf / j8f sfof{nox?n] klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] lbuf]kgf / o;df cfa4 ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s ;|f]tdf kx'Fr a9fpg] p2]Zon] h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]if klg :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/+b} cfOPsf] 5 . xfn o; sf]ifdf ¿= #,)),)))÷– /sd /x]sf] 5 . o; sf]ifsf] kl/rfngaf6 k|fKt Aofh ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf lgoldt lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfngsf nflu vr{ ul/G5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f h'+u' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ljleGg afnlx?sf] ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn / aLp– pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L tflnsf ! df pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf !) k|hfltsf afnLx?sf $@ j6f :yfgLo hftx? ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5| . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf oL :yfgLo hftx?sf] kf;kf]6{ kmf/fddf To; hft;Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fgx?sf] klg clen]v /flvPsf] 5| . xfn;Dd ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] tL hftx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf cg';f/ pTkfbg ul/Psf] aLp lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] yk :yfgLo afnL tyf hftx?sf] vf]hL / ;+/If0f ub}{ hfg] ;f]r agfPsf] 5 . tflnsf ! M h'+u' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f ul//x]sf afnL / ltgsf :yfgLo hftx? qm=;+= afnL hftsf gfdx? Hfft;ª\Vof lxdfnL /ftf], lxdfnL ;]tf], lemGufdnL, u'8'n] ! wfg df;L{, kx]+nL df;L{, dNb'+u] df;L{, dg;/f, sf]OnL, !) cgbL, ltNk'+u] df;L{ 8Nn], sfnf], n8La8L, kx]+nL, ef]6f+u], d'8\s], @ sf]bf] !# gª\u|], ;]tf], RofN7], nfkmf{g], ;}n'+u], cu/], cf]Vn] # kmfk/ tLt], dL7] @ $ pjf :yfgLo d'8'n] ! % hf} :yfgLo 6F'+8] ! - 187 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 qm=;+= afnL ^ l;dL & * ( !) hDdf km;L{ sfFqmf] v';f{gL n§] hftsf gfdx? kx+]nf], v}/f], /ftf] l5s]{, sfnf] l5s]{, ;]tf], 7"nf] l5la{/], sfnf], ;fgf] kx]+nf] xl/of] 8Nn], bflh{ln+ª] :yfgLo xl/of] csa/] sfnf], /ftf], ;]tf] Hfft;ª\Vof * @ ! ! # $@ aLp–pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf ahf/Ls/0f h'+u' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv @)&% c;f/;Dd !^ lsl;dsf afnLx?sf %) j6f hftx?sf] @,@!$ s]=hL= aLp–pTkfbg u/L !,#)@ 3/w'/Lx?nfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . o; jif{ sl/a $&) s]=hL l;lSsd nf]sn s]/fpsf] aLp–pTkfbg u/L laqmL ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL;d]t u/]sf] 5| . :yfgLo hftsf] kx]+nf] / v}/f] l;dLsf] aLp klg pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . o; a}+sn] laqmLsf nflu s]/fp, l;dL, /fof], n§], as'Nnf cflbsf] aLp–pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu :yfgLo s[lif ;xsf/L, Pu|f]e]6, cgdf]n aLp sDkgL / nL–a8{sf ljleGg kl/of]hgfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5| . aLp a}+sn] u/]sf dxÎjk"0f{ sfo{x? • cGgafnL, bnxgafnL, t/sf/LafnLnufotsf afnLx?sf] :yfgLo hftx?sf] aLp ;ª\sng, k'g{:yfkgf / ;+/If0fÙ • :yfgLo kx]+nf] / v}/f] l3pl;dLsf] ;+/If0f, k|jw{gsf ;fy} hft btf{k|lqmofsf nflu kxnÙ • !)$ j6f :yfgLo hftsf aLpx?sf] gd'gf / kf;kf]6{ 8f6f k/:yfgLo ;+/If0f nflu /fli6«o hLg a}+sdf k7fOPsf]Ù • l;lSsd nf]sn s]/fp, dfkmf{ /fof], /fd]5fk xl/of] n§], :yfgLo kx]+nf] / v}/f] l3pl;dLsf] aLp–pTkfbg u/L :yfgLo :t/df cfocfh{gsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ul//x]sf]Ù • :yfgLo ;fgf s[ifsx?, ljz]if u/L dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s ;|f]tdf kx'Fr a9fpgsf nflu ;fd'bflos h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sf]ifsf] :yfkgf / kl/rfng ul//x]sf]Ù • s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf kf7zfnf ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo aLp–pTkfbs s[ifsx?sf] Ifdtf j[l4, s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;d;fdlos ljifox?df 5nkmn tyf tflnd ;~rfng u/L dlxnf tyf k'¿if s[ifsx?sf] ;zQmLs/0f . - 188 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ef}lts ;fdu|L tyf k"jf{wf/x?sf] cj:yf h'+u' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Pjd\ ;fdu|Lx? :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgf, ;xsf/L / :yfgLo lgsfox? -tTsfnLg lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, ufpFkflnsf / j8f sfof{no_ dfkm{t pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? h'+u' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf xfnsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M • :yfgLo nf]kf]Gd'v afnL tyf hftx?sf] ;+/If0fsf lqmofsnfksf ;~rfng ug{ kof{Kt cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sdLÙ • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf :yfgLo o'jf / bf];|f] k':tfx?sf] sd rf;f]Ù • :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;fy / ;xof]udf sd k|fyldstfÙ • Jofj;flos aLp–pTkfbgsf nflu v]tLof]Uo hldg / • ahf/df kx'Fr sd . oL r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ / ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ljsf; sfo{qmddf d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ;xsf/L nfluk/]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfngsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dfof]hg Pj+ o'jf tyf pBdL s[ifsx?sf] ;+nUgtf u/fpFb} cfocfh{gsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf u/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng ug]{ ;f]r /x]sf] 5 . |l-------l|l-------l| - 189 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. xfFs' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, h'Dnf wgs[i0f kf08] / sljtf h};L tftf]kfgL ufpFkflnsf %, P]/]gL, h'Dnf kl/ro h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{_, s[lif ljefu, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\÷/fli6«o hLg a}+s / afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zgnsf] ;+o'Qm kxndf ;~rflnt …:yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfÚ / >L Bf}nLuf8 s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;d"xsf] ;xsfo{df xfFs' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf @)&@ ;fn r}q !# ut] tftf]kfgL ufFpkflnsf $, xfFs', h'Dnfdf ePsf] xf] . lj= ;= @)&@ df :yflkt >L Bf}nLuf8 ljljwtf ;+/If0f s[ifs ;d"xsf] Ps sfo{qmdsf ?kdf of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rflnt 5 / o;sf] ;Dks{ sfof{no tftf]kfgL ufpFkflnsf–% P]/]gL df /x]sf] 5 . xfn o; a}+sn] tftf]kfgL ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= $ / % nfO{ sfo{If]q agfP/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] eP tfklg eljiodf ufpFkflnsfsf cGo j8fx?df klg o;sf] ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . xfFs' tyf cf;kf;sf If]qdf v]tL ul/g] ljleGg afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx? / oL hftx?;Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] ;+/If0f / k|of]u a9fpg' o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo s[ifsx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ pGgt aLpx?sf] pTkfbg / ;xh pknAwtf a9fpg', aLpdf cfwfl/t cfod"ns cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf ug{' klg o; ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf cGo p2]Zox? x'g\ . xfn o;n] ljleGg afnLx?sf] ljljwtf k|bz{gL :ynsf] Joj:yfkg / aLp–pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo afnLx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|jw{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgk|lqmof xfFs' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfngsf nflu >L Bf}nLuf8 s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;d"xcGtu{t kFfr hgf dlxnf;lxt !! hgf ;b:o /x]sf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ d"n ;ldlt klg eGg] ul/G5 . pQm - 190 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 d"n ;ldlt tftf]kfgL ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= $ / % df cjl:yt ljleGg rf/ pkef]Qmf s[ifs ;d"xaf6 r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;d"x xf] . t;y{ o; Bf}nLuf8 s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;d"x cfkm} Ps 5'§} ;d"x geO{ ;d"xx?sf] k|ltlglw ;d"x cyf{t dfly elgP h:t} d"n ;ldlt xf] . o;/L sfo{ ubf{ x/]s ;ldltdf 5'§f5'§} hfg gkg]{ / ;Gb]z k|jfxdf 5l/tf] x'g] x'G5 . o;/L ;/;/tL x]bf{ ;Dk"0f{ rf/ ;d"x u/L o; ;d"xdf &* -%& dlxnf, @! k'¿if_ ;fwf/0f ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ eg] xfn aLp–pTkfbg lqmofsnfkdf ^# 3/w'/L ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . ;ldltsf] dfl;s lgoldt a}7s a;L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf ultljlwx?, aLp–pTkfbg / laqmLlat/0f;DaGwL lg0f{ox? ugf{sf ;fy} aLp k'FhL sf]ifsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg klg o;} ;ldltdfkm{t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . aLp a}+s ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf nflu kl/of]hgfsf] e"ldsf klg lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] klg ;fy / ;xof]u k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . aLp a}+s ;~rfngsf lgldQ rflxg] ef}lts, cfly{s Pjd\ k|fljlws cfjZostf kl/of]hgfn] k"lt{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . s]xL ;xof]u ufpFkflnsfaf6 klg k|fKt ePsf] 5 . aLp a}+s ;~rfngdf ;xhtf Nofpg, s[ifsx?nfO{ Joj;foL agfpg] / pgLx?sf] cfly{s kx'Fr a9fpg] x]t'n] 3'DtLsf]if -h}ljs ljljwtf sf]if÷;L=aL=Pd= sf]if_ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] cfDbfgLsf] s]xL k|ltzt aLp a}+s ;~rfngdf vr{ u/L o;sf] lbuf]kgnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] nIo 5 . xfn o; sf]ifdf :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfsf tkm{af6 pknAw u/fOPsf] ¿= #,@),))).– /sd /x]sf] 5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f xfFs' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ljleGg afnlx?sf] ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn / aLp–pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L tflnsf ! df pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf @) k|hfltsf afnLx?sf ^% j6f :yfgLo hftx? -!) j6f cGgafnLsf @# hft, & j6f bnxgafnLsf #( hft, ! j6f t]nxg afnLsf] ! hft / @ t/sf/L afnLsf @ hft_ ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5| . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf oL :yfgLo hftx?sf] kf;kf]6{ kmf/fd e/L To; hft;Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fgx?sf] klg clen]v /flvPsf] 5| . xfn;Dd ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg d"n ;ldltn] tL hftx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf cg';f/ pTkfbg ul/Psf] aLp lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] yk :yfgLo afnL tyf hftx?sf] vf]hL / ;+/If0f ub}{ hfg] ;f]+r agfPsf] 5 . - 191 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 tflnsf ! M xfFs' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f u/]sf afnL / ltgsf :yfgLo hftx? qm; afnL hftx? hft;+Vof d]N6], n]sfnL, h'DnL df;L{, ! wfg ^ sfnL df;L{, kfv] wfg, bfl/d] @ sf]bf] /ftf], sfnf] @ # kmfk/ tLt] kmfk/, dL7] kmfk/ @ kx]+nf] uf]nf], ;]tf] ;fgf], sfnf], skmL /ª, v/fg], sn]hL, v}/f] 7"nf]], v}/f] yf]Kn], sfnf] l5s]{, km';|f] l5s]{, v}/f] l5s]{, /ftf] nfdf], sn]hL l5s]{ 7"nf]], /ftf] ;fgf], ;]tf] l5s]{, ;]tf] nfdf], sfnf] nfdf], #) $ l;dL l;Gb"/] l5s]{, kx]nf] l5s]{, lrNnf] sfnf], v}/f] nfdf], sn]hL l5s]{, sn]hL l5s]{ nfdf], /ftf] 8Nnf], v/fgL ;fbf, £o' /ª, /ftf] dfn], kx+]nf] a];f/], sfnf] ;fgf], sfnf] dfn] % lrgf] b"w], xf8], skf8] # ^ sfu'gf] /ftf]], kx]+nf]], cf}n]n÷;]tf] # & u'/fF; :yfgLo ;]tf], :yfgLo /ftf] ! * pjf :yfgLo ! ( hf} :yfgLo ! !) n6\6] Nffn df;]{, ! !! ux'F bfjnL, 6\of;] @ !@ ds} d'/nL, bfjnL÷:yfgLo, 6\of;] @ !# efFuf] :yfgLo ! !$ e6df; sfnf], ;]tf] ;fgf], ;]tf] 7"nf]] v}/f] # !% s]/fp xl/of] ;fgf] s]/fp @ !^ uxt /ftf] :yfgLo ! !& df; sfnf] :yfgLo ! !* sfFqmf] :yfgLo ! !( a/]nf s/]nf ! @) d';'/f] :yfgLo ! hDdf ^% aLp–pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf ahf/Ls/0f xfFs' ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ut jif{sf] cfFs8f cg';f/ ljleGg afnLx?sf] ($# s]=hL= aLp–pTkfbg u/L @!^@ 3/w'/LnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . o; jif{ eg] aLp– pTkfbgsf nflu ^# 3/w''/LnfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ @#$) s]=hL= aLp–pTkfbg ug]{ nIosf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;} jif{ cfO{=cf/=8L= eg]/ ljleGg @&^^ 3/w'/LnfO{ - 192 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo afnLsf] k|jw{gsf vflt/ o; aLp a}+sn] cfkm\gf] 5'6\6} ;'ky d"No k;n :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf agfO/x]sf] 5 . pQm k;ndf :yfgLo afnLsf k|zf]lwt a:t'x? laqmLljt/0f ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} pTkflbt aLp laqmLljt/0f ug{sf] nflu :yfgLo Pu|f]e]6 tyf ljleGg kl/of]hgf;Fu ;xsfo{ klg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] u/]sf dxÎjk"0f{ sfo{x? :yfggLo :t/df pknAw eP;Ddsf aLpx?sf] gd"gf ;ª\sng u/L ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn / aLp–pTkfbg :yfnx?sf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ o; aLp a}sn] ;+/If0fsf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} pTkflbt aLp tyf pkhsf] laqmLlat/0fdf ;xhLs/0fsf nflu ;'ky d"No k;nsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5, h'g k;ndf pTkflbt ljleGg aLp tyf :yfgLo afnLsf] k|zf]lwt ?k cyf{t\ vfgof]Uo agfP/ laqmLljt/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} hfgsf/Ld"ns n]v tyf k'l:tsfx? ;d]t pknAw u/fP/ :yfgLo afnLsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ls;fgx?nfO{ xf};nf÷k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;fem]bf/ tyf ;xof]uL ;ª\3;+:yfx? :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfsf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx? nL–a8{, /fli6«o hLg a}+s, / afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zgnaf6 o; aLp a}+ssf nflu cfjZos ef}lts, cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]ux? k|fKt xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo :t/df j8f sfof{no, ufpFkflnsfsf] sfof{non] klg ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf, tTsfnLg s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] klg ;do–;dodf cf–cfkm\gf If]qaf6 ;xof]u ul//x]sf lyP . ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf xfnsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M • :yfgLo tyf nf]kf]Gd'v afnLx?sf] ;+/If0f lqmofksnfksf nflu ;|f]tsf] sdLÙ • s[lifIf]qk|lt :yfgLo o'jfx?sf] ljt[i0ffÙ • :yfgLo lgsfox?af6 :yfgLo afnL k|jw{gdf sd WofgÙ • Jofj;flos aLp–pTkfbgsf nflu s[life"ldsf] sdLÙ • sdhf]/ ahf/ kx'Frh:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf o; aLp a}+sn] ul//xg' k/]sf] 5 . - 193 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 oL r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{qmddf d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg d"n ;ldlt / ;Dk"0f{ s[ifs ;d"x nfluk/]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfngsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dfof]hg Pj+ o'jf tyf pBdL s[ifsx?sf] ;+nUgtf u/fpFb} cfocfh{gsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf u/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng ug]{ ;f]r /x]sf] 5 . |l-------l|l-------l| - 194 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. l5k|f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, x'Dnf gj/fh e08f/L! / ;'Gb/ /fpt@ ! vfk'{gfy $, l5k|f, x'DnfÙ @nL–a8{, kf]v/f kl/ro h}ljs ljljwtf, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -ln–a8{_, s[lif ljefu, s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ -gfs{_ / aof]el;{6L OG6/g];gnsf] ;+o'Qm kxndf ;~rflnt :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgf / :yfgLo ;xsf/L …>L s0ff{nL s[lif ;xsf/L lnld6]8Ú sf] ;xsfo{df l5k|f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf lj= ;+= @)&$ c;f/ !* ut] vfk{'gfy ufpFkflnsf $ l5k|f -;flassf] l5k|f uf= lj= ;=_ x'Dnfdf ePsf] xf] . lj= ;+= @)&) df :yflkt o; s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] dftxtdf /xL o;}sf] Ps cª\usf ?kdf of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o; aLp a}+sn] vfk{'gfy ufpFkflnsfcGtu{t jf8{ g=$ nfO{ k|d'v sfo{If]q agfO{ l5d]sL ufpFkflnsfsf jf8{x?df ;d]t ;]jf lj:tf/ u/L/x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/df :yfgLo tyf pGgt aLpx?sf] pknAwtf a9fpg'Ù :yfgLo afnLsf hftx? / oL;Fu ;DalGwt 1fgx?sf] ;+/If0f ug{' / h}ljs ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t cfod"ns cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf ug{' o; aLp a}+ssf k|d'v p2]Zox? /x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg afnLsf h}ljs ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn / aLp–pTkfbg :ynx?sf] Joj:yfkg u/L o; aLp a}+sn] oyf:yfg ;+/If0fsf] sfd k|fyldstfsf ;fy ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] :yfgLo aflnx?sf] aLp–pTkfbg / laqmL u/L :yfgLo :t/df cfocfh{gsf cj;/sf] klg l;h{gf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgk|lsof l5k|f ;fd'blos aLp a}+s >L s0ff{nL s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] dftxtdf /xL o;}sf] Ps cª\usf ?kdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;jf{lwsf/;DkGg !@ ;b:oLo aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ;xsf/LcGtu{tsf] aLp a}+s ;~rfng pk;ldlt - % dlxnf, & k'¿if_ n] ub{5 . o; aLp a}+sdf @) hgf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox? -!! k'¿if, ( dlxnf_ 5g\ eg] aLp–pTkfbgsf lqmofsnfkx? !*) eGbf a9L 3/w'/Ln] ub}{ cfPsf - 195 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 5g\ . ;ldltsf] dfl;s lgoldt a}7s a;L aLp a}+ssf ultljlwx?, aLp–pTkfbg, laqmLljt/0f;DaGwL lg0f{ox? ugf{sf ;fy} aLp k'FhL sf]ifsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg klg o;} ;ldltdfkm{t x'g] u/]sf] 5| . aLp a}+s ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xsf/L / kl/of]hgfn] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] :yfgLo lgsfox? / ;/sf/n] klg ;fy / ;xof]u lbPsf 5g\ . aLp a}+s ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts, cfly{s Pjd\ k|ljlws ;|f]t kl/of]hgfdfkm{t g} k"/f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;df ;xsf/L, ufpFkflnsf / j8f sfof{nox?n] klg s]xL ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . aLp a}+s ;~rfngdf ;xhtf Nofpg, s[ifsx?nfO Jofj;flos / pgLx?sf] cfly{s ;|f]tdf kx'Fr a9fpg] p2]Zon] 3'DtL sf]if -h}ljs ljljwtf sf]if_ ;~rfng u/LPsf] 5 . o;sf] cfDbfgLsf] s]xL k|ltzt aLp a}+s ;~rfng vr{df pkof]u u/L o;sf] lbuf]kgnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . xfn o; sf]ifdf :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfsf tkm{af6 pknAw u/fOPsf] ¿= #,%),))).– /sd /x]sf] 5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f l5k|f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ljleGg h}ljs ljljwtf k|bz{gL :yn tyf aLp–pTkfbg :ynx?sf] Joj:yfkg u/L !! k|sf/sf afnLx?sf %! y/L hftx? ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5| . aLp a}+sdfkm{t :yfgLo afnLx?sf] kf;kf]6{ kmf/fd eg]{ sfd ;DkGg u/L oL afnLx?;Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fgx?sf] ;d]t clen]v /flv;s]sf] 5| . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s / Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] afnLx?sf] cj:yf / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf cg';f/ ;+/If0f ug]{ afnL / hftx? cfk;df 5nkmn u/L 5gf]6 ug]{ / pTkflbt aLp lg'MzNs ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5| . :yfgLo :t/df pknAw eP;Ddsf ;a} :yfgLo aLpx?sf] gd'gf ;ª\sng u/L ljljwtf k|bz{gL ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOgfsf ;fy} hfgsf/Ld"ns n]v / k'l:tsfx?;d]t aLp a}+sdf pknAw u/fOPsf 5g\ . tflnsf ! M l5k|f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f ul//x]sf afnL / ltgsf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ljj/0f qm=;+= afnL hftsf gfdx? Hfft;+Vof wfg sfnL df;L{, h'ª]/hf} wfg ,w}gfn], sfnf] n'D;]/f], ! * /tgk'/], yfkflrgL, vRr],gfg wfg @ lrgf] b"w] ,sKtf8] ,/ftf] ,sfnf] $ # sfu'gf] sfnf], kx+]nf] , /ftf] , h'DnL , ndh'ª] % l;dL sfnf] -yfFqm]_, ;]tf] dfn], sfnf] dfn], 8Nn], kx]+nf], $ ( ;]tf] ;fgf] , sfnf] nx/] ,l3p l;dL , ;]tf] 7"nf] % kmfk/ dL7] , tLt] @ - 196 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 qm=;+= ^ & * ( !) !! afnL pjf uxF' sf]bf] df;]{ hf} ds} hDdf hftsf gfdx? s'gfnf] , /ftf] , 6fs'n], ;f]n', d'8'n] kfk},efa|L, lkKnª\uL sfnf], tLgdf;], /ftf], nfKr], l/pn], cf}n] dfn df;]{, 7f8f] df;]{ sfnf], ;]tf], nfd/] /ftf], ;]tf], d'/nL, b"w] Hfft;+Vof % # ^ @ # $ %! aLp–pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0f l5k|f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsfn b]lv @)&% c;f/;Dddf cfOk'Ubf #@$) s]=hL aLp -!@ aflnx?sf ^# hftx?_ pTkfbg u/L !^)) 3/w'/Lx? nfO{ aLpdfkm{t ;'ljwf k'¥ofO;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo hftnfO{ g} k|fyldstfdf /fVb} o; aLp a}+sn] :yfgLo b"w] lrgf]sf] aLp–pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . d'Vo ?kdf o; a}+sdfkm{t ljqmLsf nflu l;dL, lrgf], n§], sfu'gf], kmfk/, sf]bf], pjf cflbsf] aLp–pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu :yfgLo s[lif ;xsf/L, Pu|f] e]6 nufot nL–a8{sf ljleGg kl/of]hgfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5| . l5k|f ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] u/]sf dxÎjk"0f{ sfo{x? M • :yfgLo b"w] lrgf]sf] ;+/If0f, k|jw{gsf ;fy} hft btf{k|lqmofsf nflu kxnÙ • sfnf] l;dL, b"w] lrgf],pjf, sfu'gf]sf] aLp–pTkfbg u/L :yfgLo :t/df cfocfh{gsf] cj;/sf] l;h{gfÙ • :yfgLo afnLx?sf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{gsf nflu ljleGg hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{sdx? ;~rfngÙ • :yfgLo afnLx? h:t}, n§], pjf, l;dL, lrgf], kmfk/, sf]bfsf ljleGg kl/sf/x? agfO{ vfB dxf]T;jaf6 :yfgLo afnLx?sf] k|jw{gsf ;fy} vfg] afgLdf kl/jt{gsf] k|of;Ù • h}ljs ljljwtf kf7zfnf ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo aLp pTkfbs s[ifsx?sf] Ifdtf j[l4, s[lifsf ljleGg ;d;fdlos ljifox?df 5nkmn tyf tflnd ;~rfngsf ;fy} dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f . - 197 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;fem]bf/ ;ª\3;+:yfx? :yfgLo afnL kl/of]hgfdfkm{t aLp a}+ssf k|d'v ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?df nL–a8{, gfs{, aof]el;{6L OG6/g];gn tyf /fli6«o hLg a}+s /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx?af6 ef}lts, cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]ux? k|fKt xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo :t/df :yfgLo ;xsf/Lx?, ufpFkflnsf sfof{no tyf j8f sfof{nox?n] klg ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf, s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|, lhNnf s[lif sfof{no cflbn] ;do–;dodf cf–cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 ;xof]u u/L ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L, pTkflbt aLp laqmLljt/0fsf qmddf :yfgLo Pu|f]e]6 / cgdf]n aLp sDkgLn] klg pNn]Vo ;xof]u / ;fy lbPsf 5g\ . ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? • Jofj;flos aLp–pTkfbgsf nflu v]tLof]Uo hldg sd, jif{el/ g} v]tL ugf{sf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f gx'g' / ;8s ;~hfn;Fu ghf]l8Psf] lhNnf ePsfn] sDhf]/ ahf/ kx'Fr x'g'Ù • :yfgLo nf]kf]Gd'v afnL / hftx?sf] ;+/If0fsf lqmofsnfksf nflu kof{Kt cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sdL x'g'Ù • aLp a}+ssf ;b:ox? / ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] klg aLp a}+ssf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu sd rf;f] lbg'Ù • aLp a}+s;DaGwL] ultljlwx?df :yfgLo ;/sf/n] sd rf;f] lbg' / cfkm\gf] jflif{s sfo{qmddf ;d]t c? s[lifsf of]hgfx?eGbf sd k|yflsdtf /fVg'Ù • Jofj;flos aLp–pTkfbgsf nflu w]/} g} hf]lvdo'St 7fpF ePsf] / afnL aLdf;DaGwL 1fg sd ePsfn] s[ifsx?n] hf]lvd lng gvf]Hg'Ù • aLp a}+ssf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g' . |l-------l|l-------l| - 198 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, df]/ª 5'd¿ ;/bf/ yf? u|fdyfg ufpFkflnsf !, nvGt/L, df]/ª kl/ro rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s lj=;+= @)&@ -;g\ @)!%_ df gf/L ljsf; ;ª\3dfkm{t PS;g P8 g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf u|fdyfg ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= !, nvGt/L, df]/ªdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; a}+sn] df]/ª lhNnfsf] ;flassf] nvGt/L uf=lj=;= cGt{utsf j8fx?af6 :yfgLo hftsf aLpx? ;ª\sng u/L ;+/If0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o; a}+sn] wfg, sf]bf], ds} cflb afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx? ;+/If0fsf cnfjf ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+s :yfkgf u/L t¿n, cf]n / ;v/v08h:tf afnLx?sf klg :yfgLo hftx? ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] eljiodf cGo :yfgLo hftsf afnLx?sf] vf]h tyf ;ª\sng u/L lkmN8 hLg a}+snfO{ yk Jojl:yt / ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL / ef}}uf]lns cj:yf cg';f/sf yk afnL tyf :yfgLo hftx?sf] aLp ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug]{ nIo o; ;+:yfsf] 5 . ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgk|lqmof rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s rf/kft] s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= / lzjkfj{tL s[ifs ;d"xsf] kxndf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf lzjkfj{tL s[ifs ;d"x / rf/kft] s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] l;kmfl/; u/L k7fPsf !! hgf k|ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . xfn o; ;ldltdf dlxnf ( hgf / k'¿if @ hgf /x]sf 5g\ . lzjkfj{tL s[ifs ;d"xdf dlxnf @) hgf, k'¿if !) hgf u/L #) hgf / rf/kft] s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= df dlxnf ^) / k'¿if @% hgf u/L hDdf *% hgf ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}+7ssf] lg0f{o cg';f/ :yfgLo hftsf aLpx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / u'0f:t/Lo aLp–pTkfbgsf nflu ljleGg lgsfox?;Fu k/fdz{, ;Nnfx / ;dGjo u/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] ;~rfng ul/+b} cfOPsf] 5 . - 199 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;+/If0f rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] wfgsf !@ hft / ljleGg t/sf/LafnLx?sf #@ u/L $$ j6f :yfgLo hftsf] aLp ;+/If0f u/]sf] 5 -tflnsf !_ . tflnsf !M rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;+/If0f u/]sf afnL tyf :yfgLo hftx?sf] ljj/0f qm=;+= afnL hftsf] gfd tyf ;ª\Vof hft;ª\Vof dw'jf, sl/of sdf]w, r]uf]+n, lh/f;f/L, ! Wffg cgbL, la/dkm"n, 5t/fh, v}/f] af;dtL, /ftf] !@ af;dtL, sfnf] af;dtL, s'hL rgfr'/, l3pk'/L @ ds} ;l7of ! # sf]bf] d'l7of, cf}nf, ;]tf] bfgf # $ hf}+ hf}+ ! % e6df; e6df; ! ^ df; df; ! & d';'/f] v}/f] d';'/f], sfnf] d';'/f] # * v];/L v];/L ! ( /x/ /x/ ! !) uxt s'yL{ ! !! af]8L af]8L ! !@ l;dL a6f]l/of, xfQLsfg], xfQLbGt] # !# as'nfl;dL as'nfl;dL ! !$ lemËgL lemËgL ! !% l3/f}+nf l3/f}+nf ! !^ tLt]s/]nf tLt]s/]nf ! !* nf}sf nf}sf ! !( le08L le08L ! @) km;L{ km;L{ ! @! kfn'Ëf] kfn'Ëf] ! @@ a}ug a}ug ! @# cfn' ;l7of ! @$ cf]n cf]n ! @% n;'g n;'g ! @^ tf]/L tf]/L ! @& ;:of]{+ ;:o"F+{ ! @* ltn ltn ! hDdf $$ - 200 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 aLp–pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0f :yfgLo hftsf aLpsf]] ;+/If0fsf cltl/Qm rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] pGgt hftsf wfgsf] klg aLp–pTkfbg sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf] 5 . o; cf=j= @)&%÷&^ df u|fdyfg ufpFkflnsfsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfcGtu{t !) x]S6/ hldgdf af;dtL / /lGht wfgsf] aLp–pTkfbgsf nflu v]tL ul/Psf] 5 . ;fem]bf/ ;/sf/L, ;ª\3–;+:yfx? rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu gf/L ljsf; ;ª\3, jN8{ lehg, PS;g P8 OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, Pd=8L=Pd=P;= g]kfn, u|fdyfg ufpFkflnsf j8f sfof{no ! g+= nvGt/L, u|fdyfg ufpFkflnsf t]tl/of df]/ªsf] d'Vo ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljleGg :yfgLo ;xsf/Lx?, tTsfnLg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ª, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no df]/ª / ;ef;b If]q ljsf; sf]if df]/ªn] klg rf/kft] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf nflu ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . |l-------l|l-------l| - 201 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. r]k]d:of{ª\bL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s tyf ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+s df]xg xdfn /fO{gf; gu/kflnsf $, ;ftla;], ndh'ª k[i7e"ld /fO{gf; gu/kflnsf, ;ftla;], k|b]z g+= $ u08sL k|b]z, ndh'ª lhNnfsf] If]q g+= ! df kg]{ k"jL{ ndh'ªsf] blIf0fdf uf]/vf, klZrddf tgxF', r]k] / d:of{ªbLsf] sfvdf /x]sf] b|Jo zfx / g/xl/ zfxaLrsf] emu8f x'g] tyf cfdf j;GtfjtLn] bfh'efO{ emu8f gu/L a:gsf nflu r]k] gbLdf cfkm\gf] :tg rf]knL b"wsf] wf/f aufpg] ldng ljGb'sf gfdn] k|Voft g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgsf cleoGtf ;/bf/ elSt yfkfsf] sd{e"ld klg xf] . /fO{gf; gu/kflnsf j8f g= $, ;ftla;], ndh'ªdf @)&@ ;fn kf}if !* ut] r]k]d:of{ªbL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; lhNnfdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 / ljsf; cWoog ;ldlt -COPPADES_ n] ljut @% jif{ cufl8b]lv :yfkgf ePsf] ndh'ªsf] cu|0fL ;+:yfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf n'y/g jn{\8 l/lnkm -LWR_ n] ljut !) jif{b]vL cfly{s tyf k|fljlws If]qdf ;xof]u k'ofpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . xfn pQm ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf gu/kflnsfsf !) j6f j8f / b"wkf]v/L ufpFkflnsfsf ^ j6f j8fx?df pQm kl/of]hgfn] hLjLsf]kfh{g ljkt Joj:yfkg ;/;kmfOdf b"/b/fhsf ;d'bfo;Fu COPPADES/LWR 5 / /fO{gf; gu/kflnsf / b"wkf]v/L ufpFkfnLsf;F+u Ps cfk;df ;fem]bf/L ?kdf sfo{qmdx? ;~ofng ul//x]sf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf hglxt skmL tyf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf;+u xft]dfnf] ub}{ sfd ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;d'b|L ;txaf6 $)) ld6/b]lv @))) ld6/ pRrfO;Dd ePsf ;Dd 6f/ a]+;L vf+]r * dWokxf8L If]qx? kb{5g\ . pQm If]qdf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] k|r'/ ;+Defjgf eP/ klg qmlds ?kdf nf]k eP/ uO/x]sf] lau|Fbf] cj:yfdf o;nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|j{4g ug]{ p2]Zon] COPPADES/LWR / hglxt ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] kxndf ;a} - 202 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L aLp d]nfsf] cof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; d]nfdf NofOPsf $% afnLsf -wfg, ux'F, ds}, kmfk/, sf]bf], sfu'gf] / ljleGg t/sf/LsfafnL_ / ltgsf #%% hftx? aLp a}+sdf clen]vLs/0f u/L /flvPsf 5g\ -tflnsf !_ . pQm aLp a}+s Ps ;ldlt agfO{ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{sf/L ;ldltdf hDdf !& ;b:o 5g\, h;df $ hgf dlxnf 5g\ . o; ;fd'bflos aLp j}+sn] /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;b:otf u|x0f klg ul/;s]sf]5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf of] aLp a}snfO{ Pslbg] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd /fli6«o s[lif cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]t s]Gb| -hLg a}s _ v'dn6f/ / afof]e/l;l6 OG6/g]zgnaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmdjf6 aLplahg ;'/lIft e08f/0fsf nflu Knfli6ssf a§fx?, aLp–pTkfbgsf nflu em'n g]6 / :6]zg/L k|fKt ePsf lyP . pSt sfo{qmdaf6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ lgs} xf};nf ldn]sf] lyof] . tflnsf != ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf ;+/lIft afnL / :yfgLo hftx? s|=;+= afnL Hfftx? b/dfnL, ysfnL df;L{, cfFkem'Q], ysf]nL, cgbL, ;f]d/f, Df;L{ wfg, n]sfnL cgbL, kx+]nf] lemg'jf, lrp/] w}of, uf}/], OGb|j]nL, Rff/, Nff]sn, Hf]7f] a"9f]], lj/n, Rf]of], /ftf] cgbL, lemg'jf, /dgL, sGrg, ;fljqL :yfgLo, sfnf]jf, s'F8n], ysfnL nx/,] 7"nf] u]8], ! wfg Uff] n], Dfl;gf] pNn] wfg, dfg'd'/,] Hofdss], ;'gf}nf] ;'+uGw, sflQs], cfFuf, 7"nf] lemg'jf, s[i0f, kf]v];fnL, PSn] df;L{, cfOtL dG;'nL, k'/fgf] dl;gf], hd|L, sfnf] dl;gf], jf; cfpg] cgbL, h]7f] j'9f], ;]gf] cgbL, sf]OnL, k'/fgf] nx/], cfFuf dl;gf] af;dtL Kf'/fgf] ;]tf], ;]tf], b]pnL kf]lknf], ;fgf] ;l7of tNnf] ;'gf}nf], k+x]nf], ^) lbg], /ftf] d'/nL, ;l7of ;fgf] dflyNnf], ;l7of kx]nf], kx]nf] k'/fgf] d'/nL kx]nf] @ Dfs} 7"nf] ;'gf}nf], h'g]nf], yfKnf s'Rr], ;]tf] nf]sn, ;]tf] ;l7of, d'/nL dl;gf], h'g]nL, /ftf] h'g]nf], ;l7of ul/8fF8] lb8] # ux'F /ftf], nf]sn, ;]tf], /}yfg], kx]nf] /ftf] d'8'n] kfpFb'/], d+l;/], ;fgf], c;f/], d'8s], pNn], ;]tf], $ sf]bf] dsjfgk'/, nfdf] s];|], nnf, gªu|], sfnf], k'/fgf] kfpb'/], sflQ{s, ;]tf] HjfO{, rd|] - 203 - hft;ª\Vof %@ @@ ^ !^ Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 s|=;+= % ^ * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !* !( @)= @! @@ @# @$ @% @^ @& afnL kmfk/ hf} Hfftx? tLt] kmfk/ dL7] kmfk/ 6'F8], s'F8] df]6] hf} sfnf], ;]tf], lrlgofF, uf]nf], ;fgf] dl;gf sfflQ{s, 7"nf] e§ u]8] :yfgLo kx]nf] k'/fgf] dfO{nL v}/f], ;fgf] :yfgLo s}nf] d;fg], lrg] ;]tf], sfnf]jf8L v}/f] tg], /ftf] v]:6] af]8L ds}, jf];] af]8L, af]8L -/ftf]_ sflQ{s], nf]Ssn l;gs], sf]tfª, af]8L :yfgLo nf]Ssn ufhn], nx/], j/]j, n§], nfdf],s}nf] jf];] -sfnf]_ ltn sfnf], k+x]nf], ld§], em\;], v}/f] 7"nf] d:ofª, nf]sn d:ofª, 7"nf] /ftf], 7"nf] :yfgLo, v}/f] 7"nf] d:ofª, k+x]nf] d:ofª,;fgf] sfnf] d:ofª, d:ofª v}/f] sfnf] d:ofË, k+x]nf] 7"nf], hfty] d:ofË, l5/lj/] d:ofË /fdtf]l/of 7"nf] leG8L nf]sn leG8L 7"nf] ;]tf] leG8L nf]Ssn, :yfgLo lrGn] leG8L df; sfnf] df; , lrnL df;, sfnf] u]8L df; skf; :yfgLo /}yfg] nf]sn l;nfd sfnf] l;nfd v}/f] l;nfd lrlr08] :yfgLo /x/ :yfgLo ;]tf] sfs|f] xl/of] sfs|f], ;]tf] w;]{, l/j/ sfs|f] uxt v}/f] sfnf] uxt, :yfgLo sfnf] uxt /fof] /fof] xl/of], 7"nf]kft], ;'lt{kft] , xfQLsfg] d';'/f] :yfgLo ;fg] nf]sn tf]/L, sfpnL tf]/L, sfnf] tf]/L, 7"nf] u]8L, /ftf] tf]/L tf]/L 7"nf] xl/of] sf];], s]/fp ;]tf], ;fgf] s]/fp, dl;gf] s]/fp s]/fp kfn'ªuf] sf]8 kfn'ªuf] ;fdf ;]tf] , v}/f] ;fdf, nf]sn, :yfgLo js'Nnf sfnf] v}/f], js'Nnf 7"nf], js'Nnf ;fgf] sfu'gf] sfnf] sfu'gf] ,k+x]nf] sfu'gf] v}/f] sfu'gf] ,:yfgLo :yfgLo nfDrf] 8Nn] km;L{ 7"nf] , pNn] nf]sn :yfgLo km;L{ nf]sn pNn] dfbn] km;L{ nfDr] dfbn] - 204 - hft;ª\Vof @ # !$ !* % !! % # ! @ ! ! # @ $ ! % $ ! $ # $ & Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 s|=;+= afnL @* l;dL @( #) #! #@ nf}sf /fhdf wlgofF d"nf ## v';f{gL #$ ;+:o"{ #% l3/f}nf Hfftx? l3p l;dL ;/t] l;dL, 6f6] ;LdL lxFpb] l;dL nx/], kf6] ;]tf] l;dL dl;gf] v}/f] /ftf] jfv|] l;dL dfbn] :yfgLo /ftf] /fhdf ;]tf] /fhdf :yfgLo :yfgLo 8f]8] d"nf 7"nf] d"nf, nf]sn ufpn] csa/], nf]sn, csj/] nfdf], 8Nn] v';f{gL, s}nf] v';f{gL, lh/] v';f{gL, tLv] v';f{gL k+x]nf] :yfgLo , dl;gf], k+x]nf] nf]sn ;+:o"{ 7"nf] ;+:o"{ :yfgLo 5f]6f], :yfgLo lrNnf], a'b'n] sfnf] nf]Ssn lt/fxL l3/f}nf, l3/f}nf 5f]6f], nx/] , jf; cfpg] l3/f}nf hft;ª\Vof d'Vo lqmofsnfkx? * ! @ ! # ^ ^ * • ;+/Ifs s[ifs klxrfg ug]{ / k'/:s[t u/L k|lts[ifs ! ;'k/ u|]g Aofu ;xof]u ug]{ . s[ifsn] sDtLdf $% /}yfg] hftx? ;+/If0f u/]sf]Ù • rf/ ju{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ / nf]kf]Gd'v afnL hft ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd u/]sf], -h:t} sf]OnL wfg_Ù • $( hgf s[ifsnfO{ sfu'gf] afnLsf] aLp ljt/0f / aLp–pTkfbg ug{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf]Ù • !! hftsf] sf]bf]afnLsf] ljljwtf ls6 !% hgf s[ifsnfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf]Ù • !% hftsf] l;dLafnLsf] ljljwtf ls6 !) hgf s[ifsnfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf]Ù • ^) hgf s[ifsnfO{ /fof], l;dL, d';'/f], s? hftx? ljt/0f ul/Psf]Ù • ^) hgf s[ifsnfO{ h}ljs ljljwtf ;DjGwL cGt/lqmof ;~rfng u/]sf]Ù • tf]/L afnLdf ;xeflutfd"ns afnL 5gf]6 sfo{qmd tLg 7fFpdf ;~rfng u/]sf]Ù • nL–j8{ cGtu{t 3gkf]v/f ndh'ªaf6 wfg / sf]bfsf] aLp ;f6f;f6 sfo{qmd ;~rfngaf6 *) hgf s[ifs nfeflGjt ePsfÙ • $) hgf s[ifsx?nfO{ ! lbg] ;fd'bflos aLp j}+s cGt/lqmof tyf tflndsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] . ;xof]uL xftx? • hgr]tgf clej[l4 / ljsf; cWoog ;ldlt ndh'ªaf6 ¿= !,)),))). 3'DtL sf]ifsf] ?kdf, aLp ¥ofs :yfkgfsf] nflu ? $),)))., aLp /fVg] - 205 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 j§f ;fdu|L ;xof]u ¿ %),)))., % j6f l;8lagsf] nflu ¿ @),)))., @ j6f lqkfnsf] nflu ¿ #,))) / #) yfg ;'k/ u|]g Aofusf] nflu ¿ #*)). • /fli6«o hLg a}+s, v'dn6f/ / afof]e/l;6L OG6/g]zgnaf6 ¿ $),))). a/fa/sf aLp /Vg] a§fx?, ljleGg 7fpF / e"sDd k|efljt If]qx?jf6 :yfgLo hft ;ª\sngdf ;xof]u, hLg a}+sdf ;+/lIft ljleGg afnLsf] aLpx? . /fli6«o hLg a}+s sf] ;xof]udf oL hftx?nfO{ rootstock sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 s] eg]/ cg';Gwfg klg eO/x]sf] 5 . • /fli6«o hLg a}+sjf6 ¿ #),))). ;xof]u k|fKt eO{ lkmN8 hLg a}+sdf /x]sf] ;a} af]6sf] u'0f;lxt n]a]n ul/Psf] . • aLp a}+snfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] lqmofsnfkdf ljz]if u/L hgr]tgf clej[l4 / ljsf; cWoog ;ldlt, ndh'ª hLg a}+s, v'dn6f/ / jfof]e/l;l6 OG6/g]zgn sf] laz]if e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . pQm ;+:yfx?af6 o; aLp a}+ssf] k|ult tyf cg'udgsf ;y} cfly{s Pjd\ k|ljlws ;xof]u k|fKt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;f]sf nflu ;dGjofTds e"ldsf aLp a}+ssf cWoIf >L df]xg xdfnn] k'¥ofpFb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+s k'vf{x?n] :yfkgf u/]sf cfFksf k'/fgf] au}+rfx? ljleGg sf/0fn] x|f; xF'b} uO/x]sfn] cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]tx? gi6 eO/x]sf cj:yfdf, ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+s tyf cfFksf] k'/fgf] auF}rfnfO{ hf]ufpg] sfd 8f= afns[i0f hf]zLsf] ;'emfp / ;f]+raf6 z'¿ePsf] xf] . o;} l;nl;nfdf 8f= afns[i0f hf]zLaf6 aLp g} pTkfbg gx'g] / aLp–pTkfbg eP klg ;'sfP/ /fVg g;lsg] afnLx?nfO{ oyf:yfg lkmN8df g} ;+/If0fsf nflu lkmN8 hLg a}s :yfkgf ug'{kb{5 eGg] ;Nnfx cg';f/ /fO{gf; gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= # l:yt l6d'/]df ljz]if u/]/ cfFksf] k'/fgf] au}+rfsf] ;+/If0f u/L ljleGg hftsf !* j6f cfFkx?sf] rfl/lqs u'0fx?af/]df 5nkmn u/L oyf:yfgdf ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ePsf] 5 -tflnsf #_ . eljiodf o; lkmN8 hLg a}sleq cGo aLp gx'g] vfnsf afnL / hftnfO{ ;d]t ;dfof]hg u/L ;+/lIft ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] cGo lj1x?df 8f= b]j]Gb| uf}rg / s[i0fxl/ l3ld/] x'g'x'G5 . bLkf l;+x >]i7 / 8f= 6]sk|;fb uf]tfd]n] pQm lkmN8 hLg a}+ssf] k'/fgf a"9f cfFksf ?vaf6 gofF af]6 ;[hgf ug]{ / cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ k/jfgLk'/ s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|df cfFksf k'/fgf af]6af6 xfufx? 5gf]6 u/L u|flkm\6ª u/]/ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ klg z'¿ ePsf] 5 . - 206 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 l6d'/] ufpFdfly /x]sf] sl/a * /f]kgLdf km}lnPsf] / @)) aif{eGbf a9L k'/fgf] of] cfFksf] au}rfn] @)!! ;fnsf] af9Lklx/f]nfO{ /f]s]/ ufpF arfPsfn] klg o;sf] laz]if dxÎj /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} oxL au}rfdf @)!% ;fnsf] r'gfj klg ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] csf]{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] Pp6f af]6df csf]{ cfFksf] xfFuf efFlrP/ hf]l8Psf] 5 / pQm af]6df b'O{ y/Lsf cfFk kmN5g\ . o:tf] a"9f] af]6 klg o;/L sndL ePsf] cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{ Ps} 7fpFaf6 b'O{j6f leGg cfFksf af]6 b]lvG5g\ . aLp g} pTkfbg gx'g] afnLx? tyf aLp–pTkfbg eP klg ;'sfP/ w]/} /fVg g;lsg] h:t}, cfn', ;'Gtnf, t¿n, s]/f, cfFk, lk+8fn', d]jf, O:s'; cflb bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu ltgLx?nfO{ lkmN8df g} nufO/xg'kb{5 . o:tf lsl;dsf afnLx?nfO{ sd nufgLdf ;d'bfon] lkmN8df nufO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ a}+s g} lkmN8 hLg a}s xf] . p2]Zox? • aLp–pTkfbg gx'g] jf eP klg aLpnfO{ ;'sfP/ ;+/If0f ug{ g;lsg] :yfgLo hftsf] ;+/If0f ug'{Ù • :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] pQm afnLsf hftx?sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{Ù • u'0f cju'0fx?sf] cjnf]sg u/L clen]v /fVg] . ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+s ;~rfngsf nflu Ps pk;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;ldltdf hDdf !# hgf ;b:o 5g\, h;df ^ hgf dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;ldlt ldlt @)&%÷)$÷!( df u7g ePsf] xf] / o; ;ldltn] l6d'/] au+}rf / 6fk" au}+rfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . 6fk" au}+rfdf cfFksf] sl/a !) hft @% /f]kgLdf km}lnPsf 5g\ . - 207 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 tflnsf #= cfFksf] k'/fgf] au+}rfdf /x]sf cfFksf hft / ltgsf ljz]if u'0fx? qm=;+= hft u'0fx? 6fpsf] / e]6\g'jl/kl/ /ftf] x'g], kmn dWod cfsf/, sL/f sd nfUg], kmfNu'gdf km'Ng], c;f/df kfSg], l56f] kfSg] / bfgf emg]{ 6fpsfdf h'/f] x'g], kfSbf kx]+nf] x'g], kmf];|f] a9L, vfFbf bfFtdf c8\sg], vfFbf dL7f], afSnf] kmNg] nfdf] ;fgf] r'rf] kmn, sf]of 7"'nf], u'bL sd, vfFbf dL7f], xF+ufdf em'Kk eO{ kmNg] / gemg]{ sL/f a9L nfUg], kftnf] kmNg], vfFbf df]xL h:t}jf;gf cfpg], ;fgf] kmNg], xl/of] /ª df g} kfSg] vfFbf cToGt dL7f] x'g], 6fpsf]df ld7fO{ h:t} x'g], sL/f a9L nfUg], sfFr}df a9L emg]{ sL/f gnfUg], ;n{Ss k/]sf], kfSbf xl/of] x'g], w]/} u'lnof], cuf}6], h]7df kfSg] ! /ftf] 6fps] @ h'/]nL # s6\la+8] $ df]xL cfFk % tNnf] ld7fO{ ^ pkNnf] ld7fO{ & s6x/] s6x/sf h:tf] bfgf x'g], kfSbf xl/of] / kx+]nf] x'g], vfFbf s6x/ h:t} :jfb cfpg], kmn nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg], sL/f sd nfUg] * uGxfpg] vfFbf uGxfpg], k/k/fpg], sL/f gnfUg], kmn efb| dlxgf;Dd /xg] ( aDa] !) !! sfnL ;fgf] nx/] !@ ss{n] !# ;]tL !$ hut] !% 7"nf] sfnL !^ 7"nf] nf]x/] !& ;'kf/] !* l;Gb"/] 7"nf] kmn, kmnsf] cfsf/ km;L{ h:tf], ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kmn, u'bL w]/} sf]of ;fgf], vfFbf cldnf]kg cfpg] nfDrf] / 7"nf] kmn, cldnf] x'g] kfSbf kx]+nf] x'g] nx/f h:t} eO{ kmNg], /; a9L, sd u'lnof] a9L emg]{, em/]kl5 km'l6xfNg], u'bL w]/} vFlbnf] x'g], :jfb l7Ss ss{nf] h:t} bfgf v/fgL h:t} ;]tf] x'g], a9L emg]{, sL/f sd nfUg], dWod cfsf/sf], :jflbnf] bfgf ;fgf], kftnf] kmNg], vfFbf dL7f], kfSbf xl/of] x'g], /];f a9L xl/o}df kfSg], af]qmf afSnf], /l;nf], u'bL sd, vfFbf k|m'6Lsf] h:tf] :jfb cfpg], sL/f gnfUg], kmn nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg] nf]xf]/f] h:tf] kmn kmNg], 7"nf] bfgf, e]6\gfdf /ftf,] sL/f gnfUg], u'bL / u'lnof] a9L x'g] bfgf ;'kf/Lh:t} x'g], em''Kk kmNg], u'bLdf /];f a9L x'g] 6fpsf]df l;Gb"/ h:t} 6Lsf x'g], xl/o}df kfSg], l7Ss dL7f], afSnf] em'Kk kmNg], rfF8} kfSg] of] n]v 8f= afns[i0f hf]zLsf] ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . |l-------l|l-------l| - 208 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s, nlntk'/ w'jk|;fb ;fksf]6f sf]GHof];f]d ufpFkflnsf #, bnrf]sL, nlntk'/, @dhurbasapkota777@yahoo.com kl/ro bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos aLp a}s @)%@ -!(($_ ;fndf o"=P;=;L= -USC_= Sofgf8f g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] bnrf]sLdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . of] g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s xf] -Joshi 2012, Bhandari et al 2012_= o;sf] z'¿jftdf g} !^ 6g aLp e08f/0f ug{ ;lsg] Ifdtf;lxtsf] c08/ u|fp08 sf]7f, sfof{no sf]7f, cfjf; sf]7f, tflnd xn, nufotsf ;+/rgf tof/ u/L ;~rfng u/LPsf] lyof] . o; a}+sn] nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] ;flassf] bnrf]sL, gNn', ef/b]p, rf}3/], 3';]n, ;ª\v' / Os'8f]n uf=lj=;= x?df kfOg] :yfgLo hftsf aLpx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / ljsf;sf nflu tflnd, uf]i7L, e|d0f cflb sfo{qmdx? lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;do–;dodf :yfgLo hftsf aLp k|bz{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . s[ifs–s[ifsaLr cg'ejsf] ;f6f;f6, aLpsf] dxÎj, ;ª\sng / ljt/0f x'g] x'Fbf ;do–;dodf :yfgLo hftsf aLp k|bz{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;n] /fli6«o hLg a}+s tyf ;fx; -SAHAS_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljws ;xof]udf :yfgLo hftsf] u'h'd'h] / 8'8] /fof], /fli6«o aLplahg ;ldltcGtu{t aLplahg u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f s]Gb|df btf{ klg u/]sf] 5 . oL hftx? ;d'b|;txaf6 !%)) b]lv @#)) ld6/ prfO;Ddsf e"efux?df ;kmntfk"j{s pTkfbg eO/x]sf 5g\ . of] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}ssf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t eP/ t¿n, lk+8fn', ;v/v08, O:s';, e'OF:ofph:tf afnLx?sf] :yfgLo hftx?sf] klg ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . eljiodf cGo afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx?sf] klg vf]hL tyf ;ª\sng u/L lkmN8 hLg a}+snfO{ yk Jojl:yt / ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns ljljwtf;lxtsf] /d0fLo :yndf of] aLp a}+s ePsfn] nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] blIf0fL e]u bnrf]sL s]xL jif{b]lv s[lif ko{6s / sn]hsf ljByL{{x?sf] uGtJo :yn x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . - 209 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgk|lqmof bnrf]sL] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;ldltsf] kxndf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, nlntk'/df ljlwjt ?kdf btf{ ePsf s[ifs ;d"xx? / cGo ;fd'bflos ;ª\3;+:yfx?sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6 :yfkgfÚ ePsf] xf] . o; a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf, ldlnh'nL ;fd'bflos s[ifs ;d"x, nfn'kft] s[ifs ;d"x, lr;fkfgL ;fd'bflos s[ifs ;d"x, ;'gufef ;fd'bflos s[ifs ;d"x, dgsfdgf dlxnf s[ifs ;d"x, hgPstf ;fd'bflos s[ifs ;d"x, l;dnaf]6 ;fd'bflos s[ifs ;d"x, yfgfklt tf]/L pTkfbs ks]6 ;~rfns ;ldlt / l8lehg ;xsf/L sfof{no nlntk'/df btf{ ePsf bnrf]sL k|fª\ufl/s s[lif ;xsf/L / dvdnL dlxnf s[lif ;xsf/L ;d]tn] l;kmfl/; u/L k7fPsf k|ltlglw / bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;ldltsf # hgf k|ltlglw;d]t u/L !# hfgf /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;d"x tyf ;xsf/Lx?df $(@ hgf dlxnf / !$! hgf k'¿if u/L ^## hgf ;b:ox?sf] cfa4tf /x]sf] 5 eg] !# hgfsf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf % hgf dlxnf / * k'¿if /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}s ;~rfns ;ldltn] a}7ssf] 5nkmnaf6 :yfgLo hftsf aLpx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox?df k/fdz{, ;Nnfx, ;'emfp / ;dGjo u/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} gofF cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ub}{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ hfg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . ;+/If0f bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf ^ j6f cGgafnLsf $# hft, ( j6f bnxgafnLsf $( hft, !% lsl;dsf t/sf/LafnLsf *) hft, d;nfafnLsf & hft, % j6f t]nxgafnLsf !^ hft / !& hftsf aLpx?sf] gd'gf /flvPsf 5g\ -tflnsf !_ . o; aLp a}+sn] l;kmfl/; u/L btf{ ePsf hftx? u'hd'h], 8'8] /fof], dgsfdgf #, b]ptL # sf] ;ª\sng / ljt/0f ub{5 . cGo /}yfg] hftsf aLpx? a}+sdf nfdf] ;do;Dd ;+/If0f ul//fVg k|ljlwx? gx'Fbf o; If]qdf kfOg] afnLx?sf] gd'gf aLp a}+sdf klg /flvG5 . s[ifsx?;Fu klg To; hftsf aLpx? 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu gd'gf aLp klg /flvG5 . ;fy} ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+sdf skmL, O:s';, t¿n / lk+8fn'h:tf afnLx?sf] ;+/If0f u/LPsf] 5 . tflnsf ! df pNn]v ePsf ljleGg afnLx?dWo] !)) eGbf a9L :yfgLo hftx? /fli6«o hLg a}s, v'dn6f/df k/:yfgLo ;+/If0fsf nflu kf;kf]6{ 8f6f;d]t e/L k7fO;lsPsf] 5 . - 210 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 aLp–pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0f :yfgLo hftsf afnLx?sf] ;+/If0fsf cltl/Qm o; a}sdf ds}sf dgsfdgf #, b]ptL #, u0f]z ! / tf]/Lsf k|Llt / ljsf; hftsf gd'gf aLpx? klg ;'/lIft /x]sf 5g\ . o; a}+sn] cGo ;fd'bflos aLp a}sx?n] h:t} j0f{;ª\s/ cyf{t\ xfOla|8 hftsf aLpx?sf] sf/f]jf/ ub}{g . tflnsf != ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdf ;+/lIft afnL / hftx? s=;+= afnL hftsf] gfd Afp6], 6fOlrg, dl;gf], kf]v/]nL, ;'Svf @, ! wfg v'dn $, sfnf], ef]hk'/], v'dn * Uff]Ns' 5]kf/], sfnf], ahfª], /ftf], k'tnL, kfgL, @ ds} u0f]z !, dgsfdgf#, b]ptL #, a]a/], d'/nL sfe|], HjfOF, aug], gª\u|], s];]|, wfg, 8Nn] # sf]bf] kx]+n], :yfgLo ;]tf] , ;fpg] /ftf], sfnf], b"w], $ ux'F d'8'n],cf/ @! % kmfk/ tLt], dL7] ^ Hf}f ;]tf], sfnf] & d:ofª /ftf], ;]tf] * u'/fF; /ftf], ;]tf] ( d';'/f] sfnf], /ftf] xl/of], ;]tf], v}/f], ;l7of, 7"nf] v}/f], sfnf], !) e6df; ;]tf] sfG5L !! uxt ;]tf], s}nf] !@ af]8L v}/f], t'g], sfnf], 7"nf] gu/sf]6], ;]tf], rf}df;] sfnf],c;f/] !# l;dL s}nf],sknfgL kx+]nf], r/Lkm"n], sflQs], /ftf] l5/la/], /fhdf, l3p cf/s]n, ufhn], :yfgLo 7"nf], :yfgLo ;fgf], !$ s]/fp l;lSsd], 7"nf], ;fgf] kmnfd], !% as'Nnf 7"nf], ;fgf] !^ /fof] u'hd'Hh], 8'8], sFf8], dfkmf{, !& l3/f}+nf xl/of] nfdf], lkmSsf xl/of] ;]tf], 5f]6f] !* Uf]fne+]8f nK;L uf]ne]+8f, :yfgLo !( d"nf /ftf], ;]tf] @) tLt]s/]nf ;fgf], 7"nf] @! /fdtf]l/of nfdf], 5f]6f] @@ nf}sf uf]nf], nfdf] - 211 - hft;ª\Vof ( !@ !! @ @ @ @ @ @ & @ $ !) & @ $ # @ @ @ @ @ Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 s=;+= @# @$ @% @^ @& @* @( #) #! #@ ## #$ #% #^ #& afnL sfFs|f] km;L{ a/]nf n§] eG6f sfpnL kfn'Ëf] hl/Ëf] Kofh v';f{gL wlgofF ;'k d]yL rD;'/ n;'g #* tf]/L #( $) $! $@ $# $$ $% $^ $& ´';] ltn l;nfd ;:o"F cfn; cfn' t¿n ;v/v08 lk+8fn' e'OF:ofp hDdf hftsf] gfd eStk'/], bnrf]sL :yfgLo n]sfnL ;]tf], xl/of], l5/la/] nfdf] :yfgLo, pGgt /ftf], sfnf], ;]tf] dl;gf], nfDrf] ue]{, a|f]sfpnL, pGgt :yfgLo :yfgLo uf9f xl/of], lkmSsf xl/of] :yfgLo csa/], kj{t], g]kfn], lh/] :yfgLo :yfgLo :yfgLo :yfgLo :yfgLo kx]nf], k|ult, k|Llt, 7"nf] tf]/L, pGglt, n'Dn] !, uf]Nntf]/L, df]/fª, sfnf]tf]/L, kx]nf]tf]/L, ljsf;, afn tf]/L sfnf] :yfgLo :yfgLo ;]tf] :yfgLo kx]+nf] :yfgLo n]sfnL, s'km|L Hof]lt 3/, jg, kftfn], /ftf], ;]tf] b"w], sfnf], t'g], ;]tf] lkmSsf :yfgLo hft;ª\Vof @ # @ # @ # ! @ ! $ ! ! ! ! ! !@ ! ! ! ! @ # @ $ ! !$( ;fem]bf/ ;ª\3;+:yfx? bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf o"=P;=;L= Sofgf8f–g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf k|ljlws ;xof]udf ePsf] xf] . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf @ cf]6f cG8/u|fp08 aLp e08f/sIf, cfjf;sf]7f / tflndxnsf] lgdf{0f o"=P;=;L= Sofgf8f–g]kfnsf] ;xof]uaf6 g} ePsf] xf] . ;fx; g]kfnsf] cly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf bnrf]sL, gNn', rf}3/], ;ª\v', a'v]n / Os'8f]n ;d]tsf s[ifsx?sf] ;xeflutfdf s[lif d]nf k|bz{gL ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . ;fx; g]kfn / /fli6«o hLg a}+ssf] ;xof]udf g} u'h'd'h] / - 212 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 8'8] hftsf /fof]sf] cg';Gwfg u/L aLplahg u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f s]Gb|af6 btf{ ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfo{no nlntk'/af6 bnrf]sL ;d'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfngsf nflu aLp pkrf/ d]l;g, l;8lag, lr:ofg gfKg] oGq, aLp ;'sfpg] vnf] lgdf{0f, aLplahg ;xof]uh:tf ef}lts ;fdu|Lx? / aLp–pTkfbg ks]6 lj:tf/, k|fljlws ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfp k|fKt ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o hLg a}+saf6 o; bnrf]sL ;d'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ lg/Gt/ ;xof]u, ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L bnrf]sL ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfx?af6 lg/Gt/ ;xof]u, ;Nnfx, ;'emfp / k/fdz{ k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sn] u/]sf dxÎjk"0f{ sfo{x? • cGgafnL, bnxgafnL, t/sf/LafnLnufotsf afnLx?sf] :yfgLo hftx?sf] aLp;ª\sng, k'g:yf{kgf, ;+/If0f / aLp a}+sdf gd'gf Joj:yfkgÙ • dgsfdgf #, b]ptL, u0f]z ! hftsf ds} / k|Llt / ljsf; hftsf tf]/Lsf aLp–pTkfbg tyf ljqmLljt/0fdf Jofj;flostftkm{ pGd'v, xF'b} cfPsf]Ù • k|fljlwsx?sf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfp / lg/LIf0fdf :yfgLo u'h'd'h] / 8'8] /fof]sf] aLp pTkfbg ul/Psf]Ù • aLp pTkfbs s[ifsx?sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo aLp–pTkfbg tflnd lgoldt ?kdf cfof]hgf ub}{ cfPsf]Ù • ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+ssf] :yfkgf, Joj:yfkg / lj:tf/ ul/b} cfPsf] . ;d:of / r'g}tL • ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfngsf nflu ko{Kt k'Flhsf]if gx'g'Ù • aLplahg pkof]u / s[lifsd{ ug]{ o'jf hgzlQmsf] cefj x'g'Ù • ljBfnosf] cfwf/e"t sIffb]lv g} k7\oqmddf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] dxÎj ;dfj]z x'g g;Sg'Ù • ;+:yfdf ;fdGo s[lif k|ljlws ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg'Ù • ljz]if u'0f ePsf :yfgLo aLpsf hftx?sf] btf{k|lqmofdf nfg Ifdtf / ;dGjosf] sdL x'g'Ù - 213 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 • ;DalGwt s[lif lgsfo Pj+ ;ª\3;+:yfx?;Fu kof{Kt ;dGjo, ;Dks{ / ;xof]u k|fKt x'g g;Sg'Ù • aLp a}+sdf ePsf gd'gf aLpx? nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfO/fVg g;Sg', kof{Kt aLp e08f/0fsIfx?sf] cefj x'gfn] k'/fgf] aLp x6fO{ gofF aLpsf] tTsfn Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg'Ù • aLpsf] k|rf/k|;f/df sdL eO{ ahf/Ls/0fdf tLj| ult lng g;Sg', • :yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s geO{ gx'g] s'/fsf] cjwf/0ff / dxÎj a'emfpg g;Sg'Ù • :yfgLo txsf ;+/rgf kljt{g x'g' . ;Gbe{;fdu|L Bhandari B, M Hamal, J Rai, D Sapkota, K Sangel, BK Joshi and P Shrestha. 2013. Establishment and Present Status of Dalchoki Community Seed Bank in Lalitpur, Nepal. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proc. National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity Int’l, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara; pp.47-60. Joshi BK. 2013. A brief overview of community seed bank initiatives in Nepal. In: Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future (P Shrestha, R Vernooy and P Chaudhary, eds). Proc. National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity Int’l, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal; pp.4146. |l-------l|l-------l| - 214 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Community Seed Bank in Nepal (BK Joshi, P Shrestha, D Gauchan and R Vernooy, eds). Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop, Kathmandu. NAGRC, LI-BIRD and Bioversity International. ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL bf];|f] /fli6«o sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf ;'emfp kLtfDa/ >]i7!, afns[i0f hf]zL@, s[i0fxl/ l3ld/]@ / b]j]Gb| uf}rg# ! nL–a8{, kf]v/f @/fli6«o hLg a}+s, v'dn6f/ #afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zgn, v'dn6f/ k[i7e"ld lj=;+= @)%) df nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] bnrf]sLaf6 z'¿ ePsf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL sfd xfn g]kfnsf #% lhNnfx?df km}lnO;s]sf] 5 / o;sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] 5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] cu'jfOdf yfngL ePsf] o; sfdnfO{ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n] lj=;+= @)^) df / s[lif, e"ld Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnon] lj=;+= @)^% b]lv ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?df ;dfj]z u/L sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd :yfkgf ul/Psf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?n] tLj|ultdf nf]k eO/x]sf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] oyf:yfgLo tyf 3/v]t :ynLo ;+/If0f ug{ / s[ifsx?sf] v]taf/L / xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf y/Ly/Lsf aLpx? ;j{;'ne ?kdf pknAw u/fpg cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ aLpdf s[ifsclwsf/ sfod ug]{ / vfB;Dk|e'tf ;'lglZrt ug]{ k4ltsf ?kdf klg ljZjJofkL ?kdf k|:t't ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . ljZjsf cGo b]zx?df h:t} g]kfndf klg ljleGg :j?k / cfsf/k|sf/sf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx? :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;n] ;d'bfonfO{ lbg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx?df klg ljljwtf 5 . g]kfndf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL ePu/]sf sfd tyf glthfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ / To;sf] clen]vLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fd'bflos aL]p a}+s :yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fem]bf/ ;ª\3;:yfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf lj=;+= @)^( sf] h]7 dlxgfdf kf]v/fdf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL klxnf] /fli6«o sfo{zfnf uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ul/Psf sfo{kqx? ;dfj]z u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf] k':tsn] g]kfndf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf ;DaGwdf ePsf sfdnfO{ aflx/L ;+;f/df k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ yk d2t k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . - 215 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf -@)^%_, s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt -@)^# / o;sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)&!_ / /fli6«o aLplahg b"/b[li6 -lj=;+= @)^( b]lv @)*!_ df ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s k|j4{g ug]{ s'/f ;dfj]z ul/g'n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ dxÎj lbPsf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu tTsfnLg ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, xfnsf] ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?sf] e"ldsf tyf ;xof]u klg ;x|fxgLo g} /x]sf] 5 . tfklg dfly plNnlvt gLlt, lgb]{lzsf / sfg"gdf plNnlvt k|fjwfgx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug]{ xf] eg] w]/} sfd ug{ afFsL g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] yfngL ePsf] b'O{ bzs gfl3;s]sf] 5 / o;sf] lg/Gt/ ljsf; / lj:tf/ klg eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf eO/x]sf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL c;n cEof;x?n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kfl//x]sf 5g\ . t/ ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yf / s[ifs ;d'bfox?df ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s af/]sf] a'emfOdf cem klg Ps?ktf 5}g . xfn;Dd s[ifs ;d"x, ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] Pp6f lqmofsnfksf ?kdf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd g]kfnsf s'g–s'g ;+:yfx?n] lsg, slt / s;/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;xL tYof° s'g} klg lgsfo;Fu 5}g . ctM g]kfndf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf ;DaGwdf ePsf sfdnfO{ Pslqt, yk kl/is[t / d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug'{ ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . oL dflysf s'/fx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, h}ljs ljljwtf cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo kxn -nL–a8{ / afof]el;{l6 OG6/g]zgnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf lj=;+= @)&% j}zfv @), @! / @@ ut] nlntk'/df ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL bf];|f] /fli6«o sfo{zfnf uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . s[lif, e"ld Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf ;lrj 8f= o'jsWjh lh=;L=, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f= j}Bgfy dxtf], aLplahg u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f s]Gb|sf k|d'v, s[lif ljefucGtu{t afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfnosf sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, /fli6«o hLg a}+ssf k|d'v, afof]el;{6L OG6/g]zngsf gLltljZn]ifs, ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx?, g]kfnsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns :yfgx?df :yfkgf ePsf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf k|d'v tyf k|ltlgwx? ;lxt ^@ hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] pQm sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ln] s[lif, e"ld Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfox?, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ / o; ljifodf sfd ug]{ tyf ;/f]sf/ - 216 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 /fVg] cGo ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfx?n] sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/L g]kfndf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ cem kl/is[t, kl/dflh{t, Pslqt / k|efjsf/L ?kdf cl3 a9fpgsf nflu uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?n] lgDg ;'emfpx? tyf sfo{of]hgf k]z ub{5g\M ;'emfpx? (Workshop Recommendation) != ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] j}wflgstf, ;"rLs[t, lgodg / gjLs/0f ug{] lgsfosf] Joj:yf M g]kfndf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx? s[ifs ;d"x, ;xsf/L jf :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd s'g} klg sfg'gn] ;fd'bflos a}+ssf] j}wflgstfsf nflu btf{, ;"rLs[t / lgodg ug]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g . km/s–km/s lgsfodf btf{ x'g] / cf–cfkm\g} tl/sfn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ubf{ g]kfndf s]–slt ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s s'g cj:yfdf 5g\ / pgLx?n] s]–s:tf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpg klg sl7g 5 . ctM ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snfO{ o;}sf gfdaf6 jf cGo tl/sfaf6 btf{, gjLs/0f / lgodg ug{] ;ª\3Lo jf k|fb]lzs lgsfo tf]Sg' cfjZos 5 . ;fy} ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] d'Vo p2]Zo s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] oyf:yfgLo tyf 3/v]tL:ynLo ;+/If0f ug'{ /x]sf] / /fli6«o hLg a}+ssf] If]qflwsf/leq of] sfd klg ;dfj]z ePsfn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx? :yfgLo, k|fb]lzs jf ;ª\3Lo txsf] h'g;'s} lgsfodf btf{ eP tfklg /fli6«o hLg a}+sdf klg ;"rLs[t / lglZrt cjlwdf gjLs/0f ug]{ / cfjZos tYof° cBfjlws ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ cg'/f]w ul/G5 . @= ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] juL{s/0f tyf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f M g]kfndf y'k|} u}/;sf/L ;+:yfx?, bft[lgsfox?, afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno / /fli6«o hLg a}+sn] ljleGg lhNnfx?df ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf / Joj:yfkgdf ;xhLs/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ lgsfo cg';f/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] sfdsf] bfo/f, cfsf/k|sf/ / sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf klg cf–cfkm\g} lsl;dsf 5g\ . oL s'/fx?n] xfdLnfO{ s] oL ;a} ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s x'g\ t eGg] s'/f ;f]Rg afWo kfb{5g\ . ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf, kl/efiff / g]kfndf lj=;+= @)^( h]7 dlxgfdf ;DkGg ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL klxnf] /fli6«o sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ln] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s eGgsf nflu s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] oyf:yfgLo ;+/If0f / 3/v]tL:ynLo ;+/If0fdf clgjfo{ ;+nUg ePsf] x'g'kg]{ egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s x'gsf nflu sDtLdf s]–slt s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f - 217 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 ug'{kb{5, slt ;b:o x'g'kb{5, s]–s:tf JolQmx? ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] ;b:o aGg ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/fx? cem klg cg'Ql/t g} 5g\ . ctM oL s'/fx?nfO{ Wofg lbO{ lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf / eljiodf :yfkgf x'g] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf] juL{s0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . /fli6«o hLg a}+sn] ;d]6]sf cGo ;+/If0f ljlwx? h:t} ;fd'bflos hLg a}+s, ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+s, ljBfno lkmN8 hLg a}+s, ufFp:t/Lo lkmN8 hLg a}+s, hnLo s'08 hLg a}+s cflbnfO{ :yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkgdf klg cfjZos kxn ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;} u/L xfn hfgsf/Ldf cfPcg';f/ tgx'F, ndh'ª, uf]vf{ / l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfx?df cfFksf /}yfg] hftx?sf k'/fgf au}+rfx? k|z:t /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/ ax';ª\Vos au}+rfx? ;+/If0fsf] cefjdf dfl;g] / dxÎjk"0f{ /}yfg] hftx? nf]k x'g] vt/fdf 5g\ . ctM tL au}+rfx?sf] klxrfg u/L ;fd'bflos lkmN8 hLg a}+ssf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;d'bfonfO{ ;+/If0f, pkof]u / Joj:yfkgdf lhDd]jf/ agfpgsf nflu cfjZos sbd rfNg cg'/f]w ul/G5 . #= ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s;DaGwL lgoldt sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 ljlgof]hg M afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfnosf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf;DaGwL sfo{qmd / ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf] cg'/f]wdf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfx?n] cfsnem'sn ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]afx]s xfn;Dd s'g} klg ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgoldt ?kdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg tyf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] 5}g . ctM s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf] oyf:yfgLo / 3/v]tL:ynLo ;+/If0f tyf pkof]usf nflu ;/sf/L ;+oGqaf6 lgoldt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . $= s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f If]q tyf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ug]{ :yfgsf] klxrfg M g]kfn s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfdf wgL 5 eg]/ xfdL elg/x]sf 5f}+ . tfkgL g]kfnsf ;a} ef}uf]lns If]qdf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] l:ylt ;dfg 5}g . g]kfnsf ;a} :yfgdf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug{ ;Dej gx'g klg ;S5 . ctM s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfdf wgL ePsf If]qx? klxrfg u/L s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f;DaGwL ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 . tL If]qdf ;~rfng ul/g] ljljw s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf pkof]usf lqmofsnfkx?dWo] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s Pp6f d'Vo lqmofsnfksf ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f If]qsf] klxrfg u/L ;fd'bflos aLp a}+snufotsf lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ubf{ xfnsf] h:tf] hxfFkfof] ToxL+ / ;+:yf cg's"nsf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf ug]{ k|rng klg 36]/ hfg] b]lvG5 . - 218 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 %= :yfgLo hftx?sf] btf{k|lqmofsf] ;xh Joj:yf M g]kfndf cem klg w]/} s[ifsx?n] y'k|} afnLx?sf :yfgLo hftx?sf] v]tL ul//x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] w]/} hftx? pkof]uL u'0fx?n] el/k"0f{ ePsf / pTkfbg / cfDbfgLsf kIfaf6 klg pGgt hftx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf 5g\ . t/ tL hftx?nfO{ jt{dfg sfg'gL k|fjwfg, ljlw / k|lqmofaf6 btf{ ug{ Tolt ;xh 5}g . t;y{ :yfgLo hftx?sf] btf{k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f u/L pkof]uL u'0f ePsf k|lt:kwL{ hftx? ;s];Dd rfF8f] btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{ tL hftx?nfO{ Jofj;flos txdf aLp–pTkfbg / k|rf/k|;f/df 6]jf k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . ^= d:of}bf sfg"gx?df ;fd'bflos aLpa}+s;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? yk ug]{ M xfn s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt tLgj6f sfgg"x? d:of}bfsf ?kdf 5g\ . tL x'g\ s_ la¿jfsf] hft;+/If0f tyf s[ifs clwsf/;DaGwL d:of}bf sfg"g, v_ cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tdf kx'Fr tyf nfesf] afF8kmfF8;DaGwL d:of}bf sfg"g / u_ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf pkof]u;DaGwL d:of}bf sfg"g . t/ oL tLgj6} d:of}bf sfg'gx?df s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]udf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] e"ldsfsf] rrf{ / To;sf] k|jw{g ul/g] s'/f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . ctM oL d:of}bf sfg"gx? ;ª\3Lo ;+;bdf k]z x'g'cufj} ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] e"ldsf / dxÎj ;dfj]z ug{ kxn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . &= /fli6«o s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf M g]kfndf s[lif ljsf; / pGgt k|ljlw k|;f/df pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf s[ifs, s[ifs ;d"x, JolQm / ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf nflu lhNnf / /fli6«o :t/df k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf 5 . t/ xfn;Dd s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f / pkof]u k|jw{gdf nfu]sf s[ifs, s[ifs ;d"x, JolQm / ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ lsl;dsf] k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lv+b}g . To;}n] s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f / pkof]usf] k|jw{gdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]nfO{ Pp6f JolQmut / Pp6f ;fd"lxs k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . *= :yfgLo / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] ;dfj]z M b]zsf] kl/jlt{t ;+/rgf / cj:yf cg';f/ tLj|ultdf nf]k eO/x]sf s[lif cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf nflu :yfgLo tyf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] klg s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxÎj / To;sf] ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L :yfgLo Pj+ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s :yfkgf sfo{qmd ;dfj]z ug{ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] gLlt, lgod, dfu{bz{g / lgb]{zg lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . - 219 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 (= ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;anLs/0f M g]kfndf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsfo{df ;+nUg ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?sf] k|yd /fli6«o e]nf lj=;+= @)^( kmfu'g @* ut] b]lv #) ut];Dd srf]jf{ ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s af/fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm e]nfsf cGTodf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;ldlt / ;ldltdf cfa4 ;b:o ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx? jif{df Psk6s e]nf eO{ cf–cfkm\gf ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sx?n] jif{el/ u/]sf sfdsf] k|ult ;dLIff, aLp / ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf ;b:ox? / ;fd'bflos aLp a}+ssf] Ifdtf ljsf;df of]ubfg k'lu/x]sf] 5 . t/ xfn;Dd ePu/]sf lqmofsnfkx? d"ntM u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;~rfng ug]{ kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]udf cfwfl/t 5g\ h'g lbuf] gx'g klg ;S5g\ . ctM s]xL v'6\lsnf] kf/ ul/;s]sf] ;fd'bflos aLp a}+s /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltsf] yk Ifdtf ljsf; u/L lbuf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 lgoldt ?kdf sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ ;lsPdf s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf If]qdf eljiodf ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] b]lvPsfn] o;tkm{ klg ;DalGwt lgsfosf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5f}+ . !)= ef}uf]lns ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u M ;fd'bflos aLp a}+sdfkm{t ljleGg :yfgLo hftx?sf ljlzi6 u'0fx?sf] klxrfg / cWoog–cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbO{ :yfgljz]if cg';f/sf] df}lns s[lif pkhx?sf] pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fdf ef}uf]lns ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]usf nflu cfjZos /sd ljlgof]hg tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . - 220 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Annex I. Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Factsheet • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The first community seed bank in Nepal was initiated by USC Canada Nepal at Dalchoki village of Lalitpur district in 1994. Conservation and genetic enhancement of crops landraces had already been started at Dalchoki, Lalitpur in late 1992. Dr. Bal Krishna Joshi visited Ethiopia for learning the concept of community seed banks and initiated the first community seed bank at Dalchoki, Lalitpur. Among 144 self-claimed community seed banks in Nepal, 40 are active, 6 are passive (dormant), 95 are transmuted (transformed) and 3 are collapsed as of December 2018. Started in 2003, Kachorwa community seed banks in Bara district of Nepal is actively involved in conservation of rice landrace of central tarai Nepal. The highest number of publications on community seed banks has been documented by Pitambar Shrestha. He has been continuously involved in supporting establishment and strengthening the community seed banks in Nepal. The National Genebank, Department of Agriculture, LI-BIRD, Bioversity International and Action Aid Nepal are actively involved in promoting community seed bank in Nepal. To be a community seed bank, it should be operated by a group of farmers and they must be involved in promoting conservation and sustainable use of agricultural plant genetic resources. Community seed banks without involvement in conservation and use of agricultural plant genetic resources cannot be considered as a community seed bank. Most of the community seed banks in Nepal produce and distribute seeds of both local and improved varieties. Most of the community seed banks in Nepal are handling orthodox types of crops but some are also involved in handling both orthodox and non-orthodox crops. Among 40 active community seed banks, 5 CSBs have also established community field genebank. NAGRC has started Community Field Genebank and Community Genebank concept for managing total agricultural biodiversity at community levels. First community field genebank of mango was established by Gadariya Community Seed Bank of Kailali in 2010. Chepe-Marsyangdi Community Seed Bank at Rainas, Lamjung has started rejuvenating old community mango orchard is 2016. Some communities are planning to start conservation of genetic resources in religiously protected areas, rejuvenation of old orchards, geographical indication, and establishing aqua pond genebank and livestock farm genebank, collectively called Community Genebank. Most of the community seed banks in Nepal are project based. There is no one completely evolved with the initiation of local community. Red zoning and red listing of APGRs are adopted by many CSBs. Some of the community seed banks have started registration of landraces in National Seed Board and maintaining source seeds of the registered landraces. 24 CSBs have sent a total of 1263 collections of 81 different crops in national genebank for ex-situ conservation. - 221 - Annex II. Inventory of Community Seed Banks in Nepal (as of Dec 2018) SN Name of CSB District Year established Agroeco-zone Crop species conserved, n Local varieties conserved, n Lead Organization Collaborating partners for initiating CSB USC Canada SAHAS Nepal, NAGRC Functional NARC, Bioversity, IDRC Functional Status Dalchoki CSB, Lalitpur Lalitpur 1994 Mid hill 47 149 2 Kachorwa CSB Bara 2003 Tarai 23 115 3 Rainaas CSB Sindhuli 2006 NA NA 4 Belawa CSB Bardiya 2007 Tarai 24 64 LI-BIRD WTLCP (MoFSC, UNEP/ GEF/UNDP, NARC, Bioversity) Functional 5 Gadariya CSB Kailali 2007 Tarai NA NA LI-BIRD WTLCP (MoFSC, UNEP/ GEF/UNDP, NARC, Bioversity) Not functional 6 Shankarpur CSB Kanchanpur 2007 Tarai 1 17 LI-BIRD 7 Beldandi CSB Kanchanpur 2008 Tarai NA NA LI-BIRD 8 Masuriya CSB Kailali 2008 Tarai 21 59 LI-BIRD WTLCP (MoFSC, UNEP/ GEF/UNDP, NARC, Bioversity) Functional 9 Pathraiya CSB Kailali 2008 Tarai NA NA LI-BIRD WTLCP (MoFSC, UNEP/ GEF/UNDP, NARC, Bioversity) Not functional 10 Jogimara CSB Dhading 2009 Mid hill NA NA LI-BIRD IDRC, Canada Not Functional LI-BIRD/ NARC/ Bioversity Int’l Parivartan Nepal - WTLCP (MoFSC, UNEP/ GEF/UNDP, NARC, Bioversity) WTLCP (MoFSC, UNEP/ GEF/UNDP, NARC, Bioversity) Not functional Functional Not functional Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 - 222 - 1 11 Tamaphok CSB Sankhuwasabha 2009 Mid hill Crop species conserved, n 24 12 Agyauli CSB Nawalparasi 2010 Tarai 25 54 LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway Functional 13 Ghanteshwor CSB Ghanteshwor, Doti 2010 High hill 19 45 LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway, DoA Functional 14 Purkot CSB Purkot, Tanahun 2010 Mid hills 34 113 LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway Functional 15 Sunaulo CSB Rampur, Dang 2010 Tarai 40 84 LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway Functional 16 Shivagunj CSB Shivagun, Jhapa 2010 Tarai 21 107 LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway Functional 17 Talium CSB Talium, Jumla 2010 High hill - - LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway Not functional 18 Simariya CSB Simariya, Sunsari 2011 Tarai NA NA NARC - Functional 19 Sindhu CSB Kuntadevi, Okhaldhunga 2010 Mid hill NA NA CDD, DOA - Functional 20 Pokhara CSB Amargadhi, Dadeldhura 2010 Mid hill NA NA CDD, DOA - Functional 21 Puthak Saving and Credit Coop Ltd Basatpur, Bara 2012 Tarai 6 6 Action Aid - Functional 22 Malika CSB Simichour, Gulmi 2012 Mid hill NA NA CDD, DOA - Functional 23 Kalika CSB Khalanga, Jajarkot 2012 Mid hill NA NA CDD, DOA - Functional District Year established Agroeco-zone Local varieties conserved, n 101 Lead Organization Collaborating partners for initiating CSB LI-BIRD IDRC, Canada Functional Status Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 - 223 - SN Name of CSB District Year established Agroeco-zone Crop species conserved, n Local varieties conserved, n Lead Organization Collaborating partners for initiating CSB SN Name of CSB 24 Krishi CSB Dharmadevi, Sankhuwasabha 2014 Mid hill NA NA CDD, DOA - Functional 25 Ranadevi CSB Dhading 2014 Mid hil NA NA CDD, DoA - Functional Shree Karmanasha tarkari utpadak Krishi Samuha Hariyali community seed Bank Godawari Municipality, Chapagaun, Lalitpur 2014 Mid hill 5 10 Action Aid - Functional Swami KartikKhapar, Zera, Bajura 2014 High hill 5 11 Action Aid - Functional Gramthan 1, Morang 2015 Tarai 28 44 Action Aid DADO Functional Oyakjung, Fedap, Terhathum 2015 Mid hill 9 9 Action Aid - Functional Chhathar Terhathum 2015 Mid hill 15 25 Action Aid -- Functional 26 27 Charpate CSB - 224 - Janalaknyan Multipropose cooperative Ltd. Kalyankari Women Livestock Agriculture Cooperative Gadhimai Community Seedbank Ma Bhagawati Community Bank Basatpur, Bara 2015 Tarai 13 13 Action Aid - Functional Golagunj, Amarpur Bara 2015 Tarai 18 30 Action Aid - Functional 33 Gobindapur Agriculture Group Malahanama, Lahan, Siraha 2015 Tarai 12 12 Action Aid - Functional 34 Lahan CSB Siraha 2016 Tarai 17 55 LI-BIRD CARE Nepal Functional 35 Chepe Marysyangdi CSB Rainas Municipality, Satbise, Lamjung 2016 Mid hill 36 235 COPPADES/ LWS National Genebank and Bioversity Functional 29 30 31 32 Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 28 Status SN Name of CSB District Chainpur Municipality, Kharang, Sannkhuwasabha Bardaghat municipality-15 Prithbibasti, Nawalparasi Year established Agroeco-zone Crop species conserved, n Local varieties conserved, n Lead Organization Collaborating partners for initiating CSB 2016 Mid hill 15 15 Action Aid - Functional 2016 Tarai NA NA Action Aid - Functional Status 37 Sirjanshil Community Seed Bank 38 Chhipra CSB Chhipra, Humla 2017 High hill 29 55 LI-BIRD NARC, Bioversity I, UNEP/GEF Functional 39 Ghanpokhara CSB Ghanpokhara, Lamjung 2017 High hill 15 79 LI-BIRD NARC, Bioversity, UNEP/GEF Functional 40 Hanku CSB Hanku, Jumla 2017 High hill 21 62 LI-BIRD NARC, Bioversity, UNEP/GEF Functional 41 Jungu CSB Jungu, Dolakha 2017 High hill 10 35 LI-BIRD NARC, Bioversity, UNEP/GEF Functional 42 Srijanshil Seed Production committee Godawari Municipality, Badikhel, Lalitpur 2017 Tarai 10 15 Action Aid - Functional 43 Dihiwar Agricultural Group Lahan Municipality, Jahadi, Siraha 2017 Tarai 8 12 Action Aid - Functional 44 Piskar CSB Piskar, Sindhupalchok 2018 Mid hill 28 54 LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway Process of establishment 45 Mohammadpur CSB Mohammadpur, Bardiya 2018 Tarai 18 30 LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway Process of establishment 46 Ramnagar CSB Joshipur, Kailali 2018 Tarai 20 45 LI-BIRD The Development Fund, Norway Process of establishment NA, Not available. Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 - 225 - 36 Kharang Communicy Seed bank Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Annex III. Number of Crop Species and Landraces Displayed in the Workshop SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Name and address of CSB Agyauli CSB, Kawasoti Municipality, Nawalparasi Chhipra CSB, Kharpunath Rural Municipality, Humla Ghanpokhara CSB, Marsyandi Municipality, Lamjung Ghanteswar CSB, Jorayal Municipality, Doti Hanku CSB, Tatopani Municipality, Jumla Jungu CSB, Gaurishankar Rural Municipality, Dolakha Masuriya CSB, Gauriganga Municipality, Kailali Shivaganj CSB, Shivasatakshi Municipality, Jhapa Number of species Tamaphok CSB, Dharmadevi Rural Municipality, Sankhuwasabha Total - 226 - Number of local varieties 20 28 11 46 7 22 26 40 8 26 16 96 38 62 24 104 19 42 466 Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Annex IV. Workshop Participants Designation Director, Planning & Coordination SN Name 1 Aananda Gautam, PhD 2 Aasharam Chaudhary Treasurer 3 Aithan Shahi 4 Anil Acharya Vice-President Senior Horticulture Development Officer 5 Baidya Nath Mahto, PhD Executive Director 6 Bal Krishna Joshi, PhD Senior Scientist 7 Bharat Bhandari 8 Bikash Paudel, PhD Programme Operations Director Programme Development Director 9 Bimal Thapa Programme Director 10 Brinda Linkha Technical Assistant 11 Chhumru Sardar Tharu Chairperson 12 Deepa Sing Shrestha Senior Scientist/DADS Focal point/Output Manager 13 14 15 Deependra Keshari Neupane Devendra Gauchan, PhD Dhruba Prasad Sapkota Plant Breeder Organization NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur Shankarpur CSB, Kanchanpur Chipra CSB, Humla MoALD, Kathmandu NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur National Genebank, Khumaltar, Lalitpur LI-BIRD, Pokhara LI-BIRD, Pokhara CDD, DoA, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur LI-BIRD, Dolakha Charpate CSB, Gramthan Municipality, Morang National Genebank, Khumaltar, Lalitpur SEAN, Kathmandu National Project Manager Bioversity International, Nepal Chairperson CSB, Dalchowki, Lalitpur 16 Dilli Jimi Chairperson 17 18 19 Dilli Paudel Dilliraman Subedi Goma Bhandari Chairperson Journalist Member 20 Hari Bahadur Rawat Member 21 Kabita Jaisi Treasurer 22 Khageshwar Jung Gurung Chairperson - 227 - Tamaphok CSB, Sankhuwasabha Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa Krishi TV, Kathmandu Masuriya CSB, Kailali Hanku CSB, Tatopani, Jumla Hanku CSB, Tatopani, Jumla Ghanapokhara CSB, Lamjung Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Designation Senior Scientist/Output Manger SN Name 23 Krishna Hari Ghimire 24 Krishna Prasad Adhikari Treasurer 25 Kumari Krishna Member 26 Lekhnath Acharya Joint Secretary 27 Lekhnath Pokhrel Journalist 28 Madan Thapa Chief 29 Mahanarayan Yadav Member 30 Mahesh Badal 31 32 Meena Jirel Mohan Hamal 33 Mukunda Bhusal 34 Narmaya Karki Livelihood and Natural Resource Coordinator Member Officer Senior Crop Development Officer Member 35 Nawalsing Khatri Chairperson 36 37 Netra Bahadur Khadka Niranjan Pudasainin Chairperson Programme Officer 38 Parbati Bhandari Chairperson 39 40 41 42 Pitambar Shrestha Pragati Babu Paneru Prakash Subedi Rajeev Dhakal Ram Krishna Shrestha, PhD Team Leader Project Officer Programme Officer Plant Breeder Senior Agri. Extension Officer 44 Ramekwal Yadav Chairperson 45 46 47 Rammani Pandey Ramsworup Chaudhari Ranjan KC Chairperson Member Journalist 48 Ratna Kumari Gurung Member 43 - 228 - Organization National Genebank, Khumaltar, Lalitpur Pragatishil Agriculture Cooperative, Maramche, Kaski Kachorwa CSB, Bara Policy and Int. Coordination Div., MoALD Himalayan Times, Kathmandu SQCC, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur ADCS, Kachorwa, Bara Action Aid Nepal, Kathmandu Jungu CSB, Dolkaha COPPADES, Lamjung CDD, DoA, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur Shivagunj CSB, Jhapa Pavitra Seed Company, Surkhet Jungu CSB, Dolakha LI-BIRD, Dolakha Agyauli CSB, Nawalparasi LI-BIRD, Pokhara LI-BIRD, Jumla OXFAM, Lalitpur LI-BIRD, POkhara DoA, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur ACSBN, Kachorwa, Bara, Nepal Rampur CSB, Dang Gadariya CSB, Kailali Krishi TV, Kathmandu Ghanapokhara CSB, Lamjung Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Designation SN Name 49 Rishiram Adhikari 50 51 Rita Gurung Ritesh Yadav Programme Officer Programme Officer 52 Ronnie Vernooy, PhD Scientist, Policy Specialist 53 Rumpha Upadhyay 54 Safal Khatiwada Member National Programme Assistant 55 Sanjay Karki Technical Assistant 56 Project Officer 58 59 Saroj Panta Shivnarayan Chaudhari Shreeram Subedi Sitaram Bajgain 60 Surendra Shrestha 61 Tara Ghimire, PhD Chief 62 63 Yogendra Malla Yubak Dhoj GC, PhD Member Secretary 57 Programme Officer Technical Assistant Member Database Management Officer - 229 - Organization NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur LI-BIRD, Pokhara LI-BIRD, Pokhara Bioversity International, Wageningen, Netherlands Chipra CSB, Humla Bioversity International, Nepal National Genebank, Khumaltar, Lalitpur LI-BIRD, Humla Action Aid Nepal, Biratnagar LI-BIRD, Lamjung Purkot CSB, Tanahun National Genebank, Khumaltar, Lalitpur SSTD, NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur Ghanteshwor CSB, Doti MoALD, Kathmandu Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Annex V. Workshop Program Language: Mix (Nepali and English) Day 1: Presentation from experts, practitioners and key actors of CSB in Nepal (15’ presentation and 5’ discussion) Opening session Chief Guest: Secretary, MoALMaC MC and Timer: Krishna H. Ghimire Gurung Time 9.00 9.30 9.31 9.40 9.45 9.50 9.55 10.00 10.05 10.10 10.20 11.00 Chair: ED, NARC Rapporteurs: Niranjan Pudasaini, Rita Program Registration and coffee National anthem Inauguration Welcome and objectives Few words Few words Few words Few words Few words Session closing Photo session and stall visit Coffee break Facilitator Chief Guest Chief, Genebank, NAGRC Ronnie Vernooy, Bioversity International Joint Secretary, MoALD Naramaya Karki, Farmer, CSB Network ED, LI-BIRD Chief Guest Session Chair Technical session -1 Chair: Joint Secretary, MoALMaC Ghimire MC and Timer: Krishna H. 11.15 Global overview of CSB 11.35 Government implemented CSBs: Approaches and Progress 11.55 National Genebank for promoting CSBs: Status and Strategies 12.15 12.35 12.55 1.00 Progress and Approach of CSBs: LIBIRD’s Experience Farmers Rights and ABS Issue in CSB Session closing Lunch break - 230 - Ronnie Vernooy; Bioversity International, Netherlands Bimal Thapa and Prakash Acharya; Crop Development Directorate, DoA Bal K. Joshi, D Singh, KH Ghimire and MN Paudel, National Genebank, Khumaltar Pitambar Shrestha; LI-BIRD Devendra Gauchan; Bioversity International Nepal Session Chair Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Farmers’ session -1 Chair: Program Director, CDD Shrestha 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 3.00 3.25 MC and Timer: Pitambar CSB sharing from DF CSB sites CSB Sharing from GEF UNEP Sites CSB Sharing from GoN implemented CSB CSB Sharing from Dalchoki CSB Sharing from WTLCP CSB Sharing from Action Aid/Oxfam CSB Sharing from Rainas, Lamjung Coffee break Technical session -2 Chair: Chief, SQCC Shrestha MC and Timer: Pitambar 3.45 Experiences of Action Aid on CSB 4.00 Experiences of Oxfam on CSB 4.15 4.30 4.45 5.00 5.10 5.30 6.00 CSB Network Experiences and Issues in CSB Networking and Capacity building Recent Initiatives and Modality of CSBs implementation in High Mountains Approaches for making CSB functional and sustainable: Experiences from Bajura Vision, Strategy, Policy and Guidelines on CSBs General discussion Session closing Social dinner Action AID Oxfam International, Lalitpur Ram Ekwal Yadav, CSB Network Bharat Bhandrai and LCP Team Ram Krishna Shrestha, TDS, DoA Anil K. Acharya; MoALMaC Session Chair Day 2: Group Discussion and Panel Presentations MC and Timer: Rita Gurung Rapporteurs: Ritesh Yadav, Niranjan Pudasaini Time Theme/Title 9.00 Coffee and informal discussion Farmers Session-2 Chair: Ram Ekwal Yadav 9.30 Farmers’ experiences sharing Group Discussion Chair: ED, LI-BIRD - 231 - Facilitator Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 11.00 1.00 2.00 2.30 3.00 3.30 4.00 4.30 4.15 5.00 Four group formation and discussion • Theme 1: Good practices and Gaps and Issues on CSBs • Theme 2: Capacity building of CSB: Issues and Options • Theme 3: Strengthening CSB Networks: Status and Recommendations • Theme 4: Policy, Mainstreaming and Sustainability Lunch break Theme 1 presentation and discussion Theme 2 presentation and discussion Theme 3 presentation and discussion Coffee break Theme 4 presentation and discussion Discussion Session closing Workshop closing (participants and organizers views) Devendra Gauchan Bal K. Joshi Bharat Bhandari Pitambar Shrestha Devendra Gauchan/ Deepa Singh Group leader Group leader Group leader Group leader Chair Day 3: Interactive discussion with CSB networks and CSB farmers Chair: Chair, CSB Network Rapporteurs: Saroj Pant, Rita Gurung Time 9.00 9.30 1.00 Theme/Title Coffee and information discussion Interaction with farmers Lunch time Facilitator Ronnie Vernooy Display Stalls of seeds and materials from CSBs representative from Tarai, Hill and Mountain districts and of publications for three days. - 232 - Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 - 233 - Workshop participants. Photo: Rajeev Dhakal, LI-BIRD. Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on CSB, Nepal 2018 Glimpse of the Workshop Dr. Yuvak Dhoj GC, Secretary to the MoALD. Photo: Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD Dr. Baidya Nath Mahto, Executive Director NARC, Photo: Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD Workshop participants. Photo: Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD Workshop participants. Photo: Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD Kumari Krishna, Kachorwa Community Seed Banks, Bara. Photo: Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD Workshop inaugural seed vessel. Photo: Pitambar Shrestha, LI-BIRD - 234 - s[lif d'nZrM hLjgd\