European Scientific Journal March 2015 edition vol.11, No.8 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION MODEL
FOR SPORT SECURITY PROFESSIONALS
IN TURKEY
Halil Ibrahim Mil, PhD
Social Security Institution, Turkey
Savas Sanli, PhD
Turkish National Police Academy, Turkey
Ali Yildirim, MPhil
De Montfort University, England
Sezer Domac, PhD
University of Leicester, England
Abstract
Sport Security Professionals are entrsuted with maintaining peace,
security and protecting human rights and freedoms in the sport areas. In
pursuance of this, security agencies and professionals are to prevent crime
and fight against it in cooperation and coordination with both local and
international – level security agencies. To achieve this, they need practical
training rather than theoretical one in not only prevocational training, but
also in on- the- job training. In this study, it is recommended to apply
interprofessional educational method commonly used in health science to
training of the security professional in security science. In this context, it is
pointed out how to apply interprofessional education model to prevocational
formal education and on-the-job training of security professionals in sport
security.
Keywords: Interprofessional Education, Sport Security
Introduction
The emergence of interprofessional notion first coincides with the
foundation of Ministry of Health ‘National Healthcare Service’ (NHS) in
England around 1948. Since then, it’s been observed that The UK has
determined its policies on health care and social services in accordance with
interprofessional educational approach (Day, 2006:12). The development of
IPE (Interprofessional Education) has been supported with a number of
changes in law and regulations. In early 1980s, The English Professional
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Center shortly CAIPE was founded. The other international developments on
IPE out of England are foundations of: Canadian Interprofessional Health
and Cooperation Institution (CIHC); National Center for Interprofessional
Practice and Education in the USA; European Interprofessional Practice and
Education Network (EIPEN); Australasian Interprofessional Practice and
Education Network (AIPPEN); Nordic Interprofessional Network
(NIPNET); Japan Association for Interprofessional Education & Japan
Interprofessional Working and Education Network (JAIPE & JIPWEN);
Eastern Countries Interprofessional Education Networking (ECIPEN);
Turkish Interprofessional Practice Education (TIPE). The World Health
Organization also recommend the interprofessional educational method to be
applied in universities' curricula in the reports revealed in WHO 1973, 1978,
1988, 2000, and 2010. In 2010, the institutions conducting researches on
interprofessional training stipulated above are gathered under the same roof
of the World Coordination Committe (WCC). It aims to bring together
academicians and researchers carrying out investigation in this field with a
series of conference arranged biennially first of which is organized in
London titled ‘All Together better Health’ in 1997.
Interprofessinal education (ipe)
As of the first half of the nineteenth century, there has been
significant progress in occupations concerning ‘professionalization’,
‘specialization’ and ‘division of labor’ in uk as a natural consequence of
social changes and developmental process in the developed countries. During
this process, there does appear a number of new professions that
unprecedented before as well as diversities and sub-specialization in classical
professions. This process necessitates to find new solutions to problems
faced in training and practices of medical, social care and health sciences. In
this context, a necessity for medical and health care professionals such as
doctor, nurse, physiotherapist, midwife, laboratorian, radiologist,
psychologist working seperately in the process of prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of illnesses to work together emerges. So a new educational
approach is created to organize the interprofessional cooperation between
medical and health care professional, to be more efficient in preventing,
diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. As a solution to this problem, there have
been arrangements in developed societies with new laws, regulations
including legal statutes. This new education approach called IPE model that
brings up the updating of the prevocational and on-the-job training of
medical and health care professionals within a new paradigm. To achieve
this, a wide range of reforms is put into effect with a large spectrum of
regulations and changes in politics.
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Many developed countries like England, America, Canada contribute
to the creation of new educational model by promoting collaboration in
education and working of health care professionals by new law and
regulations. That there has been an ongoing rise in the number of patients
and the disabled recently paves the way for a new service and education
system in the fields of health care, medicine and social service around world.
This causes a renewal of pre-professional curricula with interprofessional
perspective for the purpose of health care professionals to cooperate and
work in coordination. The duties of those who provide security and justice
service in Turkey are increasing, diversifying and getting harder day by day.
The improvement of the quality of security, justice services and satisfaction
of citizens depend on professionalization of those responsible for providing
service and their attitudes towards interprofessional culture.
The major impediment faced in security training is application of
theory-centered education rather than practice-oriented methods and
techniques in education (Sunger, 2013). One of the methods and techniques
to put professional knowledge and skills into practice in a professional way
and attitude is interprofessional educational model. IPE is applied in
universities in many countries in the field of medicine and health science in
associate, undergraduate, and postgraduate degrees (CIPW, 2007).
Interprofessional training is an application based on continuity and
permanent learning integrated with multi-disciplinaries. When
interprofessional education is analyzed, it has been clear that a wide range of
concepts such as multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, crossdisciplinary,
teamwork, partnership, collaborative relationships, coordination, integration,
interprofessionality, interprofessional practice substitute the term
‘interprofessional education’ by different academicians (Leathard, 1994,
2003; Reeves et al, 2010).
It is obvious that those professionals working in this field have
adopted the terminology commonly used in medical and health science
(Leathard, 2003). The prefixes ‘multi’ and ‘inter’ are used alternately with
the words ‘professional’ and ‘disciplinary’ (Oandasan and Reeves, 2005:23),
which causes terminological complexity from time to time (Leathard, 2003).
The definition and terminology of interprofessional education is quite
complex. Barr (2010) defines interprofessional education emphasizing adult
learning, group learning and collaborative learning. This definition is
understood with comprehension of interprofessional identity and relation.
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Figure 1: Patient-Oriented Interprofessional Education Model
Nurse
Cardiologist
Doctor
Patient
Internist
Surgeon
Oculist
Psycholog
Source: Balcioglu, Yildirim and Pala, 2014.
According to definition by Barr and others in 2005, IPE is a
collaborative learning process of two or more professionals in medical and
health care field. In IPE approach, instructors guide learners and promote
their cooperation, cooperative learning skills. In return, they expect them to
fulfill their responsibilities; to improve research and problem solving skills.
IPE is an application that grounds on continous learning and sustainability
blended with different cultures and disciplinaries. It is an educational
approach enabling students to study in health care through solution oriented
way and by setting criteria to provide better service to patients (Domac et al,
2014).
Professionals working in the field of sport security and interprofessional
education and study practise
Historical Process of Legal Regulation in Prevention of Irregularity and
Violence in Sports
“European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at
Sports Events and in Particular at Football Matches” was submitted to EU
member countries for signature on 19.08.1985. Turkey signed this
convention on 1986 and it was published on 26.08.1990 Official Journal No.
20617, Decree No.90/676. Some regulations were made in some provisions
of “Law on Prevention of Irregularity and Violence in Sports Events”
(Official Journal, No.25455), No. 5149 dated 28.04.2004, enacted on
07.072004, 14 years later and some regulations were done in some
provisions of it, by means of the Law No.5340, enacted on 05.05.2005.
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Regulation, regulating procedures and principles regarding application of
law enacted on 28.08.2004 (Official Journal No.25567).
It was seen that Law No.5149, formed to encourage expansion of
regulation in sports events and organisations, became insufficient to prevent
violence and irregularity in sports events since 2004, when it was enacted.
And “Law on Prevention of Violence and Irregularity in Sports Events”
No.6222, approved by Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 31.03.2011 to
make up the deficiencies, enacted on 14.04.2011 with Official Journal No.
27905.
In its general preamble, the Law No.6222, which is stated to be
paralel to international developments and agreements, which are prepared,
considering regulations and practices of other countries and international
sports organisations, regulated crimes and punishments, speacial to this field,
to protect the rights of fans and people, interested in sports, irregulations and
violence.
Professionals Working in the Field of Sports Events
Police departments and gendarmerie are charged to provide safety
services in the field of sport security, in “Law on Prevention of Violence and
Irregulation in Sports Events” No.6222. Also, private security forces take
place, as well.
Definitions on police, private security, gendarme and sports attorney
are in the following. Police is “uniformed and armed public official,
authorised with legal responsibilities and power to remove threats to people’s
rights and freedom, to protect, sustain and promote life quality, peace and
reliance in public” (Cerrah, 2012:31). Gendarme is “the armed and military
security and police force, fulfilling the duties of other law and regulations,
providing sustaining public order by safety and security of Gendarmerie of
Turkish Republic” (Article No.3 of Law on Duties and Authorities of
Gendarmerie No.2803). Private security guard is “authorised to arrest a
criminal, to prevent crime, to pick up and determine the defendant and to
deliver crime scene and criminal evidences to general police forces” (Article
No.16 of Regulation on Law Practice of Private Security Services No.5188).
Sports Attorney is the person, serving for justice and security as a
prosecution, authorised Public prosecutor for prohibition of watching,
administrative fine and other administrative sanctions in sports events, with
the duties and authorities, taken by Law No.6222.
According to these provisions, security services are provided by
given forces in the field of given sports. Even though it is certain what they
are charged with, their operations and duties are legally regulated in these
fields. As our subject, duties and authorities of these fields were regulated by
the law No.6222.
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Duties and Authorities of Security Professionals in Sports
The aim of the Law No.6222 is to prevent violence and and
irregularity on return routes, where the sports events will be held, or where
the fans are temporarily or continuously in groups around sports areas,
before sports events. In this chapter, duties and authoritites of police,
gendarme and private security in sport security within the frame of this aim.
a) Duties, Authorities and Responsibilities of Provincial Security
Directorate, District Police Department, Provincial and District
Gendarmerie Command
Sport Security Department is formed within Provincial Security
Directorate, District Police Department, Provincial and District
Gendarmerie Command. This department:
-Presents an opinion to Provincial or District Sport Security Board
about removing or placing of physical barriers such as wires, walls between
spectator and the sports area.
-Prepares statistical data and assess documents and information on
international or national events in sports competitions and people getting into
it.
-Supports the works of sports club in order to prevent entrance of
people, who are banned to watch the competitions.
-Follows whether these spectators give notice to the closest police
station or gendarmerie command and denunciates the ones, not giving notice.
-Saves people, who are banned to watch sports competitions, into
electronical data bank with their photos.
-Determines violating people, all evidences with photos, videos or
gets them determined, using developed cameraelectronic ticket system and
information in data base.
-Is responsible to inform their chiefs of sport security and follows
information, published by fans on mass media on security of competition.
“Competition Security Chief” is charged by local authority among
police commanders.
-Provides necessary coordination with all institutions and people for
security of competition, to take and control security measures in sports
events.
-Police forces and private security guards carry out duty together in
command and under the control of Competition security chief. This
department makes decision on increasing the number of police forces in
tribunes.
-Controls other physical measures and whether security camers in
sports are works. Informs deficiencies to sport security board, reporting all of
them.
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-Helps interfering in events when private security guards are
insufficient to interfere in the event of risky competitions and throwing out
hellraiser people out of the sports area.
-Does necessary procedural act for violating people and takes the
photos of people, who are banned to watch sports events and informs sport
security board about individual data, saving all in data bank.
-Takes action according to law related to residence and travel of
foreigners in Turkey No.5683, dated 15.07.1950, in case of the fact that
foreigners are deported.
-Charges traffic escort and security team on passing course of teams
and fans, if necessary.
-Stands up police forces in appropriate places such as sports areas,
waiting rooms to interfere in events in shortest time.
-Is responsible to charge police forces in the highest leagues of
basketball and Professional football leagues ot of sports areas.
Also, observer police is charged for the highest league of football.
Observer police,
-carries out duty in the command of competition security chief.
-Sends relevant forms to sport security department via e-mail system
formed by central sport security board, before outdoor competitions.
Provides information on trip, accommadation, number and programme of the
team through sports club he is responsible for.
-Workes with observer police, who is responsible for rival team.
-Does necessary works with the representatives of the club,
responsible for the fans in entrance to prevent entrance of fans, who are
banned to watch sports events, into sports area. Does security works in
public areas, where the fans can gather before competition.
-Deliveres fans or fan groups, having the possibility of committal, to
authorised person to do procedural act and determines people, who
committed an offense through camera, photo and similar devices.
b) Duties, Authorities and Responsibilities of Private Security
Guards
Private security guards are people, who are responsible for internal
security from the first security cordon of sports area, who took the intended
education about sport security within the frame of relevant procedure.
-They are charged in sports area, according to job definition, stated in
sports area security plan.
-They take necessary security measures and prevent watching of
competition from potentially dangerous places for human life around the
sports area.
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-They make security controls before accepting spectators into area
and provide internal security of sports area until the competition finishes and
spectators completely leave the sports area.
-They make ticket controls before and during competition and
prevent entrance of people without ticket or with electronic card of another
person. They provide that people set according to the seat number in the
ticket and that evacuation stairs stay free.
-They prevent entrance of people except for officers, foreseen by
international or national federations, by any means, during the period from
acceptance of people into area to evacuation of people after completion of
the sports event.
-They control and search things of spectators in the entrance by
means of technical equipments and by hand, if necessary.
-They prevent use and acceptance of liqours, drugs, stimulants, guns
(even though they are certified), crushive, driller, burnable and burner
substantives against the bases of relevant federation.
-They throw out the fans under the influence of alcohol, drug and
stimulants.
-They prevent passings between spectators of home team and guest
team.
-They inform the nearest police force about people, acting and talking
in public, considered as an insult by other people.
-They inform the nearest police force about audicences, disturbing the
order in sports area (Law on Prevention of Violence and Irregularity in
Sports No.6222).
c) Duties, Authorities and Responsibilities of Sports Attorney
- They rule on the ban of watching,
- Administrative fine and other administrative sanctions (Law on
Prevention of Violence and Irregularity in Sports No.6222).
Existing Education Model of Professionals Working in Sport Security
and Its Inadequacy
Educational Status of Professionals in Police Department: junior and
senior managers take education in Faculty of Security Science in Police
Academy for 4 years, police officers take education in Police Vocational
High School in Police Academy for 2 years and also, bachelors take
education in Police Vocational Education Centers for 9 months. On the other
hand, in service trainings continue through Professional life (Gundogdu,
2008; Alac and Balci, 2012:19-63). For example, there are some lessons such
as sociology, weapons and shooting techniques, police ethiques, criminal
law, human rights and social psychology in Police Vocational High Schools
(pmyo.pa.edu.tr, 2014).
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Educational Status of Gendarmerie General Command: Officers take
education in Turkish Military Academy (Harp for 4 years. Also,
regular/contractual personnel as external source and promoted sergeants to
officer meet personnel deficit. This personnel take education in Officer
Candidate School, where legal, civil, military and other duties are taught,
within Gendarmerie Schools Command for 1 year. After graduation, they
take courde for 4 months in Gendarmerie Commando School. Sergeants take
education in Gendarmerie Sergeants Vocational High School for 2 years,
afterwards, they take core course of Gendarme Sergeant. The need of noncom and soldier is met according to military Law No.1111 among the armed
obligators, assigned to Gendarmerie Genaral Command (Dogan, 2010). For
example, there are some lessons such as behavioral sciences, weapon, public
relations and communication in Gendarmerie Vocational High Schools
(jandarma.tsk.tr, 2014).
Educational Status of Private Security: There are two categories
including primary education and refresher training. Primary education
consists at least 120 hour education including 100 hour education without
weapon and 20 hour education with weapon. Refresher training is at least 60
hours 5 years later after primary education is completed. Educations are both
theoretical and practical and certificate is given after the exam is given
successfully. Security educations in sea ports and airports are seperated in
law. Besides companies and education institutions, giving private security
education, there are some departments such as “Defense and Security”,
“Private Security and Guard” and “Security” programmes, giving 2 year
education in universities (Ozarslan, 2010). For example, besides these
lessons, there are some lessons such as crowd management, effective
communication, security measures, security system and devices, drugs.
Educational Situation of Sports Attorneys: Sports attorneys are
assigned among graduates of law faculties with exam. Prosecutors are
trained by practical educations in institutions such as notaries, supreme court,
administrative court, tax court after theoretical education under the
coordinatorship of Justice Academy. Afterwards, they are seperated into
judges and prosecutors. The Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors
assigns sports attorneys among prosecutors.
Above stated forces aim to satisfy public, struggle with crime and
criminals, prevent crime. Thus, both Police and Gendarmerie Departments
and Prosecutors, and private security guards should be seperated into service
and support branches to better struggle with crime and criminals. Having
deep information on a subject, instead of having little information in every
subject should be one of our aims in internal security management.
These departments, helping branching out in some fields (Law
Enforcement Agency, “department of anti-smuggling and organised crime”,
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“Security Intelligence”, “Counterterrorism” and “fortress, communication,
transportation, supply” of Gendermarie.), will increase specialisation in other
service branches. Otherwise, which assigned position continually changes,
will undergo learning process in every department he is assigned to. And this
may lead to delay or failure of service.
Branching out of personnel, who will take place in sports events, may
be provided. Information on techniques of interference in social events in
existing educational programme. But this may lead to point of view, which
sees social events and spectator events in the same way. Thus, existing
education may be regulated through some lessons like stadium security,
spectator psychology, sociology.
The Demand in Interprofessional Education and Studies in Training of
Professionals Working in Sport Security Field
As stated in first chapter, interprofessional education is a model,
mostly used among health professionals. This education model produces
common solutions, gathering professionals. For example, a person, having
chest pain can be obliged to get an appointment from different speacialists
such as cardiology, internal diseases and chest diseases. Surely, health
professionals namely doctors, tackle the problem from their point of view.
However, maybe the patient is having heart attack at this moment and can be
faced with danger of death. This situation may lead to different
complications or expansion of treatment.
These given situations are valid for security professionals in sports.
For example, in case of injury or stampede in sportive organisations as a
result of throwing foreign material, professionals interfere in it. It would be
wrong to consider spectator events as social events. Because, spectator
seperates into fans, fanatics and hooligans. In these spectator groups,
defenceless women, children and people take place as well as drug users,
who don’t know what they do. Even, there are some tribune leaders, who
make spectators swear and destroy the stadium. Spectator groups, sportsmen
may be in fanatism in the direction of explanations before matches, news in
social media, results of previous matches. When the event is considered from
this point of view, security measures should be taken before, during and after
sportive organisations. Only charging sufficient number of security
professionals isn’t efficient in taking these security measures. Intelligence,
narcotic, crime scene investigation, riot control vehicle should take place,
too. Security weakness can be prevented in sportive organisations by all
professional’s working smiltaneously. In short, it is not enough to charge
sports office workers and private security in sportive organisations.
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Thus, it is an inevitable obligatory to make cooperation in sports in
terms of security. Interprofessional education model, taking place in health
sector, too, is a necessary model in pre-professional and in service trainings
for security professionals in sports. Therefore, its preparation will be useful.
Figure 2: Security Centred Interprofessional Education Model in Sports
Police
Sports
Attorney
Sport
Security
Gendarmerie
Private
Security
Professionals, working in sport security have to work in coordination
and cooperation to provide peace and security of spectators in sportive
organisations.
Application Model of Interprofessional Education Model in Education
and Studies of Professionals Working in Sport Security
Security professionals take education in different institutions in
Turkey. Curriculums of these institutions are different from each other. For
example, prosecutors are chosen among graduates of law faculties and sent
to Justice Academy; police chiefs take education Faculty of Security Science
in Police Academy, police officers take education in Police Vocational High
Schools or Police Vocational Educational Centers; gendarmerie officers take
education in Turkish Military Academy, sergeants take education in
Gendarmerie Sergeant Vocational High School, private security guards take
education in private security education institutions.
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Figure 3: Existing System in Education of Sport Security Professionals
Police Academy
Police Vocational
High School
Police Vocational
Education Center
Turkish Military
Academy
Gendarmerie
Vocational HigH
School
Existing System
in Education of
Security
Professionals in
Sports
Law Faculties
Justice Academy
Private Security
Education
Institutions
Professionals, completing their educations in different education
institutions, having different curriculum, try to provide security of sportive
organisations. However, this different education situations prevent their
working in sufficient coordination and cooperation, it is seen that it creates
many problems in practice. At this point, it is seen that interprofessonal
education and study programme should be applied in working orders,
especially education for professionals in sport security to fill this gap.
Professionals in sport security can prevent security weakness by this way.
Interprofessional education model is a system, providing empathising
with different profession groups and taking education with them.
Professionals/specialists get prepared for professional life better, more rapid
and more coherent by means of this model.
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Figure 4: Two Phased For Interprofessional Education Model
Presentation
Prevocational
Education
Team Work
Field Work
Two Phased For
Interprofessional
Education Model
Assessment
Vocational
training
Case Study
Interprofessional education model includes two topics. First of them
is prevocational education, and the second one is vocational traning.
a) Prevocational Education:
The first stage of interprofessional education is prevocational
education. In prevocational education, Professional candidates firstly take
education of presentation and then field study.
aa) Presentation Stage:
At this stage, Professional candidates gather together with people,
with whom they will work hierarchically and consecutively. They inform
each other about their professions, Professional id and information,
authorities and responsibilities, working procedures and pronciples,
experiences and according to which legislation they act. So, candidates learn
which professions are responsible for which tasks and they try to empathise
with each other. Professiomal candidates take theoretical primary education.
At this stage, especially practical and theoretical lessons of sport
security such as behavioral sciences, social psycology and sociology,
interference in social events are given.
ab) Team Work Stage:
At this stage, professional candidates try to practice theoretical
information as team work. They try to approach, solve and analyse events as
a team. They try to deduce from some team practices.
ac) Field Work Stage:
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At this stage, Professional candidates are asked to do some practices
with interprofessional understanding as a team. They go to events, they do
analyses assessments, reporting statistics, documents and information. They
print them and use them as a source and experience. This prevocational stage
is very important as it is the last stage to learn and practice
interprofessionally. With this stage, Professional candidates find possibility
to practice theories and the information they got through the first two steps
of interprofessional education.
b) Vocational Education
The second stage of interprofessional education model is vocational
study. In vocational studies, professionals do assessments again, within the
frame of the data and information they had through the field. Afterwards,
faults and deficiencies are met according to case studies. Ir is aimed to
minimize the faults in practice through these educations in certain periods. It
will be useful to use e-learning techniques at this stage.
ba) Assessment Stage:
At this stage, professionals inform each other about their experiences
and knowledges they had in a certain period in interprofessional education
way. Deficiencies, differences in working procedures and principles of role
sharing are tackled again.
bb) Case Study:
At this stage, video presentations of ideal and case studies are tried to
be anaysed. They find the opportunity to find their differences and faults
while watching their bearing during events and finally, many important
experiences are gained for Professional life.
The Weakness of Security Professionals in Interprofessional
Educational Model
According to Hardy (1992), there are 5 weaknesses working as a
team. These are: (1) structural differences of security units among them (2)
differences in their working procedures (3) seperate allocation of funds
among institution and units (4) diffirences in management (5) obstacles in
payment of communication and organization expenses. In addition to these,
we may confront ideologies, values, desires, abilities and varieties in
specialities of professionals as blind side.
To Pietroni (1992), differences in Professional language, jargons,
diverse Professional backgrounds, various professional perception and
approach in professional branches and unity are weaknesses of IPE while
others claim leadership and corporate structure as weakness point of IPE
(Marshall and others 1979, McGrath,1991).
Different income levels among security professionals may be a
hindrance. That Educational institution training security professionals have
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different understanding of educational model and curricula may result in
over- specialization, which leads incompetency of professionals especially in
cases where general information and skills are needed.
The Application of Interprofessional Education in Sport Security
Educational Field in Turkey
In traditional educational methods, security professional are trained to
carry out two taskes: the judiciary and the executive. In some cases both of
duties may be met. The traditional education of security professional is based
on monoprofessional/uniprofessional. Security professionals may face
problems of lack of coordination and miscommunication in multiprofessional
cases, which requires the educational institution to internalize
interprofessional educational model rather than uniprofessional one through
training of security professionals. In professional education, it is aimed to
provide vertical and horizantal communication and coordination both at
intra-agency and inter-agency level for the administrative function of crime
prevention of the security professionals (Balcioglu et al, 2014).
Conclusion
The coordination of internal security agencies, defined as threshould
of criminal justice system has an indisputable importance to provide security,
peace of society and maintain it. That security professionals do their duties in
mutual cooperation and coordination plays an indispensable role not only for
their individual dignity, but also ensuring peace and security as well as
efficient implementation of criminal justice system.
What the Security Professionals do and how they carry out their
duties has an important effect on how society comprehend the criminal and
justice system (Barker and Carter, 1986:3).
On the implementation of law and security policies, security
professionals have power of discretion to constraint individual/social rights
and freedoms more than other professions. Security professionals have
obligation to prevent and fight crime in cooperation and coorination with
both national and international level security agencies fulfilling their duties.
To do that, they need practical training rather theory in both prevocational
and on-the-job training programmes. Interprofessional education gets the
security professionals to work practically with professionals in different
specialities.
In this study, it is suggested to employ interprofessional educational
model used commonly in developed countries in sport security science for
the training of security professionals.
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In this context, it is discussed how to employ the interprofessional
education model in the prevocational formal and on-the-job training for the
security professionals in sport securities.
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