Independent Journal of Management &
Production
E-ISSN: 2236-269X
ijmp@ijmp.jor.br
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e
Tecnologia de São Paulo
Brasil
Ugoani, John N.N; Ibeenwo, Grace I.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN
NIGERIA: A STUDY OF THE NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF EMPLOYMENT
Independent Journal of Management & Production, vol. 6, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2015,
pp. 687-710
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo
Avaré, Brasil
Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=449544331007
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INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)
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v. 6, n. 3, July - September 2015
ISSN: 2236-269X
DOI: 10.14807/ijmp.v6i3.308
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
GENERATION IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF THE NATIONAL
DIRECTORATE OF EMPLOYMENT
John N.N Ugoani
College of Management and Social Sciences, Nigeria
E-mail: drjohnugoani@yahoo.com
Grace I. Ibeenwo
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, Nigeria
E-mail: gracyibeenwo@yahoo.com
Submission: 04/03/2015
Revision: 17/03/2015
Accept: 22/03/2015
ABSTRACT
The issues of entrepreneurship development and employment
generation continue to receive high attention because of their impact
on unemployment and poverty reduction in many parts of the world.
The
National
government
IJM&P
in
Directorate
its
efforts
of Employment
toward
was
introduced
by
employment
generation.
In
furtherance of attempts toward tackling unemployment, addressing
issues of poverty and vulnerability and promoting inclusive finance at
the
grass-root
levels,
the
Directorate
has
a
Special
Micro
Empowerment Scheme, which is aimed at promoting social inclusion
and job creation. Micro, Small and Medium enterprises such as
water/beverage sales, shoemaking, shining, among other vocations
account for about 99.6 percent of registered businesses in Nigeria by
which about 63 percent of the labour force earn a living. The
Directorate has created over 2.076 million employments since it was
established. The NDEs one million job creation programme remains a
wonderful idea in employment generation. The survey research
method was used for the study. Surveys refer to an investigation of
events that exist at the time of the research and connected with some
problem situations that is felt over a wide area. Data analysis was
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done through Pearson’s techniques. The result showed a very strong positive
correlation between entrepreneurship development and employment generation.
This is the aim of the study.
Keywords: Unemployment, Poverty, Shoemaking, Sure-P, Innovation, Chukwuma
committee, Wonderful idea, Growth and Employment strategy, ILO, UNIDO.
1. INTRODUCTION
The economic and social development of any nation depends to a large extent
on the emergency of a strong and vibrant private sector driven by entrepreneurship.
The believe in this fact has spurned several initiatives by government to foster the
creation of more micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), strengthen the
management capacity of the existing institutions and working out some modalities to
provide easy access to capital for entrepreneurship development. One of the
important agencies created by government to encourage entrepreneurship and
create more employment is the National Directorate of Employment (NDE).
The programme believes that the ebb and flow of any meaningful business
enterprise is usually highly dependent on the resilience of entrepreneurial activity
often measured by an extraordinary predisposition to business venturing, the
manifestation of high spirit for exceptional financial risk appetite, and a natural
interest to the pursuit of productive investment. In Schumpeter’s (1952) view in
(AKANWA, 2006), innovation is the basis of entrepreneurship.
Innovation includes the doing of new things and the doing of things that are
already being done in a new way. He developed his concept which is now elevated
to a school of thought. This school believes in two things – entrepreneurial role, and
managerial role. The entrepreneurial role involves making strategically important and
innovative decisions; managerial role involves maintaining routine operations of the
enterprise.
Fortunately, this coincides with the contemporary view regarding an
entrepreneur as a person who makes strategic and innovative decisions in the dayto-day management of a business. Consequently, the theory of profitability has often
been used to explain entrepreneurship earnings (AKANWA; AGU, 2005, DEBELAK,
2006).
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Entrepreneurship is the process of creating value by pulling together a unique
package of resources to exploit an opportunity. Because the entrepreneur never
controls all the necessary resources, pursuing the opportunity requires bridging the
resource gap. Such a process requires a series of choices, which must be made in a
manner, which is both internally consistent and externally appropriate to the market.
Since the market drives entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurship can therefore be
seen as a catalyst that is highly innovative along with market needs.
In doing so, the entrepreneur must translate careful choices into economic
performance, deal with the problems that arise as the enterprise grows, and decide
when to harvest the venture. The entrepreneur must carefully plan and then
gradually implement the process (HOFER; CHARAN, 1984). In an emerging market
like Nigeria, a focus on entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship and the enterprise is critical
within the important context of the necessary programming for sustainable human
development and the creation of employment (MATANMI, 2006).
Entrepreneurship is directly linked to employment because it is a unique
process that creates opportunities of employment. Employment as the word implies
means to give work to somebody, usually for payment. To this extent therefore,
employment is an act of employing somebody for a wage or payment for his
services. Employment also implies those people who are engaged either
permanently or temporarily in a productive venture for a payment. The payment may
be daily, hourly, weekly or monthly.
In contrast, unemployment is a situation in which some people who are
qualified, ready, willing and able to work do not find work to do. It is also a situation
where some people who fall within the ages of the working population, capable and
willing to work are unable to secure befitting jobs to do. Since unemployment
constitutes one of the problems facing many nations, especially the developing
nations like Nigeria, governments tend to focus much attention on programmes and
methods of combating it (UWAZIE, 2006).
The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) launched the NDE programme in
1986 as a bold strategy for dealing with mass unemployment. The programme has
four core components including: National Youth Employment and Vocational Skills
Development Programme, Small Scale Industries and Graduate Employment
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Programme, Agricultural Sector Employment Programme and Special Public Works
Programme.
These were created to take care of the majority of Nigerian Youths who have
no productive and marketable skills. Since Nigeria is supposedly an agrarian based
economy, the agricultural sector employment programme of NDE is designed for
graduates of agricultural discipline who are interested in self-employment in
agriculture. The programme is executed in collaboration with state governments.
According to NDE (1986), the state provides about 500 hecters of farmland for the
programme each year. After the necessary screening of applicants, the NDE places
100 or more graduate candidates as participants in the scheme.
Each participant is given 5 hecters of cleared farmland and a certain loan
amount to start, through which the NDE seeks to promote micro, small and medium
enterprises, vocational skills development, promote rural employment, among other
entrepreneurship activities. All over the globe, a major problem of the entrepreneur
and an obstacle to entrepreneurship process has often been lack of access to
finance for entrepreneurship development. According to the World Bank (2009),
many middle-class people in poor countries are entrepreneurial, most run smallscale business with few asset.
Family members supply labour, paid staff are few. Obtaining start up finance
is not always simple or easy, however, even for successful entrepreneurs. Business
loan application can be onerous, often requiring detailed financial projections and
business plans. Proof of employment, letters of reference, or other documents are
required in countries like Nigeria, Liberia and Zambia. New entrepreneurs and small
enterprises typically lack the expertise to prepare detailed business plans and are
frequently unable to access credit through the traditional financial institutions.
The NDE perspective did not take cognizance of the fact that there may not
be any reasonable entrepreneurship and employment generation without adequate
finance. For example, at the inception of the NDE, a loan of N11500.00 was
approved for those going into crop farming. Out of the loan, the sum of N7325.00
was paid out to the supplier of seeds, farm implements, pesticides, fertilizers,
storage crops and land preparation.
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The remaining N4175 was for wages of the farmland and the participant’s
monthly stipend of N150. The NDE strategy in this way never helped in
entrepreneurship and employment generation. This situation has resulted into the
establishment of other schemes like the micro small and medium enterprises
scheme, small and medium enterprises development agency of Nigeria, to drive
entrepreneurship development (ED) and employment generation (EG) in Nigeria.
Otti (2014) reports that Anyaoku, while bemoaning the high unemployment
rate among youths in the country describes it as a big drain on national economy,
and stressed the need for entrepreneurship among youths. Entrepreneurship is a
process of innovation that discovers new and more valuable combinations of
resources, which result to the exploitation of profitable business opportunities and
the creation of employment.
Nigeria today needs young graduates that are entrepreneurially bent to float
businesses based on their specific knowledge of time and place. For example,
graduates of Agriculture should be able to come up with business ideas to float
entrepreneurial businesses that would create jobs in animal husbandry and dairying,
fisheries, horticulture and allied sectors.
Also, graduates of finance and accounting should be able to generate ideas
for entrepreneurial ventures that would solve multiple financial problems, such as
reliable and integrated credit information database. In the same vein, professions like
medicine, engineering, architecture, insurance, pharmacy, real estate, etc. are all
yearning for knowledgeable entrepreneurship development. What is needed is
necessary entrepreneurial spirit among youths to save them from the debilitating
frustration of unemployment (ISIMOYA, 2012).
Aganga,
(2012)
hints
that
Nigeria
is
encouraging
entrepreneurship
development through micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). He says: “We
have since the beginning of this administration strategically positioned small
businesses to drive the economy. The recent data undertaken by the Small and
Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) and the National
Bureau of Statistics (NBS) put the micro, small and medium businesses in the region
of 17.3 million across the country with total employment in the sector put at about
32million and contribution of about 45 percent to the GDP.
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“We have a market with 167 million people. In fact, the strategy for job
creation in most developed economies is based on the SME sector. He assures that
assuming that if only half of the 17.3m MSMEs create a job each every year that is
about 8 million “That is why developed and developing economies are basing their
plan on SMEs. According to Aganga (2012), the country has also developed a new
SME policy. He alerts that one of the major challenges confronting small and
growing businesses (SGBs) is access to competitive market both locally, regionally
and internationally and that a new impetus must be generated to expand SGBs
horizon.
He opines that for the SGBs or MSMEs the mentality has to change from
starting a business to growing a business, like Bill Gates, Aliko Dangote, and others
who started small and expanding because they have a vision. To provide finance for
entrepreneurship development the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) says it will set
aside N600billion for onward lending to small holder farmers as financial inclusion
strategy that aims to ensure that a clear agenda is set for increasing both access to
and use of financial services within the defined timeline which is by 2020. The fund
will be disbursed through Micro Finance Banks (MFBs).
MFBs being a subsector that is close to the primary producers, processors
and distributors of agricultural products are recognized to participate in the
distribution of founds to MSMEs against the often unwillingness of the conventional
banks to support entrepreneurship. The MFBs will collaborate with the Nigeria
Incentive Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) for easy
access to entrepreneurship credit. NIRSAL offers three main products for the
development of entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector.
First, it offers credit risk guarantees for loans and credits issues by a range of
financial services providers to participants in the agribusiness value chain. Its
guarantees cover between 30 to 70 percent of loan exposure for activities related to
crop, livestock and aquaculture production, processing and distribution. It has no
limit on the size and duration of the guarantee, and can also take foreign currency
based risks via swap arrangements.
Secondly, it offers strategic investment advice to value chain participants and
local state and federal governments. Such advice includes how to make the local
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market more investment friendly, improve key infrastructure, and drive job/wealth
creation using agribusiness. And thirdly, financial and structuring advice to investors
and value chain stakeholders seeking a particular value chain such as cassava chip
export or rice production. (MOSES-ASHIKE, 2012).
Over 1.4m jobs were created through MSMEs in 2012, according the Small
and Medium Enterprises Development of Nigeria (SMEDAN) (AGBOOLA, 2012).
According to Afolabi (2014) in the last five years, the MSMEs sector accounted for
about 99.6 percent of the registered businesses in the country by which 65 percent
of the labour force earn a living. About 35.7 percent of the total sales and value
added in the manufacturing sector also come from MSMEs as well. Thus,
entrepreneurship, through MSMEs, contributes to the creation of wealth,
employment and income generation, both in rural and urban areas, and ensuring a
more equitable income distribution.
They also provide the economy with a continuous supply of ideas, skills and
innovations necessary to promote competition and the efficient allocation of scarce
resources. Despite theories and practical development of indigenous MSMEs and
governmental policies and programmes on entrepreneurship, resulting in frequent
improvements, changes, and modifications of programme, the broad objective of
reducing unemployment through entrepreneurship is yet to be achieved. It would
appear that interested stakeholders efforts could not produce effective result due to
lack of disciplined behaviour by entrepreneurs and officials charged with the
execution of government entrepreneurial assistance programmes. The missing link is
general lack of business ethics (OGUNDELE. 2006) Snyder, et al, 1983, Stevenson
and Gumpert, 1985 Leap Africa, 2006).
To address the issue of unemployment government plans to create 5m jobs
by 2015 through the National Enterprises Development Programme (NEDEP) and
the Nigerian Industrial Revolution Plan (NIRP). The aims of the programmes will be
actualized through the establishment of micro, small and medium enterprises in the
774 local government areas based on comparative and competitive advantages.
NEDEP was developed with the objective of addressing the major challenges
militating against MSMEs growth and development across the country to generate
employment (MASARI, 2014).
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According to Aganga (2013), the Ministry of Industry Trade and Investment
through SMEDAN processed over 1000 business plans by various MSMEs cooperatives across the country for funding adding that the target was to process about
10,000 business plans from MSME co-operatives in 2013 as employment generation
strategy. Lack of employable skills is a major contributing variable to the problem of
unemployment in all parts of the world and especially in Nigeria.
The issue is compounded because the educational system run in the country
places emphasis on liberal education rather than acquisition of vocational skills,
which would prepare individuals for entrepreneurship ventures that, would help in
self-employment and employment generation generally.
Consequently in frantic efforts to seek a way out of the problem the Federal
Government constituted the Chukwuma Committee in 1986 to consider appropriate
strategies for dealing with mass unemployment problem in the country under the
Ministry of Employment Labour and Productivity and the work of the Chukwuma
Committee, among others gave birth to the NDE. Between 1987 and 1996, about
1.90m Nigerians benefited from the NDE skills acquisition, skills that helped in
entrepreneurship development and employment generation (ADEBISI; ONI, 2012,
NZENWA, 2000, ADAMS, et al, 2011, NDUJIHE, 2015).
1.1
Statement of the problem
The National Directorate of Employment as a mechanism for entrepreneurship
development and employment generation appears to focus more on youth-oriented
activities. Especially there is high emphasis on skill acquisition centres. While these
are important for entrepreneurship growth, it offers little opportunities for employment
generation in view of Nigeria’s population density and the few members of people
engaged in NDE centers.
The NDE has no serious arrangement for the finance of start-up and even
existing entrepreneurial activities such that would ensure their sustainability and
capacity to generate employment. The provision of paltry loans for participants in its
agricultural activities manifested more in such farms being over grown by weeds and
even taking over the farmers inside the farms, instead, due to lack of adequate
finance to prosecute the business. Unemployment rate continues to rise in the
country.
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Osehobo (2012) reports the minister of youth’s development as declaring that
about 67million youths were certified jobless, of the figure, 80 percent do not
possess university degrees. The minister attributes the high rate of unemployment to
years of failure at different levels, explaining that “lack of job is a consequence of
lack of skills”. And to bridge the skills gap the NDE through its training programmes
seeks to equip participants with the necessary competencies for self-employment
and other opportunities.
Despite the existence of different programmes in addition to the NDE, finance
remains a major problem of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. To minimize
the problem, each state of the federation has approval to access N2bn from the CBN
through the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Fund (MSMEDF).
This is based on the fact that for any economy to grow, it must be private sector
based and driven by MSMEs, which are more active in the economic development of
any country (OTABOR, 2014) The NDE seeks to reduce youth unemployment as the
issue is a subject that is common in Nigeria and statistics show that about 300000
Nigerians graduate from tertiary institutions yearly into the labour market with little or
no job opportunities (ONYEKAKEYA, 2014, OKOJIE, 2011).
1.2
Objective of the Study
The study was designed to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial
development and employment generation in view of the importance of the variables
in the economy of any country.
1.3
Delimitation of the study
The study was delimited to a cross-section of the population in Aba, Nigeria.
The choice of Aba is unique in view of the high number of entrepreneurs in the city.
1.4
Significance of the study
The study will provide insights on entrepreneurship development programmes
in Nigeria and particularly the workings of the NDE. Students, researchers and the
several public may find such information helpful.
1.5
Limitation of the study
The study was acutely constrained by lack of any research grant window.
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1.6
Hypotheses
To achieve the objective of the study, two hypotheses were formulated and
tested at 0.05 level of significance.
Ho: There is no relationship between entrepreneurship development and
employment generation.
Hi: There is a relationship between entrepreneurship development and
employment generation.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The National Directorate of Employment is one of the Federal Government’s
effort towards encouraging the survival and development of small-scale businesses.
The programme is especially charged with provision of skills and loans to enable
young graduates establish their own businesses. The programme sparked off the
highest number of small-scale businesses throughout the country. Under the
programme, the small business owners enjoy low taxes, free technical advice and
other support services provided by the Federal Government to enhance employment
generation. (OKENWA, 1999).
According to Adebisi and Oni (2012), the philosophy of the NDE is selfenterprise, which emphasizes self-employment and self-reliance in preference to
wage employment. This philosophy is pursued through policy planning and wellarticulated programmes of Rural Employment Promotion (REP), Vocational Skills
Development Programme (USD), Special Public Work Programme (SPWP), and
Small Scale Enterprise Programme (SSE).
These programmes are set up across the nation in an effort to alleviate
unemployment problems in the nation. The NDE does not leave the disabled out of
its programmes. The disabled work scheme is designed to enable the disabled
acquire skills, produce marketable products that will keep them gainfully employed.
2.1
Four major NDE Programmes
The four major vehicles of the NDE programme are (a) National Youth
Employment and Vocational Skills Development Programme (b) Small Scale
Industries
and
Graduate
Employment
Programme,
(c)
Agricultural
Sector
Employment Programme and (d) Special Public Works Programme.
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a) National Youth Employment and Vocational Skills Development Programme.
This programme takes care of the majority of Nigerian Youths who have no
productive and marketable skills. The programme is run through the national open
apprenticeship scheme, waste to wealth scheme, schools on wheels scheme and
disabled work scheme. Under the programme the participants are required to
register with the Federal Ministry of Employment, Labour and Productivity’s local
labour exchanges before being accepted as trainees when they have completed
their period of apprenticeship thereby acquiring the necessary skills, they become
potential candidates for employer’s consideration and absorption. Alternatively, those
who can go into self-employment are encouraged to do so.
b) Small Scale Industries and Graduate Employment Programme
The SSIGEP is designed by NDE to assist the unemployed people set-up
their own businesses. This is done after it has conducted courses in
entrepreneurship and its job creation loan scheme. The participant is required to
submit a feasibility study of the intended venture, which is studied by a bank. The
loan for the venture where given by a bank is collateralized by the applicants’ degree
certificates and guaranteed by NDE.
Such loan is repayable within a period of 5years at an interest rate determined
by the Central Bank of Nigeria. The NDE is disposed to such small businesses as
candle making, soap and detergent making, restaurants, agricultural production.
Refuse collection, printing and publishing, fashion designing, textiles and garment
making, among others.
c) Agricultural Sector Employment Programme
This programme is designed to provide self-employment in the agricultural
sector. The ASEP is run in collaboration with state governments who provide the
land. Applicants registered for this programme is allocated 5 hecters of cleared
farmland to take off and with an agreed amount of loan. This is an important
component of the NDE programme.
According to Olayinka, (2014) NDE says it will establish one agricultural park
each in the Northern and Southern parts of the country to generate employment in
the agricultural sector. According to NDE, it has empowered a total of number of
177,168 participants in the last two years. The timeframe, which covers the entire
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2013 up to September, 2014 shows that 48,558 persons benefitted from the training
in vocational skills development while public works and community/technical skills
development attracted 460 persons 2,900 benefitted from the agricultural skills and
rural development, and 26102 benefitted from the entrepreneurial/business skill
development, graduate transient job creation attracted 6,880 persons while 271
enrolled for the enterprises created by graduates and artisans.
14800 participants took part in its micro enterprises enhancement scheme
while women and vulnerable empowerment scheme attracted 1105 and employment
counselling and job linkages recorded 76,092 participants. In furtherance of its
efforts towards tackling unemployment, addressing issues of poverty and
vulnerability and promoting inclusive finance at the grassroots levels the NDE has a
new Scheme called Special Micro Empowerment Scheme (SMES) which is aimed at
promoting social inclusion and job creation.
Basically, the new scheme seeks to assist the poor and vulnerable persons
(petty traders, artisans, women, widows, orphans, internally displaced persons,
physically challenged persons, etc.) and establish/manage or boost their own micro
enterprises. The micro enterprises being promoted includes: shoemaking, vegetable
oil extraction, water/beverage sales, potatoes/plantain frying, among others. The
NDE lists low funding level as a major stumbling block as it affects the capacity
building for personnel, curtail programme expansion for full capacity utilization,
restrain capacity building for skills acquisition training centres through facility
upgrading to meet international standards.
d) Special Public Works Programme
This programme seeks to give temporary employment to a pool of the
unemployed in maintaining public work. The state governments in collaboration with
the NDE identify projects to which participants are deployed. These include:
construction and maintenance of roads, buildings and other infrastructure, tree
planting, environmental sanitation, land clearing and other farm support services.
2.2
NDE Training Component
According to Adebisi and Oni (2012), the core issue in providing relevant
training is to identify what the real training needs are. Therefore, to make training
count it must be related directly to the needs of the people. They opine that an
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important characteristic of technical and vocational education is that it can be
delivered at different levels of sophistication. This presupposes that technical and
vocational education institutions can respond to the different socio-economic and
academic backgrounds and prepare the participants for general employment and
sustainable livelihoods.
Thus, the youth, the poor and the vulnerable of society can benefit from
vocational/technical education. They stress that meeting the training needs of the
prospective trainees of the National Directorate of Employment is what makes the
training programme of the NDE relevant to the plights of the unemployed. NDE
training programmes are created and maintained to enable people to make changes
in their way of living and making a living. Thus, the NDE has a laid down procedure
for enlisting who actually needs its training programmes so as to achieve the
objectives of self-employment and employment generation in Nigeria (Adebayo,
2006, Bright and Carlo, 2003, Coombs, 2003).
2.3
Government and Entrepreneurship Development Initiatives
Over the years, governments in Nigeria have shown concern over the issue of
entrepreneurship
development
and
employment
generation
through
small
enterprises otherwise known as Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
This is because government knows how important the subsector is to the country’s
economy.
Credible stakeholders agree that a nurtured and well-structured MSME sector
contributes significantly to employment generation, wealth creation, poverty
reduction and sustainable economic growth and development. Efforts made earlier
by government to actualize MSME promotion failed until 2003 when the Small and
Medium Scale Industry Development Agency (Establishment) Act, enacted by the
National Assembly created the Small and Medium Industry Development Agency
(SMIDA). The National Assembly passed the SMIDA amendment bill in December
2004. The Act changed the name of SMIDA to the Small and Medium Enterprises
Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN).
The Agency is today, the nation’s apex institution with the statutory
responsibility of facilitating the creation, resuscitation and stimulation of the growth
and development of the MSMEs sector of the Nigerian economy. The establishment
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of SMEDAN is a giant stride by the Federal Government in repositioning the sector
and realigning it into mainstream of the Nigerian economy. Government through the
CBN launched the micro finance policy, regulatory and supervisory framework for
Nigeria in 2005.
The policy provides the legal and regulatory framework for microfinance
banking in Nigeria. The objective is to create a sustainable and credible microfinance
bank capable of mobilizing and channelizing funds to the MSME subsector.
Government again came up with the Small and Medium Enterprises Equity
Investment Scheme (SMEEIS) initiative in response to its concerns and policy
measure towards the aggressive and radical transformation of the subsector through
the provision of adequate and cheaper funding.
With SMEEIS commercial banks operating in Nigeria are required to set aside
10 percent of their profit after tax (PAT) for equity investment in small and medium
enterprises in Nigeria. The cumulative sum set aside by the banks under the scheme
as at December 2009 was N42bn. To promote entrepreneurship and employment
generation there are other government intervention programmes like the N200billion
Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Guarantee Scheme (SMECGS) established in
2010 to fast track the development of the sector and set the pace for the
industrialization of the economy and increase access to credit by small and medium
enterprises and entrepreneurs.
Government also came up with the Train to Work (TRATOW) initiative, which
is targeted at equipping young Nigerians with the skills required to establish and
manage their small businesses. The MSME subsector has been experiencing some
skill gaps necessary to grow the sector. This initiative is expected to close such gaps
and lead to the establishment of new enterprises and the expansion of existing ones.
Another model of promoting entrepreneurship by government is the Youth Enterprise
with Innovation in Nigeria (YOU WIN) programme.
You Win programme is a collaboration of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry
of Communication and the Ministry of Youth Development that aims at encouraging
aspiring, young entrepreneurs in Nigeria. This is in line with the Federal
Government’s drive to create more jobs for Nigerians. The programme is being
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implemented in partnership with the private sector that is mandated to provide the
funding support. (MOMOH, 2012, AGBANUS, 2012, NDUMANYA, 2012).
The Federal Government believes that patronizing made-in-Nigeria goods will
boost the nation’s manufacturing sector and by extension create jobs. It aims at
transforming the various sectors of the economy as well as providing the enabling
environment including infrastructure, with a view to ensuring the nation’s socioeconomic growth and development.
Lessons from other countries studies show that SMEs in both advanced
economies and developing economies play key roles in employment generation.
SMEs employ a substantial number of people in developing countries across the
globe. Few examples are the clusters of handicraft enterprises in Vietnamese
villages, which are being transformed through the development of new products or
more advanced production techniques.
Researchers also argue that Turkish growth in the last decade has relied
heavily on SMEs, whose dynamism derives from profitability and flexible labour
markets. In view of the importance of entrepreneurship in employment generation
and economic growth, the European Commission has launched a blueprint to
unleash Europe’s entrepreneurial potential and remove existing obstacles and to
revolutionize
the
culture
of
entrepreneurship
in
Europe.
The
European
Entrepreneurship Action Plan mainly involves encouraging member states to help
increase investment readiness of entrepreneurs and SMEs and help businesses to
fully benefit from the single market and access to markets in third world countries
(ADEYEMI, 2014, UGOANI; NWAUBANI, 2014).
The challenges of unemployment continue to vibrate around the globe.
According to Sami (2012) ILO warns that the global employment situation is
“alarming”, and contends that it is unlikely that the world economy will grow at a
sufficient pace over the next couple of years to both close the existing jobs deficit
and provide employment for the more than 80 million people expected to enter the
labour market during this period. ILO believes that what is needed is growth and
employment strategy.
And to pursue this strategy, multinational bodies like UNIDO are giving
attention
to
entrepreneurship
development
and
employment
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generation
in
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developing economies of the world. According to UNIDO Country Representative in
Nigeria, Ebonyi State Government had shown the will to move its people out of
poverty, a situation, which led to the inauguration of some projects such as the
Abakaliki Power Plant, the UNIDO Efficient Rice Mill, ICT Graduate Entrepreneurship
Training Gasification Plant, Village Solar Lighting, and Salt Processing (KORMAWA,
2012).
Government claims to have created 17m jobs so far. The minister of Trade
and Investment states that there are over 17,284,681 sustainable enterprises in
Nigeria. Each entity is expected to employ at least one Nigerian, thus creating over
17 million jobs through the MSMEs. According to the minister, the government
recognizes that lack of access to market opportunities, lack of business development
skills and the lack of consistency in government policies were the bane of MSMEs.
What the government has done over the years in terms of entrepreneurship
development programmes epitomized by the NDE amounts to nothing more than
trying to formulate a sustainable “growth and employment” strategy to wedge the tide
of alarming unemployment growth rate.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The survey research design was employed for the study. Surveys refer to an
investigation into certain things or events that exist or occur at the time of the
research and connected with some problem situations that is felt over a wide area
with a view to ascertaining what exists at the time of the research in their natural
settings. Surveys are not characterized by manipulations and controls that dominate
experimental studies. Populations involved in surveys are usually large. Surveys are
oriented towards ascertaining and establishing the status quo, facts, or pieces of
information at the time of the research and presenting such facts as they are or
going further to analyse. Therefore surveys, could either be descriptive or analytical
(OBODOEZE, 1996).
3.1 Population and sample
The target population comprises of a cross section of self-employed people
clustered around Osisioma Local Government Area in Aba Zone. Aba Zone has the
highest number of entrepreneurs in South East Nigeria. The sample was selected
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based on the simple random sampling method, while the sample size was
determined using the Yamane’s technique.
3.2 Data Collection Procedure
Primary data were collected through a 20-item questionnaire designed along a
5-point Likert-type scale with numeric values ranging from 1-5. Secondary data were
generated through books, journals, reports, gazettes, newspapers, etc. all the
questions raised and information generated were on the relevance of NDE,
entrepreneurship and employment generation. The two methods of data collection
were used so as to complement, supplement, and validate data through each other.
Data generated were organized, distilled and coded before they were classified.
3.3 Data Analysis
Data were analysed by Pearson’s product moment correlation using the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The method was used in an attempt to
determine the degree of relationship between entrepreneurship development and
employment generation based on the NDE model.
4. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=ED: EG
/PRINT=ONETAIL NOSIG
/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
Correlations
[DataSet0)
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics
Variables
Entrepreneurship development
Employment generation
Mean
.04
6.48
Std. Deviation
1.251
2.253
Table 2: Correlations
Variables
Entrepreneurship development
Correlation
Employment generation
Pearson’s
N
5
5
Entrepreneursh
ip development
1
Sig. (1-tailed)
N
Pearson’s Correlation
Sig. (1-tailed)
N
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5
.901*
.018
5
Employment
generation
.901*
.018
5
1
5
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* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed).
Statistical result in table 2 showed coefficient of correlation r = .901*,
suggesting that there is a “strong” positive relationship between entrepreneurship
development and employment generation. This result is splendid rather than an
overstatement as it is in tandem with the popular views in Nigeria.
For example Adeyemi (2014) states: “Correspondingly, it is held that MSMEs
account for over 90 percent of Nigeria’s businesses. Some common examples of
these MSMEs are, canteens or restaurants, shops, complexes and plazas that we
use for our offices, relaxation joints, hotels, brothels, kiosks, sales outlets and a host
of other such places we dress up to go daily in order to make our ends meet”. In
view of this statistical result, the hypothesis that states that entrepreneurship
development has no relationship with employment generation was rejected while the
alternate hypothesis was accepted. This is the objective of the study.
4.1 Discussion
The NDE programme is consistent in the pursuit of various skill enhancement
schemes in realization of the fact that entrepreneurship development and innovation
is increasingly knowledge-and-skill-intensive. Fostering entrepreneurial innovation
requires not only highly knowledgeable, experienced and skilled entrepreneurs but
also highly skilled labour.
Thus, educational policies and capacity building are important public policies
for entrepreneurship development. In realization of this situation, the National
Universities Commission (NUC) in 2011 mandated all universities in Nigeria to mount
B.Sc. programme in Entrepreneurship. The NUC sees a growing need for
entrepreneurship educational system.
According to the NUC, government is cognizant of the necessity to imbue
graduates with the mind set of enterprise and innovativeness in order to generate
and realize new opportunities in the economy. Thus, integration of entrepreneurship
studies into university education will prepare the youths to be responsible
enterprising individuals who will become entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial thinkers
and contribute to economic development and sustainable communities. The goal is
to empower graduates, irrespective of their areas of specialization, with skills that will
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enable them engage in income yielding ventures if they are unable to secure paid
employment.
It is a re-orientation from the take-a-job mentality to the make-a-job mentality.
This approach is urgent because lack of employable skills is no doubt, a major
contributing factor to the problem of unemployment worldwide and especially in
Nigeria where about 42 percent of the total population of about 160m are
unemployed, and worse still, an estimated 67m physically fit youths are also
unemployed.
The situation is so today because the educational policy adopted at postindependence era in Nigeria places emphasis on liberal education rather than
acquisition of vocational skills, which prepare the individual for alternative
employment in the absence of government or any other type of paid employment
choices. The philosophy of NDE is self-enterprise, which emphasizes selfemployment and self-reliance in preference to wage employment. Europe today
believes that entrepreneurship education is key to sustainable economic upsizing.
Studies show that students who receive entrepreneurship education are not
only more likely to be employed, but also more likely to start their own companies.
With this in mind, the European Commission Plans to expose students to
entrepreneurship and, as a result, help create jobs throughout
Europe.
Eurobarometer Entrepreneurship Survey shows that three quarters of Europeans
have never taken part in an entrepreneurship course thus, in order to exploit the
potential of entrepreneurship education and promote the entrepreneurship 2020
Action Plan, and ensure that the key competence in entrepreneurship is embedded
into curricula across primary, secondary, vocational, higher and adult education
before the end of 2015, and offer young people at least one practical entrepreneurial
experience before leaving compulsory education.
4.2
i.
Recommendations
Government should increase the funding of the NDE programme. This will
enable it
enhance the capacity of its skill centres for better training of
participants.
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ii.
NDE should spread to the different communities instead of concentrating on
the urban centres. This is needed so as to catch up with more pupils and
students in the rural areas for entrepreneurship skills acquisition.
iii.
The healthy and active poor should be encouraged to participate in NDE
programmes. This will afford them the opportunity of self-employment.
iv.
Government should mandate all the 774 local government areas in Nigeria to
create NDE farms in their areas. This will not only enhance food production
but also provide more employment in the agricultural sector.
v.
The NDE should explore the need for a MoU with their main bankers for the
finance of their accredited projects. This will help participants in NDE
Programmes who have the necessary skills and appetite to start their own
businesses.
4.3
Scope for further study
Further study should examine the relationship of experience and small
business failures. This will help in finding a solution to the problem of cessation of
such enterprises shortly after taking off.
5.
CONCLUSION
The NDE remains one of the programmes of the Federal Government of
Nigeria aimed at employment generation. It has generated about 1.90m employment
since inception between 1987 and 1996, and also created 177,168 new
employments in the last two years. While unemployment is a subject we are all
familiar with there is a growing body of empirical evidence that skill acquisition and
youth empowerment and employment are about the surest ways of generating
opportunities and reducing unemployment.
The reason behind setting up the Chukwuma Committee that produced the
blueprint for the introduction of the NDE was not unconnected with a decline in the
fortunes of the Nigerian economy, which resulted to a desperate and alarming rate of
unemployment. Thus, the NDE can safely be regarded as the catalyst of
employment generation in Nigeria.
Other skill acquisition programmes like the entrepreneurship initiative of the
NUC, the European Commission Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan, and the
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Subsidy
Reinvestment and Empowerment
Programme
(SURE-P)
Graduate
Internship Scheme (GIS) reflect the common features of the NDE. For example, in
2014 over 150,000 graduates registered for the SURE-P Scheme across Nigeria
while over 7,000 firms signed up to take in interns. 962 interns successfully took part
in the programme.
In furtherance of its efforts towards tackling unemployment, addressing issues
of poverty and vulnerability and promoting inclusive finance at the grass-root levels,
the NDE tailored a new scheme called Special Micro Empowerment Scheme
(SMES), which is aimed at promoting social inclusion and job creation. The micro
enterprises being promoted include: Akara and kunu making potatoes/plantain frying,
vegetable oil extraction, pure water/beverages sales, vegetable/fruits sales,
shoemaking, shining among other vocations.
Today MSMEs like these account for about 99.6 percent of registered
businesses in Nigeria by which about 63 percent of the labour force earn a living.
About 35.7 percent of the total sales and value added in the manufacturing sector
come from the MSMEs as well. To reduce the problems of low finance in the MSMEs
sector the NDE is promoting financial inclusion to ensure that efforts at employment
generation are not hindered. With r, = .90, the study found that NDE contributes to
the creation of employment and wealth and also provides the Nigerian economy with
a continuous supply of ideas, skills, and innovations necessary for the efficient
management of enterprises and scarce resources. The NDEs one million job
creation programme remains a wonderful idea in employment generation.
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