THE GENESIS AND PATHS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE IN GEORGIA
2007, THE GENESIS AND PATHS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE IN GEORGIA
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kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis genezisi
da ganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi
THE GENESIS AND PATHS OF DEVELOPMENT
OF ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE IN GEORGIA
1
GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM
Nodar Bakhtadze
THE GENESIS AND PATHS OF DEVELOPMENT
OF ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE IN GEORGIA
(Studies in History, Art and Archaeology)
Tbilisi
2007
2
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi
nodar baxtaZe
kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis genezisi
da ganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi
(saistorio-xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi
da arqeologiuri gamokvleva)
Tbilisi
2007
3
naSromi warmoadgens pirvel ganmazogadebel gamokvlevas saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis friad sayuradRebo ganxris _ kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis
ganviTarebis etapebis Sesaxeb. saistorio-xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi da arqeologiuri meTodebis moSveliebiT monografiaSi didwilad axleburadaa gaSuqebuli
rogorc sayovelTaod cnobili, ise uSualod avtoris ZalisxmeviT gamovlenili
kldeSi nakafi Zeglebi.
sawinaaRmdegod qarTul mecnierebaSi aqamde damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisisa,
gamokvlevaSi dasabuTebulia, rom saqarTveloSi sayofacxovrebo da sakulto-memorialuri saTavsebis kldeSi kveTis tradicias Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi ki
ar Caeyara safuZveli, aramed brinjaos epoqis sawyis stadiebzeve. naSromSi
naCvenebia isic, rom aqedan moyolebuli, materialuri saqmianobis am dargs
CvenSi arcTu epizodurad mimarTavdnen xolme Sua saukuneebis dasrulebamde.
wignSi agreTve axleburadaa warmodgenili Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kldeSi
nakafi sataZro da saero xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebis tipologiisa da qronologiis mravali sakiTxic.
Tavisi mosazrebebis Sesamagreblad, avtors moxmobili aqvs didZali sazRvargareTuli analogiebi, qarTvel da ucxoel mecnierTa Sesabamisi profilis
publikaciebi.
naSromi gankuTvnilia xuroTmoZRvrebis istorikosTaTvis, arqeologTa
da xelovnebaTmcodneTaTvis, agreTve saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebul
mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.
samecniero redaqtori: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori ramin ramiSvili
recenzentebi: akademikosi, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori oTar jafariZe
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,
profesori dimitri TumaniSvili
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori guram yifiani
wigni dasabeWdad momzadda saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis
sagamomcemlo programis farglebSi 2005 wels
© nodar baxtaZe, 2007
© saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, 2007
info@museum.ge
www. museum.ge
ISBN 978-99940-986-0-6
4
sarCevi
Sesavali ..........................................................................................................................6
kldeSi nakveT ZeglTa mniSvneloba, specifika da klasifikacia.
maTi gavrceleba msoflioSi da Seswavlis mdgomareoba .................................... 6
kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis gavrcelebis suraTi saqarTveloSi.
maTi kvlevis istoria da ZiriTadi problemebi.
mokled Cven mier am LmimarTulebiTO Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sesaxeb ............. 9
Tavi I. kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis Casaxva da
ganviTarebis pirveli safexurebi saqarTveloSi ............................... 15
qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebis geografiul - geologiuri
ganfeniloba, kveTis meTodika, Tavdapirveli
xuroTmoZRvruli saxis da garemos rekonstruqcia ......................................... 15
qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebis warmoSobis
epoqisa da funqciis arqeologiuri dasabuTeba ................................................20
qvemo qarTlis brinjaos xanis kldis Zeglebis adgili
saqarTvelos da msoflios uZveles civilizaciaTa istoriaSi ................... 35
Tavi II. kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ayvaveba pirvel
qarTul saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebaTa wiaRSi ................................ 53
qvabovani dasaxlebebidan sakulto - memorialur ansamblebamde ................. 53
Sida qarTlis axlad mikvleuli da naklebad cnobili kldeSi nakveTi
kompleqsebis xuroTmoZRvruli da arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi ........ 62
Tavi III. kldis xuroTmoZRvreba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ....... 80
qristianuli monasticizmi da qarTuli kldis
xuroTmoZRvrebis xelaxali ayvavebis xana ..........................................................81
kldeSi nakveTi saero sacxovreblebi da TavdacviTi
sistemebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ...........................................................139
ZiriTadi daskvnebi ..............................................................................................168
gamoyenebuli literatura .....................................................................................182
SemoklebaTa ganmarteba ...........................................................................................207
The Genesis and Paths of Development
of Rock-cut Architecture in Georgia (Summary) ....................................................208
ilustraciebis aRweriloba ...................................................................................219
ilustraciebi ..............................................................................................................225
5
Sesavali
kldeSi nakveT ZeglTa mniSvneloba, specifika da klasifikacia.
maTi gavrceleba msoflioSi da Seswavlis mdgomareoba
Tanamedrove qarTveli mecnierebi, ganvlili epoqebis adamianTa mier dedamiwis
myari geologiuri agebulebis qanebSi sxvadasxva mizniTa da saSualebiT gamokveTili
sivrceebis aRsaniSnavad, TiTqos sabolood SeCerdnen terminebze “kldis Zeglebi” an
“kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebi” (sityvaTa msgavsi SexamebiTaa gamoxatuli sazRvargareTul
samecniero wreebSi miRebuli analogiuri cnebani: inglisuri “Rock-cut monuments”,
rusuli “Скальные памятники” da sxv.). Sesabamisad, qarTul samecniero literaturaSi,
xuroTmoZRvrebis am ganxris aRsaniSnavad damkvidrda saxelwodeba “kldis xuroTmoZRvreba”. miuxedavad amisa, am rigis istoriul Zeglebs xSirad sxvagvaradac
moixsenieben: “gamoqvabuli Zeglebi”, “kldeSi nakafi Zeglebi”, “qvabovani Zeglebi” da
a.S., rac principulad ar cvlis aRniSnuli cnebis arss. azrobriv aRrevas mxolod is
gamonaTqvamebi iwvevs, sadac am tipis Zeglebs “mRvimeebad” moixsenieben, xolo bunebriv
siRrueebs ki “bunebriv gamoqvabulebad” [19; 85; 109 da sxv.]: Tanamedrove qarTuli
enis saliteraturo normebiT Tu gacilebiT Zveli terminologiiT, Tundac sulxansaba orbelianis leqsikonis mixedviT [202, II, gv. 235] “qvabi”, “gamoqvabuli”, adamianis
naxelavia, “mRvime” ki bunebis qmnilebaa.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom xandaxan kldis ZeglTa jgufs miakuTvneben xolme qvis xanis
sxvadasxva etapis adamianTa mier mniSvnelovnad mowesrigebul bunebriv mRvimeebsac,
risi sawinaaRmdegoc araferi gvaqvs: msoflio istoriografiaSi xom sakmao popularobiT sargeblobs Teoria, romlis mixedviTac arqiteqturis Casaxvisa da aTvlis
wertilad is momenti iTvleba, rodesac zeda paleoliTis epoqis adamianebma bunebriv
mRvimeTa Tundac primitiuli xerxebiT rekonstruqcias mihyves xeli [322, gv. 17]. miuxedavad amisa, uflebas vitovebT winamdebare naSromSi kldis ZeglTa genezisis niSansvetad, TiTqmis erTianad xelovnurad gamokveTili sivrceebis gavrceleba miviCnioT.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis mkvlevar saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebas jerjerobiT ar gaaCnia zusti pasuxi imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad romel epoqaSi da kontinentze Caeyara safuZveli samSeneblo xelovnebis am dargs. erTi ram ki danamdvilebiTaa
cnobili: qvis xanis bolo stadiebze, ufro ki eneoliTis (spilenZis) eraSi, materialuri
saqmianobis es Cveva msoflios uZvelesi civilizaciebis mier ukve sakmaod kargad iyo
aTvisebuli [593; 546; 480 da sxv.]. aqedan moyolebuli, sxvadasxva xerxiTa da gansxvavebuli
daniSnulebisaTvis gamoqvabuli saTavsebis Seqmna adamianTa sazogadoebebisaTvis
Cveulebriv movlenad iqca yvelgan, sadac ki bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebi amis
saSualebas iZleoda. gamoqvabulTa kveTa iseve ar aris viwro regionuli Tu epoqaluri
movlena, rogorc, vTqvaT, qvis an xis xuroTmoZRvreba. unda aRiniSnos, rom kldis
kveTis teqnika imTaviTve gamoyenebul iqna rogorc saero sacxovreblebis da sameurneo
saTavsebis, ise sakulto, samarxi kompleqsebis da TavdacviTi sistemebis mosawyobad,
e. i. xuroTmoZRvrebisadmi maSindeli moTxovnilebebis yvela ganxriT.
materialuri aqtivobis aRniSnuli sfero, kldis xuroTmoZRvreba, msoflios
kulturis istoriis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso movlenas warmoadgens. dResdReobiT sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, Tu raoden didi roli eniWeba msoflios xalxTa
6
xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis kvlevas. es arc
aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kldis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel rig
Taviseburebebs.
kldeSi nakveTi saTavsebis erT-erTi specifiuri Tviseba is aris, rom gansxvavebiT
nebismieri masaliT naSeni nagebobebisagan, isini konstruqciul moTxovnebs faqtiurad
ar emorCileba. amgvari saTavsebis formebisadmi wayenebuli erTaderTi SezRudvaa is,
rom maT ar unda gadaaWarbon kldis ama Tu im qanis simkvrividan gamomdinare zRvrul
zomebs. amdenad, kldis ZeglTa Semoqmedni sruliad Tavisufalni iyvnen interierebis
gegmur-sivrculi gadawyvetisas (sazogadod, ufro ki CvenSi, aseT Zeglebs eqsterierebi
mxolod nominalurad aqvT). unda iTqvas, rom kldis ZeglTa xuroTmoZRvrebi am
TavisuflebiT “borotad” TiTqmis arasdros ar sargeblobdnen Semdegi garemoebis
gamo: kldeSi nakveT saTavsebs igive funqcionaluri datvirTva aqvT, rac sxva masaliT
(qva, xe, da sxv.) Sesrulebul nagebobebs da maTSi mimdinare teqnologiuri procesebis
identurobidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebuli modulisadmi misadagebuli moculobebis
gaCenis obieqturi saWiroeba kldis ZeglebSi ar iyo.
ufro metic, gamoqvabulTa kveTis xelovnebas, xuroTmoZRvrebis sxva mimarTulebaTagan kardinalurad gansxvavebuli stili, gansakuTrebuli gegmarebiTi tradiciebi TiTqmis arc erT qveyanaSi ar SeumuSavebia (yovel SemTxvevaSi istoriul epoqebSi
mainc). CvenTvis cnobili arc erTi istoriuli civilizacia xuroTmoZRvrebis sferoSi
abstrahirebas ar mimarTavda da es garemoeba kldis ZeglTa interierebis xuroTmoZRvrul gadawyvetaSic aisaxa: “kldiT xuroebi” saTavsTa kveTisas TiTqmis yovelTvis TavianT konkretul regionSi gavrcelebuli, tradiciuli masaliT, maTi epoqis stiliT
nagebi Senobebis interierebis met-naklebad zust kopirebas sjerdebodnen. miuxedavad
imisa, rom prototipebisTvis konkretuli funqciuri mniSvnelobis mqone rig konstruqciebsa da detalebs kldis ZeglebSi mxolod dekoratiuli roliRa akisriaT, kldeSi
nakveTi minabaZebi arc Tu iSviaTad, sakmaod zustad asaxavs xolme “dednis” formebs.
kldis Zeglebis kidev erTi Taviseburebaa bunebrivi Tu sxva damazianebeli
faqtorebisadmi miwiszeda nagebobebTan SedarebiT meti mdgradoba. amis wyalobiT
kldis Zeglebma bevri iseTi uZvelesi tipis nagebobis imitaciebi an TiTqmis zusti
aslebi Semogvinaxa, romelTa pirvelad masalaSi ganxorcielebuli nimuSebi JamTa svlam
didi xania Seiwira. aqedan gamomdinare gasagebia, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriisTvis am rigis qvabovan ZeglTa kvlevas.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli specifikisa, kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis mniSvneloba ar
unda daviyvanoT raRac meorexarisxovan, “Cveulebrivi” xuroTmoZRvrebis Tanmxleb,
mxolod misiT nasazrdoeb movlenamde, romelsac epizodurad mimarTavda kacobrioba
ukuduresi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da romelic damoukidebeli SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis saSualebas moklebuli iyo. kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis amgvari Sefasebis
sawinaaRmdegod Tundac is faqti metyvelebs, rom sxvadasxva epoqaSi da kontinentze
arsebobda mTeli wyeba sacxovrebeli Tu sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis sivrceebisa,
romelTa ganxorcielebac religiuri Tu sxva motivebis gamo, ZiriTadad kldeSi
kveTiT iyo miRebuli an nebadarTuli (magaliTad, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis zogierTi
uZvelesi civilizaciis nekropolebi da maTi mimdebare taZrebi;
Zveli iranis
mazdeanur saxelmwifoTa Tu iudevelTa mmarTveli aristokratiis akldamebi [554;
457; 476; 377] da sxv.). amrigad, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kldisa da sxva ganxris
7
xuroTmoZRvrebaTa urTierTzegavlena xSirad ormxrivi iyo. ufro metic, rig
samecniero wreebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac uZveles
xanaSi swored gamoqvabuli saTavsebis imitirebis survili aZlevda stimuls adamianTa
sazogadoebas, sxva samSeneblo masaliTac ganexorcielebina msgavsi sivrceebi
[394; 350; 299]. Cven es ukanaskneli mosazreba odnav gadaWarbebulad gveCveneba (amis
Taobaze ufro vrclad qvemoT gveqneba saubari), erTi ram ki unda iTqvas: kldis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simtkice, monumenturoba da SesaZloa, erTgvari
mistikuri atmosferoc, albaT yovel istoriul epoqaSi izidavda sazogadoebis
farTo masebis, religiuri moRvaweebis Tu xelovan-mSeneblebis yuradRebas, amitom ar
unda gamoiricxos, rom analogiuri emociuri ganwyobisadmi miswrafeba, maT mier sxva
meTodebiT ganxorcielebul arqiteqturul SemoqmedebaSic asaxuliyo.
kacobriobis kulturis istoriisTvis kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis mniSvnelobaze
saubrisas, am tipis ZeglTa geografiuli da qronologiuri gavrcelebis masStabic
unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva epoqis kldis Zeglebi msoflios TiTqmis
yvela kontinentze da qveyenaSi gvxvdeba. zogierTi maTgani, gamorCeuli istoriuli
Tu mxatvruli Rirebulebis wyalobiT, siZveleTa specialistebs Soris sayovelTao
aRiarebiTa da popularobiT sargeblobs. amis dasturad, sakmarisia gavixsenoT Zveli
egviptis, wina aziis Tu indo-CineTis kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebi, sasaxleebi, grandiozuli
nekropolebi da sataZro kompleqsebi: abu-simbelis, beni-hasanis da serafeumis
dasakrZalavi taZrebi (egvipte, Zv.w. XII_X ss) [457], vanis klde (urartu, Zv.w. IX-VII ss)
[397], “midasas qalaqis” taZrebi da akldamebi (frigia, Zv.w. VIII-VII ss) [576], aqemenidTa
samefo akldamebi (irani, Zv.w. VI-IV ss) [537; 377], sataZro qalaqi petra (nabaTia, Zv.w.
III-ax.w. I ss) [563; 591], ajanTis taZrebi (indoeTi, Zv. w. IV-VI ss) [490], bamianis da kuSCis
budisturi monastrebi (avRaneTi, CineTi, ax.w. I-VII ss) [357; 371], qristianuli samonastro
kompleqsebi kabadokiaSi [509; 548], palestinaSi [539] da sxv. kldis xuroTmoZRvrebas
kargad icnobda Sua saukuneebis dasavleTi da centraluri evropa [601; 578], amerikis
Zveli civilizaciebi. rogorc vxedavT, kldis ZeglTa geografia da qronologia metad
vrcelia. radganac saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebriobis xelT, miuxedavad am
Tematikisadmi gacxovelebuli interesisa, dRemdec ki umTavresad pirvelxarisxovani,
ZiriTadad sakulto-memorialuri kldis Zeglebis Sesaxebaa SedarebiT amomwuravi
informacia, unda vivaraudoT, rom am rigis mravali sayuradRebo Zegli msoflios
sxvadasxva regionSi jer kidev elis gamomzeurebas da Seswavlas.
8
kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis gavrcelebis suraTi saqarTveloSi.
maTi kvlevis istoria da ZiriTadi problemebi.
mokled Cven mier am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos teritoriis didi nawili mTa-goriania, xolo dedamiwis qerqis
agebulebaSi maRali simkvrivis magmuri da danaleqi qanebi Warbobs [332]. miuxedavad
imisa, rom saqarTvelos regionTa umetes nawilSi hava mSrali kontinenturidan
zomierad notioSi gardamavalia da qvabovan sacxovreblebSi binadroba aq, klasikuri
“troglodituri” qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, klimaturi aucileblobiT ar iyo gamowveuli, aRniSnuli geologiuri garemo kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebisaTvis
odiTganve xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida. swored amitom, rogorc istoriamdel, ise
istoriul epoqebSi, xiT da qviT xuroobis paralelurad, CvenSi “kldiT xuroobasac”
mravali mimdevari hyolia, razedac aq SemorCenili kldis Zeglebis raodenoba
metyvelebs.
saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi kldis Zeglebi Tanabari intensivobiT ar yofila
gavrcelebuli. am tipis Zeglebi ufro xSirad Sida da qvemo qarTlSi [217; 227; 383; 39;
37], samcxe-javaxeTSi [65; 67; 325], kaxeTSi [424; 176; 43], istoriul argveTSi [95] da raWaleCxumSi [136] gvxvdeba, SedarebiT iSviaTad ki saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic [14; 184].
gamoqvabul saTavsTa jgufebi ZiriTadad mTiswina zolSi, mdinareTa xeobebis
kanionTa kldovan kalTebSia gamokveTili, SedarebiT iSviaTad ki maRalmTian zonaTa
qarafebSic gvxdeba (magaliTad, gergetis midamoebSi [143]). garkveul istoriul
viTarebaSi aseTi Zeglebi samxreT saqarTvelos vulkanuri warmoSobis zeganebis, agreTve mdinareebis, mtkvrisa da ivris auzebs Soris mdebare kldovan Tu konglomeratul
borcvebSic gamoukafavT [109; 265, gv. 67]. mdinareTa kanionebSi nakveTi qvabTa jgufebi
metwilad mravaliarusiania, xolo zeganebis borcvebSi TiToiarusiani kompleqsebic
xSiria.
saqarTvelos nebismieri zonis kldis ZeglTaTvis tipiuria kldis zedapirisken
gaxsnili, met-naklebi sifarTovis RiobebiT formirebuli fasadebi. Tavdapirveli
eqsterierebis umravlesoba amJamad dazianebulia da qvabovan saTavsTa didi nawili
kldis zedapirze gaswvrivi kveTebiT gamodis.
CvenSi arcTu iSviaTia agreTve e.w. “daranuli” tipis, anu dedamiwis qanis siRrmeSi
nakveTi kldis Zeglebi, romlebSi moxvedrac mxolod vertikaluri lukebis da
horizontul gvirabTa sistemebiTaa SesaZlebeli [205; 73].
saqarTvelos teritoriaze kldeSi nakveTobebis arsebobas, jer kidev didi xnis
win aRniSnavdnen rogorc qarTveli da sazRvargareTeli mematianeebi, ise sxvadasxva
mizniT mogzauri (an SemoWrili) ucxoelebi [1; 3; 6; 127; 212 da sxv.]. miuxedavad amisa, am
ZeglTa mecnierul Seswavlas arcTu xangrZlivi istoria aqvs.
gviani Sua saukuneebis miwurulSi da axali kulturuli eris dadgomisTanave,
rogorc ki saqarTvelos umdidresi istoriuli memkvidreoba qarTveli da ucxoeli
ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis yuradRebis sferoSi moeqca, CvenSi mdebare kldis ZeglTa
erTi, vizualurad yvelaze gamorCeuli nawilic intensiuri Seswavlis sagnad iqca.
qarTul kldis ZeglTa mecnieruli Seswavlis pirvel cdad unda miviCnioT XVIII s-is
gamoCenili qarTveli geografis da istorikosis, vaxuSti bagrationis naSromi “aRwera
9
samefosa saqarTvelosa” [5]. aq saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mdebare mravali kldis
Zeglia ganxiluli istoriul-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, rig SemTxvevebSi ki am ZeglTa
tipologiisa da qronologiis sakiTxebzecaa gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi. magaliTad,
vaxuSti bagrationis azriT, gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis erTi nawili winaqristianuli
xanis kldeSi nakveT dasaxlebebs Tu qalaqebs warmoadgens [5, gv. 350, 366], zogi ki Sua
saukuneebis udabno-monastrebs an saxizrebs [5, gv. 322, 323, 331, 667 da sxv.].
XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi imogzaura cnobilma Sveicarielma mecnierma
diubua de monperem. igi qarTuli kulturisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis sxva ZeglebTan erTad
kldeSi nakveTobebiTac dainteresda da Tavis naSromSi “mogzauroba kavkasiis garSemo,
CerqezebTan da afxazebTan, saqarTveloSi, somxeTSi da yirimSi”, vrclad aRwera
varZiis da ufliscixis gamoqvabuli kompleqsebi [502]. diubuam garkveuli mosazrebanic
gamoTqva am ZeglTa raobis, warmoSobis epoqis da stilisturi Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb.
diubuasaTvis rogorc ufliscixe, ise varZia qalaqebia. igi maT erTmaneTs adarebs da
Semdegi daskvnebi gamoaqvs: 1. varZiis gamoqvabulebi, romelTa didi nawili Tamar mefis
dros aris ganaxlebuli, damuSavebiTa da SesrulebiT ver Seedreba ufliscixes, romelic
ufro adreulia; 2. ufliscixeSi ar aris kldeSi nakveTi qristianuli eklesiebi, rac imas
mowmobs, rom es qalaqi qristianobis xanas ar ekuTvnis; 3. “qarTlis cxovrebis” cnobiT,
ufliscixe auSenebia ufloss, skviTebis Semosevis wina xanebSi, xolo aleqsandre
makedonels qalaqi gamagrebuli daxvedria; 4. romauli xanis gadakeTebaTa mowmobaa
“qarTlis cxovrebis” cnoba ufliscixeSi arSak mefis samSeneblo moRvaweobaze; agreTve
romaul stilSi Sesrulebuli, kesonur Weriani erT-erTi qvabi, romelsac igi romaelTa
saqarTveloSi batonobis periods ukavSirebs.
1847 wels peterburgSi a. muraviovma gamoaqveyna ufliscixis aRweriloba. igi
mimoixilavs kldeSi nakveT saTavsebs, exeba darbazebis interierebis Semkulobebs,
kompleqsis gegmarebas da a. S. man pirvelad daadastura ufliscixeSi qristianuli
samlocveloebis arseboba [391, gv. 94-101].
1848 wels ufliscixe moinaxula cnobilma frangma istorikosma, gamoCenilma
qarTvelologma mari brosem. mas Tavisi dakvirvebebi am Zeglis Sesaxeb, peterburgSi
gamoqveynebul naSromSi aqvs mocemuli [481]. mari broses ufliscixis Seswavlis
saqmeSi gverdSi amoudga qarTveli swavluli dimitri meRvineTxucesiSvili, romelmac
arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Caatara ufliscixeSi. d. meRvineTxucesiSvili istoriaSi
darCa ara marto rogorc pirveli qarTveli kldis ZeglTa mecnier-mkvlevari, aramed
rogorc pirveli qarTveli arqeologi. masve ekuTvnis qarTul periodikaSi ufliscixis
Sesaxeb gamoqveyvebuli ramdenime statia [74, gv. 5].
1850 wels saqarTvelos istoriuli qalaqebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul naSromSi,
cnobilma qarTvelma mkvlevarma platon ioselianma ufliscixec mimoixila. igi
eTanxmeba diubuas azrs, rom ufliscixe winaqristianuli qalaqia [352].
qarTuli kldis Zeglebs didi adgili dauTmo Tavis gamokvlevebSi cnobilma
rusma mecnierma p. uvarovam. man pirvelad gansazRvra saTanado mecnierul doneze
varZiis funqcia da warmoSobis xana. manve Seiswavla ufliscixis xuroTmoZRvruli
Taviseburebani da 1894 wels gamoTqva mosazreba, rom SeiZleba kesonuri Weris mqone
gamoqvabulebi Cv. w. pirveli saukuneebiT daTariRdes [416].
amierkavkasiis uZvelesi nagebobebis Seswavlisadmi miZRvnil, 1895 wels
gamoqveynebul naSromSi germaneli mkvlevari f. baierni saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
10
regionSi mdebare mravali gamoqvabuli kompleqsis Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobebs da am ZeglTa tipologiisa Tu qronologiis sakiTxebis Sesaxebac msjelobs. magaliTad, f. baierni
am kompleqsTa erT nawils uZvelesi xanis adamianTa, e. w. “trogloditTa” (berZnulad
_ gamoqvabulis mcxovrebni) samosaxloebad miiCnevs, Tumca amis damadasturebeli
faqtiuri masala mas TiTqmis ar gaaCnia [307]. rogorc Cans, es mosazrebani mniSvnelovnad
diubua de monperes zemoT moyvanili naSromiTaa nasazrdoebi.
daaxloebiT imavnairad mimoixilavs qarTul kldis Zeglebs 1896 wels gamocemul naSromSi rusi samxedro eqimi da moyvaruli bunebismetyveli i. pantiuxovic.
igi imeorebs winamorbed mogzaur-mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs winaqristianul xanaSi
amierkavakasiis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis gamoqvabulebSi binadrobis Sesaxeb, amasTan igi ufro Sors mimaval daskvnebsac akeTebs: misi azriT aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi (da mTel aRmosavleT amierkavakasiaSi) metad gavrcelebuli darbazuli
tipis sacxovreblebi genetikurad gamoqvabul-sacxovreblebs ukavSirdeba da misi
ganviTareba-transformaciis Sedegs warmoadgens [394].
1898-1899 wlebSi germaneli mecnieri k. leman-haufti gaecno qarTul kldis
Zeglebs, ufliscixes da varZias, romlebic wina aziis uZveles saxelmwifoTa analogiur
Zeglebs, kerZod ki urartus samefos gamoqvabul kompleqsebs Seadara. k. leman-haufti
ufliscixes, varZias da garejis kompleqsebs ganixilavs qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs es kldis Zeglebi iberTa samxreTidan mosvlis
sabuTad warmoadginos. misi azriT, ara ugvianes Zv. w. VI s-isa, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze saxldebian frigiidan wamosuli mesxebi, romlebmac qarTveli xalxis
uZvelesi da ZiriTadi nawili Seadgines; ara uadres Zv. w. IV saukunisa Tavisi
samSoblodan CrdiloeTisaken daiZrnen kardux-gordiebi (maTSi, avtoris azriT, qarTiberebi unda vigulisxmoT), Seaviwroves mesxebi da Seerivnen maT. amierkavkasiisa da
mcire aziis kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebis Sedareba, misi azriT, gviCvenebs, rom aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebi (ufliscixe, varZia, daviT-gareja) xasiaTiTa da
moyvanilobiT ufro kardux-gordiebis gamoqvabulebSi pouloben paralelebs, vidre
zusti proporciebis xaldur-frigiul gamoqvabulebSi [369].
marTalia, k. leman-hauftis mosazrebebSi dRes bevri ram ar aris gasaziarebeli,
magram mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom man pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba Zveli saqarTvelos
kldis Zeglebis samxreTeli mezoblebis analogiur kulturasTan kavSirSi Seswavlis
saWiroebis sakiTxs.
qarTuli kldis ZeglTa Seswavlis saqmeSi garkveuli wvlilis Setana moaswro
d. yifSiZemac. man 1915 wels n. marTan erTad (romelic ramdenime sezonis ganmavlobaSi
xelmZRvanelobda anisis arqeologiur gaTxrebs) gamoikvlia naqalaqar anisis
Semadgeneli kldeSi nakveTi ubnebi, maTi didi nawili winaqristianuli xanis sakulto
kompleqsebad miiCnia da am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil specialur naSromSi ufliscixis
kompleqsebsa da aRniSnul kldis ZeglTa Soris paralelis gavlebasac Seecada [360]. d.
yifSiZis kalams ekuTvnis agreTve varZiis kldeSi nakveTi monastris mTavari eklesiis
moxatulobisadmi miZRvnili naSromic [359].
qarTuli materialuri kulturis ZeglTa dauRalav mkvlevars, e. TayaiSvils
arc kldis Zeglebi darCenia yuradRebis miRma. me-20 saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi
Sesrulebul mis mraval samecniero naSromsa da mogzaurobaTa dRiurSi gvxvdeba
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi mdebare gansxvavebuli epoqisa da daniSnulebis
11
gamoqvabuli saTavsebis Tu kldeSi nakveTi mTeli kompleqsebis aRweriloba vrceli
komentariTurT [101; 102; 407; 408].
XIX s-sa da XX s-is dasawyisis mkvlevarTagan da mogzaurTagan kidev mraval moRvawes
aqvs datovebuli met-naklebi mniSvnelobis informacia saqarTvelos kldis ZeglTa
Sesaxeb, magram unda iTqvas, rom am periodis naSromebi umeteswilad arqeografiulaRweriTi an samecniero-popularuli xasiaTisaa, xSirad faqtobriv uzustobebsac
Seicavs da praqtikulad moklebulia ganmazogadebel daskvnebs [343; 306 da sxv.].
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisa da qveynis demokratiul respublikad
gamocxadebis Semdeg (1918 w), erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis kvlevas gansakuTrebuli stimuli mieca da es tendencia, inerciulad, sabWoTa ruseTis mier Tavsmoxveuli sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSic gagrZelda. gamonakliss arc kldis Zeglebis
kvleva warmoadgenda. magaliTad, akademikosi g. CubinaSvili, dawyebuli 1921 wlidan,
periodulad muSaobda daviT-garejis gamoqvabuli monastrebis xuroTmoZRvrebisa
da kedlis mxatvrobis problemebze, rasac specialuri monografiac uZRvna [424].
ufliscixis, daviT-garejis da varZiis xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis agreTve akademokos S. amiranaSvils [16].
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis mimarTulebiT, XX saukunis 40-50ian wlebSi mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi Caatares varZiis muzeum-nakrZalis bazaze moRvawe
axalgazrda, SemdgomSi gamoCenilma qarTvelma mecnierebma, romelTa naazrevsac qvemoT
movixseniebT.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxaris kldis ZeglTa xuroTmoZRvrul-xelovnebaTmcodneobiT da saistorio SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes: v. beriZem [47],
n. CubinaSvilma [237], T. qarumiZem [217; 218], e. privalovam [187], g. leJavam [128; 370],
k. meliTaurma [150-154], g. gafrindaSvilma [62-72], T. sanikiZem [195-196], g. abramiSvilma
[11-12], g. yifianma [224-227], d. TumaniSvilma [111 ], v. silogavam [199], z. sxirtlaZem [203204], l. mirianaSvilma, T. jojuam [ix. fond “udabnos” samecniero seriiT gamoqveynebuli
metad sayuradRebo krebulebi] da sxvebma.
garkveuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebi ufliscixis qvabovan ansamblSi, jer kidev
1852 wels Caatara moyvarulma mxareTmcodnem, d. meRvineTuxucesma [74], Tumca am
mcdelobas ramdenadme mniSvnelovani Sedegebi ar mohyolia.
qarTul kldis ZeglTa mecnierul arqeologiur kvlevas safuZveli Cauyares
S. amiranaSvilma [16], g. lomTaTiZem [135-136], d. xaxutaiSvilma [258-261]. kldis
Zeglebze ukanasknel wlebSi mimdinare arqeologiuri samuSaoebidan aRsaniSnavia
s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifo
muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi.
calke unda gamovyoT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis speleistikis* laboratoriis samecniero muSaoba am mimarTulebiT. am laboratoriis Camoyalibeba 1966 wels,
saqarTveloSi kldis ZeglTa Seswavlis axali etapis momaswavlebeli iyo. es RonisZieba
miznad isaxavda sxvadasxva epoqisa da tipis gamoqvabulTa regionul, kompleqsur
*
termini “speleistika” Seqmnilia da samecniero mimoqcevisaTvis SemoTavazevulia b-n g.
gafrindaSvilis mier, rogorc xelovnuri gamoqvabulebis Semswavleli kerZo mecnierebis
saxelwodeba, bunebrivi mRvimeebis Semswavleli “speleologiis” sapirispirod. unda iTqvas,
rom am terminis SemoRebis aucileblobasa da marTebulobaSi, Sesabamisi specialobis
qarTvel mecnierTa umravlesoba darwmunebuli ar aris.
12
kvlevas. marTlac, TiTqmis 3 aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, met-naklebi masStabis samuSaoebi
mimdinareobda mtkvris xeobis zemo welis, daviT-garejis, qvemo qarTlis, yvirilas xeobis
da zogierTi sxva raionis kldis ZeglTa xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi da arqeologiuri
TvalsazrisiT Sesaswavlad. am kvlevaSi laboratoriis xelmZRvanel g. gafrindaSvilTan
erTad mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes b. mWedliSvilma [181-184], a. varTagavam [95], z.
TvalWreliZem [103-106], s. burdilaZem [59; 316], n. baxtaZem [28-44] da sxvebma. miuxedavad
aseTi Zalisxmevisa, saqarTvelos kldis ZeglTa sruli atlasis Sedgena, rac laboratoriis saqmianobis erT-erT mTavar mizans warmoadgenda, jer kidev Sors aris gansrulebisagan.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas calkeul, uaRresad saintereso kldis ZeglTa kvlevis dRevandel
mdgomareobaze, rac mTeli rigi obieqturi Tu subieqturi pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. aqve
unda aRiniSnos, rom am samecniero ujredis muSaoba imTaviTve mxolod Sua saukuneebis
kldis Zeglebis SeswavliT Semoifargla da es tendencia bolo dromde grZeldeboda.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli orsaukunovani mcdelobisa, qarTveli Tu sazRvargareTeli mecnierebis TvalsawierSi, bolo dromde saqarTveloSi mdebare kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis mxolod nawili iyo moqceuli. iseve rogorc sazRvargareTis kldis
xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglTa kvlevis pirvel etapebze, am rigis qarTul ZeglTagan,
seriozuli Seswavlis obieqtebad umTavresad masStaburi, mxatvrul-stilisturi
gadawyvetiT yvelaze gamorCeuli qvabovani ansamblebi iqca.
vfiqrobT, swored es garemoeba iyo imis umTavresi mizezi, rom sul raRac 15ode wlis win, winaqristianuli xanis erTaderT qarTul kldis Zeglad ufliscixis
brwyinvale xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli iTvleboda.
am didebuli qvabovani kompleqsis warmoSobis problema-fenomens didi xania
dastrialebs qarTuli samecniero azri. ufliscixis funqcionaluri da qronologiuri kuTvnilebis, misi xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi Taviseburebebisa da sazRvargareTis analogiur ZeglebTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriografiaSi mravali
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli, ris Taobazec ufro vrclad Cveni
naSromis Sesabamis nakveTSi vimsjelebT. aq mxolod Semdegs aRvniSnavT: rogorc Cans,
swored ufliscixis grandiozulma masStabma da gamorCeulma xuroTmoZRvrebam gamoiwvia is viTareba, rom am sakiTxebiT dakavebul mecnierTa nawils saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
raionebSi mdebare, SedarebiT naklebad efeqtur da momcro gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi
imave da ufro adreuli epoqebis kldis Zeglebis amocnoba gauWirdaT. aqedan gamomdinare,
pativcemul mkvlevarebs SeeqmnaT STabeWdileba, TiTqos ufliscixe, rogorc uZvelesi
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis saerTo suraTidan erTgvarad amovardnili,
adgilobrivi tradiciebis gareSe moulodnelad aRmocenebuli Zegli, samxreTis
qveynebidan axlad gadmosaxlebuli, gamoqvabuli saTavsebis kveTis mtkice Cvevis mqone
mosaxleobis jgufebis mier unda yofiliyo Seqmnili [383; 369; 65; 75]. mecnierTa sakmaod
didma jgufma es varaudi safuZvels moklebulad miiCnia, Tumca ufliscixis “moulodnel” warmoSobas verc sxva, ufro damajerebeli axsna mouZebna [216; 258; 195; 420].
ufliscixis sinqronuli da arqiteqturulad ramdenadme msgavsi kldeSi nakveTi
sakulto kompleqsebi da mTeli qalaqebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis zogierT regionSi
marTlac gvxvdeba [397; 563], magram zemoT aRniSnuli “transplantaciis” Teoria Cvenc
Tavidanve saeWvod mogveCvena Semdegi mosazrebebis gamo.
xelovnebis nebismieri dargis, da miT ufro arqiteqturis Sedevrebi, rogorc wesi,
13
ama Tu im tradiciis adgilobriv niadagze xangrZlivi ganviTarebis nayofia xolme.
ufliscixis ansamblic, misi daxvewili gegmarebiTa da dasrulebuli sivrcoblivi
gaazrebiT, aramc da aramc ar tovebs ucxo garemodan axlad gadmonergili, pirveli
da ukanaskneli “eqsperimentis” STabeWdilebas. es kompleqsi Tavisi srulyofilebiT,
qarTul sinamdvileSi sakmaod fexmokidebuli xuroTmoZRvruli Cvevis kulminaciur
safexurs ufro asaxavs. swored amitom ar gamovricxavdiT, rom ufliscixis brwyinvale
arqiteqturuli ansambli antikur an ufro adreul xanaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
gavrcelebul kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis tradiciaze iyo aRmocenebuli.
ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CvenSi winaqristianuli xanis gamoqvabul
saTavsTa sakmaod intensiuri gavrceleba, samuSao hipoTezis uflebiT, winaswarac
SegveZlo gvevarauda. amis safuZvels Semdegi garemoeba gvaZlevda.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kldeSi sacxovreblebisa da sakulto kompleqsebis
kveTis Cveva saqarTvelos mezobel regionTa umravlesobaSi uZvelesi droidanve
Cveul saqmianobad gvevlineba. saqarTvelo, rogorc uZveles civilizaciaTa jaWvSi
mWidrod CarTuli qveyana, saeWvoa am mxriv gamonakliss warmoadgendes, miT umetes Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, ra simaRles miaRwia aq SemdgomSi kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis xelovnebam. rasakvirvelia, es argumenti ar gamoricxavs mosaxleobis jgufebis migraciisas
kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis mastimulirebeli garkveuli impulsebis CvenSi
sxva regionebidan Semotanas, magram Tundac ase yofiliyo, amgvari movlena ufliscixis
antikuri xanis xuroTmoZRvrebis saboloo saxiT Camoyalibebas albaT didad uswrebda
win da am tradiciis Sedegi ganmxoloebuli Zeglis saxiT ar iqneboda warmodgenili.
uZveles qarTul saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebebsa Tu protoqarTvelur tomebSi
gavrcelebuli qvabTa kveTis Cveva epizodurad qarTul da ucxour naratiul
wyaroebSic Cans asaxuli. magaliTad, “qarTlis cxovreba” mogviTxrobs, rom sparsTa
mier devnili “bun-Turqni” “. . . movides da poves adgili erTi mcxeTas, dasavliT kerZo
kldeTa Soris gamokveTili, Rrma da moiTxoves igi mcxeTeli mamasaxlisisagan. misca
da aRaSenes igi, mozRudes mtkiceT, da ewoda mas adgilsa sarkine” [1, gv. 31]. am rigis
cnobebTan dakavSirebiT b-ni iv. javaxiSvili werda: “istoriuli Zeglebidan Cans, rom
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo sxvadasxva masaliT aSenebuli nagebobani. arsebobda
kldeebSi gamokveTili sacxovrebeli saxlebi da mTeli qalaqebic ki. warmoidgineT
qarTvel istorikos ase aqvs gaTvaliswinebuli saqme, rom uZveles xanaSi swored amas
misdevdneno” [269, gv. 5].
antikuri avtorebis cnobebidan gamovyofdiT plinius sekunds da iulius solans,
romlebic kavkasiaSi mcxovreb “trogloditebs” moixsenieben; agreTve sqolios
esqiles “promeTes” xelnawerze, sadac “aravis” xalxi gaigivebulia kavkasiaSi mcxovreb
troglodit-kolxebTan [368, gv. 131, 167, 234].
rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnuli argumentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakmao safuZveli
gagvaCnda, raTa saqarTveloSi ufliscixisa Tu ufro adreuli epoqebis kldis ucnobi
Zeglebis Ziebas SevdgomodiT.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze winaqristianul xanaSi kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis gavrcelebis masStabze, pirveli konkretuli pasuxi qvemo qarTlis vrcel teritoriebze
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Cven mier mikvleulma kldeSi nakveTma uZvelesma kompleqsebma gagvca.
14
Tavi I. kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis Casaxva da
ganviTarebis pirveli safexurebi saqarTveloSi
qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebis geografiul geologiuri ganfeniloba, kveTis meTodika, Tavdapirveli
xuroTmoZRvruli saxis da garemos rekonstruqcia
istoriul qvemo qarTlSi, kldeSi nakveTi calkeuli Zeglebi an maTi dajgufebani
gvxvdeba mdinareebis: qcias (xramis), maSaveras, debedas, Savwyalas, algeTis da maT
zogierT Senakad xeobaTa TiTqmis yvela im monakveTSi, sadac kldovani ferdobebi
damrec daxramebebs qmnis. amJamad, Cveni interesis sagans ZiriTadad zemoT aRniSnuli
rigis, gamoqvabulTa mozrdili kompleqsebi warmoadgens. warmodgenil naSromSi am
ZeglTa nawils qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi [4; 5; 6 da sxv.] dafiqsirebul toponimebTan
identifikaciis safuZvelze, istoriuli saxelwodebiT movixseniebT (magaliTad,
naxiduris, Tavmrgvalas, muguTis, ifnobis, samSvildis qvabebi), danarCens ki pirobiTi
miniSnebiT, Tanamedrove geografiul punqtebTan maxloblobis mixedviT.*
aRniSnuli tipis, metad sayuradRebo ZeglebiT gajerebulia mdinare xramis xeoba,
istoriul sofel naxiduridan ayolebuli (Tanamedrove bolnisis da marneulis raionTa
Sesayari) naqalaqar samSvildisa da pirRebulis monastris midamoebis CaTvliT (TeTri
wyaros raioni). kanionis am monakveTSi mdebareobs 2 aTeulamde grandiozuli kompleqsi.
mdinare xramis xeobaSi, aseTive qvabovan kompleqsTa Semdegi didi dajgufebebia
TrialeTis axalqalaqis (vaxuStis mixedviT “eZanis xrami”), daba walkis da avranlos
(“Tezis xrami”) midamoebSi [5, gv. 319-320].
qvabTa analogiuri kompleqsebi TiTqmis mijriT gauyveba mdinare maSaveras xeobas,
dawyebuli kazreTidan, dmanisis naqalaqarisa da Tanamedrove dmanisis raionuli
centris CaTvliT, agreTve mdinare Savwyalas (zurtaketis) xeobas, mdinare xramTan
SesarTavis midamoebidan dRevandel sofel yarabulaxamde. msgavsi kompleqsebi
gvxvdeba mdinare debedas xeobaSic (magaliTad, qobairisa da axtalis monastrebs Soris
monakveTi). aRniSnul mdinareTa zogierT Senakad xeobebSi, am tipis kidev mravali
qvabovani gvaqvs moniSnuli [37; 309].
am xeobaTa CvenTvis saintereso monakveTebi CaWrilia lavur nakadebSi, romelTa
saerTo simZlavre (jamuri sisqe) daax. 200-250 m-s Seadgens. es nakadebi pirobiTad
Semdeg stratigrafiul horizontad SeiZleba danawevrdes: a) qveda, sagebi nawili;
b) Sua, masiuri nawili; g) zeda, forovan-qaoturi nawili. sagebi nawili dakuStulnapralovania da qmnis „cxel keramikul“ kontaqts qveSmdebare qanebTan. cxeli
kontaqtis sisqe daax. 30-50 sm-ia, xolo sagebi nawilis saerTo sisqe SeiZleba 30-40 m
rigisa iyos. Sua nawili warmodgenilia mWidro da faruli kristaluri, sqeli (2-3 m)
Sreebrivi, masiuri struqturis dolerituli an andezit-bazalturi Sedgenilobis
lavebiT, romelTac mravalwaxnagovan-sveturi ganwevreba axasiaTebT. zeda nawilis
forovanoba da qaoturoba ganpirobebulia lavuri nakadis myari qerqis gaCeniT, maSin
rodesac nakadis guli jer kidev blanti da moZravi iyo _ forebi gazis buStebis
„kalapotebia“. sayuradReboa, rom nakadTa zeda nawilebSi es kalapotebi upiratesad
sferuli moyvanilobisaa, maSin rodesac siRrmeebSi gabrtyelebul-wagrZelebulia,
*
naSromis sxva nakveTebSi warmodgenili kldis ZeglTa saxelwodebanic aseTi principiTaa
SerCeuli.
15
rac zeda masebis dawoliT aris gamowveuli. nakadebis zeda nawilebis sisqe zogjer
ramdenime aTeul m-s aRwevs da misi simtkice sagrZnoblad naklebia Sua nawilTan
SedarebiT [332].*
Cven samecniero interesebis sferoSi moqceul qvabTa kompleqsebis Semadgeneli
saTavsebis umravlesoba swored nakadTa zeda, SedarebiT advilad dasamuSavebel
nawilebSia gamokveTili, Tumca zogierTi iarusi Sua, masiur fenaSic gamoukafavT.
aseT kompleqsTagan zogierTis warmoSobaSi kldis zeda masivebSi arsebul, aRniSnul
buStisebr bunebriv siRrueebs garkveuli mastimulirebeli roli unda Seesrulebina,
razedac kldis Zeglebis kanionis kalTebze erTmaneTis pirispir mdebareoba, agreTve
xelovnur gamoqvabulTa sistemebSi aqa-iq SemorCenili bunebrivi mRvimeebis naSTebi
metyvelebs. am tipis qvabTa kompleqsebis didi umravlesobis gegmarebiT struqturaSi
ki xelovnuri saTavsebis bunebrivi mRvimeebis bazaze ganviTarebaze, amJamad araferi
migvaniSnebs.
kompleqsebis Semadgeneli qvabebi sakmaod Rrma kanionebis brtyel flateebsa
da ubeebSia ganfenili met-naklebad kompaqtur jgufebad, irib an horizontulTan
miaxlovebul iarusebad. kompleqsebis vertikalur ganfenilobebSi SeimCneva
kanonzomiereba _ gamoqvabulTa umetesoba qarafebis saSualo da qveda registrSia
gamokveTili (mdinareTa mier CaWrili lavuri nakadebis Sua da sagebi nawilebi ufro
xSirad, droTa ganmavlobaSi damrecad nayari lodebis da miwis masiTaa dafaruli).
ufro metic, mraval kompleqsSi qveda iarusebi sruliad advili misasvlelia da
gansakuTrebul problemas arc danarCen iarusTa qvabebSi moxvedra warmoadgens: isini
kldis bunebriv, zogan xelovnurad gaganierebuli terasebis gayolebazea nakveTi,
es gasavlelebi ki erTmaneTs pandusisebri gzebiTa da bilikebiT ukavSirdeba. garda
amisa, TiTqmis yovel kompleqsSi davadastureT rogorc xeobis ZirTan, ise platosTan
damakavSirebeli gzebic (tab. 1-dan 4; 133-dan 137). miuval simaRleze gamokveTili qvabebi
SedarebiT iSviaTia da maTi miudgomlobac umTavresad safasado nawilebis CamoSliTaa
gamowveuli. saerTod, amJamad kompleqsebi Zlieraa dazianebuli, qvabTa mniSvnelovani
nawilis eqsterierebi Camongreulia da maT gegmarebaze msjeloba SemorCenili farTebis konfiguraciis mixedviT gvixdeba.
kompleqsebis Semadgeneli qvabebis didi umravlesoba liTonis iaraRis
dauxmareblad Cans gamokveTili. aq Cvens mier dadasturebulia msoflios uZvelesi
civilizaciebisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelos binadar brinjaos xanis tomebisTvis
kargad cnobili kldis damuSavebis xerxi, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs: kldes mZlavri
cecxliT axurebdnen, Semdeg civi wylis gadasxmiT mis dabzarvas aRwevdnen; daxeTqili
masis gamongreva bzarebSi xis solebis CaWedebiT xdeboda, romlebsac wyliT JRenTdnen
an ubralod uros “gadaatarebdnen” [322, gv. 114; 80, gv. 185; 45]. qvemo qarTlis
gamoqvabulebis mikroklimats zogan aseTi solebis naSTebi sakmaod kargad Semounaxavs
(magaliTad, naxiduris, samSvildis kompleqsebSi [37, gv. 23, 84]).
cxadia, aRniSnuli meTodiT bazaltovan qanSi ramdenadme zusti formis miReba
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, amitom qvabebs geometriulTan mxolod odnav miaxloebuli
konfiguracia aqvs da isic ara yovelTvis. kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba rogorc sworkuTxedis
*
qvemo qarTlis aRniSnul zonaTa qanebis geologiuri agebulebis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb,
konsultaciebi gagviwia geologiur mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma ramaz RambaSiZem,
risTvisac mas did madlobas movaxsenebT.
16
da ovaluris msgavsi, ise nebismieri gegmis qvabebi (tab. 5-dan 25). maTi zomebic Zlier
gansxvavebulia: 4-5 kv. m-dan 15-20 kv. m-mde. iatakebi praqtikulad brtyelia. kedlebi
da Weri uswormasworoa, maT Soris gadasvlis xazebi ar SeiniSneba. qvabTa absoluturi
umravlesobis simaRle emorCileba moduls, rac welSi gamarTuli adamianis dgomazea
gaTvlili.
kompleqsTa Semadgeneli qvabebi met-naklebi daSorebiTaa gamokveTili (daax. 2-5 m
intervaliT). isini xSirad erTmaneTisgan izolirebulia, magram Sida gasasvlelebiTa
Tu gvirabebiT dakavSirebuli mezobeli gamoqvabulebis jgufebic mravlad gvxvdeba.*
zogierT kompleqsSi dadasturebulia adamianis siluets mimsgavsebuli formis
gasasvlelebi (tab. 8; 13; 19 da sxv.). SedarebiT iSviaTia erTmaneTTan kidev ufro
rTulad dakavSirebuli qvabTa jgufebi, sadac saTavsebSi karibWis an derefnis msgavsi
sivrceebis gavliT vxvdebiT (tab. 24; 25). qvab-saTavsebis umravlesoba terasebze
daax. 50-100 sm siganis SesasvlelebiT gamodis, rac metwilad maTi sinaTlisa da ventilaciis erTaderTi wyarocaa, Tumca erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul qvabTagan zogierTs
damoukidebeli Sesasvleli ar gaaCnia da viwro, xvrelisebri sarkmelebiT naTdeba.
xSirad qvabebs ZiriTadi sivrcidan mkveTrad gamoyofili, niSisebri moculobebic
aqvs gamokveTili kldis siRrmeSi an gverdiT, rac damxmare saTavsebis STabeWdilebas
tovebs.
kompleqsebSi SeiniSneba Semdegi kanonzomierebac _ qveda iarusTa qvabebi SedarebiT primitiuli gegmarebisaa, xSirad ki sacxovrebelis kvalobaze kldis siRrmeSi
uCveulod wagrZelebuli da miwis piras mdebareobis gamo, sakmaod nestianic. zeda
iarusebis qvab-saTavsebi gacilebiT daxvewili formebiT, sivrcis rTuli danawevrebiT
da kargi insolaciiT gamoirCeva (tab. 7; 23-2).
kompleqsTa qvabebSi (metwilad zeda iarusebze), SemorCenilia kldeSi uxeSad
nakveTi cecxlis dasanTebi ormoebi an mcire zomis niSi-SeRrmavebebi. ufro rTuli
kldeSi nakveTi sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobani am saTavsebSi ar gvxvdeba, rac qanebis
araxelsayreli agebulebiT SeiZleba aixsnas. rogorc Cans, aseT mowyobilobebs am ZeglTa
Semoqmedni sxva masaliT anxorcielebdnen, Tundac xisgan, razedac kedlebSi mravlad
SemorCenili Casamagrebeli fosoebi mowmobs. qvabebSi arc karebis kldeSi nakveTi
alaTebis da CarCoebis budeebis kvali SeimCneva, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom karebis
CarCoebis Zelebi RiobebSi ubralod gaWedili Tu iqneboda (an Riobebis dasagmanavad
sxva xerxs, magaliTad tyavis an qsovilis fardebs iyenebdnen).
qvabTa kompleqsTagan, zogierTis farglebSi kldidan wyaro gadmoedineba an
wyali Jonavs da romelime qvabSi grovdeba. SesaZloa, adre sxva kompleqsebic msgavsad
maragdeboda sasmeli wyliT, Tumca, mdinarispira qarafebSi nakveTi qvabebis wylis
maragiT uzrunvelyofa arc uamisod gaWirdeboda.
qvemo qarTlis aRniSnuli tipis kldis Zeglebis eqspluataciis bolo stadiebisTvis metad damaxasiaTebeli yofila droTa ganmavlobaSi dazianebuli safasado
nawilebis qvis primitiuli, sustSemkvreliani kedlebiT an xuroTmoZRvrulad kargad
gaazrebuli qviTkiris minaSenebiT aRdgena. aseTi damatebiTi nagebobebis intensiuri
kvali, amJamadac TiTqmis yvela kompleqsSi SeiniSneba, rac Zeglebis gansxvavebul
epoqebSi mravaljerad gamoyenebas erTi SexedviTve ueWvel faqtad warmoaCens. Tuki
*
aRsaniSnavia, rom sruliad erTnairi geologiuri agebulebis kldovan masivebSi, analogiuri
teqnologiiT nakveT qvabTa kompleqsTagan zogierTSi gancalkevebuli qvab-saTavsebi
Warbobs, zogan ki erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulebi.
17
kldis ZeglTa specifiur Tvisebas, JamTa msvlelobisadmi medegobas gaviTvaliswinebT,
gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu raoden xangrZlivi qronologiuri distancia unda gvegulisxma
gamoqvabulTa kveTasa da Sua saukuneebSi Catarebul am sarestavracio samuSaoebs Soris.
Sesabamisad, am mravalplastian gamoqvabul kompleqsTa pirvelsaxis, Tavdapirveli
funqciisa da warmoSobis xanis dadgena sakmaod did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. saWiro iyo
Zeglebis skrupulozuri xuroTmoZRvrul-xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi da arqeologiuri
kvleva.
am problemaTa Sesaxeb winaswaruli mosazrebebi, Zeglebis kvlevis pirvelive
etapze maTi saerTo struqturis, gegmur-sivrculi gadawyvetis analizis safuZvelze
Segveqmna [38]. upirvveles yovlisa gamoiricxa am ZeglTa nawilis pirvelmkvlevarTa
mier gamoTqmuli varaudi maTi TavdacviTi mizniT gamokveTis Sesaxeb [275; 276].
CvenTvis sakmaod kargadaa cnobili saqarTvelosa da zogierTi Cveni mezobeli
regionis teritoriaze arsebuli, Sua saukuneebis TavdacviTi daniSnulebis kldeSi
nakveTobebi: saxizrebi da e.w. cixe-qvabebi [66; 68; 95; 136]. saxizarTa mTavari niSnebia
miuvaloba da maTSi TavSefarebul adamianTa jgufebis minimaluri sayofacxovrebo
moTxovnilobebis dasakmayofileblad gaTvaliswinebuli tevadi, funqciuri niSniT
praqtikulad daunawevrebeli sivrceebi. aseTi qvabebisTvis agreTve sasurvelia SeumCnevel, mofarebul adgilebze mdebareobac. cixe-qvabebisTvis ki damatebiTi pirobaa
moxerxebuli strategiuli mdebareoba da mtris Semdgomi winsvlis SemaCerebeli
brZolis sawarmoeblad saWiro atributebi: sabrZolo baqnebi, ambrazurebi da sxv. [346,
gv. 216-220].
Cven mier aRwerili Zeglebis Ddidi umravlesoba sruliad sawinaaRmdego niSnebiT
xasiaTdeba. Tavidanve cxadi gaxda, rom es Zeglebi Tavdapirvelad Seqmnilia rogorc
erTianad kldeSi nakveTi kompleqsebi, xolo yovelgvari qvis nagebobani maTSi
meoradi movlenaa. damatebiTi qviTkiris safortifikacio nagebobebis (minaSenebis)
gareSe kompleqsebi ver akmayofilebs miuvalobis pirobas _ rogorc aRvniSneT, maTi
Semadgeneli qvabebi ZiriTadad kldovani masivebis qveda registrebSia ganlagebuli
da sruliad advili misasvlelia; qvabovani kompleqsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kargi
komunikaciebi, sacxovreblad moxerxebuli qvabebis damxmare qvab-saTavsebTan Serwyma
da sxva iseTi detalebi, rac SeuTavsebelia TavdacviT miznebTan.*
saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mraval aRmosavlur-qristianul qveyanaSi,
TiTqmis mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli samonastro
daniSnulebis kldeSi nakveTi samlocvelo-senakebi, rig SemTxvevebSi ki erTianad
qvabovani monastrebic. saqarTveloSi cnobil am kategoriis kldeSi nakveT Zeglebs Cveni
naSromis calke paragrafi eZRvneba, sadac ganxilulia maTi saerTo Tu individualuri
niSnebi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. aq mxolod Semdeg garemoebas aRvniSnavT: qvemo
qarTlis aRniSnuli qvabTa kompleqsebidan zogierTi (magaliTad, muguTis qvabebi [33;
34] ), Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva etapze marTlac Cans samonastro mizniT xelmeored
aTvisebuli, risTvisac aq intensiuri sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi CautarebiaT da
axali funqciuri datvirTvisTvis aucilebeli saTavsebi, sanaxevrod mainc qviTkiriT
gamouyvaniaT (tab. 32; 146).
qvemo qarTlis aRweril qvabTa kompleqsebSi, ramdenimegan dadasturebul
*
yovelive es ar gamoricxavs kompleqsebis Semadgeneli, amJamad miuvali zogierTi qvabis
Tavdapirveladve an Zeglis xelmeored gamoyenebisas am mizniT gamokveTas.
18
am gviandel minaSenebs Tu ar CavTvliT, qristianul martomyofelobaze araferi
migvaniSnebs: aq ar gvxvdeba kldeSi nakveTi eklesiebi, salocavi niSebi, satrapezoebi,
saZvleebi da sxva iseTi komponentebi, ris gareSec aseTi masStabis qvabovani monastrebis
Seqmna praqtikulad SeuZleblad gvesaxeba [38, gv. 113-114].
miuxedavad funqciaze aSkarad mimaniSnebeli xuroTmoZRvruli detalebisa da
saTavsTa iatakebis zedapirze SemorCenili sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobebis simcirisa,
kvlevis pirvelive etapebze, CamoTvlil funqciaTa gamoricxvidan da qvabTa zogierTi
jgufis gegmarebiTi principidan gamomdinare, gamovTqviT mosazreba, rom qvabTa am
kompleqsebis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi birTvebi Tavdapirvelad kldeSi nakveT saero
dasaxlebebs warmoadgenda. am daSvebidan gamomdinare, bunebrivi iyo gvevarauda,
rom kompleqsTa Semadgenel qvabTagan nawili imTaviTve sacxovreblebs, danarCeni ki
sameurneo saTavsebs warmoadgenda. qvab-saTavsTa aseTi diferenciacia, maTi gegmarebis
analizidan gamomdinare, kompleqsebSi marTlac SeiniSneboda: SemaRlebul adgilebSi
gamokveTili, sivrcobrivad rTulad danawevrebuli, mSrali da kargad insolirebuli
qvabTa jgufebi sacxovrebeli funqciisadmi aSkarad ukeTaa misadagebuli, vidre
qarafebis Ziras mdebare, bneli da nestiani, xSirad kldis siRrmeSi martivad
wagrZelebuli gegmis gamoqvabulebi, romlebic saqonlis sadgomebad da damxmare
saTavsebad Tu gamodgeboda.
aRwril qvabTa kompleqsebis xuroTmoZRvrulma Taviseburebebma, maTi warmoSobis epoqis Taobazec Camogviyaliba winaswaruli mosazreba. saqme is aris, rom am
gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi calkeul ojaxTa sacxovrebeli da sameurneo saTavsebis
erTobliobebi, e.w. “kldis saxlebi” [67, gv. 15], erTmaneTisgan Tavdapirvelad gamijnuli ar yofila.* kldis dasaxlebaTa aseTi struqtura adamianTa mozrdili jgufebis
(Temis, tomis) mier meurneobis erToblivi gaZRolis sistemas ufro miesadageba, vidre
individualur-mekomurTa sakuTrebaze dafuZnebul princips. TviT qvab-sacxovrisebis
daax. erTgvarovani aRnagoba ki maTi Semoqmedi da binadari sazogadoebis sust qonebriv
diferenciaciaze metyvelebs. es niSnebi gvafiqrebinebda, rom SesaZloa saqme gvqonoda
gvarovnuli tipis uZvelesi sazogadoebis dasaxlebebTan.
kompleqsTa Semadgenel calkeul qvab-saTavsTa gegmarebasac metad cota
ram aqvs saerTo saqarTveloSi cnobil Sua saukuneebisa Tu antikuri xanis kldis
Zeglebis xuroTmoZRvrul principebTan [16; 217; 227; 325] _ rogorc aRvniSneT, qvabsacxovreblebis umetesobis gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi aq uaRresad primitiulia. am
ukanasknel epoqaTaTvis tipiuri ar aris agreTve qvabTa kveTis zemoT aRwerili xerxi,
adamianis siluetis formis gasasvlelebi, usworo moxazulobis karebi, sarkmlebi Tu
TaxCebi.
gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia qvabTa am kompleqsebis erTi nawilis umWidroesi
mezobloba am regionisTvis tipiur, dResdReobiT qronologiurad ukve sakmaod kargad gansazRvrul megaliTur nagebobebTan [158; 434; 462]. zogierTi qvabovani dasaxleba da amgvari nagebobani praqtikulad erTi kompleqsis komponentebs warmoadgens
(magaliTad, naxiduris, avranlos, walkis qvabebi), ramac Zalauneburad dagvafiqra maT
SesaZlo sinqronulobaze. yovelive aRniSnulisa da sazRvargareTis analogiuri kldis
Zeglebis Seswavlis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT [593; 582; 570 da sxv.], jer kidev qvemo
*
rogorc naSromis Sesabamis nakveTSi davinaxavT, aseTi gamijvnis mcdeloba, igive kompleqsTa
Sua saukuneebis reokupaciis fazisTvis ufro iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
19
qarTlis am tipis gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis arqeologiurad gamokvlevamde, samecniero
sazogadoebas SevTavazeT hipoteza am ZeglTa winaqristianul, ufro ki brinjaos xanaSi
warmoSobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb [38, gv. 114-115].
imavdroulad, gagvaCnda ra informacia msoflios maxlobeli regionebis mravali
uZvelesi civilizaciis wiaRSi kldeSi nakveTi nekropolebis farTod gavrcelebis
Taobaze [397; 480; 470 da sxv.], SesaZleblad migvaCnda, rom warmodgenili kompleqsebis
izolirebul gamoqvabulTa erTi nawili mainc, Tavdapirveladve an mogvianebiT, am
mizniT yofiliyo gamoyenebuli.
qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebis warmoSobis
epoqisa da funqciis arqeologiuri dasabuTeba.
qvemo qarTlis aRniSnuli rigis qvabTa kompleqsebSi 1984-2002 wlebSi Cven mier
Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma, savsebiT daadastura mosazreba am Zeglebis
daniSnulebisa da uZvelesi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.
unda iTqvas, rom am Teoriis mxardamWeri arqeologiuri nivTmtkicebis mopoveba
mTel rig sirTuleebTan aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli: rogorc mosalodneli iyo, am
qronologiurad mravalfenian kompleqsTa Semadgenel qvabebSi, masobrivad mxolod
cxovrebis ukanaskneli fazis, Sua saukuneebis kulturuli fenebi iyo Semonaxuli.
bunebrivia, am epoqaSi ZeglTa xangrZliv, intensiur gamoyenebas, gadakeTebasa da
keTilmowyobas, ufro adreuli cxovrebis materialuri kvali minimumamde daeyvana.
miuxedavad amisa, Cven mier SemuSavebuli gaTxris specialuri meTodikis wyalobiT*,
arqeologiurad Seswavlil praqtikulad yovel qvabTa kompleqsSi met-naklebi
raodenobiT mainc aRmoCnda cxovrebis pirveli etapebis droindeli nivTieri masala.
uZvelesi arqeologiuri fenebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, pirveli utyuari faqtebi
mdinare xramis xeobaSi mdebare naxiduris qvabTa kompleqsebis arqeologiuri kvlevis
Sedegad movipoveT (1984-1989 ww).**
istoriuli dasaxlebuli punqtis, naxiduris lokalizaciis maxloblad [37, gv. 2122], qvabTa 4 mozrdili, mravaliarusiani kompleqsi mdebareobs (tab. 2:1-3; 8; 12; 16; 17; 18;
26; 29; 30; 31; 133; 135; 138; 140). iseve rogorc qvemo qarTlis praqtikulad yoveli am tipis
*
qvabebis iatakebis savaraudo daxris gaTvaliswinebiT, vavlebT sakontrolo Surfebs.
gamokveTili stratigrafiis kvalobaze, danarCen farTobzec TanmimdevrobiT viRebT
horizontulad dakvadratebul sterilur Tu kulturul Sreebs. qronologiurad
mravalplastian saTavsebSi, cxovrebis ama Tu im fazis dros mowyobil iatakebs, maTze
dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTis dafiqsirebis Semdeg, agreTve viRebT xolme
(mTlianad an nawilobriv), ufro adreuli fenebis Sesaswavlad.
** am wlebSi, s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qvemo qarTlis
eqspediciaSi am naSromis avtorTan erTad, sxvadasxva dros monawileobdnen batonebi:
z. qiqoZe, z. TvalWreliZe, g. bagrationi, d. kandelaki, g. javaxiSvili, T. RuduSauri, n.
RuduSauri, d. beraia, z. koSkeliSvili, k. gabriCiZe, m. gabriCiZe, v. duCiZe, i. gegeWkori,
d. SaTiriSvili, m. fircxalava, S. bolqvaZe, i. kvaracxelia. qalbatonebi: v. kvirikaSvili,
r. margiSvili, l. WumburiZe, n. lorTqifaniZe, e. metreveli. CamoTvlili, imxanad sruliad
axalgazrda mkvlevarebis Tu enTuziastebis mier urTules savele pirobebSi gaweuli
Rvawli, gansakuTrebuli madlierebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia.
20
qvabovani Zegli, es kompleqsebic metad intensiurad yofila aTvisebuli ganviTarebul
Sua saukuneebSi _ maTSi cxovrebis am etapzec saero dasaxlebani, kldis soflebi
mouwyiaT. swored amitom, kompleqsTa TiTqmis yvela qvab-sacxovrisis kldovani iataki am
epoqis TixatkepniliT an molesilobiT iyo dafaruli. miuxedavad amisa, Sua saukuneebis
metad mdidari kulturuli fenebis aRebis Semdeg, zogierTi qvabis aRniSnuli epoqis
Tixatkepnili iatakis dazianebuli monakveTebis dabla, aRmoCnda Savad da ruxad
gamomwvari Tixis WurWlis ramdenime momcro fragmenti. am natexebis kvarcnarevi keci
da naprialebi faqtura TiTqmis ueWvelad metyvelebda maT winaqristianul, ufro
zustad ki brinjaos xanaSi damzadebaze. gagvaCnda ra winaswaruli varaudi am qvabTa
uZveles epoqebSi warmoSobis Sesaxeb, gadavwyviteT zogierT saTavsSi mTlianad agveRo
Sua saukuneebis Tixatkepnilebi da kldovan iatakebamde davsuliyaviT.
aseTma midgomam metad sagulisxmo Sedegi gamoiRo: ramdenime qvabSi, motkepnilobebis qveS, kldovani iatakebis bunebriv napralebsa da gauqmebul sameurneo ormoebSi
(magaliTad I kompleqsis ## 27-31, 53, 54; II kompleqsis ## 12, 24-27, 36 da sxva qvabebSi),
mivakvlieT aRniSnuli tipis keramikuli nawarmis gacilebiT saxovan nimuSebsac (tab.
51:1-15; 52:7-21 da sxv.). am masalaSi gvxvdeba sameTuneo morgvze damzadebuli moSavod,
monacrisferod an Calisfrad gamomwvari, umTavresad naprialebi, gluvzedapiriani
dergebis da qoTnebis pir-gverdis nawilebi, romlebsac kargad dayalibebuli,
dabrtyelebuli, momrgvalebuli an gadmokecili bakoebi aqvs. qoTnebi Semkuli
yofila reliefuri, dakeWnili, talRisebri, solisebri da kopisebri ornamentiT. aqve
aRmoCnda amave teqnologiiT damzadebuli xeladebis, langrebis, jamebis, kaTxebis,
TefSebis da sxva saxeobis WurWlis fragmentebi, romlebic ujredovani da naWyleti
wiwvovani ornamentiTaa Semkuli. Tixis WurWlis analogiuri egzemplarebi kargadaa
cnobili saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiurad Seswavlili gviani brinjaos xanis
namosaxlarebidan [15, gv. 74-76; 115, gv. 168-170; 208, gv. 100-101, tab. L-IV, LX; 210, gv. 60-61,
tab. 111; 298, gv. 95-105 da sxv.]. amrigad, Cven mier mikvleuli am tipis nawarmis aRniSnuli
epoqisadmi kuTvnileba, eWvs ar iwvevs.
naxiduris kompleqsebSi, aseTive stratigrafiul viTarebaSi mikvleuli keramikuli nawarmis ramdenime fragmenti kidev ufro adreuli Cans. aseTia, magaliTad, I
kompleqsis # 53 saTavsSi aRmoCenili xeliT naZerwi, Savad gamomwvari, movardisfro
sarCuliani naprialebi, yelmaRala dergis mozrdili fragmentebi, romlsac mxarsa da
mucelze gravirebul zolebs Soris moqceuli, iribi wertilovani, savarcxlisebri
Stampuri xazebiT amovsebuli sartyelebi Semouyveboda (tab. 49:5). am tipis keramikul
nawarms praqtikulad zusti analogiebi eZebneba TrialeTis kulturis yorRanebis
qarTuli ganaTxari masalebidan da mkvlevrebi maT am kulturis ganviTarebis Suabrinjaos stadias miakuTvneben [345, gv. 62, 78, tab. 50, 67; 285, gv. 93-102]. TrialeTuri
kulturis adreuli YyorRanebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis Tixis msxlisebri
formis, Savad naprialebi, amoRaruli da rkaluri wertilovani zolebis kombinaciiT
Semkuli WurWlis fragmentebi aRmoCnda agreTve naxiduris IV kompleqsis #6 saTavsis
motkepnilobis qveS (tab. 49:1) [82, gv. 16-17 da sxv]. amierkavkasiis ganaTxari Zeglebidan
mopovebuli paralelebis mixedviT, brinjaos epoqis sawyis stadiebs, ufro „bedenuri“
stilis masalas unda ganekuTvnebodes agreTve naxiduris kopleqsebSi mikvleuli
zogierTi sxva keramikuli nawarmis fragmentebic: savarcxlisebr vertikaluri
RarebiTa da wertilovani zolebiT Semkuli Savi, naprialebi WurWlis pir-gverdis
21
Fnawili; sam rigad, punqtiriT gamoyvanili SevroniT ornamentirebuli, dabalyeliani
dergis pir-gverdis fragmentebi da sxv. (tab. 52:1-6) [ 345, gv. 67; 286, gv. 150, 158, sur. 59].
naxiduris I kompleqsis analogiur viTarebaSi mikvleuli Tixis nakeTobaTa sul
ramdenime, mcire zomis fragmenti, damzadebis teqnologiisa Tu savaraudo formaTa
mixedviT, sakmaod axlos dgas adrebrinjaos xanis mtkvar-araqsuli tipis keramikasTan.
magaliTad, # 63 qvabis kldovani iatakis bzarebSi mivakvlieT moruxo-mowablisfrod
naprialebi,
muq-laqebiani,
vardisfersarCuliani,
gadaSlilpiriani
WurWlis
cilindrisebri yelis da misgan mkveTri texiliT gamoyofili muclis nawilebs,
romelsac mxarze SemorCenili aqvs cerad datanili Wdeebi (tab. 53-3). aqve aRmoCnda
vardisfrad gamomwvari, angobirebuli da naprialebi tolCa horizontulxvreliani
yuriT, romlis piric yuris mowinaaRmdege mxareze wyvili kopebiTaa Semkuli (tab. 53-4).
am tipis nakeTobebs sakmaod axlobeli paralelebi eZebneba saqarTvelos am provinciis
Tu maxlobeli regionebis mtkvr-araqsuli kulturisadmi mikuTvnebuli arqeologiuri
Zeglebidan [266, gv. 35-36; 367, gv. 139-141; 219, gv. 133-135;198, gv. 103; 167, tab. XLI-4 da
sxv.].*
rogorc Cans, brinjaos epoqis sxvadasxva etapebis Tixis nawarmis aRniSnuli
nimuSebis Semcveli „kunZulebis“ saxiT, saqme gvaqvs qvab-sacxovrisebis Tavdapirveli
kulturuli fenebis SemTxveviT gadarCenil fragmentebTan, amitomac gasagebia am
masalis raodenobrivi simcire imave saTavsTa Sua saukuneebis plastebSi mopovebul
nivTier masalasTan SedarebiT. Tavis mxriv, rogorc Semdegac davinaxavT, adre da
Suabrinjaos xanis masala gacilebiT mcire raodenobiTaa SemorCenili, vidre gviani
brinjaos periodisa.
cxadia, am rigis monapovaris sistematuri dadastureba, qvabTa kompleqsebis
brinjaos epoqaSive masobrivad gamoyenebis sasargeblod metyveli faqtia (dawyebuli
adre da Suabrinjaos xanaTa mijnidan mainc). amis dasturad Tundac is garemoeba
gamodgeba, rom am epoqis nivTieri kvali, sxvadasxva iarusebze, erTmaneTisgan
daSorebul iseT qvabebSi aRmoCnda, romelTa gegmarebac danarCeni saTavsebisgan
arafriT ar gamoirCeva. niSandoblivia isic, rom cxovrebis uZvelesi fazebis nivTieri
masala konkretul qvabebSic gafantulad, kldovani iatakis sxvadasxva monakveTebSi
iyo SemorCenili. es faqtebi ki imaze metyvelebs, rom kompleqsTa struqturas,
maT Semadgenel qvabTa raodenobas da gegmarebas, Semdgom epoqebSi kardinaluri
cvlileba aRar ganucdia. magaliTad, rogorc Semdgomac davinaxavT, Sua saukuneebSi
qvab-sacxovrisebis rekonstruqcia ZiriTadad dazianebuli fasadebis qvis kedlebiT
aRdgeniT da molesva-keTilmowyobiT gamoixata.
amrigad, arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad, CvenTvis sakmaod naTlad gamoikveTa
naxiduris qvabTa oTxive kompleqsis warmoSobis xana da maTi Tavdapirveli
xuroTmoZRvruli saxe.
Semdgomi savele sezonebis ganmavlobaSi (1989-2001 ww), met-naklebi masStabis
arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad, praqtikulad analogiuri stratigrafiuli
viTareba dadasturda mdinare xramis xeobis danarCen qvabovan kompleqsebSic
*
naxiduris kompleqsebSi brinjaos epoqis masalis dadasturebis process (rogorc adgilze,
savele viTarebaSi, ise masalis kabinetur pirobebSi kvlevisas), regularulad adevnebdnen
Tvalyurs am xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis aRiarebuli mkvlevarebi, batonebi aleqsandre
(lali) javaxiSvili da elguja gogaZe, romlebic arc fasdaudebel konsultaciebs
gvaklebdnen. am udidesi daxmarebisTvis, maT winaSe qeds vixriT.
22
(Tavmrgvalas, muguTis, samSvildis, ifnobis, TrialeTis axalqalaqis qvabebSi da sxv.),
agreTve zurtaketisa da dmanisis xevis amave rigis kldis ZeglebSi (tab. 1-7; 9-11; 1315 da sxv.)*. rogorc sakmaod iSviaTi monapovaris magaliTs, gamovyobT TrialeTis
axalqalaqis midamoebis III kompleqsis #10 qvabSi aRmoCenil Suabrinjaos xanis sakmaod
saxovan keramikul masalas. am saTavsSi, Sua saukuneebSi TixiT motkepnili kldovani
iatakis erT-erT CaRrmavebaSi, mivakvlieT yeldabali, kvercxisebrmucliani qilis
fragmentebs, romelTa SekowiwebiT naTeli gaxda am nakeTobis saxe. WurWeli Savad
naprialebi, movardisfro-moyviTalo sarCuliania. mxris Semoyolebaze Semkulia
muclisken wawvetebuli, punqtirovan-Stampuri samkuTxedebis erTi rigiT (tab. 49-2).
am stilis Tixis nawarmi, agreTve kargadaa cnobili Suabrinjaos xanis TrialeTuri
yorRanebis masalebidan [345, gv. 94-95, tab. 85; 82, gv. 40-44; 289, gv. 103-119]. aseve
aRsaniSnavia zurtaketis qvabTa IV kompleqsis #14 saTavsSi aRmoCenili dabalyeliani,
Savpriala, vardisfersarCuliani dergis SedarebiT mozrdili fragmenti, romelsac
mxarTan axlos wertilovani StampiT Sedgenili farTo sartyeli Semouyveba (tab. 49:7).
es nakeTobac, Suabrinjaos xanis TrialeTuri kulturis yorRanebidan cnobil tips
ganekuTvneba [345; 289 da sxv.].
am kompleqsebis uZveles fenebSic, gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTieri masala gacilebiT mravalricxvovnad da mravalferovnadaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad aseTi Tanafardobisa, mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom qvabovan saTavsTa erTi nawili Suabrinjaos
xanaSi ukve arsebobda an ikveTeboda, naxiduridan ramdenime aTeuli km-iT daSorebul
am kldis ZeglebSic yovelgvari eWvis gamomricxavi faqtobrivi masaliT dadasturda.
yuradRebas qvemo qarTlis qvabTa im kompleqsebis arqeologiuri kvlevis
Sedegebzec SevaCerebT, romlebic Sua saukuneebSi aRniSnuli kldis Zeglebisgan
gansxvavebuli daniSnulebiT, samonazvno mizniT iyo aTvisebuli. saqme is aris, rom
miuxedavad sruli tipologiuri Tanxvedrisa xramis xeobis warmodgenil gamoqvabul
ZeglebTan, saTavsebis kldeSi kveTis im masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac adgili
hqonda mraval qarTul qristianul savaneSi, Teoriulad mainc ver gamovricxavdiT am
regionis monasterTa funqcionirebis xanaSi, msgavsi qvabovani sistemebis Seqmnas.
muguTis qvabovani monastris kvlevam (tab. 32; 136:1; 146:1), es eWvi savsebiT gaabaTila.
gamoirkva, rom am kompleqsis gamoqvabulTa didi umravlesoba, gvianbrinjaos xanaSi
mainc, ukve arsebobda. ramdenime qvab-senakis iatakis CaRrmavebaSi, Sua saukuneebis
motkepnilobebis qveS, naxiduris kompleqsTa analogiur stratigrafiul viTarebaSi,
uZveles kulturul fenaTa naSTebs mivakvlieT.
am „mikro-fenebSi“ mopovebuli nivTieri masala moicavs Savpriala, rux-mqrqal
da moyviTalo-Calisfer zedapirian Tixis WurWlis fragmentebs. zogierTi maTganis
zedapirze gamoyvanilia Wyletili an priala geometriuli saxeebi: swori, texili da
klaknili xazebi; samkuTxedebi, rombebi da badeebi. gvxvdeba dakeWnili da grexili
ornamentiT Semkuli nimuSebic. miuxedavad fragmentulobisa, zogierTi maTganis
nawilebis mixedviT mainc SeiZleba nakeTobaTa tipologiaze msjeloba. magaliTad,
Cans, rom am kldis dasaxlebebSic moixmardnen sqel da Txelkecian WurWels: dergebs,
qilebs, doqebs, jamebs, TefSebs da sxv. TiTqmis yvela am saxeobis nivTi kargadaa
*
1996 w-dan Cven kvlevaSi CaerTo amerikeli arqeologi, doqtori miurei ailandi, romelic 4
wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematiurad monawileobda savele Tu kameralur samuSaoebSi.
23
cnobili aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gvianbrinjaos xanis samarxeuli Tu samosaxloebze
mopovebuli ganaTxari masalidan (samTavro, dmanisi, beSTaSeni da sxv. [115, gv. 155-190;
208, tab. LII-LV; 15, gv. 74-76]). Suabrinjaos xanaSi cxovrebaze dabejiTebiT mimaniSnebeli
nivTieri masala am kompleqsSi jerjerobiT ver davadastureT, magram viTvaliswinebT
ra sxva, analogiur kompleqsebSi aseTi masalis ukiduresad mcire raodenobiT aRmoCenis
faqtebs, savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom gaTxril saTavsebSi maTi kvali, ubralod
ar SemorCa.
Cven mier Catarebulma arqeologiurma kvlevam, cxovrebis fazaTa analogiuri
qronologiuri CarCoebi daadastura amJamad pirRebulis samonastro kompleqsSi
CarTul qvabTa jgufebSic (tab. 36-38). miuxedavad ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi
uaRresad intensiuri gamoyenebisa, ansamblis qviTkiris nagebobebiT ganaSenianebuli
centris farglebSi arsebul qvab-senakebSic ki dadasturda cxovrebis Tavdapirveli
etapebis, ufro gvianbrinjaos epoqis fragmentulad Semonaxuli nivTieri kvali [35, gv.
97].
aRniSnulma arqeologiurma faqtebma, ganaTxar ZeglTa xuroTmoZRvruli analizis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sabolood ganamtkica Cveni rwmena imis Taobaze, rom
qvemo qarTlis aRniSnuli tipis qvabTa kompleqsebis saxiT, saqme ZiriTadad brinjaos
xanis sxvadasxva etapebze Seqmnil kldeSi nakveT dasaxlebaTa grandiozul sistemebTan
gvqonda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am kldis ZeglTa Seqmnis Cven mier SeTavazebuli daTariReba
garda xuroTmoZRvruli monacemebis analizisa ukve materialuri sabuTebiTac iyo
Semagrebuli, aRniSnul aRmoCenas mecnierTa mxriv erTsulovani aRiareba erTbaSad
ar moupovebia: qarTvel arqeologTa erTma nawilma, qvabTa am kompleqsebis iatakebze
SemorCenili, aRniSnuli arqeologiuri masalis Semcveli mcire farTebi, maT
cnobierebaSi damkvidrebul kulturuli fenebis stereotipul cnebas ver SeuTavsa.
aqedan gamomdinare, gamoiTqva eWvi qvabTa sxvadasxva kompleqsebis aTeulobiT saTavsis
iatakze SemorCenili, momdevno epoqebis kulturuli fenebis qveS moqceuli brinjaos
xanis nivTieri masalis iq SemTxveviT moxvedris SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.* am daSvebis
erT-erT argumentad is motivic figurirebda, rom aRniSnul qvabebSi, Tixis uZvelesi
WurWlis fragmentebTan erTad ar aRmoCnda brinjaos nakeTobani. es faqti Cveni azriT
sruliad martivi asaxsnelia: sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom brinjaos nawarmi im epoqaSi
Zalze Zvirad fasobda da xmarebidan gamosuli nivTebi, rogorc wesi, gadadnobis Semdeg
meorad nedleulad gamoiyeneboda [55 da sxv.]. swored amitomaa, rom Tundac saqarTvelos masStabiT, dRemde aRmoCenili brinjaos nivTebis absoluturi umravlesoba
samarxTa inventarebiTa da ganZebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. droTa ganmavlobaSi
mitovebul qvab-sacxovrisebSi, Tixis WurWlis natexebisgan gansxvavebiT, brinjaos
nivTebis (magaliTad, sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRis) aRmoCenas arc unda velodeT.
esec ar iyos, CvenTvis sruliad warmoudgeneli iyo, Tu ra viTarebaSi SeiZleboda
moxvedriliyo aRniSnuli kompleqsebis Semadgenel yovel meore-mesame saTavsis kldovan, e.i. Tavdapirvel iatakze brinjaos xanis keramikis Tundac oriode fragmenti. da
mainc, vfiqrobT aRniSnuli skefsisis gafantvaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula samSvil*
magaliTad, aseTi mosazreba gamoiTqva saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis 1986 w.
arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebisadmi miZRvnil samecniero sesiaze, Tb., 1987 w.
24
dis qvabTa kompleqsebis ramdenime saTavsSi brinjaos xanis praqtikulad xeluxlebeli
kulturuli fenebis aRmoCenam.
samSvildis midamoebis qvabTa kompleqsebis arqeologiur Seswavlaze Tavidanve
did imedebs vamyarebdiT Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo. naqalaqari samSvilde (misi
Tavdapirveli saxelwodebaa „cixe orbisa“) qarTlis uZveles cixesimagreTa rigs
ganekuTvneba _ erovnuli istoriuli tradicia mis aSenebas qarTvelTa eponims,
qarTloss miawers [1, gv. 8]. istoriuli wyaroebisa da wina wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monacemebiT dadasturebulia am punqtis udidesi politikuri da
ekonomikuri mniSvneloba antikuri epoqidan dawyebuli, ganviTarebuli da nawilobriv,
gviani Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT [254, gv. 114]. rac mTavaria, naqalaqaris maxloblad da
TviT naqalaqaris teritoriazec, arqeologiurad dadasturebulia adreuli brinjaos
xanis namosaxlarebi da samarovani [254, gv. 118; 167]. Tavidanve cxadi iyo, rom aRniSnuli
tipis qvabTa kompleqsebis naqalaqaris irgvliv gansakuTrebuli koncentracia
SemTxveviTi ar iyo _ sxvadasxva istoriul epoqebSi miwiszeda da qvabovani Zeglebi
uTuod pirdapir kavSirSi iqneboda erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, xramis xeobis analogiuri
kompleqsebis Cveneuli daTariRebidan gamomdinare, dadga sakiTxi am gamoqvabulebisa
da cixe-qalaqis uZvelesi plastebis pirveladobis Sesaxeb.
naqalaqari samSvilde „xerTvisis“ formis koncxze mdebareobs, romelsac md. xrami da WivWava qmnis. rogorc TviT koncxis, ise mis mopirdapire kalTebis qarafebSi
gamokveTil gamoqvabulTa jgufebis gaerTianeba, pirobiTad 4 mozrdil kompleqsad
SeiZleba: xramis xeobis marjvena da marcxena; WivWavis xeobis marjvena da marcxena
kompleqsebi.
Tavdapirvelad arqeologiurad SeviswavleT WivWavis xeobis marcxena kalTis
qvabTa kompleqsi (tab. 1:1; 6). sadazvervo Wrilebma naxiduris kompleqsebis analogiuri
stratigrafia daadastura: qvabebis iatakebis zeda kulturuli fenebi met-naklebi
raodenobiT moicavda ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis nivTier masalas, umTavresad
Tixis nawarms. zogierT saTavsSi, am epoqis iatakis motkepnilobis CaWris Sedegad,
mivakvlieT gviani brinjaos xanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Savpriala keramikis momcro
fragmentebs (aq da Semdgom, ganmeorebis Tavidan asacileblad, msgavs viTarebaSi
aRmoCenil gvianbrinjaos xanis WurWlis uformo natexebs, miuxedavad udavod
damaTariRebeli mniSvnelobisa, tabulebze aRar warmovadgenT. es zustad dokumentirebuli masala, daculia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias saxelobis
saqarTvelos muzeumis qvemo qarTlis kldis ZeglTa arqeologiur fondSi).
samSvildis midamoebis qvabTa sxvadasxva kompleqsSi kidev ramdenime sacdeli
Txrilis gavlebis Semdeg, stacionaruli gaTxrebisTvis xramis xeobis marcxena
kompleqsis zeda, citadelis farglebSi nakveTi iarusi SevarCieT, romlis Semadgeneli qvabebi naqalaqaris koncxs platodan sul ramdenime m-iT dabla Semouyveba (tab.
141:2). arCevani Semdegi garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli: es qvabebi, romelTa gegmareba
da gamokafvis xerxi tipiuria samSvildisa da xramis xeobis danarCeni kompleqsebis
Semadgeneli saTavsebisTvis, faqtiurad citadelis Semadgeneli ganaSenianebis
struqturaSia SeWrili da maTSi dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTis cixesimagrisgan „avtonomiurad“ miCneva Zneli warmosadgenia. garda amisa, isini imdenad
25
advili misadgomebia, rom maTi Sua saukuneebSi TavdacviTi mizniT gamokveTa sruliad
gamoricxulia da amdenad, qvabebis funqciis gansazRvrisas, Secdomisgan Tavidanve
dazRveuli viyaviT.
am jgufis Semadgeneli ramdenime qvabis arqeologiurma Seswavlam WivWavis aRniSnuli kompleqsis msgavsi stratigrafiuli suraTi mogvca: Sua saukuneebis intensiuri
fenebi da maT qvmoT, iSviaTad, Tavdapirveli fenebis fragmentebi. samagierod, samSvildis sionis taZridan samxreTiT, 50-ode m-ze mdebare qvabTa erT-erTi jgufis (tab. 5; 46:1,2)
gaTxram sruliad gansakuTrebuli Sedegi gamoiRo. ## 1, 2, 4 da 7 saTavsebSi, zedapiridan
dawyebuli daax. 10-20 sm-ian mtvrisebr SreSi ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis xanis Tixis
WurWlis oriode usaxuri fragmenti aRmoCnda, rac Cven mier Seswavlili danarCeni
qvabebis fonze, calke kulturul fenad verc aRviqviT. amis qveviT, moulodnelad,
xramis xeobis manamde Seswavlili qvabTa kompleqsebis Semadgeneli saTavsebisgan
gansxvavebiT, Sua saukuneebSi cxovrebis intensiuri kvali da amave periodis iatakis
motkepniloba ar dadasturda (ratom moeridnen am xanaSi faqtiurad naqalaqaris
citadelis teritoriaze mdebare mainc da mainc am qvabebis gamoyeneba-keTilmowyobas
da Sesabamisad, Zveli fenebisgan gawmendas, CvenTvis dRemde gaugebaria). miwis
zedapiridan 50-70 sm siRrmeze, kldovani iatakis maxlobeli miwis Sreebi gajerebuli
aRmoCnda gviani brinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis nairgvari, sxvadasxva sisrulis Tixis
WurWlis fragmentebiT da obsidianebis anatkecebiT. amrigad, am saTavsebSi dafiqsirda
praqtikulad in situ Semonaxuli kulturuli fenebi. es masala moicavs sxvadasxva
zomis Savi da lega feris qoTnebis, dergebis, jamebis, TefSebis da sxva saxis WurWlis
nawilebs. mravali nimuSi Semkulia ujredovani, talRiseburi, soliseburi da grexili
ornamentiT. WurWlis damaxasiaTebeli formebidan aRsaniSnavia qoTnebis zoomorfuli
yurebi da gadmokecili, dakeWnili pirebi; talRovnad profilirebuli jamis gverdebi
da sxv. (tab. 50). am nakeTobaTa analogiebi kargadaa cnobili aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
gvian brinjao_adre rkinis xanis ganaTxari Zeglebidan [219, gv. 166-172; 208, gv. 99-101
da sxv].
Tumca, arc es aRmoCnda aRniSnul qvab-saTavsebSi cxovrebis qveda qronologiuri
zRvari. cxovrebis am etapis intensiuri fenebis qveS, kldovan iatakTa RrmulebSi kidev
ufro arqauli, brinjaos xanis adreuli safexurebis nivTieri kvalic aRmoCnda. am rigis
masalisgan, saxovnebiT gamoirCeva #1 qvabSi aRmoCenili Savad naprialebi, movardisfro
sarCuliani dabalyeliani dergis pir-yelisa da muclis mozrdili fragmenti. WurWlis
zedapiri Semkulia mxaris irgvliv Semovlebul nakawr zolze fuZeebiT miyrdnobili da
muclisken wverebiT mimarTuli samkuTxedebiT, romelTa farTebi Stampuri punqtiriTaa
Sevsebuli (tab. 49:6). am tipis WurWels Suabrinjaos xanis materialuri kulturis
cnobili mkvlevarebi, TrialeTuri kulturis finalur stadiebs miakuTvneben [345, gv.
120-121, tab. 104; 285, gv. 115].
rac Seexeba amave jgufis #4 qvabis iatakis bzarebSi mikvleul Savad naprialeb,
vardisfersarCulian, naWyleti zolur-Tevzifxuri da wriuli reliefuri saxeebiT
Semkul WurWlis fragmentebs (tab. 49:3,4 da sxv.), maT paralelebi adreul TrialeTur
yorRanTa, „bedenuri“ tipis masalebSi eZebneba [345, gv. 74-75, tab. 61-62; 78, gv. 67 ].
garda amisa, amave saTavsSi, analogiur viTarebaSi aRmoCnda xeliT naZerwi,
moruxo-yavisfrad gamomwvari da naprialebi, nacrisfersarCuliani, maRalyeliani
qoTnis nawilebi, romelsac mucelze wyvil-wyvili, ZuZusebri, konusuri kopebi aqvs
26
miZerwili (tab. 51:16). ornamentis es motivi, jer kidev saqarTvelos gviani eneoliTuri
da adre brinjaos xanis, mtkvar-araqsis kulturisadmi mikuTvnebuli arqeologiuri
Zeglebis nivTieri masalebidanaa cnobili [214, gv. 39-40, tab. IX; 266; 240 da sxv.]. mravali
arqeologis azriT, Sewyvilebuli kopebiT WurWlis Semkoba saqarTvelosa Tu mis
mimdebare regionebSi Sua brinjaos xanaSic friad gavrcelebuli iyo [285, gv. 103-106,
tab. XV]. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mier mikvleuli nakeToba Tavisi arqauli formebiT, ufro
mtkvar-araqsuli kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nawarmisken ixreba. amave epoqas
unda ganekuTvnebodes aRniSnuli jgufis #7 qvabis fskerze CarCenili moyavisfromonacrisfrod gamomwvari, Savlaqebiani, naprialebi, pirgadmokecili WurWlis yuri
da pir-gverdis nawili (tab. 53:1). am nivTis sakmaod axlobeli analogiebi cnobilia
TrialeTSi Catarebuli mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebis ganaTxari masalebidan [345,
gv. 35, tab. 24]. formisa da damzadebis teqnikiT, aseve mtkvar-araqsuli kulturisadmi
damaxasiaTebeli tipiuri nawarmis fragments unda warmoadgendes imave saTavsSi
aRmoCenili moyavisfrod naprialebi, vardisfersarCuliani, qoTnis pir-gverdis
fragmenti naxevarsferuli yuriT, cilindrul yelsa da mucels Soris gardatexis
xaziT (tab. 53:2) [266; 240 da sxv.].
samSvildis qvabTa aRniSnuli jgufis arqeologiurma kvlevam kidev erTi „siurprizi“ SemogvTavaza. #2 qvab-saTavsSi mowmeebi gavxdiT aRmoCenisa, ramac seriozuli
safuZveli Seuqmna mosazrebas brinjaos epoqis garkveul etapebze, am kompleqsebis
Semadgenel gamoqvabulTa nawilis samarxi Tu sakulto-memorialuri mizniT gamoyenebis Taobaze.
es qvabi Tavdapirvelad SemTxveviTi gegmis, metad dabali saTavsis STabeWdilebas
tovebda, magram gaTxris Semdeg ramdenadme mowesrigebuli forma miiRo, xolo simaRlem
centrSi 2 m-s miaRwia (tab. 46:2). qvabis napralebSi aRmoCnda gamongrevis xerxiT kveTis
kvalic _ xis solebis naSTebi.
zedapiridan daax. 30 sm-dan dawyebuli, aqa-iq Tavi iCina gvianbrinjaos xanis Tixis
nakeTobaTa fragmentebma, xolo kldovani, odnav motkepnili iataki mofenili aRmoCnda amave epoqis, didi raodenobis keramikuli nawarmiT, romelic tipologiurad
qvabTa am jgufis danarCen saTavsebSi aRmoCenili, zemoT aRwerili masalis identuri
iyo (tab. 50). davamatebT, rom am masalidan adgilobrivi paraleli mxolod erT
egzemplars ver moeZebna: es aris monacrisfrod gamomwvari, navisebri formis WurWlis
wagrZelebultuCiani pir-yeli (tab. 50:4). es nakeToba importuli unda iyos, vinaidan
misi zusti analogiebi mxolod xmelTaSua zRvis auzis e. w. „adreminosuri“ periodis
masalebSi moviZieT _ magaliTad, melosis (saberZneTi) gaTxrebisas mopovebuli, Zv. w.
XVIII_XV ss-iT daTariRebuli ramdenime aseTi nakeToba inaxeba britaneTis muzeumSi.
msgavsi nawarmi gvxvdeba daaxloebiT amave xanis anatoliur masalebSic [506, gv. 119120].
rac mTavaria, gamoqvabulis aRniSnuli masaliT mofenili iatakis centrSi Cadgmuli aRmoCnda Tixis Savad gamomwvari, saSualo zomis (daax. 20 sm simaRlis), pirgaSlili,
uyuro qoTani. WurWels sarqvelad moyviTalo-legad gamomwvari, sqelkeciani,
reliefuri zolebiT Semkuli Tixis mozrdili dergis natexi hqonda dafarebuli
(tab. 46:3). TviT qoTani (iseve rogorc dafarebuli fragmenti), metad sada nakeTobas
warmoadgens, amitom misi pirdapiri paralelis moZieba saqarTvelos gviani brinjaos
xanis ganaTxari samarxebis mdidrulad Semkuli keramikuli inventaridan Wirs, Tumca,
27
damzadebis teqnologiiTa Tu zogadi formiT, is mainc hgavs aRniSnuli epoqis CvenTvis
cnobil zogierT egzemplars [208, tab. XV]. esec ar iyos, am WurWlis sinqronuloba amave
horizontze, mis garSemo dafiqsirebul aRweril nivTier masalasTan, stratigrafiis
mixedviT udavodaa dadgenili. qoTani savse iyo gaqvavebuli, monacrisfero namwvi
masiT. rogorc WurWlis SigTavsis eleqtronul-mikroskopuli da speqtrografiuli
meTodebiT gamokvlevam daadastura,* es aRmoCnda kremaciisas damwvari merqnis,
gardacvlili adamianis daferflili sxeulis da igive neStis uwvriles Zvlovan
nawilakTa narevi.
gamoqvabulSi dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom saqme
gvaqvs gviani brinjaos xanis kremaciul samarxTan. aRniSnuli Tixis urnis Tanmxlebi
keramikuli nakeTobani, miuxedavad naklulobisa da fragmentulobisa, stratigrafiuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, samarxeuli inventaris an dakrZalvis ceremoniisTvis
aucilebeli atribuciis naSTad unda miviCnioT.
qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebSi gviani brinjaos xanis, SemTxveviT dauzianeblad SemorCenili kremaciuli samarxis dadastureba, TavisTavad metad mniSvnelovani faqtia aRniSnul epoqaSi am rigis ZeglTa funqciur-tipologiuri niSniT
diferenciaciisaTvis _ gamoirkva, rom aRwerili tipis gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis
an maTi Semadgeneli saTavsebis erTi nawili mainc, maxlobeli sazRvargareTis analogiuri Zeglebis darad [542, gv. 384-386; 488], am xanaSi akldamebad gamoiyeneboda. meore
mxriv, am aRmoCenis mniSvnelobis swori interpretaciisaTvis, aucilebelia im sakiTxis
garkveva, Tu ramdenad mWidro kavSirs amJRavnebs dakrZalvis aRniSnuli wesi mis
Tanadroul qarTul Tu sazRvargareTis maxlobeli regionebis arqeologiur Zeglebze
dadasturebul msgavs tradiciebTan.
TrialeTuri kulturis gora-samarxebisa da maTi Tanadrouli zogierTi sxva arqeologiuri Zeglis kvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, Sua brinjaos epoqaSi saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, micvalebulTa kremacirebuli neStis dakrZalva sakmaod gavrcelebuli
Cveva yofila [285, gv. 70-72]. meore mxriv, am rigis ZeglebSi dadasturebuli dakrZalvis
procedura: micvalebulis etliT dasveneba, mdidruli, mTlianad Catanebuli
samarxeuli inventari, samarx kameraze qvayrilis aRmarTva da sxv., samSvildis qvabovani
samarxis mowyobis meTodisgan sakmaod Sors dgas (Tumca, aq gasaTvaliswinebelia
micvalebulebis socialur statusTa Soris SesaZlo gansxvavebis faqtoric).
zogierTi mkvlevari mraval saerTo niSans xedavs TrialeTuri yorRanebis mowyobisa da xeTuri samyaros wiaRSi dadasturebul didebulTa dakrZalvis tradiciaTa
Soris, xSirad ki am savaraudo Cvevebs “zustad analogiursac” ki uwodeben [364, gv. 81,
89]. es varaudi 1936 w-s boRaz-qois arqivSi aRmoCenili lursmuli teqstis Sinaarss
efuZneba, romelSic xeTebis samefo ojaxis wevrTa dakrZalvis ritualia aRwerili [331,
gv. 146-150; 46]. Cveni dakvirvebiT, TrialeTuri kulturis yorRanebSi dadasturebul
dakrZalvis wess, aRwerili rituali realurad mxolod micvalebulis kremaciis faqtiT
exmianeba. marTalia xeTur teqstSi saubaria micvalebulis neStis etlze dasvenebaze,
magram es xdeboda kremaciamde, Semdeg ki arsadaa naTqvami, rom ferfli Tu bolomde
dauwvavi Zvlebi, etlze dasvenebuli SehqondaT dasakrZalav kameraSi, romelsac Semdgom
*
laboratoruli gamokvleva Catarda ciurixSi, Sveicariis umaRlesi teqnikuri skolis
teqnologiaTa federalur institutSi 2002 wels, geologiis mecnierebaTa doqtor konrad
zenderis daxmarebiT.
28
qvis an miwis yriliT faravdnen. mecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa micvalebulTa
kremacirebuli neStis dasasvenebeli am nagebobis raobis Sesaxebac. teqstSi es
saTavsi moxseniebulia “qvis saxlad”. nawili mkvlevarebisa am terminSi gulisxmobs
akldamas, sxvani ki erTgvar sakulto nagebobas [46, gv. 41, 49]. qarTul mecnierebaSi
agreTve gamoTqmulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom SesaZloa TrialeTuri yorRanebi
da aRniSnuli “qvis saxli” erTi da igive daniSnulebis yofiliyo [364, gv. 83], Tumca am
hipoTezis faqtobrivi masaliT Semagreba Wirs.
Cven sruliadac ar migvaCnia, rom TrialeTur da aRniSnul xeTur dakrZalvis
ritualTa Soris savaraudo gansxvaveba, am civilizaciaTa SesaZlo mWidro eTnokulturuli kavSiris sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs: TrialeTuri yorRanebis mSeneblobis epoqasa da boRaz-qois aRniSnul, Zv. w. XIV_XIII ss-iT daTariRebul dokuments
xom erTmaneTisgan ramdenime saukune aSorebs, am periodis ganmavlobaSi ki dakrZalvis
wesebs SeiZleboda mniSvnelovani transformacia ganecada.
Cveni mxriv, gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT im garemoebaze, rom aranaklebi, SeiZleba ufro arsebiTi msgavsebac ki SeiniSneba xeTur samyaroSi gavrcelebul, micvalebulTa dakrZalvis kidev erT wessa da samSvildis kremaciuli samarxis mowyobilobas Soris.
xeTuri civilizaciis wiaRSi, rogorc adreul samefoSi, ise imperiis periodSi,
gamoqvabulebSi micvalebulTa kremacirebuli neStebis Tixis WurWliT dakrZalvis wesi,
inhumaciur samarxebTan erTad, sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila. magaliTad, sakulto
centr iaziliqaias maxloblad (xeTebis saxelmwifos dedaqalaq xaTusas, Tanamedrove
boRaz-qois midamoebi), jer kidev d-rma h. vinklerma 1911 w-s da d-rma k. bittelma 1952 w-s,
miakvlies kldis bunebriv Tu xelovnur RrmulebSi mowyobils nekropolebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva zomisa da formis Tixis WurWelSi moTavsebuli aTeulobiT kremacirebuli
neStisgan Sedgeboda. namwvi masiT savse, sarqveliani qoTnebi pirebiT Sewyvilebul
piTosebSi an pirdapir kldovan iatakebze idga da miwis feniT iyo dafaruli [331, gv.
147]. niSandoblivia, rom ukanaskneli monacemebiT, TviT sakulto ansambli iaziliqaiac
(daarsebulia daax. Zv. w. XV s-Si), kldeSi nakveT samlocveloTa da analogiur qvabovan
samarxTa erTobliobas warmoadgens [546, gv.22-24].
rogorc vxedavT, samSvildis qvabebis kremaciuli samarxisa da iaziliqaias midamoebis nekropolebis rogorc qronologiuri, ise tipologiuri siaxlove aSkaraa. cxadia xeTur saxelmwifoSi, romlis Semadgeneli mosaxleoba, mecnierTa umravlesobis
azriT ramdenadme gansxvavebul eTnosTa da kulturaTa konglomerats warmoadgenda,
micvalebulTa dakrZalvis wesic albaT araerTgvarovani iqneboda. miuxedavad amisa,
SevecadebiT gavarkvioT, ra mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan boRazqois aRniSnul teqstSi
aRwerili rituali da “iaziliqaia-samSvildis” tipis kremaciuli samarxebi.
lursmuli teqstis mixedviT, kremaciis adgilidan neStis akldamaSi gadasvenebis
Semdeg, sxvadasxva saxis msxverplSewirva sruldeboda. CvenTvis sayuradReboa, rom
micvalebulis sulis saxelze ramdenjerme Catarebuli trapezis dros, iqve gamarTuli
iyo kera, romelzedac awyobdnen mravalnair Sesawirs, asxamdnen wminda zeTs da a. S.
teqstSi xazgasmulia isic, rom ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi, gansxvavebuli ritualebis
dros moxmarebul Rvinis da ludis Tasebs, agreTve sanovagis dasawyob sinebs Tu sxva
WurWels, adgilze amtvrevdnen [46, gv. 42-44].
samwuxarod, Cven jerjerobiT xeli ver migviwvda iaziliqaias qvab-akldamaTa
gaTxrebis zust dokumentaciaze, raTa gagverkvia, xom ar iyo iq SemorCenili aseTi
29
ritualis materialuri kvali. samagierod, samSvildis aRniSnuli gamoqvabulis iatakze
dafiqsirebulia brinjaos epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sverilebiani keris (ramdenadme
“qvacxelebis” tipis msgavsi [266]) da sxvadasxva saxeobis damsxvreuli WurWlis
fragmentebi (maTi nawilis Sekowiwebac ki moxerxda), romlebic centrSi absoluturad
xeluxleblad mdgari, kremacirebuli neStiT savse, Tixis sarqveliani qoTnis garSemoa
mimobneuli. aseTi arqeologiuri suraTi Zalauneburad gvafiqrebinebs, rom SesaZloa
micvalebulis dakrZalvisas aq aRwerili xeTuri ritualis msgavsi procedurebi
CautarebiaT (miT umetes, rom aRniSnuli xeTuri teqstis Sedgena da samSvildis qvabSi
mikvleuli WurWeli daaxloebiT sinqronulia).*
Tuki aseT Tanxvedras SemTxveviTad ar miviCnevT da samSvildis qvabebSi SemorCenil am kremaciul samarxs, aRniSnuli epoqis qarTveluri da xeTur-miTanur samefoTa
Semadgeneli tomebis saerTo kulturuli (SesaZloa eTnikuric) wrisadmi kuTvnilebis
erT-erT gamovlinebad CavTvliT, dakrZalvis msgavsi wesebis Taobaze SedarebiT Tamami
hipoTezebis gamoTqmac SeiZleba. magaliTad, gamoricxuli ar unda iyos, rom boRazqois teqstSi moxseniebuli “qvis saxli” sxva ara iyos ra, Tu ara gamoqvabuli-akldama:
iazilikaias midamoebis kremaciuli samarxebi xom swored samSvildis tipis qvabovan
saTavsebSia dadasturebuli? centraluri anatoliis im regionSi, sadac bunebrivi
pirobebi odiTganve swored qvis arqiteqturis ganviTarebas uwyobda xels, masalis
xazgasmulad aRniSvna terminiT “qvis saxli”, odnav ucnaurad gveCveneba. gamoricxuli
ar aris, rom lursmul teqstSi aRniSnuli termini iseTive azrobrivi datvirTviTaa
gamoyenebuli, rogorc saqarTvelos (mesxeTis) eTnografiul sinamdvileSi “kldis
saxli” da somxur enaSi “qar-tun” (sityva-sityviT “qvis saxli”): orive es cneba gamoqvabul sacxovrebels aRniSnavs [67, gv. 15].
da mainc, rom ara aRniSnuli lursmuli teqstis Cveneuli interpretacia, mxolod
iaziliqaias ramdenime qvabovani nekropolis arsebobis safuZvelze, ramdenad realuri
iqneba miviCnioT, rom micvalebulTa gamoqvabulebSi dakrZalvis wesi xeTur samyaroSi
da mis kulturuli gavlenis arealebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli?
cnobilia, rom wina aziisa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebis eneoliTur Tu
brinjaos epoqis sxvadasxva stadiaTa uZveles kulturaTaTvis, Cveulebriv movlenas
warmoadgenda sazogadoebis gardacvlil wevrTa pirdapir maT saxlebSi an specialurad
am mizniT mowyobil tradiciuli sacxovreblebis zust imitaciebSi dakrZalva [488, gv.
92-96] gamonakliss arc qvabovan dasaxlebebSi mobinadre tomebi Seadgendnen: magaliTad,
levantSi, berSebas da jerikos midamoebSi dadasturebul eneoliTur-adrebrinjaos
xanis dasaxlebebSi, qvab-sacxovreblebis “oreulebia” gamoyenebuli samarxebad.
aseTive suraTia dafiqsirebuli samxreT italiis, siciliis, sardiniis brinjaos xanis
giganturi gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis arqeologiuri kvlevisas da a. S. [566, gv. 64-68; 480,
gv. 103-110].
aRniSnul kulturaTa gavrcelebis regionebSi SeimCneva Semdegi kanonzomierebac:
rodesac am civilizaciaTa memkvidre sazogadoebani, sacxovreblebis stilis arCevans
sabolood miwiszeda saxlebis sasargeblod akeTebdnen [39], Zvel sacxovrebel-samarx
*
rogorc aRvniSneT, samSvildisa Tu xramis xeobis msgavsi struqturis qvabebSi, Sua
saukuneebis intensiuri kulturuli fenebis qveS, gviani brinjaos xanis Tixis nawarmis
garkveul raodenoba mravalgzisaa dadasturebuli. xom SeiZleba aseT qvab-saTavsTa
nawili mainc, aRniSnuli tipis samarxebad gamoiyeneboda da maTSi fragmentebi urnebis
dafiqsirebuli nivTieri masalis da ritualuri WurWlis nawilebi iyos ?
30
kompleqsebs winaparTa Tayvaniscemis adgilebad daigulebdnen xolme da micvalebulebsac xSirad isev qvabovan akldamebSi marxavdnen.
sxvaTa Soris, Sida qarTlis zogierT qvabovan Zeglze Cven mier bolo xanebSi
Catarebuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, qarTuli winaqristianuli xanis kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis procesSic, droTa ganmavlobaSi analogiuri funqcionaluri
monacvleoba SeiniSeba. yovelive es, kidev ufro safuZvlians xdis bolo wlebSi
gamoTqmul mosazrebas ufliscixis qvabovani ansamblis Tavdapirveli funqciis Taobaze [227].
SesaZloa, xeTuri samyaros zogierT regionSic istoriul-kulturuli
movlenebi msgavsad ganviTarda. bolodroindeli gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom
xeTur Tu protoxeTur civilizaciebs, kldeSi nakveT sacxovreblebSi binadrobis
ZirZveli tradiciebi gaaCndaT. magaliTad, kabadokiis vrcel regionSi, ukve 300ze meti gamoqvabuli qalaqia dadasturebuli, romelTaganac TiToeuli miwisqveS
ramdenime sarTulad nakveTi, erTmaneTTan gvirabebis sistemiT dakavSirebuli
aseulobiT qvab-saTavsisgan Sedgeba (tab. 92). amJamad mecnierebs ukve gaaCniaT
arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli faqtobrivi monacemebi imis Taobaze,
rom am teritoriebze mikvleuli, momdevno epoqebSi mravalgzis reokupirebuli da
rekonstruirebuli miwisqveSa Tu kldovan qarafebSi ganfenili dasaxlebebis kveTa,
swored xeTebis saxelmwifos drosaa dawyebuli [533, gv. 132-144]. es garemoeba, zemoT
aRniSnul uZveles civilizaciaTaTvis saerTo tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, kidev
ufro gasagebs xdis sakiTxs, Tu ram gamoiwvia xeTur saxelmwifoSi micvalebulTa
qvabovan saTavsebSi dakrZalvis tradiciis farTod gavrceleba. ufro metic, Tuki
am logikiT vixelmZRvanelebT, TviT micvalebulTa kremaciis wesic, SesaZloa ara
mxolod sakraluri mniSvnelobiT iyos datvirTuli, aramed praqtikuliTac: miwiszeda
sacxovreblebisgan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoebis gardacvlili wevrebis qvabTa kldovan
iatakebSi ingumaciuri meTodiT dakrZalva mTel rig uxerxulobebs gamoiwvevda.
rodesac xeTur samyaroSi micvalebulTa qvab-saTavsebSi dakrZalvis tradiciis
SesaZlo masStabze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobidan arc Semdegi garemoeba unda gamogvrCes.
xeTur-miTanur imperiaTa uSualo memkvidre saxelmwifoebSi _ frigia, urartu,
lidia, likia, paflagonia da sxv., agreTve maT mezobel midiaSi, gamoqvabul akldamebSi
micvalebulTa dakrZalvis wesi (Tumca, umetesad arakremaciuli), ukve Cveulebriv
movlenas warmoadgenda, rac aRniSnuli tradiciis uZveles adgilobriv fesvebze unda
migviTiTebdes.
meore mxriv, micvalebulTa kremaciis da gamoqvabul saTavsebSi dakrZalvis
wesi, Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi mxolod xeTuri samyarosTvis ar yofila damaxasiaTebeli.
adreul berZnul civilizaciaTaTvis, mikenuri periodidan moyolebuli (homerosis
“iliadas” Tu troas gaTxrebis mixedviT), arqauli periodis CaTvliT, micvalebulTa
kremacia da WurWelSi moTavseba miRebuli iyo, magram neStis gamoqvabulSi dakrZalvis SemTxveva jerjerobiT dadasturebuli ar aris. samagierod, micvalebulTa
urnisebr WurWelSi (umTavresad albaT keramikulSi) moTavsebuli kremacirebuli
neStebis dakrZalva kldeSi nakveT niSebsa Tu gamoqvabulebSi, am samarxebTan ki winaparTa kultTan dakavSirebuli qvab-salocavebis mowyoba, sakmaod gavrcelebuli
yofila xmelTaSua zRvis auzisU regionebis zogierT sxva uZveles saxelmwifoTa
31
wiaRSi. magaliTad, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, dRevandeli bulgareTis teritoriaze, kldovan masivebSi arc-Tu iSviaTad gvxvdeba sxvadasxva zomis, ufro xSirad ki
daax. 30-50 sm sigrZe-siganis sworkuTxa, trapeciuli an ovaluri moxazulobis niSaSeRrmavebebi. sazRvargareTeli mecnierebi maT warmoSobas, am regionSi Trakiuli
tomebis gamoCenas ukavSireben, Tumca niSebis funqciis Taobaze zusti versia ar gaaCniaT
(maT zogadad “sakultod” moixsenieben) [311]. Cveni azriT isini sxva ara SeiZleba iyos,
Tu ara kremaciuli ferfliani urnebis (albaT Tixis) Sesalagebeli Taroebi. aseTi
Sexedulebis marTebulobaSi sabolood davrwmundiT, rodesac BbulgareTSi, “harman
kaias” saxelwodebiT cnobili kldovani masivis farglebSi, niSa-Taroebis erT-erT aseT
dajgufebaSi, mivakvlieT araswori geometriuli formis mozrdil gamoqvabuls, romlis
Sesasvlelis aqeT-iqiT, simetriulad gamokveTilia zustad aRwerili tipis ori niSi,
riTac xazgasmulia am saTavsis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. gamoqvabulis iatakze,
Cveni bulgareli kolegebis nebarTviT Catarebuli arqeologiuri dazvervis Sedegad,
mivakvlieT aRniSnuli regionis gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis civilizaciaTaTvis
tipiur keramikuli nawarmis fragmentebs.* TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
am kompleqsis saxiTac saqme gvaqvs aRniSnuli epoqis qvab-salocavebisa da nekrpolis
erTobliobasTan. am faqtis dadasturebiT, kidev ufro ganivrco kldis sakulto
Zeglebisa da qvabovan-kremaciul akldamaTa kompleqsebis gavrcelebis areali evropis
materikis siRrmeSi.
samSvildis qvabebSi dadasturebuli da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis civilizaciaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kremaciuli samarxebis mowyobis wesis analogiuroba, Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis me-2 naxevarSi am regionTa mosaxleobis met-naklebad mWidro kulturul
urTierTobaze metyvelebs. cxadia, mxolod calke aRebuli es faqti, aRniSnul xalxTagan
romelime konkretul jgufsa da amave epoqis winare-qarTul tomebs Soris eTnikuri
erTobis damamtkicebel argumentad ar gamodgeba. meore mxriv, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT
kulturis komponentTa im farTo speqtrs, romelic mravali cnobili mecnieris azriT
xeTur-miTanur samyarosa da imJamindel saqarTvelos mosaxleobas akavSirebda, Cven
mier SeniSnulma tradiciaTa msgavsebam, am sakiTxis dazustebaSi SesaZloa arcTu
umniSvnelo roli Seasrulos.
samSvildis am kompleqsebis arqeologiurad Seswavlil yvela danarCen qvabSi
dadasturebuli brinjaos epoqis sxvadasxva stadiis nivTieri masalis Semadgenloba da
ganfenis suraTi, jerjerobiT saTavsTa mxolod da mxolod samosaxlo daniSnulebiT
gamoyenebaze metyvelebs. qvab-saTavsTa iatakebze sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis
mravalferovani Tixis WurWlisa da obsidianis Tu kaJis anatkecebis ganfenam, agreTve
stacionaruli da gadasatani kerebis naSTebis dadasturebam, am tipis kldis ZeglTa
daniSnulebis Sesaxeb Cven mier adre SemuSavebuli azri ganamtkica: cxadia, rom aqac
saqme gvaqvs brinjaos epoqis sxvadasxva etapis kldis sacxovrebelTa erTobliobasTan,
xolo samarxebad isini gamonaklisis saxiT an odnav mogvianebiT, intensiuri cxovrebidan
drois garkveuli intervalis Semdeg gamoiyeneboda (gvian brinjaos xanaSive). cxadia,
*
1999 wels, samxreT evropis kldis Zeglebis kvlevisadmi miZRvnili III saerTaSoriso
simpoziumis gasvliTi programebis farglebSi Catarebul am kvlevaSi, qarTuli mxridan
monawileobdnen n. baxtaZe, l. mirianaSvili, T. jojua, d. CixlaZe da T. xoStaria.
32
nivTieri kvalis fragmentulobis gamo, am kldis dasaxlebaSi dafiqsirebulma suraTma
detaluri warmodgena ver Segviqmna saqarTvelos teritoriaze, brinjaos xanis sxvadasxva etapze mobinadre tomTa yofa-cxovrebisa da sameurneo saqmianobis suraTis Sesaxeb
(gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis adre da Suabrinjaos xanis plastebze), Tumca, TviT aRniSnul
epoqis qvemo qarTlSi mosaxleobis mozrdili jgufebis gamoqvabul sacxovreblebSi
binadrobis faqti, sruliad axali sityva aRmoCnda qarTul istoriografiaSi.*
rac Seexeba urTierTkavSirs uZveles kldis dasaxlebebsa da antikur naqalaqar
samSvildes Soris, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb gadaWriTi azris gamoTqma jerjerobiT Wirs. da
mainc, Cveni azriT, am umniSvnelovanesi dasaxlebuli punqtis warmoSobaSi, gadamwyveti
Tu ara, arsebiTi roli mainc unda Seesrulebina mis farglebSi adre arsebul qvabsacxovrebelTa kompleqsebs. antikuri xanis naqalaqarebsa da maTi Semogarenis uZveles
qvabovan dasaxlebaTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs, ufro vrclad naSromis momdevno
TavSi SevexebiT.
samSvildis qvabTa arqeologiuri kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamoxatuli
Sedegebi, qvemo qarTlis amave tipis danarCen qvabTa kompleqsebzec SeiZleba ganvavrcoT da amiT is naklovanebebi SevavsoT, rac maTSi uZvelesi kulturuli fenebis metad
fragmentulad SemonaxulobiT iyo gamowveuli. aseTi urTierT Semavsebeli faqtebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, am mxaris CvenTvis saintereso kldis ZeglTa arqeologiuri gaTxrebis
erToblivma Sedegebma, maTi winaswari, xuroTmoZRvruli kvlevis Sedegad gaCenil
praqtikulad yvela arsebiT kiTxvas gasca pasuxi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am kompleqsTa Semadgeneli qvabebis absoluturi
umravlesobis xelovnur warmoSobaze mimaniSnebel faqtebs, saTavsTa safuZvlian
arqeologiur Seswavlamde mivaqcieT yuradReba. Cven ar vgulisxmobT mxolod qvabTa
gamongrevisas bzarebSi CarCenili xis solebis naSTebs da im garemoebas, rom saTavsTa
did nawilSi, usworod gamoyvanili iatakebi imTaviTve, kveTisas warmoqmnili namsxvrevi
RorRiTaa mosworebuli _ es niSnebi SeiZleboda mRvimeTa intensiuri gafarToebis
kvaladac migveCnia. qvab-saTavsTa ZiriTadi moculobebis xelovnurad Seqmnaze,
uwinares yovlisa maTi sivrcobriv-gegmarebiTi analizi migvaniSnebda: qvabTa nebismieri
jgufis arqiteqturul anazomebze Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac Cans, rom saTavsebs da
komunikaciebs adamianis yofa-cxovrebaze gaTvlili moduli udevs safuZvlad, mravali
qvabi ki geometriulTan sakmaod miaxlovebuli formisaa da erTmaneTisgan kedeliviT
Txeli kldis masiTaa gamoyofili (tab. 5-30). cxadia, aseTi sivrcobrivi struqturis
mRvimeebis ramdenime iarusad ganfenili erTobliobebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs. imis
daSveba, rom kompleqsTa adgilze Tavis droze oriode, Tundac qvis xanisa Tu
adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis matarebel adamianTa jgufebis mier aTvisebuli,
*
aq ar SeiZleba kidev erTxel ar gavixsenoT is didi gulisyuri, rasac am aRmoCenis mimarT
Cveni saxelovani mecnieri, batoni aleqsandre (lali) javaxiSvili iCenda. misi azriTac,
samSvildis qvabebSi dadasturebulma arqeologiurma suraTma (rac man adgilzec
ki moinaxula), sabolood mospo eWvis sababi qvabTa am tipis kompleqsebis uZvelesi
warmomavlobis Taobaze. magaliTad, erT-erT oficialur mimarTvaSi, romelic aRniSnuli
mimarTulebiT kvleva-Ziebis gagrZelebis gzebis Ziebas Seexeboda, pativcemuli mkvlevari
werda: “...me savsebiT viziareb nodar baxtaZis Sexedulebebs winaqristianul xanaSi qarTuli
kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. CemTvis agreTve sruliad misaRebia misi
hipoTeza uZvelesi qarTuli kldis Zeglebis adgilis Sesaxeb wina aziisa da evropis kldis
xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi” (werilis asli inaxeba n. baxtaZis pirad arqivSi).
33
bunebrivi siRrue arsebobda (sxvadasxva zomis, usistemod mimofantuli, buStiseburi
warmoSobis mRvimeebi ZeglTa mimdebare kldeTa masivebSi marTlac gvxvdeba), am ZeglTa
saboloo gegmarebiTi principebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, arsebiTad arafers cvlis.
is faqti, rom aRniSnuli qvabTa kompleqsebis ZiriTadi birTvebi erTianad adamianTa
gamiznuli qmedebis nayofs warmoadgens, da rom garda meqanikurad dazianebuli
fasadebis qvis kedlebiT aRdgenis SemTxvevebisa, antikur xanasa Tu Sua saukuneebSi
maT gegmarebas gansakuTrebuli cvlileba aRar ganucdia, sabolood arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Sedegad dadasturda. brinjaos xanis gviani etapebis kulturuli fenebis
met-naklebad Semonaxuli fragmentebi, qvab-saTavsTa iatakebis Semdgom epoqebSi
xeluxlebel yvela zonaSi aRmoCnda, rac calsaxad metyvelebs am kompleqsebis
praqtikulad dRemde moRweuli xuroTmoZRvruli saxiT Camoyalibebaze cxovrebis
adreuli fazebis dros.
bunebrivia, aRniSnul mtkicebulebaTa safuZvelze, gadasinjva moiTxova zogierTi
mkvlevaris varaudma am ZeglTa masobrivad bunebriv siRrueTa gafarToebis Sedegad
Seqmnis Taobaze [144, gv. 258].
arqeologiurma kvlevam ramdenadme naklebi sicxade Seitana TiToeuli am
kompleqsisa da maTi Semadgeneli qvabebis Seqmnis xanis dazustebis saqmeSi. qvabsaTavsebSi mopovebul masalebze dayrdnobiT, tipiur movlenad mxolod maTSi gviani
brinjaos xanis kulturul fenaTa naSTebis arseboba SeiZleba CaiTvalos. am xanis
nivTieri masalis met-naklebi raodenobiT Semcveloba, Cven mier Seswavlili Zeglebis
uZvelesi plastebisTvis imdenad tipiuri aRmoCnda, rom muSaobis garkveul etapze
gaCnda sacduri, aRniSnuli kompleqsebis masobrivad Seqmna mxolod gvianbrinjaos
epoqasTan dagvekavSirebina. meore mxriv, aseTi daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, rogor unda
agvexsna zogierTi qvabovani saTavsis uZrav fenaSi gacilebiT adreuli nakeTobebis
Tundac umniSvnelo raodenobiT aRmoCena? miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela arqeologiurad
Seswavlil kompleqsSi mikvleuli, danamdvilebiT TrialeTuri kulturis sxvadasxva
etapebTan dakavSirebuli Tixis nawarmis fragmentebi sul 4-5 aTeuli nimuSiTaa
warmodgenili, xolo adrebrinjaos xanisTvis (mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis bolo
stadiebisTvis) tipiuri keramikis fragmentebi mxolod TiTebze CamosaTvlelia, maTi
sxvadasxva kompleqsis Semadgenel qvabTa uZveles kulturul fenebSi dafiqsireba,
metad yuradsaRebi faqtia.
CvenTvis cnobilia, rom kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis specifikuri Tviseba, gamZleoba,
xSirad maTSi cxovrebis ramdenime fazas uzrunvelyofs mniSvnelovani ngrevis gareSe.
bunebrivia, cxovrebis yoveli momdevno etapi faqtiurad anadgurebs kldovan iatakebze
SemorCenil wina periodis nivTier masalas. amdenad, aseT ZeglebSi dadasturebuli,
cxovrebis wina fazebis ukiduresad mwiri materialuri naSTic ki, SesaZloa sakmaod
aqtiuri cxovrebis kvali aRmoCndes.
aqedan gamomdinare, Tuki qvemo qarTlis qvabovan dasaxlebebSi mopovebul Sua
saukuneebis (e.i. cxovrebis bolo etapis) nivTier masalas, reokupaciis Semdgom
gadarCenil, gvianbrinjaos xanis nawarms SevufardebT raodenobrivad, kidev ufro
adreuli epoqis, Suabrinjaos xanis masalis simcire, aucileblad qvabebis epizodurad
gamoyenebis niSnad aRar mogveCveneba _ geometriuli regresia daaxloebiT Tanabaria.
albaT igive SeiZleba iTqvas Suabrinjaos xanis TrialeTuri yorRanebis Tu bedenuri
tipis nakeTobaTa Tanafardobaze mtkvar-araqsuli tipis masalis mimarT.
34
warmodgenili msjelobis fonze, sruliad logikuri iqneba, Tuki kompleqsebis
Semadgeneli qvabebis erT nawils mainc, Sua an adrebrinjaos xanaSive Seqmnilad miviCnevT. aq unda gavixsenoT, rom swored adrebrinjaos xanis (mtkvar-araqsuli da bedenuri
tipis) keramikis fragmentebi (tab. 53:5,6 da sxv.) gvaqvs dafiqsirebuli samSvildeSi,
xramis xeobis marcxena kompleqsis erT-erTi, sruliad tipiuri, #12 qvab-saTavsis (tab.
5:2) saamSeneblo fenaSi _ axlad nakveTi kedlebis namsxvrevebiT mosworebul iatakSi.
SesaZloa es faqtic imaze metyvelebdes, rom kompleqsebis kveTa (an bunebrivi mRvimeebis
„totaluri“ rekonstruqcia), swored am epoqaSi dauwyiaT.
isev da isev nivTieri masalis ukiduresi simwiris gamo, jerjerobiT ver
vaxerxebT am kompleqsTa Semadgeneli saTavsebis myarad dasabuTebul qronologiur
diferenciacias aRniSnuli epoqis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, gamomdinare iqidan,
rom adrebrinjaos xanis nivTieri kvali jerjerobiT mxolod araswori geometriuli
formis qvabebSi dadasturda, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom am kompleqsis Semadgeneli,
primitiuli gegmarebis qvabebi aRniSnul epoqas ganekuTnebodes, xolo sivrcobrivad
mowesrigebulad gadwyvetili qvabTa jgufebi ki momdevno, Sua an gvianbrinjaos xanas.
kvlevis dRevandel etapze, Cvens xelT arsebuli obieqturi monacemebi, qvemo
qarTlis kldis dasaxlebaTa warmoSobis viTarebis da funqcirebis qronologiuri
CarCoebis ufro zustad gansazRvris saSualebas ar iZleva. swored amitom,
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba materialuri kulturis am uaRresad saintereso
ZeglTa ganxilvas saqarTvelos teritoriaze mimdinare Tanadrouli istoriuli
procesebisa da msoflios maxlobeli regionebis uZveles kulturaTaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli analoguri tradiciebis fonze.
qvemo qarTlis brinjaos xanis kldis Zeglebis adgili
saqarTvelos da msoflios uZveles civilizaciaTa istoriaSi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Cven mier Catarebuli xuroTmoZRvruli da arqeologiuri
kvlevis Sedegad kardinalurad Seicvala qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis
funqciisa da Seqmnis epoqis Sesaxeb qarTul mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba*,
magram mTeli rigi obieqturi mizezebis gamo, calkeuli Zeglebisa Tu maTi Semadgeneli
qvab-saTavsTa jgufebis Seqmnis TariRis dakonkreteba gaZnelda.
dRes CvenTvis danamdvilebiT mxolod isaa cnobili, rom gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
xanaSi qvemo qarTlis vrcel teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba (da rogorc Semdeg
davinaxavT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT sxva regionSic), intensiurad iyenebda
sxvadasxva mizniT Seqmnil gamoqvabul kompleqsebs.
rogorc Cans, am epoqaSi (yovel SemTxvevaSi Zv. w. II aTaswleulis me-2 naxevarSi
mainc), mosaxleobis sakmaod mozrdili jgufebi jer kidev kldeSi nakveT dasaxlebebSi
binadrobda. amasTan, sakmao argumentebi gagvaCnia vivaraudoT, rom sacxovreblis am
tipis arCevani imxanad ukve mravalsaukunovan adgilobriv tradiciaze iyo damyarebuli
da TviT am kompleqsTa didi nawili, brinjaos epoqis adreul stadiebze Seqmnili
*
cxadia, vgulisxmobT am tipis ZeglTa erT nawils, romelic Cven mier ganxorcielebul fiqsaciis samuSaoebamde, zogadi aRweris doneze mainc figurirebda samecniero mimoqcevaSi.
35
qvabovani dasaxlebebis bazaze iyo aRmocenebuli.
Cven xelT arsebuli arqeologiuri masalis analizis safuZvelze albaT isic
unda davuSvaT, rom qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze, adrebrinjaos xanaSive, mtkvararaqsis gviani stadiis „klasikuri“ kulturis paralelurad, gavrcelebuli iyo am
kulturis Tundac Zalze lokaluri saxesxvaoba, romlis mimdevari mosaxleobis
nawili, alizisa Tu xis karkasze nalesi sacxovreblebis nacvlad [266; 240], qvabovan
dasaxlebebSi binadrobda. aRniSnuli mosaxleobis sacxovrebelTa aseT tipologiur
mravalferovnebaze SesaZloa is garemoebac migviTiTebdes, rom am kulturis dasaxlebebi Tu samarovnebi xSirad erTmaneTis mezoblad gvxvdeba (magaliTad, samSvilde,
xadiki, zurtaketi [198, gv. 202; 167] da sxv.). am varaudis marTebulobis gasarkvevad, unda
mimovixiloT faqtobrivi monacemebi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad iyo gavrcelebuli
aRniSnuli epoqis saqarTvelos sxva mxareebsa da msoflios maxlobeli regionebis
imavdroul kulturaTa wiaRSi, sacxovreblebis mowyobis analogiuri tradicia.
qarTveli arqeologebis gamokvlevebi calsaxad migvaniSnebs imaze, rom adrebrinjaos xanaSi, mosaxleobis mRvimovan dasaxlebebSi binadrobis wesi (Ria sadgomebTan
erTad), dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda.
magaliTad, am xanis kulturuli fenebi mravladaa dadasturebuli rion-yvirilas
auzis mRvimeebSi: samele klde, darkveTi, sagvarjile, samercxle klde, cucxvaTi,
mowameTa da sxv. [54; 112; 414]. ufro metic, am rigis, qronologiurad mravalplastian
ZeglTagan umravlesobaSi, Tundac zogierT horizontze, swored rom mtkvar-araqsuli
fenebia mikvleuli (xSirad maikopuri tipis nivTier masalasTan erTad) [214]. marTalia,
CamoTvlili sacxovreblebi, rogorc wesi bunebriv, karstul mRvimeebSia mowyobili
(gacilebiT iSviaTad ki xelovnurad mxolod ramdenadme gafarToebul-mowesrigebul
sivrceebSi), magram principi „troglodituri“ wesiT cxovrebisa, aqac aSkarad
daculia.
aseT fonze, naklebad mosalodnelia, rom aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi
binadar mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis mimdevar monaTesave tomebs, sacxovreblebis
mowyobis esoden msgavsi Cveva erTmaneTisgan sruliad damoukideblad SeemuSavebinaT.
ufro savaraudoa, rom aRniSnuli tradicia, tomTa am or dajgufebas erTmaneTisgan
gadaeRo an saerTo winaprebisgan, saqarTvelosa Tu Cven momijnave regionebSi
gavrcelebuli adresamiwaTmoqmedo civilizaciebisgan, „protomtkvar-araqsuli“
mosaxleobisgan mieRo memkvidreobiT.
am hipoTezis ganxilvisas erT winaaRmdegobas mainc vawydebiT. kerZod, dgeba
Semdegi sakiTxi: riT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli is garemoeba, rom daaxloebiT erTsa
da imave xanaSi, praqtikulad erTi da igive kulturis matarebeli tomebis garkveuli
nawili, qvemo qarTlSi mxolod xelovnur gamoqvabulebSi binadrobda, dasavleT
saqarTveloSi ki karstuli warmoSobis mRvimeebSi? am movlenis erT-erT mizezi
SesaZloa imaSi mdgomareobdes, rom qanebis geologiuri agebulebidan gamomdinare,
dasavleT saqarTvelos aRniSnul regionSi, qvemo qarTlTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad
metia didi moculobis carcul-karstuli warmonaqmnebi, romelTa erTi nawili
xeobaTa flateebiskenaa gaxsnili. swored amitom, gamoricxuli ar aris davuSvaT,
rom adrebrinjaos xanaSi aq mosuli mosaxleobis nawili, romelmac winare binadrobis
regionidan (savaraudod qvemo an Sida qarTlidan), qvab-sacxovrebelTa kveTis tradicia
moitana, amjerad aRniSnul „mzamzareul“ mRvimeebSi dabinavda.
36
CvenTvis arqeologiuri monacemebiT kargadaa cnobili, rom igive mRvimuri
Zeglebis didi nawili, jer kidev eneoliTis xanaSi yofila intensiurad aTvisebuli
[198, gv. 251-256; 214; 54]. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom axalma,
“mtkvar-araqselma“ mobinadreebma „cxel kvalze“ aiTvises ramdenadme gansxvavebuli,
adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis mimdevari tomebis mRvimuri namosaxlarebi (gavixsenoT,
rom aseT ZeglTa umravlesobaSi, eneoliTisa da adrebrinjaos cxovrebis fazaTa Soris
xangrZliv intervalze mimaniSnebeli, kulturul fenaTa gamyofi steriluri Sreebi ar
SeiniSneba). aRniSnul mRvimur dasaxlebebSi mosaxleobis aseTi Canacvlebis varaudi
Tundac imitom gveCveneba misaRebad, rom istoriuli argveTis teritoriaze mtkvararaqsuli kulturis aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gavrcelebis Teoria dResdReobiT
arqeologiurad savsebiT dasabuTebulia [289]. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom
dasavleT saqarTvelos mRvimovan namosaxlarebSi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis adreuli,
eneoliTuri fazis nivTieri masala jerjerobiT dadasturebuli ar aris. amdenad,
yvirila-rionis auzis CamoTvlil mRvimur dasaxlebebSi mtkvar-araqsuli mosaxleobis
kvals, winamorbed adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturaTa adgilobriv niadagze evoluciuri
ganviTarebis Sedegad ver miviCnevT.
meore mxriv, gamoricxuli ar aris, momavalma arqeologiurma kvleva-Ziebam
adrebrinjaos xanis dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos „trogloditTa“ sacxovreblebis aRniSnul, mkveTr tipologiur diferenciaciaSi, arsebiTi koreqtivebi
Seitanos. magaliTad, Cven sruliadac ar varT darwmunebulni, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelos aRniSnul teritoriebze adrebrinjaos xanaSi binadari tomebi kldeSi
xelovnuri qvabebis kveTas savsebiT ar misdevdnen. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
swored im mxareSi da xSirad kldeTa imave masivebSi, sadac aRniSnuli epoqis mRvimesacxovreblebia dafiqsirebuli, gamokveTilia qvabTa sakmaod mozrdili, mravaliarusiani kompleqsebi, romelTa zogadi struqtura da maTi Semadgeneli zogierTi
qvab-saTavsis sivrcul-gegmarebiTi gadawyveta sakmaod axlos dgas qvemo qarTlis Cven
mier Seswavlil kompleqsebTan. aseTi Zeglebis magaliTebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT
mdinare yvirilas auzSi mdebare wilTos, rganis, kacxis, mRvimevis, cucxvaTis, didRelis da jruWulas xeobis qvabTa kompleqsebi, romlebic iq dadasturebuli Sua
saukuneebis mravalferovani minaSenebisa da arqeologiuri fenebis gamo, erTianad am
epoqis saxizrebad da samonastro qvab-senakebad aris miCneuli [95; 72] (tab. 97:2,3). cxadia,
aRniSnuli qvabovanebi dRevandeli saxiT marTlac Sua saukuneebis Zeglebad aRiqmeba,
magram qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebis pirvelmkvlevarebic xom cxovrebis bolo
fazebis dros ganxorcielebulma samSeneblo rekonstruqciebma da iatakebis zeda
horizontebis arqeologiurma masalam Seiyvana SecdomaSi?
mdinare yvirilas auzis aRniSnul qvabTa kompleqsTagan zogierTi (rgani, samercxle
klde, cucxvaTi, wilTo da sxv.), praqtikulad Tavis SemadgenlobaSi (rogorc wesi iarusebis qveda registrebSi) moicavs zemoT aRniSnul mRvime-sadgomebs, sadac arqeologiuradaa
dadasturebuli eneoliTisa da brinjaos xanaSi cxovrebis kvali. swored amitom,
gamoricxuli ar aris, rom erT kompleqsSi moqceul am ZeglTagan, adrebrinjaos xanaSi
mxolod karstuli mRvimeebi ki ar iyo gamoyenebuli sacxovreblad, aramed xelovnurad
mniSvnelovnad mowesrigebuli an erTianad nakveTi gamoqvabulebis erTi nawilic, romlebic safasado nawilebis CamoSlamde arcTu Znelad misadgomi iqneboda.
Cveni varaudis marTebuloba yvirilas xeobis qvabTa kompleqsebis SesaZlo
37
mravalplastianobis Taobaze, cxadia mxolod maTi farTomasStabiani arqeologiuri
kvlevis Sedegad gairkveva: qvemo qarTlis msgavsi kompleqsebis Seswavlis gamocdileba
gvkarnaxobs, rom reokupaciis yoveli Semdgomi faza, am tipis ZeglebSi uZveles kulturul fenebs minimumamde amcirebs. samwuxarod, yvirilas xeobis xelovnur gamoqvabulTa
aRniSnuli kompleqsebi jerjerobiT arqeologiurad sruliad Seuswavlelia, amitom
iZulebulni varT yuradReba SemTxveviTi aRmoCenis erTaderT faqtze gavamaxviloT.
1953 wels WiaTuris raionis gamoqvabulTa sainJinro-arqiteqturuli Seswavlis
mizniT, alpinisturi eqspedicia moawyo profesorma d. mSvenieraZem [180]. am eqspediciis interesTa sferoSi mdinare yvirilas xeobis zemoT aRniSnuli tipis qvabTa
kompleqsebic moeqca. aRniSnul samuSaoebSi mxolod moyvaruli istorikosebi
monawileobdnen, amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom kvleva-Ziebis gamoqveynebul Sedegebs
araprofesionaluri naazrevis kvali atyvia. samagierod, eqspediciis mier yovelgvari
wesebis dacvis gareSe mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala, Cveni amJamindeli interesis
TvalsazrisiT, mainc sayuradRebo gamodga*. Cven vgulisxmobT sof. rganis midamoebis
gamoqvabulebSi mikvleul Tixis WurWlis fragmentebs. am nawarmSi, ganviTarebuli
Sua saukuneebisaTvis tipiur keramikis natexebTan erTad warmodgenilia Savpriala,
vardisfersarCuliani da wablisferi priala WurWlebis aTiode fragmentic. natexebis
umetesoba uformoa, magram maTSi urevia ramdenadme saxovani nimuSebic. mag., sainteresoa yavisfrad naprialebi, monacrisfro sarCuliani qoTnis pir-gverdis mozrdili
fragmenti, yelidan mucelze gadasvlis xaziTurT, romelzedac naxevarsferuli yuris
nawilicaa SerCenili (sainventaro # 236) es nakeToba aSkarad adrebrinjaos xanis,
mtkvar-araqsuli tipis WurWels ganekuTvneba [198, gv. 232]. mTeli rigi niSnebiT, amave
epoqis nawarmis fragmentebs warmoadgens aRniSnuli tipis danarCeni masalac.
amrigad, warmodgenili Teoriuli msjelobidan da aRniSnuli, Tundac mwiri faqtobrivi arqeologiuri masalidan gamomdinare, adre brinjaos xanaSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriazec garkveulwilad gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo ara mxolod
mRvimovani, aramed nawilobriv xelovnur gamoqvabulebSi mowyobili sacxovreblebic.
ra Tqma unda, rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi, mtkvar-araqsuli
kulturis lokaluri, „troglodituri variaciebis“ SesaZlo gavrcelebis Sesaxeb
saubrisas, Cven sulac ar vgulisxmobT imas, rom adrebrinjaos xanaSi, am mxareTa kldeSi
nakveT kompleqsebs aucileblad dRemde Semonaxuli saxe gaaCndaT. magaliTad, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, qvemo qarTlis qvabovani kompleqsebis struqtura, saboloo saxiT
brinjaos epoqis Semdeg etapebze Cans Camoyalibebuli. maT Semadgenel zogierT saTavsSi,
adrebrinjaos xanis nivTieri kvalis dadastureba SesaZloa mxolod imaze metyvelebdes,
rom am dros, aRniSnuli kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis jgufebi, kldovan masivebSi
gafantulad gamokveTil calkeul qvabebSi an sulac, mniSvnelovnad gafarToebul
bunebriv mRvimeebSi binadrobdnen (e.i., praqtikulad dasavleT saqarTvelos mRvimovani
sadgomebisgan arc-Tu gansxvavebul sacxovreblebSi). Tumca, aRweril kompleqsTa
Semadgeneli, SedarebiT rTuli gegmarebis qvabTa jgufebic ar gamoirCeva imdenad
daxvewili xuroTmoZRvruli xerxebiT, rom maTi adrebrinjaos xanaSi Seqmna gamovricxoT.
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos teritoriaze (ZiriTadad dasavleT saqar*
aRniSnuli masala davaTvaliereT 1998 wels q. WiaTuris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi. am masalis Sesaxeb informaciis mowodebisTvis, madlobas movaxsenebT yvirilas xeobis kldis ZeglTa mkvlevars, mxatvarsa da publicists, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis yofil mecnier
TanamSromel a. varTagavas.
38
TveloSi), paleoliTisa da neoliTis epoqis mraval mRvimovan sadgomSi, eneoliTis
xanis intensiuri fenebicaa dadasturebuli (magaliTad, sagvarjileSi, ZuZuanaSi,
darkveTSi da sxv. [198, gv. 251-257]). qvemo qarTlSi, zeda paleoliTisa da neoliTis xanis
zogierTi mRvimovani Zegli, Cven mier Seswavlili xelovnuri gamoqvabulebis maxloblad mdebareobs (magaliTad barmaqsizSi, zurtaketSi [54, 116]), magram jerjerobiT maTSi
eneoliTuri fenebi gamovlenili ar aris. Zalauneburad gvebadeba kiTxva: momdevno
epoqebis (dawyebuli adrebrinjaos xanidan) intensiurma rekonstruqciam da axali
qvabebis kveTam xom ar Seiwira am midamoebis eneoliTuri mRvime-sadgomebi? rogorc
qvemoT davinaxavT, wina aziis zogierTi regionis xelovnur gamoqvabulTa kompleqsSi
fenebis aseTi mimdevrobiT daSreveba Cveulebrivi movlenaa, magram dResdReobiT
igive viTarebis damasabuTebeli nivTieri masala qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebSi
dadasturebuli ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Sua saukuneebisa
Tu brinjaos xanis bolo etapebis reokupaciam, adre da Suabrinjaos epoqaTa kulturuli fenebic ki TiTqmis gaanadgura, gamoricxuli ar aris, igive saTavsebSi, amaze adreuli
cxovrebis nivTieri kvali ubralod gamqrali iyos. eneoliTis xanaSi aRniSnuli qvabTa
kompleqsebis adgilze mdebare mRvimeebis sacxovreblebad adaptirebis albaTobas
is garemoebac aZlierebs, rom am xanis, wriul-gumbaTiani Tu naxevrad miwuris tipis
nagebobebiT ganaSenianebuli zogierTi namosaxlari, kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis uSualo
mezoblad mdebareobs (magaliTad, „aruxlos“ jgufebi [126; 198, gv. 48-61], naxiduris
kompleqsebidan 2-ode km-iT aris daSorebuli). sakiTxi asec SeiZleba davayenoT: Tuki
dasavleT saqarTveloSi eneoliTis xanis mosaxleobisaTvis mRvimovan saTavsebSi
binadroba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo, qvemo qarTlSi, maTi monaTesave tomebis [198, gv.
223] garkveuli nawilis mier, maTi gansaxlebis arealSi arsebuli bunebrivi mRvimeebis
aTvisebis SesaZlebloba ratomRa unda gamovricxoT? kidev ufro didia imisi albaToba,
rom qvemo qarTlis naxevrad bunebrivi qvabebi met-naklebi intensiurobiT mtkvararaqsuli kulturis adreuli, eneoliTuri stadiebis mosaxleobasac gamoeyenebina da
es tradicia imave kulturis gamagrZelebeli, adrebrinjaos xanis mosaxleobisaTvis
memkvidreobiT gadaecaT _ am bolo etapis „mtkvar-araqselebis“ erTi nawilis qvabebSi
binadroba xom ukve dokumenturad dadgenili faqtia.
Tuki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, eneoliTuri da adrebrinjaos xanis
mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis qvabovan dasaxlebebSi
binadrobas nawilobriv mainc ewinaaRmdegeba imave epoqaSi sul sxva, dResdReobiT kargad cnobili, miwis zeviT nagebi tipis dasaxlebebis masobrivad gavrcelebis faqtori,
igives ver vityviT Suabrinjaos xanaze. arqeologiur kvlevas jerjerobiT calsaxa
pasuxi ar gaucia imis Taobaze, Tu ra tipis sacxovreblebs aniWebda upiratesobas
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba am epoqaSi. rogorc kargadaa cnobili, Zv.w.
III aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da II aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris ganmavlobaSi,
TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iyo TrialeTuri
yorRanuli kultura*, am mosaxleobis dasaxlebebi ki dRemde TiTqmis ar aris cnobili.
mecnierebi im garemoebas, Tu ratom Zneldeba am kulturis namosaxlarTa aRmoCena,
*
es kultura qronologiurad brinjaos epoqis 2 etaps moicavs: adrebrinjaos xanis
bolo periods (e. w. “bedenuri” kultura) da Suabrinjaos xanas _ “brwyinvale yorRanul
kulturas” [285; 289; 78]. qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze am orive etapis samarxeuli Zeglebia
gamovlenili.
39
sxvadasxvagvarad xsnian. magaliTad, jer kidev ZalaSi rCeba am ramdenime aTeuli wlis
win gamoTqmuli hipoTeza, rom SesaZloa TrialeTuri kulturis tomebi momTabare
mesaqonleebi iyvnen da mudmivi, „fundamenturi“ sacxovreblebi ar gaaCndaT [285, gv. 8].
aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierTa nawili, maT mier SeniSnul kanonzomierebas imis Taobaze,
rom qvemo qarTlSi aRniSnuli gorasamarxebi erT zolad gauyveba baris da maRalmTian
zonebs, agreTve momTabaruli mesaqonleobis specifikiT xsnian (ganixilavdnen
SesaZleblobas, rom saqonlis gadarekvisas gardacvlili tomis beladebi Tu rigiTi
wevrebi, am trasis gaswvriv imarxebodnen) [287, gv. 223].
sakiTxis amgvar gaSuqebas, Cven mier SeniSnul sxva kanonzomierebas davurTavdiT:
qvemo qarTlis zogierT zonaSi, magaliTad, mdinare xramis da mis Senakad Savwyalas
(zurtaketis) gayolebaze, TrialeTuri kulturis sxvadasxva etapebis yorRanTa
mniSvnelovani nawili, am xeobaTa kanionebSi gamokveTili, aRwerili tipis qvabTa
kompleqsebis maxloblad mdebareobs. aseTi mezobloba SemCneulia aruxlos (naxiduri), TeTri wyaros, bedenis, taS-baSis (TrialeTis axalqalaqi), xadikis, zurtaketis
midamoebis yorRanTa da qvabovanTa Soris [462, gv. 81]. SesaZloa, msgavsi teritorialuri Tanxvedrebi SemTxveviTi ar iyos da imaze migvaniSnebdes, rom TrialeTuri
kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis zogierTi jgufi (tomi) mainc, kldeSi nakveT
dasaxlebebSi binadrobda. aseTi varaudi angariSgasawevia, vinaidan TrialeTuri
yorRanebis arqeologiuri kvlevis monacemebi sul ufro sarwmunos xdis mosazrebas,
romlis mixedviTac aRniSnuli tomebi, ganviTarebis rogorc adreul, ise Suabrinjaos
stadiaze, mesaqonleobasTan erTad sakmaod dawinaurebul, sarwyav miwaTmoqmedebasac
misdevdnen da maTi didi nawili uTuod aramomTabaruli, erT adgilze „damjdari“ wesiT
cxovrobda.
am mosaxleobis mier kldeSi nakveTi sacxovreblebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobis
daSvebas, Semdegi garemoebac uwyobs xels. cnobilia, rom TrialeTuri kulturis
wiaRSi, gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas miaRwia metalurgiam, gamoqvabulebis kveTis
tradicia da aRniSnuli epoqis samTamadno saqme ki erTmaneTTan umWidroes kavSirSi
unda yofiliyo: magaliTad, rionis saTaveebSi dadasturebuli Suabrinjaos xanis madnis
gamosamuSavebeli gvirabebisa da qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebis kveTis xerxebi
absoluturad identuria [80].
Cveni varaudi TrialeTuri kulturis mosaxleobis mier gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis
Seqmnisa Tu maTi safuZvliani rekonstruqcia-adaptaciis Taobaze, mxolod am tomTa
sacxovreblebis tipis daudgenlobis faqtors da warmodgenil Teoriul msjelobas ar
emyareba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qvemo qarTlis am rigis ramdenime, erTmaneTisgan
sakmaod daSorebul qvabTa kompleqsSi, garkveuli raodenobiT mainc mivakvlieT
TrialeTuri yorRanebidan cnobili tipis keramikul nakeTobaTa fragmentebs. Tuki
im viTarebas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Semdgom epoqebSi araerTgzisi reokupaciis gamo,
am xanis kulturuli fenebi kompleqsebSi praqtikulad ganadgurebulia, aRniSnuli
mcirericxvovani, magram utyuari arqeologiuri sabuTebic ki, SesaZloa TrialeTuri
kulturis mosaxleobis qvabovan dasaxlebebSi sakmaod aqtiuri cxovrebis kvali iyos.
samwuxarod, aRniSnuli masalis fragmentulad daculobis gamo, albaT bolomde
gaurkveveli darCeba sakiTxi, Tu rogori saxe hqonda qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebs
ganviTarebis am stadiaze. TrialeTuri tomebis metalurgiul Cvevebze dayrdnobiT,
mxolod Semdegis Tqma SeiZleba: gansxvavebiT am Zeglebis aTvisebis eneoliTuri Tu
40
adrebrinjaos xanis etapebisagan, kldis damuSavebis safuZvliani tradiciis mqone
mosaxleobas, saeWvoa odnav rekonstruirebul, faqtiurad mRvimovan saTavsebSi
ecxovra: ufro savaraudoa, rom qvabTa kompleqsebs ukve am axal binadarTa xelSi
mieRoT kldis masivebSi met-naklebad regularuli gegmarebiTi principebiT nakveTi,
mravaliarusiani Zeglebis saxe.
warmodgenili faqtebidan da varaudebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia aseTi daskvna
gamovitanoT: rogorc Cans, Tu uSualod qvemo qarTlSi ara, mTeli saqarTvelos
masStabiT mainc, qvis xanisTvis Cveulebriv mRvimovan sacxovrebel sistemebs, eneoliTadrebrinjaos xanaTa mijnaze, TandaTan enacvleboda mniSvnelovnad rekonstruirebuli mRvimeebis dajgufebebi, romlebic adrebrinjaos epoqaSi Tu ara, Suabrinjaos
xanaSi mainc, mTlianad kldeSi nakveT qvabTa kompleqsebad unda Camoyalibebuliyo.
Tuki ganxilul etapebze qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebis arqiteqtonikis
Sesaxeb mxolod varaudebs gamovTqvamT, gvianbrinjaos xanis SedarebiT ukeT Semonaxuli
kulturuli fenebis ganfenidan gamomdinare, danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
am epoqis adreul stadiebzeve, aRniSnul Zeglebs ukve dasrulebuli, praqtikulad
dRemde SemorCenili xuroTmoZRvruli saxe gaaCndaT (cxadia, ar vgulisxmobT gviandel
dazianebebs da aRdgena-gadakeTebebs).
saqarTveloSi kldeSi nakveTi sacxovreblebis genezisis Sesaxeb Cven mier moxazuli savaraudo suraTis fonze, Tundac Cveni hipoTezebis marTebulobis Semowmebis
mizniT, SeuZlebelia ar davubrundeT me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis mkvlevarTa mier
am sakiTxTa Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebs, romelTa nawilic mokled naSromis
SesavalSive warmovadgineT.
saqarTveloSi mdebare kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis pirveli mkvlevarebi, diubua de
monpere, Semdeg ki f. baierni, am ZeglTa mniSvnelovan nawils winaistoriul epoqebs
akuTvnebdnen da maT Semoqmedad amierkavkasiis uZveles metalurg tomebs miiCnevdnen
_ xalibebs, halizonebs Tu sxv. (aseT ZeglTa rigSi, f. baierni qvemo qarTlis zogierTi
raionis gamoqvabulebsac CamoTvlis) [502, gv. 257; 307, gv. 18]. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
mogzaur-mecnierTa mravali mosazreba amJamad sakmaod gulubyvrilod gamoiyureba da
usafuZvlod aris miCneuli (magaliTad, diubua de monpere varZias antikuri xanis Zeglad Tvlida), maT mier saqarTvelos qvabTa uZvelesi kompleqsebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli
zogierTi varaudi, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan „winaswarmetyvelurad“ gamoiyureba.*
XIX s-is aRniSnul mkvlevarTa naazrevis safuZvelze, kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli
sacxovreblebis genezisis Taviseburi Teoria wamoayena i. pantiuxovma [394, gv. 74-82]. am
Teoriis mixedviT, saqarTvelos eTnografiul sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli erdoiangvirgviniani saxlebi pirvelyofil adamianTa mRvime-sacxovreblebidan evoluciuri
ganviTarebis nayofia. Semdeg es Teoria gaiziares da TavianT naSromebSi ganaviTares
f. baumhauerma [469, gv. 18], m. ilinam [350, gv. 3], r. agababianma [299, gv. 29]. am ukanaskneli
mecnieris naazrevi, aRniSnuli mimarTulebis naSromTaTvis tipiuria. magaliTad, man
*
Cveni azriT, aseTi hipoTezis CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili unda miuZRodes am avtorTaTvis
uTuod cnobil, berZnul-romaul antikur samyaroSi moarul, zemoT aRniSnul cnobas
kavkasiaSi mosaxleobis garkveuli jgufebis gamoqvabulebSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. arc is
SesaZlebloba unda gamovricxoT, rom am mkvlevarTaTvis nawilobriv cnobili yofiliyo
yZveles qarTul qronikebSi daculi cnobebi antikur qarTlSi “kldiTxuroobis”
popularobis Sesaxeb.
41
bunebrivi mRvime-sacxovreblebis qarTul gvirgvinian saxlamde ganviTarebis gzaze,
ramdenime gardamavali tipis sacxovrisis saxec ki Camoayaliba, Tumca am Sualeduri
formebis realurad arsebobis Sesaxeb, faqtobrivi masala sruliad ar gaaCnda.
Sualeduri tipis sacxovreblebis xuroTmoZRvruli atribuciis detalizaciis
gamoklebiT, praqtikulad, igive azrs anviTarebda profesori l. meliqseT-begic,
romelic saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxleobis nawilis gamoqvabulebSi binadrobis
tradicias, pirvelyofili adamianebis mRvime-sadgomebidan uflscixemde da varZiamde
uwyvetad varaudobda [158, gv. 531].
swored gamoqvabuli sacxovreblebis ganviTarebis uwyvetobis amgvari Teoriebi
ar gaiziara akademikosma g. CubinaSvilma. uZveles epoqebSi qarTvelur tomTa
sacxovreblebis savaraudo tipebis ganxilvisas, mas mosaxleobis umniSvnelo nawilis
kldeSi nakveT saTavsebSi binadroba ar gamouricxavs, magram aseTi dasaxlebebis
ramdenadme masobrivad gavrceleba eWvqveS daayena [425, gv. 57]. pativcemuli mecnieris
aseTi sifrTxile, im xanad winaqristianuli xanis qarTuli kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis
Zeglebis Sesaxeb mis xelT arsebuli faqtobrivi masalis simciris gamo, savsebiT
bunebrivi iyo. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom CvenSi arsebuli winaantikuri epoqis kldis
ZeglTa Sesaxeb sruli informaciuli vakuumis pirobebSi, gaocebasac iwvevs mkvlevaris
mier TiTqmis intuiciurad gamoTqmuli, albaT wina aziis kldis uZveles dasaxlebaTa
Seswavlis Sedegebze damyarebuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom dawyebuli Zv. w. III
aTaswleulidan, Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT, saqarTveloSi garkveuli raodenobiT mainc
iqmneboda kldeSi nakveTi sacxovreblebi [425, gv. 63]. am mosazrebebidan gamomdinare
cxadi xdeba, rom gansxvavebiT zogierTi misi umcrosi kolegisgan, g. CubinaSvili
kldis ZeglTa Seqmnas, aucileblad rkinis iaraRis gamoyenebas ar ukavSirebda.
rogorc naSromis SesavalSive aRvniSneT, iv. javaxiSvils winaqristianul xanaSi
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis gamoqvabul sacxovreblebSi binadroba da maT mier kldeSi nakveTi mTeli qalaqebis Seqmnac ki savsebiT dasaSvebad miaCnda
[269, gv. 5], Tumca CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu konkretulad romeli istoriuli epoqebi hqonda
mas mxedvelobaSi*.
rogorc vxedavT, CamoTvlil mecnierTa naSromebSi, saqarTveloSi kldis
xuroTmoZRvrebis Casaxvisa Tu ganviTarebis pirveli safexurebis qronologiuri
niSansvetebi metad zogadadaa gansazRvruli. im mkvlevarTa naazrevSic ki, romlebic
saqarTvelos teritoriaze adamianTa gamoqvabulebSi binadrobis tradiciis „dasabamidan“ uwyvetad ganviTarebaSi arian darwmunebulni, miaxloebiTac ar aris dazustebuli „pirvelyofili adamianebis“ bunebriv mRvimeebSi binadrobisa Tu istoriul
epoqebSi, sacxovreblebis kldeSi kveTis Cvevis gavrcelebis qronologiuri CarCoebi.
saqarTveloSi kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis Casaxvis xana mxolod im mecnierTa
naSromebSia konkretizirebuli, romlebic CvenSi am tradiciis gavrcelebas rkinis
iaraRis gaCenas ukavSireben (al. kalandaZe, g. grigolia [118], p. zaqaraia [97], g.
gafrindaSvili [65] da sxv.), an romelTac aseTi Cveva Zv w. I aTaswleulSi qarTveluri
tomebis samxreTidan migraciis Sedegad motanilad miaCniaT (k. leman-haufti [369],
l. meliqseT-begi [383-384], d. gvritiSvili [75] da sxv.). arada, Cven mier mopovebuli
*
vfiqrobT, b-ni iv. javaxiSvili uwinaresad qarTlis cxovrebaSi moTxrobil im epizodebs
eyrdnoboda, sadac iberiis samefos Camoyalibebis xanazea saubari, xolo aRniSnuli faqtis
realobis sabuTad, mas albaT im droisTvis dadasturebuli erTaderTi winaqristianuli
kldis Zegli, ufliscixe eguleboda.
42
faqtobrivi masalis fonze, swored es ukanaskneli mosazrebani moiTxovs safuZvlian
koreqtirebas _ rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTuli „kldiTxuroobis“ tradiciis
fesvebi, gacilebiT adreul epoqebSia saZiebeli.
gvaZlevs Tu ara Cven mier motanili faqtebi da argumentebi imis safuZvels, rom
mxari davuWiroT qarTuli kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis bunebrivi mRvimeebidan evoluciuri ganviTarebis Teorias?
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Cven mier Seswavlil qvabTa kompleqsebSi, e.i. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi mikvleul uZveles xelovnur gamoqvabulebSi, qvis xanis sxvadasxva
safexuris an spilenZis xanis (eneoliTis) mRvimovani sadgomebis xelovnur qvabsaTavsebad adaptaciis materialuri kvali jerjerobiT ar dadasturebula. mxolod
albaTobiTi msjelobidan gamomdinare da imis safuZvelze, rom xeobis mezobel
monakveTebSi qvis xanis mRvimovani Zeglebia aRmoCenili, brinjaos xanis aRniSnul
kompleqsebs, danamdvilebiT winare epoqebis mRvime-sacxovreblebidan ganviTarebulad ver miviCnevT. meore mxriv, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rion-yvirilas auzis qvis xanis
mRvimovan sadgomebSi, brinjaos xanaSi cxovrebis nivTieri kvali ki aRmoCenilia, magram
ar gagvaCnia imaze dabejiTebiT mimaniSnebeli faqtebi, rom am mxareSi, aRniSnul epoqaSi
axal qvabovan sacxovreblebs masobrivad kveTdnen. saqarTvelos sxva raionebSic,
jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris danamdvilebiT xelovnuri warmoSobis siRrueebi,
sadac qvis xanis romelime etapis an eneoliTis xanis plastebi ikiTxebodes da amdenad,
maTi am epoqis embrionul kldis Zeglebad miCneva SeiZlebodes.
am viTarebis miuxedavad, Cven sruliadac ar migvaCnia principulad SeuZleblad,
rom qvis xanaSi bunebrivi mRvimeebis sacxovreblad gamoyenebis tradicias mieca
stimuli saqarTvelos momdevno epoqebis mosaxleobisaTvis, kldeSi xelovnurad
gamoekveTaT saTavsebi. piriqiT, kldeSi nakveT sacxovrebelTa formirebis procesSi,
adamianTa uZvelesi sazogadoebis instiqtur qmedebasTan erTad, am fsiqologiuri
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba logikuradac ki gveCveneba. sazRvargareTis maxlobeli
regionebis analogiur Zeglebze bolo wlebSi Catarebuli samecniero kvlevis Sedegebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi saqarTvelos teritoriazec
aRmovaCinoT
adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis gariJraJze, primitiuli xerxebiT
Seqmnili qvabovani sacxovreblebis garkveuli raodenoba.
vnaxoT, ra faqtebs emyareba Cveni es ukanaskneli varaudi da ramdenad tipiuria
saqarTvelos teritoriaze brinjaos epoqis sxvadasxva safexurze mosaxleobis nawilis
qvabovan dasaxlebebSi binadrobis analogiuri precedentebi, sazRvargareTis mezobeli
regionebis uZvelesi civilizaciebisaTvis.
rogorc dResdReobiT kargadaa dasabuTebuli, saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebul adresamiwaTmoqmedo Tu brinjaos xanis kulturebs, mravali saerTo elementi
akavSirebs mcire aziisa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis Tanadroul, uZveles civilizaciebTan [336; 238]. swored amitom, saqarTveloSi kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis CasaxvaganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, pirvel rigSi am regionTa analogiuri
Zeglebis kvlevis Segegebis fonze unda ganvixiloT.
mecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom aziis am nawilis mraval regionSi,
sacxovrebeli Tu sxva daniSnulebis gamoqvabulebis kveTis tradicia, uZvelesi
samiwaTmoqmedo civilizaciebis CasaxvisTanaveanve gavrcelda. rogorc prof. l.
43
maruaSvili aRniSnavda, siria-palestinis, anatoliis naxevarkunZulis Tu SuamdinareTis teritoriebze, mravali kldovani masivi „dacxrilulia“ sakmaod primitiuli
gegmarebis xelovnuri gamoqvabulebiT da maTi giganturi kompleqsebiT [144, gv. 311].
anatoliis naxevarkunZulze mdebare am rigis qvabTa kompleqsebis zogadi xuroTmoZRvruli struqturis Sesaxeb, g. veberi jer kidev me-19 s-Si werda:
„frigiis zogierT mivardnil xeobebSi aRmoCenilia mTeli qalaqebi, romlebic
kldeSi gamokveTili aTasobiT sacxovreblebisagan Sedgeba. es gamoqvabulebi ramdenime iarusad gauyveba xeobaTa kalTebs. isini kldis zedapirze gamoWrili RiobebiT
naTdebian. erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian Siga safexurebiT da derefnebiT. maT Soris
uZvelesebi Zalze uxeSad, yovelgvari morTulobis gareSe gamokveTil martiv
gamoqvabulebs warmoadgens“. CvenTvis ucnob faqtobriv monacemebze dayrdnobiT,
aRweril kldis Zeglebs mecnieri adresamiwaTmoqmedo epoqaSi Seqmnilad miiCnevda [317,
gv. 373].
rogorc bolo wlebis samecniero gamokvlevebma daadastura, xmelTaSua zRvis
aRmosavleTiT mimdebare regioni, e.w. levanti (palestina, siria, libani, mcire aziis
nawili), adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis Casaxva-ganviTarebis erT-erTi upirvelesi
arealia [464; 525; 562; 593 da sxv.]. niSandoblivia, rom adamianTa uZvelesi sazogadoebebis
mier xelovnuri gamoqvabulebis masobrivad Seqmnac, pirvelad swored am teritoriebze
dasturdeba. Tuki Zv.w. X-IX aTaswleulebSi primitiuli samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis
tomTa nawili (magaliTad, natufiis kultura [566, gv. 18]) jer kidev bunebriv mRvimeebs
iyenebdnen sacxovreblad, eneoliTis (spilenZis) xanaSi, daaxloebiT Zv.w. 5000-3300 wwSi, aq ukve sakmaod gavrcelebuli Cans kldeSi nakveT sacxovreblebSi binadrobis Cveva.
am mxriv, CvenTvis metad sainteresoa e.w. „berSebas“ kultura, romelis dasaxlebebi palestinaSi, mkvdari zRvis aRmosavleTiT, ramdenime km-zea mikvleuli [577, gv.
37-45; 566, gv. 25-26]. am tomTa mniSvnelovani nawili uxeSad nakveT, katakomburi tipis,
sworkuTxedTan an ovalurTan miaxloebuli gegmis qvab-sacxovreblebSi binadrobda
(ben-Semeni, palmahimi da sxv.). SedarebiT rTuli gegmarebiT gamoirCeva safadas qvabovani kompleqsi, romlis Semadgeneli sacxovreblebi ZiriTadad ovaluri formisaa.
zog jgufs aqvs centraluri „holi“, saidanac sxva saTavsebSi gavdivarT (tab. 91:1,2).
unda aRiniSnos, rom berSebasa da palestina-iordaniaSi dadasturebul mis
Tanadroul, monaTesave kulturaTaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli yofila praqtikulad
erTnairi gegmarebis sacxovrebeli da samarxi gamoqvabulebis Seqmnis tradicia,
romlebic xSirad erT kompleqsSia gaerTianebuli. aseTi Zeglebi Seswavlilia
azorSi, haderaSi (israeli), jerikoSi (iordania) da sxva punqtebSi. gvxvdeba rogorc
koleqtiuri, ise individualuri samarxebi [475, gv. 456-457]. niSandoblivia, rom am
kulturis arqeologiurad Seswavlil ZeglebSi samarxebad gamoyenebuli qvabebis
dafiqsirebis gamo, Tavdapirvelad mecnierebma kompleqsebis Semadgeneli yvela
qvabovani saTavsi akldamebad miiCnies. mogvianebiT, am dasaxlebebSi dadasturebuli
arqeologiuri suraTis analizis safuZvelze, moxerxda qvab-saTavsTa klasifikacia
aRniSnul funqciaTa mixedviT [542, gv. 384-386].
erTi da imave kompleqsis farglebSi, msgavsi gegmarebis sacxovrebeli da
micvalebulTa dasakrZalavi daniSnulebis saTavsebis Serwyma, mxolod am regionis
eneoliTisa da brinjaos xanebis kulturebisTvis rodia damaxasiaTebeli (gavixsenoT
Tundac CvenSi dadasturebuli mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis tomTa tradiciebi [266]).
44
aRniSnul epoqaTa kldeSi nakveTi Tu sxva masaliT nagebi sacxovreblebis da samarxebis
absoluturad erTmaneTis identuri xuroTmoZRvruli gadawyveta, levantis garda
tipiuria mesopotamiis, mcire aziisa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis sxva regionebisaTvisac
[475; 480; 524].
am movlenis axsnas, bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sazRvargareTel mecnierTa
ramdenime gamokvleva mieZRvna. am naSromTa avtorebs miaCniaT, rom msoflios uZveles
civilizaciaTa gariJraJze, adamianTa filosofiuri Sexeduleba sikvdil-sicocxlis
fenomenTa maqsimalurad nivelirebis Taobaze, ganapirobebda maT miswrafebas sruli
amqveyniuri atribuciiT aReWurvaT sazogadoebis gardacvlili wevrebi, rac maT
sacxovreblebis zust aslebSi dakrZalvasac iTvaliswinebda [476, gv. 56-61; 488, gv. 34]*.
magaliTad, aRniSnuli Teoriis erT-erTi avtori, amave mizeziT xsnis im garemoebas,
rom evr-aziis kontinentze Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi agrerigad gavrcelebuli dolmenebis nawili sacxovreblebs warmoadgenda, danarCeni ki akldamebs [542, gv. 386; 543]
(aq, faqtobrivi monacemebis safuZvelze, uaryofilia tradiciulad damkvidrebuli
mosazreba, rom TiTqosda absoluturad yvela dolmeni samarxi nagebobaa).
aRniSnuli problema Cveni amJamindeli TemisTvis metad mniSvnelovania _ sakiTxi
imis Sesaxeb, sacxovreblebis Tu akldamebis erTobliobebs warmoadgens qvabTa esa Tu
is kompleqsi, rogorc Semdgomac davinaxavT, metad xSirad dgeba xolme ara mxolod
eneoliTis da brinjaos xanis, aramed antikuri epoqis kldis ZeglTa kvlevisas CvenSi
Tu evraziis sxvadasxva regionSi.
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, levantis regionis aRniSnul kulturaTa wiaRSi,
qvabovani dasaxlebebis da nekropolebis diferenciaciis pirveli niSnebi, mxolod
adrebrinjaos xanaSi SeiniSneba: samxreT libanSi dadasturebulia am epoqis kldeSi
nakveTi kompleqsebi, romelTaganac zogierTi mxolod sacxovreblebs warmoadgenda,
zogi ki qvab-samarxTa jgufebs [542, gv. 385]. miuxedavad amisa, qvabovan ZeglebSi aRniSnul
funqciaTa Serwyma mainc sakmaod gavrcelebul movlenad rCeba Sua da gvianbrinjaos
xanaSic da mxolod rkinis xanaSi damkvidrda tipologiurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli kldis akdamebi da sacxovreblebi [488, gv. 87; 525].
aqve davZenT, rom ukanaskneli wlebis arqeologiur gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT, am
regionSi aRniSnuli funqciuri niSniT diferencirebuli pirveli qvabovani kompleqsebis warmoSoba, adrebrinjaos xanas ramdenadme unda uswrebdes win. amis kargi magaliTia
nahal-qanahis raionSi (samxreT levanti, israeli) mikvleuli qvabTa kompleqsebi,
romelTa gamokveTa eneoliTis finalur stadias ukavSirdeba da romelTa „sufTa“
sacxovrebeli funqcia, maTSi dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTidan gamomdinare,
eWvs ar iwvevs [593]. CvenTvis es ukanaskneli Zeglebi, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Semdegi
garemoebebis gamo: isini kveTis meTodiT, saerTo struqturiT Tu TiToeuli qvabsaTavsis gegmarebiT metad axlos dganan Cven mier qvemo qarTlSi Seswavlil brinjaos
xanis kldis dasaxlebebTan. Tuki berSebas da zogierT mis monaTesave kulturaTa qvabsacxovrisebi ufro xSirad kldovan masivebSi horizontuladaa ganfenili da maTSi
moxvedra vertikalurTan miaxloebuli lukisebri gvirabebiT xerxdeba, nahal-qanahis
midamoebis kompleqsebis qvab-saTavsebi xeobaTa kalTebSi vertikalur registrebadaa
ganviTarebuli, RiobebiT kanionisken ixsneba da vizualuradac qvemo qarTlis
*
samyaros aseTi aRqma, ramdenadme transformirebuli saxiT, msoflios mraval uZveles
kulturas aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi gahyva da misi anarekli antikuri epoqis metad
ganviTarebuli civilizaciebis azrovnebaSic SeiniSneba [567, gv. 147-151].
45
aRniSnuli Zeglebis srul asociacias iwvevs (magaliTad, mein holis kompleqsebi) [593,
gv. 29]. gansxvavebiT imave regionisa da epoqis qvabovani dasaxlebebisa da nekropolebis
didi umravlesobisagan, romlebic qronologiurad mravalplastianebia, es kompleqsebi mxolod erTxel aris reokupirebuli, adrebrinjaos xanaSi (gamoricxuli
ar aris am ori periodis uwyvetobac), amitomac maTSi cxovrebis pirveli fazis
kulturuli fenebis dafiqsireba SedarebiT gaiolda [593, gv. 53-80]. am rigis ZeglebSi
dadasturebuli eneoliTis periodis nivTieri masala ZiriTadad jerikos qvabTa
kompleqsebis tipisaa. magaliTad, Tixis nawarmi aq warmodgenilia angobirebuli da
gaprialebuli, cilindrul yeliani qoTnebiT, badiebiT, jamebiT, tolCebiT. am WurWlis
ramdenime fenian kecSi urevia qviSa, danayili kvarci da obsidiani. monacrisfero da
Ria feris zedapiri xSirad Semkulia amoRaruli, Tevzifxurad nakawri, saltiseburi,
zigzagiseburi da samkuTxa ornamentiT. zogierTi egzemplari wiTeli saRebaviTacaa
moxatuli. qoTnebis mniSvnelovan nawils, cilindruli yelidan mucelze gadasvlis
xazis axlos, miZerwili aqvs TiTo an wyvili viwroxvreliani yuri [593, gv. 13-52].
rogorc vxedavT, am Tixis nakeTobebs, rogorc warmoebis teqnologiiT, ise mxatvrulstilisturi TaviseburebebiT, bevri ram aqvs saerTo saqarTvelos mtkvar-araqsuli
kulturis adreuli safexuris Zeglebze gamovlenil keramikasTan (Treli, samSvilde,
koda da sxv. [198, gv. 154-166])*. sainteresoa, rom nahal-qanahis rigis qvabTa kompleqsebSi
mikvleuli, Savad gamowvari, naprialebi da nakawri ornamentiT Semkuli, adrebrinjaos
xaniT daTariRebuli Tixis nawarmi, sakmaod axlos dgas amave regionSi gavrcelebul,
e.w. „herbeT-qeraqis“ kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tixis nakeTobebTan, aqedan gamomdinare ki, am ukanasknelis monaTesave, mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis gviani stadiebis
keramikasTanac [289, gv. 286-294].
rogorc vxedavT, samxreT levantis regionSi (siria-palestina-iordania), danamdvilebiT eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanaSi Seqmnili qvabovani dasaxlebebi mravladaa
dadasturebuli. miuxedavad amisa, Cven sruli ufleba gvaqvs, am teritoriebze aseve
uxvad arsebuli, SedarebiT gviani epoqebis niSnebis matarebeli (dawyebuli brinjaos
epoqis finaluri stadiebidan, gvian antikur-romauli xanis CaTvliT) kldis Zeglebis
mniSvnelovani nawilis warmoSobac winaistoriul xanaSi vivaraudoT. magaliTad,
ierusalimis maxloblad Seswavlili e. w. telpiotas akldamebi eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanaSia Seqmnili, magram pirveli qristianebis mier aqtiurad aris gamoyenebuli da
gadakeTebuli [511, gv. 290-292].
rogorc Cans, uZvelesi qvabovani kompleqsebis aqtiuri reokupacia da adaptacia,
wina aziis praqtikulad yvela regionisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. amis kargi magaliTia
Tundac nabaTielTa dedaqalaq petras (iordania) sayovelTaod cnobili kldeSi nakveTi xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsebi. mecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom qalaq
petras farglebSi, elinisturi da romauli periodis didebuli gamoqvabuli taZrebisa
da akldamebis gverdiT [563], metad primitiuli gegmarebis, mcire zomis qvab-saTavsTa
naSTebicaa SemorCenili. mkvlevarebi am faqts sxvadasxvagvarad xsnidnen, Tumca,
ZiriTadi aqcenti mainc am saTavsTa SedarebiT adreulobaze keTdeboda. ramdenime
aTeuli wlis win, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad zogierT maTganSi mopovebuli
*
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom samxreT levantis igive kulturis erT-erT kompleqsSi (“cvikacuki”), dadasturebulia am epoqisTvis uZvelesad miCneuli oqros nakeTobebi _ marTkuTxa
kveTis rgolebi [593, gv. 123].
46
nivTieri masalis safuZvelze, am tipis, uxeSad nakveTi qvabebis warmoSobis qveda
qronologiur zRvrad, adrebrinjaos xana iqna miCneuli [555, gv. 271-285]. Sesabamisad,
gamoirkva, rom petras antikuri epoqis mdidruli kldeSi nakveTobebi, nabaTevelTa mier
am tipis kompleqsebis safuZvliani adaptacia-rekonstruqciis Sedegadaa Seqmnili
bolo wlebSi, aRniSnuli kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis binadrobis kvali,
am regionis kidev erT saqveynod cnobil kldis ZeglSic dadasturda. saubari gvaqvs
mkvdari zRvis maxloblad mdebare yumranis gamoqvabulebze, sadac gnosticizmTan
miaxloebuli msoflmxedvelobis Temis binadrobis kvali da sayovelTaod cnobili,
papirusze Sesrulebuli xelnawerebia aRmoCenili [536, gv. 95], arqeologiurma gaTxrebma Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanis kulturuli fenebis arsebobac daadastura [536, gv. 119].
rogorc Cans, es qvabovani Zeglebic zemoT aRniSnuli kulturis mimdevari sazogadoebis
nasaxlarebia da arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom maTSi eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanaSi
cxovrebis kvali Semdgomi, araerTgzisi reokupaciis Sedegad iyos waSlili.
anatoliis naxevarkunZulze dadasturebuli, aRniSnuli kulturebis Tanadrouli qvabovani dasaxlebebidan metad sayuradReboa saqagiozus raionSi (samxreTdasavleT anatolia) mdebare kldeSi nakveTi kompleqsebi [524]. am ZeglTagan zogierTSi,
paleoliTis xanaSi aTvisebuli bunebrivi mRvimeebis kvalic SeiniSneba, Tumca eneoliTadrebrinjaos epoqaSi isini safuZvlianadaa rekonstruirebuli. kompleqsebis qvabsaTavsTa didi umravlesoba amave xanaSi erTianad xelovnuradaa nakveTi da sabolood,
am Zeglebs qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebis analogiuri iersaxe miuRiaT.
amave tipis qvabTa kompleqsebi dadasturebulia samxreT anatoliis sxva provinciebSic. magaliTad, yarainis da beldiSis midamoebis gamoqvabulTa mravaliarusian
kompleqsebSi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCnda Zv. w. VII-VI aTaswleulebis
nivTieri masala [453, gv. 48-51]. mkvlevrebis azriT, am Zeglebze mopovebuli eneoliTadrebrinjaos xanis Tixis nakeTobani, kerZod Savpriala keramika, metad axlos dgas
ugaritis amave epoqis nawarmTan, e.w. „siria-kilikiuri“ tipis keramikasTan [453, gv. 45].
CvenTvis es garemoeba metad sayuradReboa, vinaidan aRniSnuli stilis siriul keramikas, Tavis mxriv bevri saerTo niSani akavSirebs qarTul mtkvar-araqsul arqeologiur
masalasTan [289].
saerTod, saqagiozus Tu samxreT anatoliis am rigis qvabTa kompleqsebis
arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad mopovebuli nivTieri masala, tipologiurad metad
axlos dgas samxreT levantis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturaTa kldis dasaxlebebSi
aRmoCenil nakeTobebTan. es viTareba miT ufro yuradsaRebia, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom mravali cnobili mecnieri, siria-palestinis regionsa da anatoliis naxevarkunZuls eneoliTidan adrebrinjaos xanaze gardamavali erTgvarovani kulturebis
gavrcelebis arealad miiCnevs [566; 472].
am tipis, metad STambeWdavi masStabis kldis ZeglTa kompleqsebi, mTel anatoliis naxevarkunZulzea gavrcelebuli da maTi umravlesoba formaTa arqaulobiTac
gamoirCeva xmelTaSua zRvis auzis sxva qveynebis msgavsi kompleqsebisgan. mecnierTa
erT nawils swored am regionSi eguleba aRniSnuli uZvelesi kulturis saTave [555; 566].
magaliTad, italiasa da xmelTaSua zRvis centraluri nawilis kunZulebze mravlad
dafiqsirebul analogiur qvabTa kompleqsebis mkvlevarebi, maT xelT arsebuli
sakmaod soliduri faqtobrivi masalis analizs im daskvnamde mihyavs, rom am regionebSi
47
qvab-saTavsebSi binadrobis wesi, eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanebSi swored anatoliis
naxevarkunZulidan unda gavrcelebuliyo [480; 600].
Cven xelT arsebuli monacemebiT, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis arealSi, aRniSnuli
kulturuli impulsebis gavleniT Seqmnili kldis Zeglebi, dResdReobiT yvelaze ukeT
italiasa da siciliaSia Seswavlili. mag., kontinenturi italiis samxreT provincia
pugliaSi (qalaq baris midamoebi) mdebare am rigis aTeulobiT Zeglidan erT-erTis,
„pulos“ saxelwodebiT cnobili grandiozuli, mravaliarusiani qvabTa kompleqsis
arqeologiuri Seswavla jer kidev me-20 s-is dasawyisSi dauwyiaT da periodulad 90ian wlebis CaTvliT grZeldeboda [570, gv. 67-77]. am Zeglis Semadgeneli, araswori
geometriuli moyvanilobis qvabebis did umravlesobas, maTSi mikvleuli nivTieri
masalidan gamomdinare (nairgvari Tixis WurWeli, kaJis sameurneo iaraRi, keriebi da
a.S.), mkvlevarebi Zv. w. VI-V aTaswleulebis sacxovreblebad miiCneven, Tumca, kompleqsSi
dadasturebulia daaxloebiT imave epoqis 56 gamoqvabuli-akldamac.
eneoliTisa da brinjaos xanis msgavsi qvabovani kompleqsebi, gansakuTrebiT
mravladaa dafiqsirebuli praqtikulad mTel siciliaSi (sirakuzas, kanikatinis, etnas,
pantalikis, san-juzepes da sxva provinciebSi [480; 554]). am Zeglebis masStabze Tundac
Semdegi magaliTi metyvelebs: pantalikis kompleqsebidan zogierTi 10-20 iarusad
nakveT aTasobiT (5000-mde) qvab-saTavss moicavs [474, gv. 270]. aranakleb grandiozulia
kasteluCios, san-juzepes saqveynod cnobili kompleqsebi [480, gv. 58-103]. am qvabovan
ZeglTa didi nawili arqeologiurad kargadaa Seswavlili. kvlevis Sedegad dadgenilia,
rom am tipis qvabTa kompleqsebis Semadgeneli saTavsebis absoluturi umravlesoba
xelovnuri warmoSobisaa da mxolod iSviaTad gvxvdeba rekonstruirebuli bunebrivi
mRvimeebi. erTmaneTisgan geografiuli distanciis-da miuxedavad, ramdenadme
sinqronulia maTi warmoSoba Tu reokupaciis fazebi: TiTqmis yvela arqeologiurad
Seswavlili kompleqsis uZvelesi plastebi eneoliTs ukavSirdeba, maTi xelaxali
gamoyeneba-adaptacia ki met-naklebi intensiurobiT, brinjaos epoqis TiTqmis yvela
etapze dasturdeba [598, gv. 67-70]. magaliTad, am rigis ZeglebisTvis sakmaod tipiuria
stratigrafiuli situacia, rac dafiqsirda metad skrupulozurad gamokvleul
zogierT kompleqsSi („grota de la Ciusaza“, „grota majore“, grota karuji“ da sxv.
[480, gv. 78-93]. ai rogori qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT aris daSrevebuli kulturul
fenaTa horizontebi am Zeglebze (qvemodan zeviT): 1. spilenZis xana (eneoliTi); 2.
adrebrinjaos xana; 3. Suabrinjaos xana; 4. antikuri xana (epizoduri gamoyeneba). aqve
davamatebT, rom aRniSnuli Zeglebisgan gansxvavebiT, siciliis mraval analogiur
qvabTa kompleqsSi (magaliTad, pantalikis da san-juzepes dajgufebaSi), sakmaod
intensiurad aris warmodgenili gvianbrinjaos xanis kulturuli fenebic.
rogorc qvabTa aRniSnuli kompleqsebis arqeologiuri kvlevis publikaciebidan
irkveva, wlebis ganmavlobaSi am tipis Zeglebs mecnierebi upirveles yovlisa brinjaos
epoqis sxvadasxva etapis qvabovani akldamebis erToblobad miiCnevdnen, xolo qvabebis
nawilis sacxovreblebad gamoyenebis faqtebi, damatebiTi an SeZenili funqciis
amsaxveli niSnebi egonaT [480, gv. 131; 554, gv. 101]. siciliis qvabTa am kompleqsebis
Semdgomma Seswavlam mkvlevarebi im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom maTi didi nawilis
ZiriTadi birTvebi, wina aziisa da italiis (pugliis) aRwerili analogiebis msgavsad,
eneoliTis xanis qvabovan dasaxlebebs warmoadgens, romlebSic samarxi gamoqvabulebic
iyo CarTuli [474, gv. 272]. cxadia, momdevno epoqebis reokupaciam da rekonstruqciam
48
am kompleqsebSic Zalze Seamcira cxovrebis pirveli fazis nivTieri kvali, romlis
regularulad dafiqsireba, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mxolod bolo wlebSi
moxerxda [554, gv. 103].
bolodrindelma gamokvlevebma, aRniSnuli Zeglebis meoradi funqciis SefasebaSic Seitana mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi. gamoirkva, rom siciliis gamoqvabul kompleqsebs adre da Suabrinjaos xanebSi mniSvnelovani gafarToeba-rekonstruqcia ganucdia
da albaT, qvabTa sruliad axali dajgufebanic Seemata, magram am procesebs ganaxlebuli
kompleqsebis tradiciuli funqciuri datvirTvis radikaluri cvlileba ar mohyolia:
maTi umravlesoba kvlav kldis dasaxlebaTa da akldamaTa erTobliobebs warmoadgenda.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom aziis monaTesave kulturaTa msgavsad, am etapze siciliaSic
Tavi iCina kompleqsTa sacxovrebeli da samarxi daniSnulebiT diferenciaciis pirvelma
niSnebma _ qvabTa praqtikulad erTnaeri struqturis kompleqsebis nawili, SesaZloa
marTlac mxolod nekropolad iqca, zogierTi ki „sufTa“ dasaxlebebad [480, gv. 110-154;
554, gv. 176]. magaliTad, pantalikis da san-juzepes zogierTi super-giganturi kompleqsi
(real estate, mostrijiano da sxv.), adre da Suabrinjaos xanaSi danamdvilebiT qvabovan
nekropolad qceula _ amaze Tundac kldeSi nakveT akldamaTa masiuri qvis, reliefebiT
Semkuli filebiT amoqolvis Cveuleba metyvelebs [480, gv. 103-105]. sainteresoa, rom
am kompleqsTa Semadgenel akldamaTa karebebze, xSirada gvxvdeba sakraluri niSnis,
Sewyvilebuli spiralis reliefuri gamosaxuleba _ am motivs xom adrebrinjaos
xanis qarTuli keramikuli nakeTobebis SemkulobebSic vxvdebiT [266; 432]. aRniSnuli
qvabovani kompleqsebis ganaTxar masalebSi, kerZod ki keramikul nakeTobebSi, agreTve
gamoiyofa Tixis WurWlis erTi jgufi, romelic sakmao axloblobas amJRavnebs mtkvararaqsuli kulturis gviani etapis analogiur nawarmTan. magaliTad, priolo distrikis
qvabebSi aRmoCenilia Savad gamomwvari, naprialeb zedapiriani oryura da calyura
qoTnebi cilindrulTan miaxloebuli yeliT, viwro ZiriT, romlebic nakawri badisebri
da naCxvleti ornamentiTaa Semkuli [554, gv. 192]. aqve dadasturebulia keriis rqisebri
sadgarebi, romelTa praqtikulad sruli identuroba saqarTvelos adrebrinjaos xanis
Zeglebze gamovlenil analogiur mowyobilobebTan, formaTa ubralo damTxvevis Sedegi
ar unda iyos [554, gv. 202].
sruliad logikurad gveCveneba Tanamedrove mecnierTa ganmartebac imis Taobaze,
Tu ratom gauWirdaT wina Taobis mkvlevarebs aRniSnul kompleqsebSi sacxovreblebis
da akldamebis gamijvna [554, gv. 182]: micvalebulTa neStebisa da samarxeuli inventaris Tundac mcirericxvovan naSTTa erToblioba, gacilebiT zustad migvaniSnebs
saTavsebis funqciaze, vidre mitovebuli qvab-sacxovreblebis iatakebze martooden
artefaqtebis fragmentebis dadastureba (miT umetes, rom sacxovrebeli qvabebis
nawilic, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi akldamebad iqna gamoyenebuli). angariSgasawevia is garemoebac, rom rogorc es mcire aziur magaliTebzec aRvniSneT, eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanis qvabovani sacxovreblebi da akldamebi didad arc gegmarebiT
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan: mcire zomis, marTkuTxedTan an ovalTan miaxloebuli
gegmis saTavsebi sacxovrebladac gamoiyeneboda da samarxebadac.
rogorc arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs, siciliis aRniSnuli tipis
mravaliarusiani kompleqsebis umravlesobam, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi TandaTan dakarga sacxovrebeli funqcia da kldis samarxebadRa gamoiyeneboda, Tumca es
movlena sayovelTao wesad ar qceula da calkeuli kldis dasaxlebebi kidev didxans
49
izidavda mosaxleobis „troglodituri“ cxovrebis mimdevar nawils [599, gv. 234-241].
antikur epoqaSi ki es kompleqsebi, akldamebad Tu sakulto mizniT, mxolod epizodurad Cans gamoyenebuli [480, gv. 171-179].
Cven mier warmodgenili kldis Zeglebis tipis, daax. maTi Tanadrouli qvabovani
dasaxlebebis da akldamebis kompleqsebi, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis centraluri da
dasavleT nawilis sxva regionebSic aris dadasturebuli da nawilobriv Seswavlilic:
maltaze, sardiniaze, korsikaSi, samxreT safrangeTSi, espaneTSi. magaliTad, ukanasknel wlebSi sardiniis teritoriaze mikvleulia wina aziisa Tu siciliis analogiuri
qvabTa kompleqsebi, romlebic e.w. „bonanaros kulturis“ wiaRSia Seqmnili [569]. am
Zeglebis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebma mkvlevarebi daarwmuna, rom qvab-saTavsebi
sacxovrebeli daniSnulebiTaa Seqmnili daaxloebiT Zv. w. 3300-2900 ww-Si. mogvianebiT,
kldis dasaxlebebis funqciam aqac transformacia ganicada da Zeglebis nawili
akldamebad iqna gamoyenebuli, xolo daaxloebiT 1800-1600 wlebSi aqac umTavresad
qvabovani nekropolebi ikveTeboda [569, gv. 42].
garda ganxiluli regionebisa, kldeSi sacxovreblebis kveTis tradicia ama Tu
im saxiT, praqtikulad yvela im uZveles aRmosavlur kulturaTa Tu civilizaciaTa
wiaRSi iyo gavrcelebuli, sadac geografiuli garemo amis saSualebas iZleoda.
primitiuli gegmarebis qvabTa kompleqsebi, romelTa Seqmnasac mkvlevarebi arqeologiurad Seuswavlelobis gamo, zogadad uZveles kulturebs miaweren, mravlad
gvxvdeba egvipteSi, SuamdinareTSi, iranSi, avRaneTSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi da evraziis
materikis sxva mxareebSi. samwuxarod, mxolod xuroTmoZRvruli Taviseburebebis
mixedviT, eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanis kldis ZeglTa lokaluri, evraziis konkretul
regionTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipebis gamoyofa, jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba.
am rigis kldis ZeglTagan, yurdRebas saqarTvelosTan geografiulad da istoriulad sakmaod mWidrod dakavSirebuli regionis, SuamdinareTis qvabTa uZveles
kompleqsebze SevaCerebT. samecniero literaturis mimoxilviT gamoirkva, rom
mesopotamiis teritoriazec, zemoT aRniSnuli tipis qvabovani sacxovreblebis
tradicias sakmaod Rrma fesvebi hqonia. arqauli iersaxis qvabTa kompleqsebis arseboba
dadasturebulia rogorc evfratis, tigrosis da maT Senakad mdinareTa zemo welis
xeobebSi, ise dablob raionebSic. magaliTad, seltis tbis maxloblad, absoluturad
swor reliefze amozidul kldovan koncxebSi, ramdenime iarusadaa nakveTi aTeulobiT
arcTu swori geometriuli formis qvabi, romlebic SemTxveviTi arqeologiuri
aRmoCenebis safuZvelze, babilonis Zveli samefos droindeli aRmoCnda (XVIII_XVII
ss).*
kidev ufro adreuli, Sumeruli periodis, daaxloebiT Zv. w. 3500-3000 wlebis
qvabovani kompleqsebi dadasturebulia naqalaqar varqas midamoebSi. jerjerobiT
arqeologiurad arc es kompleqsebia Seswavlili, magram maTi aRniSnuli xaniT
daTariReba, xuroTmoZRvruli da mxatvruli Taviseburebebis analizze dayrdnobiT
moxerxda; magaliTad, erT-erT kldovan masivze, romelsac ramdenime iarusad Semouyveba aRniSnili tipis qvabTa kompleqsi, agebulia sataZro kompleqsi zikuratiTurT
[516, gv. 18-25]. am ansamblis zogierT qvabSi SemorCenilia zustad iseTi mozaikuri
*
masalas gavecaniT britaneTis muzeumis eqspoziciaze 2001 wels, adgilze muSaobisas, #56
darbazSi.
50
moxatuloba, romliTac zikuratis kedlebia Semkuli. vinaidan Senoba-nagebobebis aseTi
stilis mozaikuri mxatvroba mxolod Sumeruli periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli [342,
gv. 62], qvabTa kompleqsis am epoqiT daTariReba eWvs ar iwvevs.
vfiqrobT, warmodgenili sabuTebi sakmaod myar safuZvels uqmnis im mosazrebas,
rom xmelTaSua zRvisa da wina aziis vrcel teritoriebze, daax. VI-II aTaswleulebis
diapazonSi, sxva tipis sacxovreblebis Semqmnel kulturaTa paralelurad, kldeSi
nakveT dasaxlebebSi binadrobis tradiciis matarebeli tomebic sakmaod regularulad iyvnen gansaxlebuli. cxadia, Cven Sors varT imis kategoriulad mtkicebisgan,
rom am tipis qvabovani dasaxlebebi, yvela aRniSnul regionSi erTi da igive eTnikurkulturuli wris Semadgeneli mosaxleobis naxelavia da rom es tradicia pirdapiri
kulturuli memkvidreobiTobis principiT viTardeboda 3-4 aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, sacxovreblebis mowyobis tradiciis analizma, rig SemTxvevebSi
SesaZloa arsebiTi roli Seasrulos aRniSnuli regionebis uZvelesi mosaxleobis
eTnogenezisis Tu erTi kulturuli wris xalxTa urTierT zegavlenis problemaTa
gadawyvetaSi.
saqaraTvelos teritoriaze brinjaos (da SesaZloa eneoliTis) epoqis mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawilis qvabovan sacxovreblebSi binadrobis Cven mier dadasturebulma
faqtebma, sabolood uaryo zogierTi mecnieris mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac protoqarTveluri tomebis Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi wina aziidan migraciis damamtkicebel
erT-erT sabuTad, aRniSnuli regionebidan CvenSi kldiT-xuroobis tradiciis
motanas miiCneven [369; 383; 16]. Cvenma gamokvlevebma sakmao argumentacia SesZina
mecnierTa erTi nawilis mier intuiciurad wamoyenebul hipoTezas, romlis mixedviTac
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, kldis xuroTmoZRvreba adgilobriv niadagze viTardeboda
adresamiwaTmoqmedo eridan dawyebuli, ramdenime aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi [52;
297; 406]. rogorc Cans, am rigis sacxovreblebma Tu samarxma akldamebma saqarTvelos
teritoriazec ganviTarebis praqtikulad yvela is faza gaiara, rac wina aziis uZveles
kulturaTa wiaRSi Seqmnilma analogiurma Zeglebma. ukanaskneli wlebis arqeologiuri
kvlevis Sedegad TandaTan ikveTeba, rom saqarTvelos, wina aziisa da xmelTaSua zRvis
auzis regionebis eneoliTur-adrebrinjaos kulturaTa Semadgenel elementebs,
mravali saerTo niSan-Tviseba axasiaTebT. Tuki am Tanxvedrebs daaxloebiT erTnaeri
struqturis qvab-sacxovreblebSi binadrobis tradiciis fonze ganvixilavT, Teoria am
vrcel teritoriebze Zv. w. V-III aTaswleulebSi erTgvarovani kulturis gavrcelebis
Taobaze, kidev ufro damajereblad mogveCveneba.
aq SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT am koncefciis erT-erTi avtoris, akademikos
s. janaSias SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom aRmosavleT anatoliasa da mesopotamiis
teritoriaze Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi mosaxle xurituli tomebis dedaqalaq urhos
(Tanamedrove urfa) mimdebare provinciebSi, didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba am uZvelesi
civilizaciebis Tanadrouli qvabovani sacxovreblebis kompleqsebi. mecnieri
niSandoblivad miiCnevda im faqts, rom zogierTi sazRvargareTeli lingvistis azriT,
TviT sityva „huri“ (xuri), niSnavs „gamoqvabulebs“ [280, gv. 670]. mkvlevars saqarTveloSi
arsebuli, antikuri xanis didebuli kldeSi nakveTi ansambli, ufliscixis warmoSoba,
swored am uZvelesi tradiciis gamoZaxilad miaCnda da es movlena erT-erT argumentad
51
mohyavda aRniSnul kulturaTa ganuyofelobis dasasabuTeblad. vfiqrobT, saxelovani
mecnierisTvis cnobili rom yofiliyo saqarTvelos teritoriaze xuriti Tu maTi
Tanamedrove sxva winaaziuri tomebisaTvis Cveuli qvabovani dasaxlebebis sinqronuli
da tipologiuradac msgavsi Zeglebis arseboba, igi am faqts aRniSnuli koncefciis
marTebuli gezis dasturad CaTvlida.
52
Tavi II. kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ayvaveba pirvel qarTul
saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebaTa wiaRSi
qvabovani dasaxlebebidan sakulto – memorialur ansamblebamde
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ucxoeli mecnierebis dakvirvebiT, saqarTvelos maxlobel sazRvargareTis mraval qveyanaSi, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanidan moyolebuli gvianantikuri epoqis CaTvliT, sakulto-memorialuri daniSnulebis kldis
Zeglebi gacilebiT Warbad ikveTeboda, vidre qvabovani dasaxlebebi (igive movlenas,
ramdenadme ufro adre, mxolod Zvel egviptur saxelmwifoebSi gaedevneba Tvali [457]).
kldis damuSavebis tradiciis mimdevar civilizaciaTa wiaRSi, martooden samarxi
daniSnulebis qvabovani kompleqsebis Seqmna imxanad ukve Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda [480; 554; 463; 524 da sxv.], amasTan gamoikveTa tendencia ukve arsebuli kldis
dasaxlebebis am mizniT adaptaciisa [570]. mecnierebi ar gamoricxaven, rom aRniSnul movlenaSi arcTu mciredi roli miuZRvis am ZeglTa Semoqmedi sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi
Semonaxul informacias, maTi arcTu Soreuli winaprebis cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb [542].
miuxedavad imisa, rom am epoqebSic ganagrZobda arsebobas dasakrZalav qvabTa
martivi, sacxovrebel saTavsTagan Znelad gamosarCevi saxeobebi [474], Zv. w. II aTaswleulis
me-2 naxevridan, mcire azia-levantis da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis regionebSi ukve mtkiced
mkvidrdeba kldovani akldamebis sakmaod Camoyalibebuli, kanonikuri tipebi, romlebic
mxolod am funqciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli atribuciiTaa aRiWurvili (Sesasvlelebis yrud
dasagmani filebi, Taro-sareclebi, kolonebiT dekoratiulad gaformebuli portikebi da
sxv.) [544; 530]. daaxloebiT imavdroulad, aRniSnul regionTa dinastebisa Tu sazogadoebis
sxva, gamorCeulad dawinaurebul warmomadgenelTa qvabovani akldamebis maxloblad an
uSualod maT kompleqsSi, Cndeba kldeSive nakveTi (an kombinirebuli tipis) e.w. “samarxi
taZrebi”, romelTa xuroTmoZRvruli saxe am civilizaciaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Cveulebrivi, miwiszeda sakulto nagebobebis refleqcias warmoadgens [457; 465].
kldeSi nakveTi akldama _ taZrebis interierebisa Tu eqsterierebis mizandasaxulad
maRalmxatvruli gadawyveta, gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia adreantikuri, elinisturi
da romauli samyaros qveynebisTvis [377; 465; 563; 580; 584 da sxv.].
SevecdebiT gavarkvioT, SeiniSneba Tu ara msgavsi tendenciebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze imave epoqebSi mkvidr sazogadoebaTa materialur Tu sulier kulturaSi.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi kldis ZeglTa gamoyenebis
amsaxveli xuroTmoZRvruli da nivTieri masala, yvelaze masStaburad qvemo qarTlis
qvabTa kompleqsebidan gagvaCnia. da mainc, warmodgenil ZeglTa mravaljeradi reokupaciis gamo, maTSi am xanis arqeologiuri masalac imdenad fragmentuladaa dafiqsirebuli (miuxedavad procentuli siWarbisa adre da Suabrinjaos masalasTan SedarebiT), rom qvabTa kompleqsebis diferenciacia sacxovreblebad, samarxebad Tu
sakulto daniSnulebis nakveTobebebad, umeteswilad cxovrebis am fazazec SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad amisa, erTeuli SemTxvevebi qvabTa akldamebad gamoyenebisa, kompleqsebis aTvisebis am etapze, TiTqos mainc dadasturda.
samSvildis qvabebSi mikvleul, gvianbrinjaos xanis sawyisi stadiis “xeTuri” tipis
samarxze saubari ukve gvqonda.
53
amis garda, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSive an odnav mogvianebiT, savaraudod,
sakulto kompleqsad unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli xramis xeobaSi mdebare Tavmrgvalas qvabebis erT-erTi jgufi (tab. 45:1). kompleqsis daaxloebiT 20 kv. m. farTobis
centraluri saTavsi, konusisebri formis kirqvis masivis momrgvalebul wverSi sakmaod
sufTadaa gamokveTili liTonis (albaT rkinis) saWreTeliT, Tumca mrudxazovani
gegmisaa da aseTive formis ubeebi gaaCnia. iseve rogorc am kompleqsis zogierT sxva
qvabSi, aqac, kldovani iatakis bzarebSi, Sua saukuneebis nivTieri masalis garda,
mivakvlieT rogorc gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis, ise antikuri xanis keramikis ramdenime
fragments. am saTavsis (da albaT mTeli jgufis) winaqristianuli xanis romeliRac
qronologiur fazaze sakulto daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, garda
garemoze xazgasmulad gabatonebuli mdebareobisa, Semdegma detalmac gvafiqrebina:
qvabis iatakSi, zustad saTavsis gamokafvis teqnikiT, 4 wakveTili konusis formis
ormoa amokveTili (TiToeuli 1.5 m siRrmis, fskeris diametri 2 m-mde). aRsaniSnavia,
rom rogorc es ormoebi, ise maTi oTxkuTxa sarqvelebis Rrmulebi, ufliscixeSi
dadasturebuli analogiur mowyobilobebs gvagonebs [227, gv. 60, 70]. ufliscixis
zogierT am tipis ormos, g. yifiani savaraudod gviani Sua saukuneebis sameurneo
ormoebad miiCnevs, rac Tavmrgvalas SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia _ maT fskerebze
arqeologiuri kvlevisas ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis nivTier masalas mivakvlieT,
amasTan sameurneo an safortifikacio - garemocviTi wylis maragis Seqmnis mizniT
kompleqsis umaRles, sxva qvabebisgan specialurad izolirebul saTavsSi xaroebis
Seqmna aralogikurad gveCveneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom uSualod ormoebSi adreuli
nivTieri masala ver davadastureT, savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom es qvab-saTavsi
kompleqsis funqcionirebis erT-erT winare qristianul etapze mainc, romelime
warmarTul kultTan (miTrasTan ?) iyo dakavSirebuli, xolo aRniSnuli ormoebi ki
ritualuri daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda (miT umetes, rom koncxi aRmarTulia Sua
saukuneebis mozrdil, “Tavmrgvalas” saxelwodebiT cnobil dasaxlebuli punqtis
centrSi, am toponims ki dasabami, albaT svetis mrgval TavSi ceremoniulad nakveTma
aRniSnulma gamoqvabulma misca).
faqtobrivi masalis safuZvelze, kidev ufro meti argumenti gagavaCnia winaqristianul, Tumca xramis xeobis aRniSnul qvabovan ZeglebTan SedarebiT ramdenadme
gviani xanis samarx da sakulto qvabTa kompleqsad miviCnioT md. algeTis xeobis marcxena
Senakad asureTis xevis saTaveebSi Cven mier Seswavlili, metad saintereso kldis ZeglTa
dajgufeba.
qvabTa am kompleqss, romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi “gaxvretili kldeebis”
saxeliTaa cnobili*, qvemo qarTlis zemoT aRwerili tipis qvabTa kompleqsebisgan
sakmaod gansxvavebuli xuroTmoZRvruli saxe aqvs. misi Semadgeneli qvab-saTavsebis
didi umravlesoba metad mcire zomebiT gamoirCeva: maTi sigrZe-sigane daax. 2-3 m-ia,
simaRle 1,2-1,5 m-mde. gvxvdeba kidev ufro momcro nakveTobebic _ isini praqtikulad
niSebs warmoadgens (tab. 71). warmodgenili qvabebi, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTisgan izoli*
qvabTa am dajgufebas Tavis droze, algeTis xeobis arqeologiuri dazvervebisas yuradReba
miaqcia b-nma g. lomTaTiZem. man Soridan daaTvaliera es qvabebi da isini winaswarulad Sua
saukuneebis saxizrebis erTobliobad miiCnia [132, gv. 65 ], Tumca iqve dasZens, rom es funqcia
saeWvod eCveneboda qvabebis SedarebiT advilad misasvlelobis gamo.
54
rebuladaa gamokveTili kldis kirqvuli agebulebis masivSi (erTaderTi gamonaklisis,
# 5 da 6 saTavsebis garda, Tumca, maTi gaerTianeba mogvianebiT, Sua saukuneebSi xelaxali
gamoyenebisas unda momxdariyo). gamoqvabulebi umetesad sakmaod swori geometriuli
formebiT xasiaTdeba: maT umravlesobas kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli sworkuTxedis formis
gegmebi aqvs, Weri ki brtyeli. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom qvabovan
saTavsebSi, romlebsac safasado nawilebi SenarCunebuli aqvT, kldis zedapiridan
metad viwro da dabali, daax. 1m x 1m farTobis RiobebiT vxvdebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom “gaxvretili kldeebis” am tipis qvabebSi micvalebulTa
dasasvenebeli Taroebi ar SeiniSneba, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis xuroTmoZRvruli analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs, es Zeglebi kldeSi nakveTi akldamebis
dajgufebad miviCnioT _ aRniSnuli detalebi sacxovrebel Tu TavdacviT funqcias
praqtikulad gamoricxavs. metad niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom es qvabebi,
gansxvavebiT qvemo qarTlis xeobebSi gamongrevis wesiT Seqmnili, brinjaos epoqis
adreuli etapebis qvabovani dasaxlebebisgan, rkinis saWreTliTaa gamokveTili (am
iaraRTa kvali TiTqmis yvela saTavsSi dadasturda). Tuki im faqtsac gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom qvabTa am kompleqsebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad, zogierTi
qvab-saTavsis kldovani iatakis RrmulebSi, mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc mivakvlieT
rogorc gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis epoqis ukanaskneli stadiis, ise adreantikuri xanis
Tixis WurWlis fragmentebs, unda CavTvaloT, rom Cveni varaudi aRniSnul epoqebSi am
kompleqsebis micvalebulTa dakrZalvis mizniT Seqmnis Taobaze, savsebiT realuria.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amave kompleqsSi TiTo-orola mozrdili, adamianTa aqtivobis
modulze gaTvlili qvabovani saTavsicaa CarTuli (tab. 72:2). Tuki maTi saxiT Semdgom
epoqaTa rekonstruqciis kvalTan ara gvaqvs saqme, safiqrebelia, rom es gamorCeulad
vrceli qvabebi, zemoT aRniSnuli sazRvargareTuli analogiebis msgavsad, sakultosamarxi kompleqsebis Semadgeneli kldis salocavebia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom erT-erT
aseT mozrdil qvabSi davadastureT adamianis siluetis msgavsi formis Sesasvleli,
rac erTi mxriv, xramis xeobis brinjaos xanis qvabovan dasaxlebebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, meore mxriv ki Zv. w. I aTaswleulis egeosur-etruskuli samyaros kldovani
akldamebisTvis tipiuri, trapeciis moxazulobis Riobebis asociacias iwvevs [474, gv.
272].
garda am danamdvilebiT dadasturebuli SemTxvevebisa, gamoricxuli ar aris,
rom qvemo qarTlis danarCeni, “sacxovrebeli” tipis qvabTa kompleqsebis erTi
nawili, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi an odnav mogvianebiT reokupaciisas, agreTve
kldis nekropolebad yofiliyo gamoyenebuli da Cven mier maTSi dadasturebuli
am xanis nivTieri masalis fragmentebi, samarxeuli inventaris narCeni iyos (Tumca
ki, kvlav gavimeorebT, rom gansxvavebiT gvianbrinjaos xanis masalebisgan, antikuri
xanis nebismieri stadiis artefaqtebi am regionis qvabTa kompleqsebSi, garda zemoT
aRniSnuli oriode SemTxvevisa, jerjerobiT dadasturebuli ar aris).
mesxeTSi, saqarTvelos kldis ZeglebiT gamorCeulad mdidar kidev erT regionSi,
marTalia aRniSnul epoqaTa sakulto-memorialur qvabovan kompleqsTa arseboba
jerjerobiT arqeologiurad dadasturebuli ar aris, magram am mxaris Sua saukuneebis
nakveTobaTa erT nawilSi, winaqristianuli xanis xuroTmoZRvruli plastebi TiTqos
55
amTaviTve SeiniSneba. magaliTad, vanis qvabis samonastro ansamblis marjvena frTis
zeda iarusebze, VIII-IX ss-Ta rekonstruqcias saxe ucvlia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
kldiTxuroobisTvis sruliad ucxo gegmarebiTi detalebisTvis. Tavdapirvelad am
mozrdil gamoqvabulTa WerebSi gamokveTili yofila xis grZiv-gvirgviniani TaRebis
gamartivebuli imitaciebi (tab. 89), romlebic yvelaze axlos mesxeTis eTnografiul
sinamdvileSi bolo dromde Semonaxul, uZveles xuroTmoZRvrul tradiciebze
damyarebul “axoris” tipis gadaxurvebTan dgas [406, gv. 77-85]. aq kvantebis (ganivi
konsolebis) sistemas, kldis faqturidan gamomdinare, konsoluri Taros saxe miuRia,
maTze dawyobili koWebi ki mTliani waxnagebis saxiT aris gaazrebuli. amgvarad Semkuli,
monumenturi Werebi uTuod am qvab-saTavsTa gansakuTrebul daniSnulebas usvamda
xazs. amazeve migvaniSnebs qvabTa kveTis metad maRali teqnika (maT bazaze mogvianebiT,
Sua saukuneebSi formirebuli qvabebi gacilebiT uxeSadaa nakafi).
aRniSnul saTavsTa gegmareba, maT qristianul taZrebTan identificirebas gamoricxavs. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom am tipis gamoqvabulTagan yvelaze mozrdili, gamorCeuli saTavsis grZiv RerZis centrSi, samxreT-dasavleTis afsidiseburad
morkaluli kedlis ZirSi, gamokveTili yofila qvevriseburi moculoba, saidanac siTxe
(wminda siTxe ?) Rarebis saSualebiT miedineboda qvabebis iatakebSi amokveTil, wylis
WurWlis moxazulobis mcire rezervuarebSi.
Semdgom epoqebSi am qvabTa intensiuri gamoyenebis gamo, maTSi cxovrebis pirveli
fazis nivTieri masala SemorCenili ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, aRweril kldis saTavsTa
aRkazmuloba da atribucia, agreTve adreul Sua saukunebSive maTSi Catarebuli
safuZvliani rekonstruqcia-adaptacia gvafiqrebinebs, rom SesaZloa am Zeglis
Tavdapirveli plastebis saxiTac, romelime warmarTul kultTan dakavSirebul sataZro
kompleqsTan gvqondes saqme.
aRniSnul faqtebze Tu winaswarul mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT, agreTve sazRvargareTuli analogiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Zv. w. II aTaswleulis me-2 naxevridan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos zogierT provinciaSi `troglodituri~ cxovrebis wesis mimdevari mosaxleobis jgufebis miwiszeda, qviT an sxva
masaliT nageb sacxovreblebSi TandaTanobiTi adgilmonacvleobis procesebi viTardeboda (Tumca, am tipis sacxovreblebSi binadrobisa Tu maTi Seqmnis tradicia, metnaklebi intensiurobiT, kidev didxans grZeldeboda _ am Cvevis reminiscenciebs Sua
saukuneebis yofaSic ki vxvdebiT). amis paralelurad, yofili qvabovani samosaxloebis
mniSvnelovani nawili, albaT sul ufro intensiurad gamoiyeneboda samarxebad, xolo
dakrZalvis aseTi tradiciis damkvidrebasTan erTad, iqmneboda am axali funqciisadmi
ukeT misadagebuli tipis kldis akldamebic. albaT amave xanaSi eyreba safuZveli
mosaxleobis cnobierebaSi kldeSi nakveTi saTavsebis winaparTa kultTan asocirebas
[225; 39, #93, gv. 42].
bunebrivia, aRniSnuli epoqis qvemo qarTlSi ganviTarebuli, Cven mier SedarebiT
sabuTianad gansazRvruli movlenebi, nawilobriv mainc, aRmosavleT Tu dasavleT
saqarTvelos sxva mxareebisTvisac unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli, vinaidan am xanaSi
saqarTvelos calkeul regionTa kulturul-eTnikuri erTgvarovneba damtkicebul
faqtad iTvleba [375, gv. 141-182; 398; 155].
sakiTxis amgvarad gaSuqebis marTebulobaSi dasarwmuneblad gadavxedoT, ra
56
mosazrebebi aqvT gamoTqmuli aRniSnul problemaTa Taobaze qarTvel mecnierebs.
akademikosi n. berZeniSvili Tavis erT-erT naSromSi werda: “iyo dro, roca
“cixe” sazogadoebis pirvelsacxovrisi iyo. Sinaarsoblivad “cixe” am dros igive iyo,
rac “qvabi”, “gori”, “saxli” [51, gv. 257]. pativcemuli mecnieri faqtiurad igive azrs
anviTarebda, rodesac saubrobda saqarTvelos teritoriis uZvelesi mosaxleobis didi
jgufebis mier mRvimovani sacxovreblebis mitovebaze da “gorebze”, sxva tipis saxlebSi
dabinavebaze [52, gv. 34]. iqve gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom es uZvelesi sacxovrisebi,
mitovebis Semdeg, kidev didxans inarCunebdnen xolme winaparTa Tayvaniscemis adgilis,
salocavis funqcias [52, gv. 36]. marTalia, n. berZeniSvili am SemTxvevaSi SedarebiT
adreul epoqas, gvianqvisa Tu adrebrinjaos xanas gulisxmobda, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom am naSromTa Seqmnisas, saqarTvelos teritoriaze antikur xanaze ufro
adreuli periodis kldeSi nakveTi sacxovrisebis Tu akldama-memorialebis arseboba
jer kidev ar iyo cnobili. Tumca, Cven vfiqrobT, rom mecnieris aRniSnuli msjelobas
dRemde ar daukargavs aqtualoba: mis mier SeniSnuli movlena (qvabovani dasaxlebebis
mitoveba da miwiszeda sacxovrisebis Seqmna), Tavdapirvelad, masobrivad marTlac qvis
xanis gvian etapebze unda ganviTarebuliyo, Semdeg epoqebSi ki igive qmedebis gameoreba
araerTgzis mouwiaT “troglodituri” cxovrebis wesis erTgul mosaxleobis jgufebs,
romlebic amjerad ukve xelovnur qvabebSi binadrobaze ambobdnen uars da bunebrivia,
maTTvis es kldis Zeglebi iqceoda memorialur adgilebad.
Tuki qvis xanis adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, maT mier SemTxveviTi formis bunebrivi mRvime-sacxovrisebis mitovebis motivi savsebiT gasagebia,
gacilebiT Znelad gasaazrebelia sakmaod dawinaurebul kulturaTa warmomadgeneli
jgufebis mier kldeSi nakveT, sakmaod moxerxebul dasaxlebebSi binadrobis xangrZliv
tradiciaze uaris Tqmis gamomwvevi mizezebi. metad Wirs imis dadgenac, Tu konkretulad
romel xanasa Tu regionSi mohkides xeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze binadarma tomebma
ramdenadme regularuli gegmarebis qvabovani akldama-salocavebis Seqmnas da ramdenad
gavrcelebuli saxe miiRo am Cvevam qarTlis (iberiis) uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi.
am sakiTxebze qarTvel mecnierebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar gaaCndaT damajerebeli pasuxi, rac sruliad bunebrivia: maTi umravlesoba xom qvabTa kveTis
xelovnebas, mxolod rkinis iaraRis sameurneo gamoyenebis epoqas ukavSirebda [16; 65;
196; 97 ]. amasTan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, me-20 s-is 80-ian wlebSi Cven mier Catarebul
samuSaoebamde, saqarTvelos teritoriaze, erTaderTi winaqristianuli epoqis kldis
Zeglis, ufliscixis arseboba iyo mecnierulad dasabuTebuli. am garemoebaTa gamo,
sazRvargareTeli Tu qarTveli mkvlevarebi, saqarTveloSi winaqristianuli xanis
kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis qronologiisa Tu tipologiis sakiTxTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas,
ukanasknel aTwleulamde, gansxvavebul TeoriaTa amosaval wertilad da Semamagrebel
argumentebad, mxolod ufliscixis xuroTmoZRvrul ansamblSi Semonaxul stilistur
maxasiaTeblebs da arqeologiuri fenebis stratigrafias miiCnevdnen. informaciis
SezRudulobis pirobebSi, am problemebiT dakavebuli mkvlevarebi, xSirad, met-naklebi
warmatebiT, intuiciur naazrevsac eyrdnobodnen.
sakmaod cnobil mecnierTa erTi nawili, ufliscixis brwyinvale xuroTmoZRvrul ansambls, saqarTvelos teritoriaze kldiT xuroobis ganviTarebis winare
safexurebis gareSe aRmocenebulad miiCnevda. gaaCndaT ra met-naklebi informacia Zv.
57
w. II_I aTaswleulebSi wina aziasa da kavkasiis samxreTiT mimdebare regionebSi kldeSi
nakveTobebis masStabisa da Sesrulebis xelovnebis Taobaze, Rvawlmosil mkvlevarebs
kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis tradicia am teritoriebidan qarTveluri tomebis migraciis
talRasTan erTad Semotanilad miaCndaT [369; 16; 75; 65 da sxv.].
am sakiTxisadmi met sifrTxiles iCendnen is mecnierebi, romlebic marTalia,
kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ufliscixeze adre, adgilobriv niadagze ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
faqtebs jer kidev ar flobdnen, mgram am tradiciis ucxo niadagidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis
me-2 naxevarSi transplantaciis Teorias mainc uaryofdnen [253; 258].
ufliscixis ansamblis mkvlevars, b-n d. xaxutaiSvils, am Zeglisadmi miZRvnil
Tavis ZiriTad naSromebSi, uxvad aqvs damowmebuli im mkvlevarTa gamonaTqvamebi,
romlebic ufliscixis Seqmnas urartuli samyarodan motanil Cvevebs ukavSirebdnen,
amasTan aRniSnavs, rom maTi naazrevi, ufliscixeSi winaelinisturi xanis kldeSi
nakveTobebis arsebobis dadasturebamde, mxolod “mimzidveli hipoTeza” iyo [258, gv.
10-15, 52-53]. TviT mkvlevari, am Zeglze Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze
im daskvnamde mivida, rom brinjaos epoqaSi ufliscixis teritoriaze “goras” tipis,
“Cveulebrivi” masaliT nagebi samosaxlo arsebobda, romelTac kldeSi saTavsebis
kveTa rkinis iaraRis SemoRebis Semdeg, Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulis mijnaze dauwyiaT, xolo
I aTaswleulis damdegs, aq ukve xelovnuri gamoqvabulebis sacxovrebeli kompleqsi
arsebula [258, gv. 53-54]. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnieri Semdgom aras ambobs
imis Taobaze, Tu ra movlenebma Tu kulturulma impulsebma ganapiroba am sazogadoebis
mier sacxovreblebis mowyobis Cveuli wesis moulodneli Secvla, unda vivaraudoT,
rom man nawilobriv mainc gaiziara kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis mcireaziul-xuritul
samyaroTagan “importirebis” Teoria.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, saqarTveloSi da aziis mezobel regionebSi kldis
xuroTmoZRvrebis Casaxva-ganviTarebis etapebis axleburad warmoCenili suraTis fonze,
pativcemuli mecnieris aRniSnuli daskvnebis nawilma, gadaxedva moiTxova. magaliTad,
misi Tavdapirveli Teoriis mixedviT gamodioda, rom Sida qarTlis teritoriaze,
adamianTa sazogadoeba mxolod maSin Seudga qvabovani sacxovreblebis kveTas, rodesac
wina aziisa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis mraval regionSi, mosaxleobam praqtikulad xeli
aiRo am Cvevaze da kldeSi nakveTobebs ZiriTadad sakulto-memorialuri da monumenturi
daniSnulebiT iyenebda. rogorc Cans, swored aRniSnuli bolodroindeli gamokvlevebis
Sedegebi [38; 309 da sxv.] iqna gaTvaliswinebuli b-ni d. xaxutaiSvilis mier ufliscixis
Tematikisadmi miZRvnil mis ukanasknel publikaciaSi, samecniero-popularuli xasiaTis
narkvevis “ufliscixe _ qalaqi kldeSi” II gamocemaSi [261]. aq mecnierma ramdenadme
Seicvala pozicia ufliscixeSi uZvelesi qvabovani samosaxlos warmoSobis xanisa da
viTarebis Taobaze da wamoayena axali versia, romlis mixedviTac “Zv. w-is II aTaswleulis
meore naxevarSi ufliscixis midamoebis dabaTa erT-erTi Zlieri Temi kldeebSi
dasaxlebula, iq arsebuli bunebrivi qvabebi sacxovreblad gaumarTavs da samosaxloc
Sesabamisad gaumagrebia” [261, gv. 80]. vfiqrobT, pativcemuli mkvlevari am formiT Seecada
erTmaneTTan SeeTavsebina saqarTvelosa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi brinjaos
epoqis adreuli etapebis qvabovani samosaxloebis masobrivad dadasturebis faqtebi,
mis uryev rwmenasTan imis Taobaze, rom kldeSi qvabebis kveTis tradicia mxolod rkinis
metalurgiis Cvevebis mqone civilizaciaTa prerogativaa.
ufliscixis kidev erTi cnobili mkvlevari, profesori T. sanikiZec darwmunebulia,
58
rom ufliscixis kldovan masivebSi ukve paleoliTis xanaSi unda yofiliyo adamianTa
sadgomi bunebrivi gamoqvabulebi [196, gv. 23]. misi azriT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi,
“garSemo mdebare dasaxlebaTa mcxovreblebma TavianTi RmerTebis samyofeli aq
daigules da romelime bunebrivi gamoqvabuli (gamoqvabulebi) taZrad Seracxes” [195,
gv. 6]. imis Taobaze, dasaSvebad Tvlida Tu ara ufliscixis teritoriaze, aRniSnuli
intervalis ganmavlobaSi, Tundac Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi, kldeSi nakveTi dasaxlebebisa Tu
samarxebis arsebobas, mkvlevars azri ar gamouTqvams. amrigad, mecnieri Tumca emxroba
im Sexedulebas, rom “msoflioSi kldis ZeglTa geografia da qronologia faqtobrivad
usazRvroa” da rom saqarTveloSic “sxvadasxva drois aTasobiT xelovnuri da bunebrivi
gamoqvabuli arsebobs” [196, gv. 42; misive sadoqtoro disertaciis gv. 46 da amave
naSromSi gamoyenebuli ucxouri literatura, 1996 w.]. ufliscixis uZvelesi qvabovani
saTavsebis Seqmnis problemas, sazRvargareT da CvenSi ukanasknel wlebSi Seswavlili
brinjaos xanis kldis Zeglebis fonze ar ganixilavs. isRa dagvrCenia vifiqroT, rom b-ni
T. sanikiZec bolomde darwmunebuli ar aris rkinis metalurgiis ganviTarebamde kldis
ZeglTa Seqmnis SesaZleblobaSi. pativcemul mecniers arc imis Taobaze aqvs gamoTqmuli
mosazreba, Tu ratom airCia Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, manamde Cveulebriv sacxovreblebSi
binadarma tomma, kultmsaxurebis adgilad mainc da mainc gamoqvabulebi: uZveles
civilizaciaTa wiaRSi Seqmnili “RmerTebis saxlebi” Tumca gacilebiT monumentur
formebSia ganxorcielebuli, magram maT gegmarebas ufro xSirad am sazogadoebaTaTvis
tradiciuli sacxovreblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi xuroTmoZRvruli Tema
udevT safuZvlad [542; 467 da sxv.].
SedarebiT maT winamorbed mkvlevarTa naSromebSi gaSuqebul analogiur sakiTxebTan, rig qarTvel mecnierTa mier ukanasknel wlebSi Catarebuli xuroTmoZRvrularqeologiuri gamokvlevebis monacemebi [224-227; 30; 37-39; 41; 44], aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebuli, Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis kldeSi nakveTi
dasaxlebebisa da sakulto-memorialuri kompleqsebis ramdenadme ufro mkveTri
qronologiur _ funqcionaluri diferenciaciis saSualebas iZleva.
rogorc qvabovani Zeglebis erTi wyebis xuroTmoZRvruli Tu arqeologiuri
monacemebis analizma dagavarwmuna, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis Tu antikuri xanis
qvemo qarTlSi, kldis dasaxlebebis reokupacia - ganvrcobis paralelurad, qvabovani
sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis nekropolebad adaptirebasa da ramdenadme gansxvavebuli
gegmarebis axali sakulto-memorialuri kompleqsebis Seqmnasac hqonda adgili.
ramdenadme ufro mwiri faqtobrivi masalisda miuxedavad, msgavsi procesebi aRniSnul
xanebSi, istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriazec unda ganviTarebuliyo.
aRniSnul epoqebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis rwmena-warmodgenebis Taobaze
Cven xelT arsebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT [270; 251; 225], agreTve sazRvargareTis
analogiur Zeglebze dafiqsirebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT vfiqrobT, rom
praqtikulad yoveli aseTi sakulto-memorialuri kompleqsi, umTavresad Tu ara, ama
Tu im formiT mainc, winaparTa kultis “doqtrinasTan” iqneboda dakavSirebuli.
bolodroindeli gamokvlevebi imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom am movlenam
gacilebiT mkafio gamoxatuleba da ganviTareba Sida qarTlSi hpova. upirveles
yovlisa, Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs profesor g. yifianis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba
ufliscixis Semadgeneli saTavsebis swored aseTi daniSnulebiT Seqmnis Taobaze
qvabovani ansamblis warmoSobis xanaSi Tu funqcionirebis pirvel etapebze [227].
59
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, winaqristianuli xanis am yvelaze grandiozuli qarTuli kldeSi nakveTi kompleqsis TiTqmis 150 wliani kvlevis ganmavlobaSi, mecnierebi
gansxvavebul, xSirad diametralurad sapirispiro Sexedulebebs gamoTqvamdnen mTeli
ansamblisa Tu misi Semadgeneli calkeuli qvabovani sivrceebis warmoSobis epoqisa
da daniSnulebis Taobaze. mkvlevarTa erT nawils es Zegli gviani antikuri xanis cixesimagred an cixe-qalaqad miaCnia, misi Semadgeneli gamoqvabulebi ki Sesabamisad,
safortifikacio da saero daniSnulebis komponentebad (sasaxleTa darbazebad,
sameurneo sivrceebad, Teatrad da a.S.) [16; 253; 258-260; 216-217]. zogierTi mecnieris
azriT ufliscixe elinisturi Tu romauli epoqebis sataZro kompleqsia, sadac gansakuTrebulad vrceli da mdidrulad damuSavebuli saTavsebi qarTul warmarTuli
panTeonis RvTaebaTa an zoroastruli taZrebia, danarCeni ki qurumTa da damxmare
personalis sacxovreblebi [195-196; 262; 421].
TiToeuli am Teoriis marTebulobis Taobaze warmodgenil argumentebs, CvenSi
Tu sazRvargareT gamocemuli, sakmaod mravalricxvovani samecniero naSromi mieZRvna,
amitom maTi arsis, pozitiuri Tu naklovani mxareebis dawvrilebiT ganxilvas aq aRar
SevudgebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod Semdegs: dRemde moRweuli saxiT, ufliscixe imdengzis
reokupirebuli da rekonstruirebuli Zeglia, rom misi savaraudo funqcia ansamblis
Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis TiToeul fazaze, damoukidebeli msjelobis sagania. am
mravalplastiani Zeglis raobis dadgena misi gamoyenebis yovel etapze, sakiTxisadmi
kompleqsur midgomas moiTxovda. kerZod, aucilebeli iyo ufliscixis Sesaxeb
istoriul qronikebSi daculi cnobebis, calkeul qvabovan saTavsTa xuroTmoZRvrularqeologiuri kvlevis monacemebis da sazRvargareTis sinqronuli kldis Zeglebis
Seswavlis Sedegebis Sejereba.
g. yifianis aRniSnuli Teoria ufliscixis Tavdapirveli daniSnulebis Taobaze,
swored am rigis argumentebs emyareba. upirveles yovlisa, mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT,
ansamblis Semadgenel uZveles qvabovan saTavsTa didi nawilis xuroTmoZRvruli
struqtura da tipiuri detalebi (magaliTad, Sida sivrcisken gafarToebuli karebi
masiuri qvis filis samudamod Casamagreblad [227, gv. 26, 42, 47]; micvalebulTa
dasasvenebeli Taro-sareclebi da niSebi [227, gv. 29, 51; tab. IV, XXXIV] da sxv.),
imaze metyvelebs, rom romaul xanaSi rekonstruqciamde, isini qvabovan akldamebs
warmoadgendnen. mosazrebas aRniSnul qvabovan saTavsTa Tavdapirveli funqciis
Taobaze, mxars uWers maTi sivrcul-gegmarebiTi gadawyvetis sakmaod mWidro organuli
da stilisturi siaxlove elinisturi epoqis wina aziis Tu xmelTaSua zRvis auzis
uZvelesi qveynebis qvabovan akldamaTa wamyvan xuroTmoZRvrul TemebTan (midiuri,
urartuli, paflagoniuri, lidiuri, etruriuli da sxv.) [227, gv. 10, 81].
g. yifianis dakvirvebiT, miuxedavad imisa rom zogierT qarTul werilobiT
wyaroSi ufliscixe antikur qalaq kaspis cixed moixsenieba [2, gv. 320], am punqts ar
gaaCnia garemoze gansakuTrebulad dominirebuli mdebareoba, amdenad, mas qalaqis
forpostad Tu politikuri erTeulis mTavar cixe-simagred ver miviCnevT. samagierod,
am xazgasmulad paraduli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis kaspTan erTad ceremonialur
konteqstSi araerTgzisi moxsenieba, aRniSnuli tipis qvab-saTavsTa Tavdapirveli
funqciis savaraudo gansazRvrebasTan erTad, mkvlevari im daskvnamde mihyavs, rom
elinistur xanaSi ufliscixe aRniSnuli politikuri erTeulis micvalebul dinastTa
samarxi kompleqsi da Sesabamisad, winaparTa Tayvaniscemis adgili iyo [227, gv. 10, 8260
91]. aRsaniSnavia, rom g. yifiani ufliscixis erT-erT centralur qvabul nagebobas
(e. w. “kldovan bazilikas”), Semdgom saxecvlil cecxlis samlocvelod, anu zoroastrul
taZrad miiCnevs [227, gv. 59], xolo kldis akldamaTa mimdebare zogierT saTavss
winaparTa kultTan dakavSirebul samlocveloebad [227, gv. 57]. sazRvargareTul
analogiebze da qarTvelTa warmarTuli kultis Taobaze istoriul qronikebSi dacul
cnobebze dayrdnobiT, pativcemuli mecnieri Tvlis, rom es ori religiuri doqtrina
erTmaneTTan srul SesabamisobaSia [227, gv. 82-83].
sakiTxis aseT planSi warmodgenas, praqtikulad eTanxmeba Cven mier SeniSnuli
kanonzomiereba imis Taobaze, rom gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi, saqarTvelos
teritoriaze mdebare kldis Zeglebma funqcionaluri niSniT, mniSvnelovani
transformacia ganicada: kldeSi sacxovreblebis kompleqsebis kveTis tradiciam
dominirebuli mdgomareoba TandaTan qvabovan nekropolebs da maTTan dakavSirebul
memorialur saTavsebs dauTmo [42]. aRniSnuli procesi imiT damTavrda, rom
adreantikur da elinistur xanebSi qarTulma kldis xuroTmoZRvrebam ZiriTadad
sakulto-memorialuri elferi SeiZina da am tendenciis damagvirgvinebeli faza Cven
winaSe ufliscixis didebuli ansambliTaa warmoCenili [40-II, gv. 42].
warmodgenili suraTis marTebulobas is garemoebac adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos maxlobeli regionebis kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebaSic, CvenSi mimdinare
procesebis sinqronulad, msgavsi funqciuri monacvleoba SeiniSneba, ramac Zvel
aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa wiaRSi Seqmnili sworupovari qvabovani nekropolebisa da
maTi mimdebare sulis mosaxseniebeli taZrebis warmoSoba gamoiwvia [602; 450; 488; 457].
naSromis wina nakveTebSi ukve gvqonda saubari imis Taobaze, Tu rogor veWvobdiT
Tavidanve, ufliscixis rangis kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli SiSvel adgilze,
saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganviTarebis wina stadiebis gareSe warmoSobiliyo. Semdgom, Cveni ZalisxmeviT, kldis xuroobis tradiciis uZvelesi adgilobrivi fesvebis
arseboba marTlac dadasturda, magram kvlav ufliscixis srulyofilebidan
gamomdinare, aranakleb gagviWirda imis warmodgena, rom mTeli gvianbrinjaoadrerkinisa da antikuri xanis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos am vrcel, politikurekonomikurad dawinaurebul provinciaSi, mxolod erTxel miemarTaT xuroTmoZRvrebis am ganxrisTvis. gagvaCnda ra qvemo qarTlis Sua saukuneebis gamoqvabulebad
miCneuli, sinamdvileSi ki uZvelesi Zeglebis kvlevis gamocdileba, swored ufliscixis
mimdebare, kldis ZeglebiT sakmaod mdidar Sida qarTlis raionebSi SevudeqiT am
ansamblis winamorbedi Tu Tanadrouli qvabovani kompleqsebis gegmazomier Ziebas.
bunebrivia, miuxedavad Cven mier SeniSnuli, zemoT aRniSnuli tendenciisa, sruliadac
ar migvaCnda, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da
mTeli I aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi mxolod maRalmxatvruli qvabovani akldamebi Tu
sakulto Zeglebi SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo: cnobilia, rom kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis
Sedevrebis gverdiT rigiTi, gacilebiT martivi xerxebiT gadawyvetili, utilitaruli
daniSnulebis Zeglebi ufro mravlad gvxvdeba xolme.
61
Sida qarTlis axlad mikvleuli da naklebad cnobili kldeSi nakveTi
kompleqsebis xuroTmoZRvruli da arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi
Cvenma mcdelobam, ufliscixis mimdebare regionebSi sxva winaqristianuli xanis
kldis Zeglebic mogveZiebia, sakmaod mravlismetyveli Sedegi gamoiRo: 1988 - 1999 ww
Catarebuli dazverviTi xuroTmoZRvruli da arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad
gamoirkva, rom Sida qarTlis teritoriaze, erTmaneTisgan met-naklebi daSorebiT
mdebare ramdenime gamoqvabuli kompleqsi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi ZiriTadi birTvebi
mainc), gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa da antikur xanaSi yofila Seqmnili. cxadia, Semdgom
epoqebSi am kldis Zeglebsac, iseve rogorc winaqristianuli xanis qvabovani Zeglebis
did umravlesobas, met-naklebi masStabis rekonstruqcia ganucdiaT.
vinaidan Cven gamokvlevebamde, es Zeglebi qarTvel mecnierTa yuradRebis sferoSi
moqceuli ar yofila (SiomRvimis qvabovanis aRweriTi nawilis garda), gadavwyviteT
maTi aRwera da tipologiur-qronologiuri Sefasebis sakiTxebi, winamdebare naSromSi
SedarebiT vrclad warmovadginoT.
a) SiomRvimis midamoebis qvabTa kompleqsebi.
SiomRvimis monasteri qarTuli sulieri da materialuri kulturis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia. miuxedavad amisa, xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT
ramdenadme damakmayofileblad mxolod monastris centraluri, qvis saeklesio da
sayofacxovrebo nagebobebiT ganaSenianebuli nawilia Seswavlili [426; 18; 19], xolo am
istoriul-xuroTmoZRvruli ansamblis qvabovani nawilis mecnieruli kvleva, bolo
dromde grafikuli fiqsaciisa da winaswaruli mosazrebebis stadias ar gascilebia [71].
rac Seexeba arqeologiur kvlevas, am kuTxiT samonastro ansamblis Seswavla, Cven mier
qvabTa erT-erT jgufSi Catarebuli, qvemoT warmodgenili dazverviTi samuSaoebiT
Semoifargleba [44].
SiomRvimis samonastro kompleqsis Semogaren kldovan qarafebSi nakveTi qvabTa
jgufebis didi nawili rom Sua saukuneebSi samonastro mizniT iyo gamoyenebuli, amaSi
eWvi arc erT mecniers ar epareba. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi
mkvlevari, am kldis ZeglTa gacilebiT adreul warmoSobas ar gamoricxavs [384; 40; 44].
vnaxoT, ra argumentebs emyareba aseTi mosazreba.
SiomRvimis midamoebis qvabTa warmoSobas qarTuli istoriuli tradicia uZveles
xanas ukavSirebs. vaxuSti batoniSvili, rogorc Cans “qarTlis cxovrebis” Cven
mier naSromis SesavalSi moyvanil cnobaze dayrdnobiT, wers: “xolo sarkineTi ars
mcxeTis dasavliT, sadaca aRaSenes qalaqi Zlieri TurqTa da mosvlasa aleqsandre
makedonelisasa, ganxurites mTa ese sxaltbisaken da ivltodnen kavkaseTad. merme
Semusra aleqsandrem. da arian quabni gamokveTili kldisagan, mravalni, da klde ese ars,
viTarca naSeni qviTkirisa” [5, gv. 350]. rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad mravalsaukunovani
funqcionirebisa rogorc monastris qvabovani nawili, vaxuStisaTvis es kldis Zegli
upirvelesad mainc “bun-TurqTa” namosaxlaria.
winaqristianuli xanis kldeSi nakveTi dasaxlebebi da nekropolebi, aRmosavleTqristianuli samyaros mraval regionSi (siria-palestina, anatolia da sxv.), sakmaod
62
intensiurad iqna gamoyenebuli udabno-monastrebis saWiroebisaTvis [538; 573; 601 da
sxv.], amitom, analogiuri movlenis gamoricxva, arc SiomRvimeSi iqneboda marTebuli.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom aRniSnul qvabTa gegmareba, sruliadac ar
esadageba Sua saukuneebis kldis samonastro xuroTmoZRvrebis principebs: aq ar
gvxvdeba qristianuli qvabovani monastrebisTvis agrerigad damaxasiaTebeli eklesiasamlocveloebi, salocavi niSebi, satrapezoebi. meore mxriv, qvabTa mniSvnelovan nawils, sakmaod rTuli sivrcobriv-gegmarebiTi gadawyvetis gamo, berebis sacxovrebel
senakebad an saxizrebadac ver miviCnevT (tab. 77). niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom
daaxloebiT am aRnagobis gamoqvabulTa dajgufebani, mxolod SiomRvimis midamoebisaTvis ki ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, aramed met-naklebi intensiurobiT, aTeulobiT km-ze
gasdevs mtkvris xeobis kldovan monakveTebs mcxeTidan ufliscixemde [40-II, gv. 39-40].
SiomRvimis midamoebis qvabTa kompleqsebis tipologiur da qronologiur kuTvnilebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxTa gasarkvevad, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
s. janaSias saxelmwifo muzeumma da mcxeTis arqeologiurma institutma 1999 wels am
Zeglebze erToblivi dazverviTi arqeologiuri samuSaoebi Caatares [44]*.
arqeologiuri dazvervebis Casatareblad, SiomRvimis midamoebis qvabovani
Zeglebidan, sxaltbis qedis qvabTa iseTi jgufi SevarCieT, sadac cxovrebis uZvelesi
fazebis nivTieri masalis mikvlevis albaToba meti iyo. kerZod, dazverviTi gaTxrebi
mimdinareobda monastridan aRmosavleTiT, daaxloebiT 1,5 km-iT gancalkevebul 2
iarusian, 16 qvabian jgufSi, romelic sakmaod arqauli gegmarebiT gamoirCeoda da Sua
saukuneebSi rekonstruirebulic ar Canda (tab. 76:1; 79:A).
Cveni molodini gamarTlda: miuxedavad imisa, rom kompleqsis Semadgenel qvabTagan,
uZravi kulturuli fenebi mxolod 5 saTavsSi aRmoCnda, sadazvervo Wrilebma sakmaod
mravlismetyveli nivTieri masala mogvca.
yvelaze sayuradRebo suraTi II iarusis #6 da #7 qvabebSi aRmoCnda. am saTavsebSi,
miwis sterilur fenaTa aRebis Semdeg, Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva periodis, mxolod
uxeS, sqelkecian, mozrdil WurWelTa fragmentebs mivakvlieT, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom
es kompleqsi aRniSnul epoqaSi mxolod saxizrebad gamoiyeneboda da ara martomyofel
monazonTa sacxovreblebad _ aseT SemTxvevaSi aq, Cven mier arqeologiurad Seswavlil
rig qvabovan monasterTa darad [33; 62; 59], sxva sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobaTa da
nakeTobaTa naSTic SemogvrCeboda. rogorc Cans, swored epizodurad gamoyenebis
wyalobiT Semoinaxa saTavsebma adreul stadiebze funqcionirebis materialuri kvali.
aRniSnul qvabebSi, Sua saukuneebis Tixatkepnili iatakebis garkveuli farTebis
aRebis Semdeg, kldovani iatakebis RrmulebSi, arc-Tu mcire raodenobiT mivakvlieT
winaqristianuli xanis sxvadasxva periodis nivTieri masalis, ZiriTadad Tixis WurWlis
fragmentebs. am keramikuli nawarmis didi nawili uformoa, magram maTi faqtura,
damzadebis savaraudo teqnologia da calkeul egzempliarTa mxatvruli stili,
maTi sakmaod myarad daTariRebis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, Savad gamomwvar,
Savad naprialeb, mucelgaberil, pirgadmokecil qoTnebis pir-gverdebis da yurebis
fragmentebs (tab. 79:1,2,3), pirdapiri analogiebi moepoveba gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
xanis qarTul ganaTxar masalebSi [208, tab. LXI,LXIV; 13 da sxv.].
meore mxriv, #7 qvabis CrdiloeT kideSi, analogiur CaRrmavebebSi aRmoCenda
*
kvlevaSi agreTve monawileobda amerikeli arqeologi da xelovnebaTmcodne, doqtori
miurei ailandi (imxanad oqsfordis arqeologiuri kvlevis laboratoriis TanamSromeli).
63
Calisferkeciani, wiTlad naprialebi WurWlis fragmentebi _ pirgadmokecili da
brtyelbakoiani jamis nawilebi (tab. 79:4), Sida qarTlis teritoriaze aRmoCenil
analogiur nakeTobebTan Sedarebis gaTvaliswinebiT [324, tab. XXI, XLIV], elinistur
xanas ganekuTvneba.
am orive qronologiuri plastis nivTieri masala, mocemuli stratigrafiuli
viTarebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia aRniSnul saTavsebSi SemTxveviT moxvedriliyo
da uTuod imaze metyvelebs, rom qvabTa es kompleqsi Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulTa mijnaze
gvian ar unda iyos Seqmnili, xolo misi ama Tu im mizniT, met-naklebad intensiuri
rekonstruqcia-gafarToeba da gamoyeneba adreantikur, elinistur da momdevno
xanebSic xdeboda [44, gv. 12]. meore mxriv, kompleqsis Semadgenel mTel rig saTavsebSi
SeiniSneba liTonis, ufro rkinis iaraRiT kveTis kvali, rac im garemoebasTan erTad,
rom aq gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaze adreuli nivTieri masala sruliad ar aris
dafiqsirebuli, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom isini Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel meoTxedze
adre ar unda iyos Seqmnili.
amrigad, Cven mier Catarebulma arqeologiurma samuSaoebma praqtikulad
daadastura qarTul istoriul gadmocemebSi da naratiul wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi
SiomRvimis monastris mimdebare qvabovani kompleqsebis winaqristianul epoqaSi
warmoSobis Taobaze.
samwuxarod, aRweril kldis ZeglTa ukiduresad martivi gegmareba da
gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom dabejiTebiT visaubroT maT
Tavdapirvel daniSnulebaze Tu antikur xanaSi reokupaciis mizanze. erTaderT, risi
Tqmac maTi gegmur-sivrcobrivi gadawyvetis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba,
Semdegia: am kompleqsis Semadgeneli saTavsebi, umTavresad sakmaod mcire zomebiTa
da daunawevrebeli, erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli sivrceebiT xasiaTdeba. amiT es
kompleqsi gamoirCeva ara mxolod ufliscixisagan da wina aziis qvabovani taZrebisgan
Tu dasaxlebebisagan, aramed TviT SiomRvimis mezobeli, monastris uSualo farglebSi
nakveTi rigi qvabovani dajgufebebisaganac (tab. 77). Tuki imasac gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom es qvabovani saTavsebi Tavidanve metad Zneli misadgomebi unda yofiliyo, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, rom isini kldis martivi tipis akldamaTa erTobliobebs warmoadgendnen
(funqcionirebis sawyis etapebze an permanentulad, elinisturi xanis CaTvliT _
gavixsenoT aseTi nekropolebis siciliuri analogiebi). aseT SemTxvevaSi, aq aRmoCenili
nivTieri masala samarxeuli inventaris naSTi unda iyos.
mTlianobaSi, SiomRvimis midamoebis qvabTa kompleqsebis ufro argumentirebuli
funqciuri diferenciacia, maTi kvlevis am etapze ver xerxdeba. Cven xelT arsebuli
xuroTmoZRvruli Tu arqeologiuri informacia ar iZleva imis safuZvels, sabolood
uarvyoT maTi sacxovrebeli mizniT gamokveTa, Tumca aRniSnuli Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinare, Cven ufro pirveli versiisken vixrebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, verc imas
gamovricxavT, rom odnav mogvianebiT am samarxTa bazazec, winaparTa kultTan
dakavSirebuli, Tundac adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakulto-memorialuri ansambli
ganviTarda [227-228]. vnaxoT, eTanxmeba Tu ara aseT mosazrebas mdinare mtkvris xeobis
mimdebare teritoriebze Cven mier dadasturebul, iersaxiTa da gegmarebiT SiomRvimis
qvabTa msgavs sxva kompleqsebSi dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTi.
64
b) graklis qvabTa kompleqsi.
vaxuSti batoniSvili wers: „xolo muxrans TxoTis mTidan mosdevs mTa, dasavleTad,
mtkuris kidesa, goris qalaqamde, da ewodeba mTa wlevisa, merme kuernaqi... kldeni
maRalni da quabni gamokveTilni mravalni“ [5, gv. 40]. SiomRvimis SemogarenTa tipis qvabTa
SedarebiT momcro dajgufebani mdinare mtkvris xeobis marcxena kalTas, kvernaqis
sers dasavleTiT dResac did manZilze gauyveba. amaTgan, Tundac rogorc vizualurad
yvelaze TvalsaCinos da aRnagobiT tipiurs, gamovyofT graklis midamoebis qvabTa
kompleqss.
es Zegli 4 iarusadaa gamokveTili mtkvris xeobis marcxena kalTaSi, kvernaqis seris
kldovan qarafSi, rkinigzis sadgur graklis maxloblad (tab. 74:2). kompleqsi Zlieraa
dazianebuli. SemorCenilia 30-mde qvabi da qvabis naSTi. graklis qvabebis umravlesoba
amJamad miuvalia da isini alpinisturi teqnikis daxmarebiT gamovikvlieT.* qvabebi
advilad dasamuSavebel, kirqvuli agebulebis qanebSia nakveTi, amitom maT SemoqmedT
geometriulTan miaxloebuli formebis miReba ar gaZnelebiaT da oTaxebi praqtikulad
marTkuTxa gegemisaa (tab. 75:1). saTavsTa umravlesobaSi SemorCenilia oTxwaxnaga kveTis
saWreTlis kvali.
kompleqsis Semadgeneli saTavsebis didi nawili metad mcire zomis aRmoCnda _ maTi
sigrZe-sigane 2-2.5 m-s ar aRemateba, simaRle ki 1.4 - 1.7 m-s Soris meryeobs. Werebi yvelgan
brtyelia. maTi nawili pirdapir kldis zedapirze gamodis metad viwro da dabali,
daaaxloebiT 1.2 _ 1.5 m simaRlis RiobebiT. ansamblisTvis aranakleb tipiuria jgufebi,
sadac gverdi-gverd nakveT, igive masStabisa da aRnagobis qvabebSi viwro da wagrZelebul
portikebis gavliT vxvdebiT. RiobebSi qvis dasagmani filebis an CarCoTa Casasmeli
budeebis kvali ar SeiniSneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom qvabebSi micvalebulTa dasakrZalavi
Taro-sareclebi da niSebi ar dadasturda, am saTavsTa miniaturuli moculobebidan,
mcire simaRlidan da Sesasvlelebis formebidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT saqme unda
gvqondes martivi tipis kldeSi nakveTi akldamebis sistemasTan (zogierT qvabSi amJamad
arsebuli Siga gasasvlelebi, aSkarad Semdgomi epoqebis gadakeTebis kvals atarebs da es
faqti qvabTa kompleqsis sacxovrebeli mizniT Seqmnis damadasturebel argumentad ar
gamodgeba). aseT SemTxvevaSi, karibWeSi Sewyvilebulad gamomaval aRniSnul saTavsebs
(albaT dasakrZalav kamerebs), met-naklebad axlobeli paralelebi eZebnebaT rogorc
ufliscixis ansamblSi [227, gv. 48, tab. XXXVII], ise maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebis
antikuri periodis kldis samarxebSi [576, tab. 56].
da mainc, gansxvavebiT Tundac imave ufliscixis kldeSi nakveTobebisgan, sadac ama
Tu im epoqisTvis da regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xuroTmoZRvruli detalebis kopirebac
ki xdeboda (magaliTad, kesonuri an koWuri gadaxurvebis, tab. 85, 86, 87)[217], graklis
qvabebis mxolod xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi meTodiT Seswavla araefeqturia. am sakmaod
martivi gegmarebis kldis Zeglis xuroTmoZRvrul Taviseburebebze dayrdnobiT, misi
pirveladi daniSnulebisa Tu Seqmnis TariRis Sesaxeb gadaWriT raimes Tqma Znelia.
*
qvabTa kompleqsSi arqiteqturuli da arqeologiuri dazvervebi jer kidev 1991 wels
CavatareT, saqarTvelos kulturis saministrosTan arsebuli istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa
inspeqciis sammarTvelos mier Catarebuli Sida qarTlis kldis ZeglTa pasportizaciis
programis farglebSi. 2000 w-s am Zeglis kvlevas davubrundiT fond “Ria sazogadoeba
- saqarTvelos” proeqtis Sesrulebisas, rac axlad mikvleuli, miuvali gamoqvabulebis
alpinisturi meTodebiT Seswavlas isaxavda miznad.
65
dazverviTma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma SedarebiT meti sicxade Seitana am
kompleqsTa warmoSoba-funqcionirebis qronologiuri CarCoebis dadgenaSi.
samwuxarod, TviT qvabovani kompleqsis Semadgenelma saTavsebma metad mwiri
arqeologiuri informacia mogvca: maTi iatakebi imdenad swor sibrtyeebs warmoadgens,
rom gamoqarvis Tu Semdgom epoqebSi maTi sxvadasxva mizniT gamoyeneba-gawmendis Sedegad, Tavdapirveli nivTieri masala aq praqtikulad aRar aris SemorCenili (gansxvavebiT
qvemo qarTlisa Tu saqarTvelos rigi regionebis kldis Zeglebisgan, romelTa uswormasworo iatakebma xeli Seuwyo uZvelesi nivTieri masalis Tundac fragmentulad Semonaxvas). aseT viTarebaSi, arqeologiurad SeviswavleT uSualod qvabTa wina, metad
damreci ferdobebi, sadac damoukidebeli nagebobebis da kulturuli fenebis arseboba
gamoricxulia da iq moxvedrili nivTieri masala, mxolod gamoqvabulebidan SeiZleboda dacurebuliyo.
dazverviTi Wrilebis saSualebiT aq marTlac mivakvlieT garkveuli raodenobis
nivTier masalas, romelTa erTobliobamac qvabTa kompleqsis gamoyenebis qronologiuri CarCoebis gansazRvraSi, mniSvnelovani daxmareba gagviwia. es masala ZiriTadad
moicavs Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulisa da I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebidan kargad cnobili tipis keramikul nakeTobaTa fragmentebs: ruxad da nacrisfrad gamomwvar, naprialebi qoTnebis, doqebis,
jamebis da sxva saxeobis WurWlis nawilebs, romelTaganac zogierTis formis sruli
rekonstruqcia moxerxda` (tab. 80:1-2) [208, gv. 96-102; 375, gv. 148-151].
garda am rigis nakeTobebisa, graklis qvabovanis ferdobis ganaTxari masala
garkveuli raodenobiT moicavs wiTeli an moyviTalo oxriT SeRebili, naprialebi an
angobze wiTlad moxatuli Tixis dergebis, qoTnebis, jamebis da sxva saxeobis WurWlis
fragmentebs (xSirad sakmaod saxovansac: tab. 80:3-8), romelTa analogiuri masala Sida
qarTlis zogierTi ganaTxari Zeglidan adre antikuri da elinisturi epoqebiT TariRdeba [324, tab. VIII, XXI, XXXVVI-LI da sxv.]. aRsaniSnavia, rom am ukanaskneli tipis keramikis
oriode uformo natexi graklis qvabebis zeda registris, IV iarusis #14 mcire zomis
qvabis iatakzec aRmoCnda. ufro saxieri, in situ dadasturebuli masalis ar arsebobis
viTarebaSi, ferdobze mopovebuli nakeTobaTa fragmentebi mainc mravlismetyvelia:
maTi damzadebis TariRi praqtikulad eTanxmeba Cven mier gamoTqmul varauds Zeglis
Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulTa mijnaze warmoSobis Taobaze. amasTan, qvab-saTavsSi da flatis
ZirSi, ufro gviandeli masalis Tundac mcire raodenobiT dadastureba imaze unda
metyvelebdes, rom gamoqvabulTa kveTa Tu rekonstruqcia adreantikur da elinistur
epoqebSic grZeldeboda. zemoT aRniSnuli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu adreve ara, am
xanaSi mainc, graklis qvabovani kompleqsic albaT kldeSi nakveT akldamaTa da maTTan
dakavSirebul sakulto-memorialur saTavsTa erTobliobas warmoadgenda.
g) kaspis kldeSi nakveTi nekropoli.
qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi kaspi iberiis uZveles qalaqTa Soris moixsenieba
[1, gv. 37]. „qarTlis cxovreba“ kaspis aSenebas, ufliscixis darad, qarTvelTa eTnarq
ufloss miawers. am or dasaxlebul punqts Soris mWidro kavSirze migvaniSnebs agreTve
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“, sadac ufliscixe kaspis cixed moixsenieba [2, gv. 320]. mematianis
am cnobas mecnierebi sxvadasxvanairad xsnian [253; 259; 227], magram wyaroebis nebismierad
66
interpretirebisda miuxedavad, arqeologiurad ramdenadme Seswavlil am or mezobel
punqts Soris mWidro politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSiri antikuri xanis garkveul
etapebze, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. swored aman gvafiqrebina, naqalaqar kaspis savaraudo
lokalizaciis midamoebSic gveZia uZvelesi xanis kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebi. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom kvlevam mravlismetyveli Sedegi gamoiRo: istoriuli kaspis savaraudo
lokalizaciis arealSi am epoqis ori umniSvnelovanesi kldeSi nakveTi kompleqsi
aRmovaCineT. amjerad erT-erT maTganze, winaqristianuli xanis mozrdil nekropolze
SevCerdebiT.
antikuri qalaqi kaspi, TiTqmis yvela mkvlevaris azriT, lokalizebuli unda
yofiliyo mdinareebis _ mtkvrisa da lexuras SesarTavis midamoebSi, Tumca qalaqis
ubnebi SesaZloa ramdenadme gafantuli iyo (swored aseTi ubani unda iyos bolo wlebSi
kaspis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier Seswavlil nagebobaTa jgufi). saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo muzeumis TanamSromelTa mier Catarebuli topografiul-arqeologiuri
dazvervebis safuZvelze [39-I], TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qalaqis
centri citadeliTurT zed mdinareTa SesayarTan Seqmnil „xerTvisze“ mdebareobda,
SesaZloa mdinare lexuras orive napirze, da mas dRevandeli kaspis dasaxlebuli ubnebi
faravs.
Cven mier dadastureuli qvabTa erT-erTi kompleqsi swored naqalaqaris savaraudo
centris maxloblad mdebareobs. Tanamedrove qalaqis dasavleTiT uSualod mimdebare
kvernaqis seris kldovan, koncxisebr masivebSi erTmaneTis maxloblad gamokveTilia
gamoqvabulTa jgufebi, romlebic aSurianis vels gadahyurebs. es koSkisebri kldeebi
maTSi nakveTi qvabebiT Soridan xelovnur nagebobebs gvagonebs da gamorCeuli
mdebareobiT garemoze gabatonebulia (tab. 149:1). Zeglebi SesaniSnavad Cans seris
gayolebaze gamavali Tbilisi-soWis sarkinigzo magistralidan.
gamoqvabulebi kldis Ziridan 3-5 m simaRlezea gamokveTili. isini Zlieraa
dazianebuli, safasado nawilebi yvelas CamoSlili aqvs, umravlesobisagan ki
umniSvnelo fragmentebiRaa SemorCenili. Tavdapirvelad sam aTeulamde qvabi unda
yofiliyo gamokveTili. amJamad ramdenadme srulad 4 maTgania Semonaxuli, xolo 10mde qvabis naSTis mixedviT maTi miaxloebiTi rekonstruqciaa SesaZlebeli. am ZeglTa
arqiteqturulma analizma im daskvnamde mogviyvana, rom dazianebamde da gviandel
gadakeTebamde, yoveli maTganis struqturas msgavsi gegmarebiTi principi edo
safuZvlad, rasac SedarebiT kargad Semonaxuli gamoqvabulebis magaliTiT SegviZlia
gavecnoT (tab. 73).
pirveli sami qvabi kldis erT koncxSi, erTmaneTis gverdiTaa gamokveTili sakmaod
sufTad, liTonis oTxwaxnaga iaraRiT. am iaraRis solisebri naWdevebi adasturebs,
rom kedlebis kafva nebismieri moxerxebuli mimarTulebiT warmoebda, kuTxeebs ki
waxnagebis paralelurad amuSavebdnen. kedlebis gaxexvis kvali ar SeiniSneba. #1 da
#2 qvabebis gegma kuTxeebmomrgvalebul kvadrats uaxlovdeba, xolo Weri Seisruli
kamariseburia (#1-is zomebia: 2.5 x 2.3 m, maqsimaluri simaRle 1.96 m; #2: 2.4 x 2.3 m, maqs.
simaRle 1.6 m). orive saTavsis dasavleTis da CrdiloeTis kedlebSi gamokveTilia
TiTo kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli Taro (sigrZe 1.6-1.75 m, sigane 0.55-0.6 m, simaRle 0.65-0.7
m, iatakidan Taros SemaRleba 0.2-0.5 m). qvabebis win Ria karibWeebi yofila, saidanac
kldeSi gaWrili dabali da viwro (simaRle 0.65-0.9 m, sigane 0.5 m) karebis saSualebiT
67
vxvdebiT ZiriTad saTavsSi. Sesavlelebi martivad CaWrili dekoratiuli CarCoTia
Semkuli. aseTive karibWe aqvs #3 qvabsac (2.5 x 2.5 m, brtyeli, daxrili Weris simaRle
1.4-1.6 m), romelSic niSi-Taroebi ar aris. qvabTa am jgufSi aSkarad SeiniSneba saTavsTa
kveTis Tanamimdevroba _ #3, gacilebiT martivi gegmis qvabi pirveli oris Semdeg
gamoukveTavT, amitom iZulebulni gamxdaran Weri #2 qvabisTvis aecilebinaT da cal
mxares daudablebiaT. mogvianebiT, rogorc Cans kompleqsis funqciis Secvlis gamo,
samive es qvabi gauerTianebiaT, razedac garda darRveuli gegmarebis principisa,
gansxvavebuli saWreTlis kvalic metyvelebs.
#4 qvabi am jgufidan gancalkevebiT, 200-ode m-zea gamokveTili iseTive teqnikiT
(zomebi: 2.6 x 2.3 m). am qvabs pirveli samisgan gansxvavebiT karibWe ara aqvs, xolo 1.8
m simaRlis Weri aq brtyelia. Sesasvlelis mopirdapire da marjvena kedlebSi gamokveTilia niSi-Taroebi (1.75-1.8 x 0.6-0.9 m, simaRle 0.6-0.8 m), romelTaganac erT-erTis
gverdebi da Ziri 15 sm sigrZis Txeli tixrebiTaa gamoyofili saTavsis sivrcidan.
aRwerili qvabebis atributebi, gansakuTrebiT ki niSi-Taroebi, tipiuri Cans maT
irgvliv SemorCenili Zlier dazianebuli qvabebisTvisac. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom qvabTa
mimdebare kldeTa qarafebSi amgvari Taroebi Riad, saTavsTa gareSecaa gamokveTili.
qvabTa am kompleqsis xuroTmoZRvruli analizis Sedegad naTeli gaxda, rom
rogorc misi saerTo struqtura, ise calkeul saTavsTa gegmareba, sakmaod gansxvavdeboda saqarTveloSi CvenTvis manamde cnobili kldis Zeglebisgan. kompleqsi daaxloebiT erTi tipis saTavsebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic rig-rigobiT, drois garkveuli
SualediT ikveTeboda erTmaneTis gverdigverd, magram aucileblad erTmaneTisagan
izolirebulad. am saTavsebs sacxovrebeli daniSnulebisaTvis Seufereblad mcire
farTobebi da simaRle aqvs _ zogierT maTganSi zrdasruli adamiani welSic ver
gaimarTeba. Zalze dabali da viwroa saTavsebSi Sesasvlelebic, romelTac adamiani
daCoqili Tu gaivlis. rogorc vxedavT, erTi mxriv, kveTis maRali teqnika da
karibWeebis dekoratiuli elementebi, xolo meore mxriv _ sacxovreblad sruliad
mouxerxebeli gegmareba, erTmaneTs aSkarad ar Seesabameba, rac am kompleqsis
sacxovrebeli mizniT Seqmnas gamoricxavs. sakmaod advilad misadgomi mdebareobisa da
CamoTvlili xuroTmoZRvruli Taviseburebebis gamo, am kompleqsis safortifikacio
mizniT Seqmnac Zneli warmosadgenia. samagierod, zemoT aRwerili, TiTqmis yoveli
qvabisTvis tipiuri niSi-Taroebis forma da zomebi micvalebul adamianTa gaSotil
pozaSi dasvenebas esadageba zedmiwevniT (dasaZinebel sareclebad isini sruliad
gamousadegaria, radgan iq moTavsebuli adamiani verc gverds icvlis da odnavac ver
wamoiweva). am funqcias savsebiT Seesabameba agreTve „erTjeradi“ gamoyenebisTvis
Sesaferisi dabali Sesasvlelebi da saTavsTa miniaturuli zomebi. amrigad, dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qvabTa es kompleqsi sxva ara SeiZleba iyos ra, Tu ara gegmursivrcobrivad sakmaod Camoyalibebuli tipis akldama-mavzoleumebis erToblioba,
kldeSi nakveTi nekropoli.
am qvabovani nekropolis gacnobisTanave cxadi gaxda, rom saqme winareqristianuli xanis ZeglTan gvqonda. rogorc aRvniSneT, am akldamebSi micvalebulebi
qveynis mxareebis mimarT xazgasmulad nebismieri damxrobiT yofilan dasvenebulebi
urTierT marTobulad, maSin rodesac kameraTa mopirdapire kedlebSi Tavisuflad
SeiZleboda Taroebis aRmosavleT-dasavleTis RerZis gaswvriv gamokveTa. amrigad,
aq saxezea micvalebulTa aSkarad araqristianulad dakrZalvis wesi. qarTlSi qristi68
anobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg, CvenTvis cnobili istoriuli
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebelia sxva konfesiaTa warmomadgenlebs saSualeba
hqonodaT aseTi masStabis, mxolod umaRles aristokratTa Sesaferi nekropolis
Seqmnaze ezrunaT, Tanac aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi (am akldama-samarxTa raodenoba,
nekropolis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebaze unda migvaniSnebdes).
TiTqmis ueWvelia, rom kaspis akldamebis saxiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos uZvelesi
saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis (albaT iberiis samefos) metad dawinaurebul, SesaZloa mmarTveli aristokratiis sagvareulo nekropols warmoadgens. problema mxolod
is aris, Tu konkretulad romeli periodisaa da ra socialur-politikur viTarebas
asaxavs es Zegli.
am aRmoCenamde, saqarTveloSi aramcTu aseTi masStabis nekropoli, winaqristianuli xanis kldis mavzoleumebi sruliad ar iyo cnobili [32; 30]. Semdgom,
TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa da garkveuli samecniero wreebis mxardaWera moipova zemoT
aRniSnulma Teoriam ufliscixis qvabovani ansamblis Tavdapirveli dasakrZalavi
funqciis Taobaze (aseT SesaZleblobas Cvenc vuSvebT, oRond dResdReobiT aq
SemorCenili antikuri xanis mozrdili qvabebis umetesoba, winaparTa Tu sxva saxis
kultmsaxurebisaTvis gamiznul taZrebad migvaCnia). miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan Semdgomi
xanebis seriozuli sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebis Sedegad ufliscixis uZvelesi
qvabovani akldamebi Cvenamde umeteswilad fragmentuli saxiTaa moRweuli, es hipoTeza
jer kidev damkvidrebis procesSia. esec ar iyos, ufliscixis gamoqvabuli saTavsebis
didi umravlesoba da kaspis akldamebi, gegmarebiT Tu „kedlebis“ kveTa-damuSavebis
teqnologiis mixedviT imdenad Sors dgas erTmaneTisgan, rom am ori Zeglis SedarebiT
analizze dayrdnobiT kaspis nekropolis daTariRebis mcdeloba, imTaviTve ar iZleoda
optimizmis safuZvels.
aRniSnul sirTuleebs isic emateboda, rom kaspis akldamaTa iatakebze gamoqarvisa da momdevno epoqebSi utilitaruli mizniT araerTgzisi gamoyenebis gamo,
arc Tavdapirveli arqeologiuri fenebi iyo SemorCenili (mxedvelobaSi ara gvaqvs
keramikul nakeTobaTa oriode natexi, romelic aRmoCenis viTarebidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleboda Zeglis gviandeli reokupaciis xanisa yofiliyo). aseT viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, akldamaTa warmoSobis TariRis Tu maTi Semoqmedi sazogadoebis eTnikur-religiuri kuTvnilebis gasarkvevad, upirvelesad am Zeglis xuroTmoZRvruli Taviseburebebis sazRvargareTul analogiebTan Sedarebis analizs unda davyrdnobodiT.
is garemoebac ki, rom kaspis akldamebSi liTonis saWreTlebis kvalia SemorCenili,
gadaWriT ar migvaniSnebda am Zeglebis aucileblad rkinis farTod gamoyenebis eraSi
Seqmnaze _A marTalia, saqarTveloSi cnobili brinjaos epoqis kldis Zeglebi A(qvemo
qarTlSi) sul sxva, zemoT aRwerili meTodebiTaa gamokafuli, magram sakmaod rbili
geologiuri qanebis brinjaos iaraRiT kveTa Teoriulad savsebiT SesaZlebelia
(marTlac, am meTodiT Seqmnili kldis Zeglebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mraval
regionSia dadasturebuli brinjaos epoqis sxvadasxva etapze [582; 498]).
rogorc aRvniSneT, kldeSi sxvadasxva xerxiT nakveT akldamebSi micvalebulebis
dakrZalvis wesi, msoflios mravali uZvelesi civilizaciisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli:
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis TiTqmis yvela uZveles saxelmwifoSi (egvipte, asureTi,
urartu, mcire aziis qveynebi da sxv.), am mizniT uaRresad saintereso kldis Zeglebi da
mTeli kompleqsebi iqmneboda.
69
CvenTvis cnobili uZvelesi kldis akldamebi, romlebic gegmarebiTi struqturisa
da masStabis mixedviT kaspis tipis kldis samarxebis Soreul prototipad SegviZlia
miviCnioT, istoriuli levantis teritoriazea dadasturebuli. dRevandeli libanis
samxreT-aRmosavleT provincia SevinSi aRmoCenilia Zv. w. daax. 2000 w. Seqmnili
kldeSi nakveTi nekropoli. aq dasakrZalavi kamerebis farTobi daax. 4-6 m2 -s Seadgens
(sigrZe-sigane 2.5 x 3 m-is farglebSi), isini marTkuTxa, xSirad kvadratuli gegmisaa;
Sesasvleli erT-erTi gverdidanaa, xolo danarCen sam kedelSi TiTo micvalebulis
Sesasvenebeli niSi-Taroebia gamokveTili [457, gv. 169]. rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, es
libanuri akldamebi evraziis materikze friad gavrcelebul, mcire zomis kameriani da
niSa-sareclebiani kldis samarxebis kveTis metad xangrZliv, sul cota 2 aTaswliani
tradiciis saTaveebs ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom libanis am raionSi, daax. imave
periodSi, micvalebulTa dakrZalvis sxva wesic arsebula _ aq gvxvdeba dolmenuri
tipis samarxebic, romelTa Seqmnis kultura agreTve evraziis materikis vrceli
regionebisTvis, maT Soris kavkasiisTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli [542, gv. 386].
kldis akldamaTa msgavsi nimuSebi libanis mezobel qveynebSic yofila gavrcelebuli Zv. w. II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, palestinaSi, Tel-faras
midamoebSi mikvleulia gviani brinjaos xanis (Zv. w. XIII-XII ss) kldeSi nakveTi akldamebis
didi kompleqsi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi sruliad primitiuli, marTkuTxedTan odnav
miaxloebuli gegmis qvabebis garda, zemoT aRniSnuli tipis, marTkuTxa gegmis, sam
mxares niSa-Taroebiani kamerebic gvxvdeba. aseTive suraTia amave regionis „mejidis“
qvab-akldamaTa kompleqsSic [607, gv. 331-336].
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mcire aziis ori uZlieresi saxelmwifos
_ urartusa da frigiis wiaRSi Seqmnili kldeSi nakveTi akldamebi. am imperiebSi rom
kldeSi nakveTi sakulto da dasakrZalavi kompleqsebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo,
es sayovelTaod cnobili faqtia: urartus uZvelesi centri, vanis klde (tab. 93) da
frigiuli „midasas qalaqi“ xom kldeSi nakveTi xuroTmoZRvrebis „klasikadaa“ miCneuli
[397; 360]. unda iTqvas, rom am saxelmwifoebSi Zv. w. IX-VII ss-Si Seqmnili kldis akldamebi
umeteswilad sada, marTkuTxa gegmis kamerebiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca gvaqvs ramdenime
magaliTi (ZiriTadad urartuli), sadac dasakrZalavi kamerebi Tavisi masStabiTa
da Taro-sareclebiT, kaspis akldamebis SedarebiT maxlobel prototipad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos (tab. 94:2) [397, gv. 226; 560, gv. 98]. aRsaniSnavia agreTve Semdegi garemoeba.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi e. w. „midasas qalaqisa“ da sxva frigiuli akldamebis funqciaSi eWvi
aravis epareboda maTi struqturisa da mezobeli aziuri saxelmwifoebis analogiur
kldis ZeglebTan msgavsebis gamo [576, gv. 196-215]. ukanasknel wlebSi, gamomdinare
iqidan, rom arqeologiurma gaTxrebma iq micvalebulTa dakrZalvis materialuri
kvali ar daadastura, iyo mcdeloba am ZeglTa aRniSnuli Sefasebis eWvqveS dayenebisa
_ am Teoriis mixedviT aRniSnuli qvabebi mxolod sakulto adgilebia [544, gv. 168].
Cveni azriT, es frigiuli Zeglebi imdenad axlos dgas arqiteqturul-stilisturi
gadawyvetiT urartul, lidiur da sxva winaaziur kldis akldamebTan, rom maTi funqciis tradiciuli Sefaseba gacilebiT marTebuli unda iyos _ ubralod, Tavdapirveli
arqeologiuri fenebi waSlili Cans. am azrs Tundac is garemoeba uWers mxars, rom
aRniSnul frigiul akldamaTa nawils micvalebulTa dasasvenebeli Taro-sareclebi
gaaCnia [576, tab. 34-36].
vfiqrobT, swored urartusa da frigiis saxelmwifoTa wiaRSi gakvalulma
70
qvabovani samarxebis arqiteqturulma Temam moamzada niadagi maT memkvidre qveynebSi:
lidiaSi, kilikiaSi, likiasa da paflagoniaSi, Semdgom ki elinistur saxelmwifoebSi,
mravalricxvovani, mdidruli kldis nekropolebis warmoSobisaTvis. am epoqis
mcireaziuri kldis akdamebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebia zedmiwevniT zusti
geometriuli formebi, dasakrZalavi kamerebis wina karibWeebis fasadebis mxatvrulad
gaformeba frontonebiT, orderuli sistemiT an geometriuli ornamentiT. mcire
zomis samarxi kamerebis aucilebeli elementebia kedlebSi nakveTi an taxtisebri
sareclebi [576; 530; 484; 449]. magaliTad, kargadaa cnobili lidiuri epoqis kldeSi
nakveTi nekropoli Tanamedrove qalaq sardisTan. es kompleqsi moicavs rogorc
SedarebiT uxeSad nakveT, martivi gegmis samarx kamerebs sruliad Seumkobeli fasadebiT, ise sivrcul-gegmurad gacilebiT rTulad gadawyvetil dasakrZalav darbazebs,
romlebsac kedlebSi SeWrili aqvs dasakrZalavi niSi-oTaxebi kvarcxlbekiseburad
SemaRlebuli sareclebiT. am ukanaskneli tipis samarxTa karibWeebi, rogorc wesi,
mdidruladaa Semkuli reliefuri, geometriuli ornamentiT [530, gv. 56-68].
daaxloebiT aseTive gegmarebiT da karibWeTa fasadebis maRalmxatvruli
gaformebiT gamoirCeva likiuri akldamebi (miras, fesies da sxva kompleqsebi) [454, gv.
108-109, 118-119].
paflagoniuri kldis akldamebis zogadi struqturac aRniSnulis msgavsia,
Tumca maT gegmarebas mTeli rigi Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. magaliTad, paflagoniur
akldamaTa umravlesobis samarx kamerebSi, TiTo taxtisebri sareceli Sesasvlelis
mopirdapire kedlis gaswvrivaa xolme gamokveTili, xolo karibWeebi kldis zedapirze
Ria, kolonebiTa da frontoniT gaformebuli fasadebiT gamodis (magaliTad, hambarkaias kompleqsebi). aseT akldamaTa qvabovani saTavsebis Werebic mxatvruladaa
gaformebuli xis koWovani gadaxurvis imitaciebiT Tu sxva motivebiT [576, gv. 198-201;
523]. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom paflagoniis imave kldis nekropolebSi gvxvdeba gacilebiT martivi gegmarebis, zemoT awerili sqemisgan gansxvavebuli tipis akldamebic.
maT samarx kamerebSi pirdapir kldis zedapiridan, kvadratulTan miaxloebuli Wrilis
viwro RiobiT vxvdebiT, saTavsTa Werebi ki orferda gadaxurvis imitacias warmoadgens.
aseT akldamebSi, zemodan morkaluri Wrilis niSi-sareclebi kameraTa nebismier
kedelSi ikveTeboda [576, tab. XXVII]. mecnierebs jerjerobiT ar gamouTqvamT mosazreba
imis Taobaze, am ori tipis akldamaTagan romelia uZvelesi da drois ra intervali
aSorebT maT Camoyalibebas erTmaneTisgan. erTi ram ki cxadia: mTeli rigi elementebiT,
aRwerili, martivi tipis paflagoniuri akldamebi metad axlos dgas kaspis akldamaTa
zogad sqemasTan.
palestinis regionSi elinisturi da gvianantikuri epoqebis kldeSi nakveTi
akldamebi Cveulebrivi movlenaa. maTi erTi nawili rTuli gegmarebis, mdidrulad
Semkuli sataZro-samarxi kompleqsebis SemadgenlobaSia moqceuli (magaliTad, israelis samefos xanis talpiotisa da e.w. herodes ojaxis gamoqvabuli mavzoleumebi [511,
gv. 313-317, 363-364]). kaspis akldamebTan masStabiT, zomebiTa da gegmarebiT gacilebiT
axlos dgas amave regionisa da epoqebis rigiTi qvabovani akldamebi. magaliTad,
Tel-avivis midamoebSi (Tel-barukis raionSi) Seswavlili kldeSi nakveTi samarxebi,
romlebic gvian romaul periods, Cv. w. 3-4 saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. isini kvadratuli
gegmis kamerebs warmoadgens, romlebis yovel kedelSi (karibWis mxaris garda), TiTo
Taro-sarecelia gamokveTili, romelTa zomebi da moxazuloba kaspis akldamebis iden71
turia. erTaderTi gansxvaveba am ori tipis akldamaTa Soris is aris, rom karibWidan
kameraSi kaspis akldamebSi karis gavliT vxvdebiT, xolo Tel-avivis akldamebSi ki
ramdenime safexuriani gvirabis saSualebiT [615, gv. 167, tab. 53]. unda aRiniSnos, rom
kldis damuSavebis meTodi da orferda Werebis imitaciebic, kaspisa da Tel-barukis
akldamebSi erTmaneTis identuria.
rogorc vxedavT, drois xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi, wina aziisa da
xmelTaSua zRvis auzis zogierTi regionis kldeSi nakveTi akldamebi, gansxvavebuli
geografiuli da socialur ekonomikuri viTarebisda mixedviT sakmaod mravalferovan
saxes iZendnen, magram xalxTa Soris politikuri da kulturuli kavSirebis Tu
tradiciaTa memkvidreobiTobis wyalobiT, arcTu iSviaTad mainc SeiniSneba ramdenadme ganzogadebuli, „zeepoqaluri“ gegmarebiTi sqemebis Camoyalibeba. miuxedavad
amisa, sazRvargareTeli xelovnebaTmcodneebis mcdelobiTa da arqeologiuri meTodebis daxmarebiT, met-naklebi sizustiT mainc xerxdeba aseT ZeglTa klasificireba
geografiuli, qronologiuri Tu religiuri niSniT.
kaspis akldamebic „konservatiuli“ tipis kldis samarxTa rigs ganekuTvneba.
SedarebiTi xuroTmoZRvruli analizis Sedegad, Cveni kvlevis obieqts, kldis
akldamaTa winaaziur nairsaxeobaTagan yvelaze meti saerTi niSani elinisturi an
gvianantikuri epoqebis nekropolebTan akavSirebs. meore mxriv, mTeli rigi detalebiT es Zegli konkretulad Zveli iranuli samyaros zoroastruli sarwmunoebis
wiaRSi Seqmnil nimuSebs enaTesaveba.
rogorc cnobilia, cecxlTayvanismcemloba micvalebulTa miwaSi damarxvas krZalavda (mazdeanobis doqtrina cecxlTan erTad miwis siwmindesac aRiarebda), amitom
jer kidev midiis mefeebma da didebulebma kldis akldamebis SeqmniT Tavi daaRwies
gvamiT miwis Seuracxyofas, imdenad, ramdenadac klde miwad ar iTvleboda [186; 341;
376]. Semdgom, imave mizeziT, aRniSnuli wesiT didebulebis dakrZalva aqemenidur,
parTul da sasanur samefoebSi, samarxi koSkebis paralelurad, TiTqmis savaldebulo
wesad iqca. eyrdnoboda ra aRmosavleTis sxva Zvel saxelmwifoebSi arsebul amgvari
samarxebis gamocdilebas, iranuli aristokratiis kldis akldamebma ramdenadme
kanonikuri saxe miiRo: akldamis ZiriTad sivrces warmoadgens marTkuTxa gegmis
dasakrZalavi kamera, romelsac yvela an zogierT kedelSi micvalebulTa dasasvenebeli
TiTo niSi-sareceli aqvs gamokveTili. niSebis zomebi gaSotili adamianebis sigrZesiganezea gaangariSebuli da xSirad sarkofagiseburadacaa CaRrmavebuli (gavixsenoT
kaspis #4 akldama). centralur kameraSi moxvedra erTRiobiani SesasvleliT SeiZleba
uSualod kldis zedapiridan an kolonadiani Tu martivi portikidan. aseTi akldamebi
SemaRlebul kldeebSia gamokveTili jgufurad da ufro xSirad sagvareulo
nekropolebs warmoadgenen („naySi-rustami“, „taS-Tefe“ mianduabasTan, „duqani daudi“,
„dauduxtari“, akldamebi sexneSi da sxv. [537; 341; 377; 560] (tab. 95). akldamaTa garSemo
kldis sibrtyeebi zogjer reliefuri gamosaxulebebiTa da lursmuli warwerebiTaa
Semkuli. dakrZalvis mazdeanuri wesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofila, agreTve kldeSi
kameris gareSe gamokveTili Taro-sareclebi, romlebic xSirad erT kompleqsSia
gaerTianebuli aRwerili tipis akldamebTan (magaliTad, „kirvanSaha“) [537, gv. 327; 341,
gv. 404-410; 377, gv. 95,112].
rogorc vxedavT, kaspis nekropolis rogorc zogadi struqtura da landSaftTan
Serwyma, ise calkeuli akldamebis sivrcobriv-gegmuri gadawyveta Zvel iranul
72
analogiur Zeglebs sakmaod uaxlovdeba. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan gansxvavebul epoqebSi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva regionebSic iqmneboda ramdenadme msgavsi Zeglebi
(magaliTad, zemoT ukve aRniSnuli urartuli, lidiuri an palestinuri akldamebi),
kaspis akldamebis mazdeanur samyarosTan dabejiTebiT dakavSireba gaZneldeboda, rom
ara kompleqsis Semadgeneli gancalkevebuli Taro-sareclebi, romlebic mxolod am
religiisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
kaspis akldamebis Seqmnis TariRis dakonkreteba maTi zogadi gegmarebiTi
struqturis mixedviT SeuZlebelia. TviT iranuli akldamebic tradiciuli sqemiT
iqmneboda da bevri maTganis warmoSobis xanis gansazRvra am qveynis siZveleTa
specialistebsac uWirT: sasanur xanaSi aqemenuri periodis kldis samefo akldamaTa
sruli kopireba xdeboda, xolo zogierTi Zegli, romelic adre midiuri xanisa egonaT,
parTuli aRmoCnda [377, gv. 253]. aseT viTarebaSi, kaspis akldamaTa dasaTariReblad,
maTi calkeuli arqiteqturuli detalebi, Zeglis warmoSobis savaraudo epoqebis
adgilobrivi Tu mezobeli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi tradiciebis fonze unda ganvixiloT.
rogorc aRvniSneT, kaspis akldamaTa erT nawils karviseburad Seisruli Weri
aqvs. Zveli iranis kldis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi kamaraTa amgvari Seisruloba Tumca
aqemenur xanaSive iCens Tavs, magram mxolod sasanur xanaSi gavrcelda farTod [538,
gv. 203]. qarTuli kldis Zeglebidan Weris amgvari damuSavebiT gamoirCeva ufliscixis
e. w. „orsvetiani darbazis“ dasavleTis saTavsebi, romlebic T. qarumiZem da g.
leJavam sxva oTaxebze adreulad miiCnies da amis safuZvelze ufliscixis or etapad
gamokveTis hipoTeza wamoayenes [216; 127, gv. 26]. ufliscixis es saTavsebi, g. yifians
piriqiT, ufro gviandelad miaCnia [227, gv. 43]. am azrs Cvenc viziarebT da vfiqrobT, es
saTavsebi gvianantikur xanaSia gamokveTili [40-II, gv. 35]. amave formis Seisruli Weri
sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul kldis xuroTmoZRvrebaSic,
magaliTad, mtkvris zemo welis gamoqvabul monastrebSi, daviT-garejaSi (berebis
seri, qolagiri) [63], kondamianis monastris qvabebSi [43] da sxv., agreTve imave xanis qvis
saeklesio arqiteqturaSi [423]. niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnul gamoqvabul ZeglebSi
kldis damuSavebis meTodic kaspis akldamebis identuria.
amrigad, kaspis nekropoli, misi masStabis gaTvaliswinebiT, TiTqmis udavod
migvaniSnebs Sida qarTlis teritoriaze, drois arcTu xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis an am doqtriniT nasazrdoebi romeliRac monaTesave religiis sakmaod farTod gavrcelebaze. adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanis Sida qarTlSi
sasanuri iranis imdenad xangrZlivi politikuri eqspansia ar dasturdeba, rom mazdeanuri sarwmunoebis mimdevar ramdenime Taobis aristokratias grandiozuli
nekropoli Seeqmna, amitom kaspis akldamebis arqiteqturul detalTa aRniSnuli
Taviseburebani, am Zeglis gvianantikur xanaSi warmoSobaze unda migvaniSnebdes.
nekropolis am epoqaSi funqcionirebas adasturebs agreTve zemoT naxsenebi, #3 akldamis iatakis CaRrmavebaSi Cvens mier Catarebuli dazverviTi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis
dros mikvleuli gvianantikuri xanis wiTlad SeRebili Tixis WurWlis momcro natexebi, romelic SesaZloa samarxis inventaris SemTxveviT gadarCenili naSTia. TavisTavad,
es arqeologiuri aRmoCena akldamis Seqmnis TariRs ver gansazRvravs, vinaidan igi
„zezeurad“ mdgari gamoqvabulis kldovan iatakze, fxvier fenaSia aRmoCenili, magram
am SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli xana da nekropolis xuroTmoZRvruli niSniT gansazRvruli
73
savaraudo qronologiuri CarCoebi erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba, rac damafiqrebelia.
vfiqrobT, aseTi Tanxvedra kidev ufro ganamtkicebs Cven mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis zogierTi regionis msgavsad, Sida qarTlSic, adreantikurelinisturi stiliT nakveTi mavzoleumebis pompezur ansambl ufliscixes, gvianantikur
xanaSi kaspis nekropolis gacilebiT mokrZalebuli xuroTmoZRvruli xerxebiT
Seqmnili qvabovani akldamebi Seenacvla. am movlenis gamomwvev istoriul viTarebaze,
saubari kidev gveqneba.
d) TxoTis mTis qvabovani
“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” mogviTxrobs, rom wminda ninos moRvaweobis Sedegad qarTlis
oficiozis mier qristianobis aRiarebis Semdeg, mcxeTaSi ori varskvlavi amobrwyinda,
romlebic qveynis sxvadasxva mxares gadaadgildnen. midevnebuli meTvalyureebi mirian
mefis winaSe warsdgnen: “. . . da xvalisa dResa movides dasavlisani, romelni dges TavTa
zeda quabTa-TavisaTa. da miuTxres mefesa, viTarca gamovida varskvlavi igi, aRimaRla
da miiwia mTaTa zeda TxoTisaTa, gardasavalsa kaspisasa da dadga adgilsa erTsa da nelad
uCino iqmna” [2, gv. 150]. es epizodi faqtiurad sityva-sityviT meordeba “wminda ninos
cxovrebis” yvela uZveles redaqciaSi da aseve TiTqmis ucvleladvea Setanili “qarTlis
cxovrebis” Zvel nusxebSic.
qarTvel istorikosTa da enaTmecnierTa bolodroindeli gamokvlevebis mixedviT
sul ufro mtkicdeba azri, rom “ninos cxovreba” IV saukunis avTenturi Zeglia (cxadia,
Semdgom epoqebSi saxecvlili) da masSi simboloebad daSifruli mravali momentis
sworad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi, am movlenaTa utyuarobaSi eWvi ar unda Segveparos.
vnaxoT, Cven mier moyvanil epizodSi, ramdenad Seesabameba realobas ase konkretulad
miniSnebuli geografiuli garemo. kerZod, SemorCenilia Tu ara dRemde TxoTis mTis
farglebSi, “kaspis gardasavalze” is qvabebi, romlis “TavTa zeda” imyofebodnen
meTvalyureni.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTlis moqcevis xanaSi kaspis gamoqvabuli akldamebis Cvens
mier aRwerili kompleqsi danamdvilebiT arsebobda, naklebad savaraudoa “quabTaTavisa”-Si kldis es dabali koncxebi igulisxmebodes: am arcTu saxarbielo strategiul
adgilze myofi meTvalyureebi verc kaspis savaraudo lokalizaciis teritorias
moixilavdnen ramdenadme srulad da verc TxoTis mTas. “ninos cxovrebaSi” aRweril
geografiul garemos gacilebiT ukeT, SeiZleba iTqvas zustadac, istoriuli kaspis
midamoebis sxva qvabovani kompleqsi miesadageba.
es mozrdili, uaRresad saintereso kldis Zegli TxoTis mTis ferdebSia gamokveTili, Tanamedrove qalaq kaspidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 2-ode km-is daSorebiT, md.
lexuras xeobis macxena kalTaSi. aqedan xelisguliviT moCans rogorc naqalaqaris
yvela SesaZlo ubani, ise aSurianis veli karga did manZilze _ ufliscixemde. qvabTa
am kompleqsma, rogorc Tavisi masStaburobiT, ise aRniSnul istoriul movlenasTan
SesaZlo kavSiris gamo, didi xania Cveni yuradReba miipyro [37, gv. 115]. arqeologiuri
kvleva ki Zeglze 1991 wels CavatareT, rodesac kaspis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis
TxovniT, saqarTvelos kulturis saministros ZeglTa inspeqciisa da informaciis
sammarTvelom da s. janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumma, iqve mdebare “kldemaRalas”
qvabebis gadarCeniTi arqeologiuri samuSaoebis xelmZRvaneloba damavala.
74
TxoTis mTis qvabovani* kirqvis konglomeratuli agebulebis SiSvel flateSia
gamokveTili, qarafis qveda nawilSi, saidanac xeobis Ziramde SedarebiT damreci kalTa
eSveba. sul SemorCenilia oTx iarusad, sakmaod koncentrirebulad gamokveTili
50-mde qvabi, da qvabis naSTi (tab. 74:1). maTi umetesoba amJamad alpinisturi teqnikis
gamouyeneblad miuvalia, magram zogierTi qvabis win SemorCenili terasuli
gasasvlelebis fragmentebi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom yoveli iarusis saTavsebisken
Tavdapirvelad viwro gzebi da pandusebi miemarTeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom kldis
qanis advilad Sladobis gamo amJamad saWreTlis kvali fragmentebadRaa SemorCenili,
Cans, rom saTavsebis nawili mainc liTonis wawvetebuli iaraRiT yofila gamokveTili.
aq gvxvdeba rogorc gancalkevebuli qvabebi, ise erTmaneTTan gasasvlelebiT dakavSirebuli qvab-saTavsebi. maTi gegmebi sworkuTxedTan met-naklebad miaxloebulia,
Tumca gvxvdeba ovaluri formebic (tab. 75:2, 76:2). iatakebi, kedlebi da Weri
mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba brtyelad CaiTvalos, isic ara yovelTvis. ramdenadme
Camoyalibebuli formis niSebi da TaxCebi aq ar gvxvdeba. sameurneo mowyobilobebidan,
jerjerobiT mxolod erT qvabSi davadastureT wylis Tu sursaTis Sesanaxad iatakSi
amokveTili, wakveTili konusisebri formis ormo.
ramdenime oTaxiani jgufebis sivrcobriv-gegmuri gadawyvetac sakmaod martivia
_ umeteswilad aq gamokveTili yofila kldis zedapiris mimarT ganivad wagrZelebuli
qvabebi (5-6 m-mde sigrZis), romlebsac kldis siRrmeSi erTi an 2-3 damatebiTi, momcro
saTavsi aqvT. saTavsebi am derefnisebr sivrceSi odnav Seviwroebuli RiobebiT gamodis.
rogori RiobebiT ixsneboda ZiriTadi qvabebi kldis zedapirze, safasado nawilebis
CamoSlis gamo, amJamad Zneli saTqmelia. meore mxriv, SesaZlebelia aqac graklis qvabebSi dadasturebuli sqemis gamartivebul, uxeSad Sesrulebul imitaciasTan gvqondes saqme (Seadare tab. 75:1 da 75:2).
rogorc vxedavT, TxoTis mTis qvabovanis arqiteqtura metad mwir informacias
gvawvdis am kompleqsis daniSnulebis da, miT umetes, warmoSobis TariRis gasarkvevad.
ufliscixis da kaspis akldamebTan SedarebiT ukiduresad Raribuli xuroTmoZRvruli
xerxebi, am Zeglis arqaulobaze mimaniSnebladac SeiZleboda migveCnia da mis
utilitarul funqciazec. miuxedavad amisa, kompleqsis saerTo konfiguraciam Zeglis
raobis Sesaxeb garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis saSualeba mainc mogvca.
rogrc aRvniSneT, qvabTa kompleqsi cicabo qarafis qveda registrSia gamokveTili,
misi I_II iarusebi sakmaod advili misasvlelia da, rogorc Cans, fasadebis CamoSlamde
zeda iarusis qvabebiskenac miemarTeboda terasuli gasasvleli-bilikebi. es garemoeba,
qvabTa jgufebis ramdenadme mowesrigebul gegmarebasTan erTad imaze metyvelebs, rom
isini TavdacviTi mniSvnelobis saxizrebs ar unda warmoadgendnen. aq arc qristianuli
kultmsaxurebisaTvis aucilebeli atributebi, eklesiebi da samlocvelo niSebi
gvxvdeba, rac Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos Tu qristianuli samyaros sxva qveynebis
kldeSi nakveTi udabno-monastrebis Seswavlis gamocdilebas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
kompleqsis am mizniT Seqmnas gamoricxavs.
TxoTis qvabovanis sruqturidan, gansakuTrebiT ki graklis qvabebTan SedarebiT
mozrdili zomis saTavsebidan gamomdinare, maTi sacxovrebeli daniSnulebiT Seqmna
*
termini “qvabovani”, igive “quaboani” davesesxeT “istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis” avtors
(q. c. II, Tb. 1959, gv. 100). es termini SoTa rusTavelsac aqvs gamoyenebuli “vefxistyaosanSi”.
orive SemTxvevaSi es sityva aRniSnavs gamoqvabulTa kompleqss.
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dasaSvebia. Zeglis gegmarebiTi principi, TiTqos sakmaod axlos dgas qvemo qarTlis
zemoT aRweril qvabovan dasaxlebebTan (Tumca, gamomdinare iqidan, rom TxoTis qvabebi
gacilebiT advilad dasamuSavebel kldis masivSia gamokveTili, saTavsTa interierebi
aq ramdenadme ufro sufTadaa damuSavebuli). ra Tqma unda, mxolod zogadi msgavsebis
safuZvelze, am Zeglebis sinqronulobis dasamtkiceblad sakmarisi ar iyo: aseTi
gegmarebis qvabebi Teoriulad yvela istoriul epoqaSi SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo
(ramdenadme zustad damaTariRebeli arqiteqturuli detalebi CvenSi xom mxolod
gamorCeul, monumentur kldis Zeglebs axasiaTebs). rogorc Canda, iseve rogorc am
tipis kldis ZeglTa umravlesobaSi, gadamwyveti sityva aqac arqeologias unda eTqva.
TxoTis mTis qvabovanis arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis Cven mier jerjerobiT
pirveli nabijebia gadagmuli, magram Sedegebi amTaviTve mravlismetyvelia. kompleqsis
qveda iarusebis zogierT saTavsSi gavlebulma arqeologiurma Wrilebma Semdegi suraTi
mogvca: iatakebze SemorCenili miwis fenidan sakmaod areulad amovida Sua saukuneebis
sxvadasxva periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli keramikuli nakeTobebis fragmentebi,
romelTa daxasiaTebasac aq aRar SevudgebiT. samagierod, I iarusis # 2, 3 da 6 qvabebSi,
Sua saukuneebis fenebis dabla, kldovani iatakebis calkeul RrmulebSi Catkepnili
aRmoCnda mowiTalod gamomwvari Tixis WurWlis fragmentebi, romelTagan zogierTi
sakmaod saxieria da aSkarad antikuri xanisTvis damaxasiaTebel nakeTobebs ganekuTvneba.
magaliTad, aq mivakvlieT angobiT SeRebili, geometriuli saxeebiT wiTlad moxatuli
xeladis yel-yurisa da muclis nawilebs (tab. 78:1, rekonstruirebuli). aqve aRmoCnda
wiTlad SeRebili da naprialebi, pirmoyrili fialis mozrdili fragmenti (tab.
78:2). am nakeTobebs pirdapiri analogiebi eZebnebaT elinisturi xanis Sida qarTlis
arqeologiuri Zeglebis, mag., samadlos masalebidan [324, tab.VII, VIII, XV; 375, gv. 317-318).
garda amisa, # 6 qvabSi, analogiur stratigrafiul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda gvian brinjaoadrerkinis xanisTvis tipiuri, Savi da rux-mqrqal zedapiriani Tixis qoTnebis da
jamebis fragmentebi (tab. 78:4-8) [208, gv. 113; tab. XXVIII-XXX; 210, gv. 91-96, tab. XXIX;
375, gv. 145-151; 15; 298]. es masala, miuxedavad mcirericxvovnebisa, dafiqsirebuli
stratigrafiuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, arasgziT ar SeiZleboda qvabebis iatakebze SemTxveviT moxvedriliyo: eWv gareSea, rom am kompleqsSic uZveles kulturul
fenaTa gadarCenil „kunZulebs“ mivakvlieT. amrigad, TxoTis mTis qvabovanis mcire
masStabis arqeologiurma dazvervebmac ki sruliad calsaxad migvaniSna, rom es
kompleqsi (yovel SemTxvevaSi misi ZiriTadi birTvi mainc), gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
xanis finalur stadiebze mainc ukve arsebobda. is garemoeba, rom aq sruliad ar Cans
qviTkiris damxmare nagebobani, momdevno epoqebSi, antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi,
qvabovanis Tavdapirveli struqturis minimalur cvlilebaze unda migvaniSnebdes.
rogorc vxedavT, arqeologiuri kvlevis monacemebi TxoTis qvabovanis, graklis
qvabebisa da SiomRvimis midamoebis qvabTa kompleqsebis mSenebloba-funqcionirebis
fazaTa met-naklebad sinqronul Tanamimdevrobaze metyvelebs. es garemoeba, miuxedavad aRniSnuli daSvebisa TxoTis qvabovanis saero dasaxlebis mizniT Seqmnis Taobaze,
gvavaldebulebs sabolood arc aq gamovricxoT kompleqsis sakulto-memorialuri
mizniT gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, Tundac funqcionirebis gvian etapebze.
cxadia, qvabTa am kompleqsis Semdgomi arqeologiuri Seswavla misi warmoSobisa
da funqcionirebis viTarebasTan dakavSirebul mraval sakiTxs daazustebs, magram
Cvenma kvlevam zogierT sakiTxTa mimarTebaSi ukve gamoiRo mniSvnelovani Sedegi.
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upirveles yovlisa damtkicda, rom qarTlis qristianobaze moqcevis xanaSi, „wminda
ninos cxovrebaSi“ sakmaod konkretulad miniSnebul adgilze, TxoTis mTidan kaspisken
gadasavalze, namdvilad arsebobda qvabTa mozrdili kompleqsi. es faqti kidev erTxel
adasturebs rogorc „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ”-Si moTxrobil movlenaTa didi nawilis
utyuarobas, ise am Txzulebis ZiriTadi epizodebis qarTlis gaqristianebis TiTqmis
Tanadroulad Seqmnas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli geografiuli garemo amdenad
detalurad ar iqneboda aRwerili.
TxoTis mTis qvabovanSi Catarebuli muSaobis meore da aranakleb mniSvnelovani
Sedegi isaa, rom aq dadasturebuli faqtebiT kidev ufro naTeli gaxda Sida qarTlis
winaqristianuli xanis kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglTa gavrcelebis masStabis sakiTxi.
rogorc vnaxeT, Sida qarTlis am lokalur raionSi uZvelesi epoqis ukve mexuTe kldis
Zegli dadasturda. rogoria am rigis ZeglTa ganvrcobis realuri suraTi da amdenad,
SemdgomSi am tipis ZeglTa dadasturebis prognozi? “meore ufliscixis” aRmoCenas,
cxadia, ar unda movelodeT_ufliscixe Tavisi grandiozulobiT da mxatvruli
daxvewilobiT, saqarTveloSi erTaderTia da ganumeorebeli, Tumca imave Tu ufro
adreuli xanis rigiTi, Tundac TxoTis qvabovanis tipis ZeglTa Semdgomi ZiebisaTvis
ki savsebiT realuri safuZveli gagvaCnia. ukve dRevandel etapzeve moniSnuli gvaqvs
ramdenime kldeSi nakveTi kompleqsi Sida qarTlidan (kalobnis qvabebi mdinare TeZmis
xeobaSi, botisis qvabTa grandiozuli kompleqsi mdinare kavTuras xeobaSi da sxv.),
romelTa winaswaruli xuroTmoZRvruli da arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegebi, Cveni
azriT maT Zv. w. I aTaswleulis sxvadasxva periodSi warmoSobaze metyvelebs [40-I].
rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos am epoqaTa sayovelTaod cnobili Tu axlad
gamovlenili kldis Zeglebis kvlevis Sedegebma sabolood dagvarwmuna, Cveni qveynis
teritoriaze, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da antikur xanaTa sxvadasxva etapze, xelovnur
gamoqvabulTa kveTis Cvevam ukana planze ki ar gadaiwia, aramed ufro farTo masStabi
SeiZina. ufro metic, aRniSnulma tradiciam am TvalsazrisiT naklebad “aTvisebul”
regionebSic SeaRwia. magaliTad, Cven xelT arsebuli monacemebi jerjerobiT imaze
metyvelebs, rom kldiTxuroobis xelovnebas Sida qarTlis vrcel teritoriebze,
mniSvnelovanwilad swored am dros unda moekidebina fexi (cxdia, Tuki am mxaris
ufro adreuli kldis Zeglebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi masobrivad, totalurad ar aris
rekonstruirebuli). iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tu ramdenadme adre ara, adreantikuri
xanidan mainc, qarTuli kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis epicentrma qvemo
qarTlidan md. mtkvris da mis SenakadTa xeobebSi, mTagorian dablobebSi gadainacvla. es
movlena kargad eTanxmeba araerTi qarTveli mecnieris mier SeniSnul kanonzomierebas
imis Taobaze, rom daaxloebiT am epoqaSi, rigi politikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis
xelSewyobiT, saqarTvelos am raionebis mosaxleoba hegemoniur mdgomareobas aRwevs
qarTvelur tomebs Soris da es tendencia Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebisTvis iberiis
dawinaurebuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebiT dasrulda [280; 155]. SesaZloa, swored am
movlenis gamoZaxili iyos is garemoeba, rom gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da antikur xanaSi,
Sida qarTlis teritoriis aRmosavlur-qarTul tomTa konsolidaciis centrad qcevis
kvaldakval, am teritoriebze gavrcelebulma kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSebma
ramdenadme axleburi funqciuri datvirTva SeiZina: magaliTad, iberiis uZvelesi
qalaqebis midamoebSi mikvleuli gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis umetesoba ukve nebismieri
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struqturisa da konfiguraciis qvabovani sacxovrisebis erTobliobas ki aRar
warmoadgens, aramed sul sxva tipis (qalaquri?) dasaxlebebSi binadari sazogadoebis
privilegirebul warmomadgenelTa (rig SemTxvevaSi dinastTa) samarx qvabovan akldamebs, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki am winaparTa Tayvaniscemis adgilebs [225; 226 ].
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, Cven sruliadac ar migvaCnia, rom antikuri xanis
iberiaSi da, miT umetes Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulTa mijnaze, kldis saero sacxovreblebis
mSeneblobis tradicia ukve sruliad miviwyebuli iyo. piriqiT, saubari gvaqvs ra
qvabovan dasaxlebebis binadarTa mier cxovrebis am wesis cvlilebaze da kldeSi nakveT
saTavsTa funqciis TandaTanobiT transformaciaze, vgulisxmobT, rom aseTi dasaxlebebis mowyobaze da maTSi cxovrebaze, mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili kidev didxans
ar ityoda uars (marTlac, am tradiciam arcTu epizoduri reminiscenciis saxiT, Sua
saukuneebSic ki SeinarCuna arsebobis ufleba). swored amitom, ar gamovricxavT, rom
saqarTveloSi mikvleul gamoqvabul kompleqsTa erTi nawili (Tundac TxoTis qvabovanis rigis Zeglebi), sadac gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis Tu antikuri xanis samSeneblo
arqeologiuri fenebi ki dadasturda, magram saTavsTa sivrcul-gegmarebiTi Tavisebureba maincdamainc sakulto-memorialur funqciaze ar migvaniSnebs, am epoqaSi
Seqmnil qvabovan dasaxlebebs unda warmoadgendes.
da bolos, unda SevCerdeT Semdeg garemoebaze. qarTul istoriul qronikebSi
dacul zogierT cnobaze dayrdnobiT [1; 2] iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom uZveles qarTul
saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebaTa warmoSobis xanaSi, qalaqebis umravlesoba ama Tu
im formiT mWidro kavSirSi iyo kldeSi nakveTobebTan. garda imisa, rom erT-erTi
amaTTagani, ufliscixe, praqtikulad erTianad kldeSia nakveTi, sakmaod damafiqrebelia antikuri epoqis Semdegi miwiszeda dasaxlebebis da qvabovani kompleqsebis
“Sewyvilebulad” Tanaarseboba: qalaq sarkines savaraudo lokalizaciis maxloblad
mdebareobs SiomRvimis zemoT aRwerili qvabebi; kaspis naqalaqaris mezoblad TxoTis
qvabovani yofila gamokveTili; samSvildis naqalaqars gars artyia gamoqvabulTa
mZlavri dajgufebani; oZrxes midamoebis xeobaTa kalTebSi mravladaa gamokveTili
qvemo qarTlis tipis, arqauli gegmarebis xelovnur qvabTa kompleqsebi; naqalaqar
wundas gadmohyurebs berTayanis da sxva uZveles qvabTa jgufebi; mcxeTaSi, armazcixekarsnisxevis kldovani kalTebis gayolebaze, mravali iseTi qvabia nakveTi, romelTa
xuroTmoZRvruli Taviseburebani maT winaqristianul xanaSi Seqmnaze metyvelebs. ra
Tqma unda, CamoTvlil kldis ZeglTa da naqalaqarTa nawilis sinqronulobis dasabuTeba an maTi warmoSobis Tanamimdevrobis zedmiwevniTi gansazRvra jer kidev xangrZliv
kvlevas saWiroebs, magram zogierT aseT “wyvilTa” daaxloebiTi Tanadrouloba ukve
davamtkiceT.
aq SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT b-ni niko berZeniSvilis mier gamoTqmuli hipoTeza
imis Taobaze, rom SesaZloa toponimi “ufliscixe” (romelic Sida qarTlis garda
saqarTvelos sxva regionebSicaa dadasturebuli), Tavis droze sazogado saxeli iyo
da uZveles qarTul qalaqTa an politikur erTeulTa mmarTvelebis, “uflebis” cixerezidenciebs aRniSnavda [52, gv. 331-332]. dResdReobiT, gagavaCnia ra dazustebuli
informacia Tanamedrove qvabovan ansabl ufliscixis Tavdapirveli funqciis Taobaze
da saqarTvelosa Tu antikuri samyaros mezobeli regionebis ramdenadme msgavsi
kldis Zeglebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, Tavs uflebas mivcemT, pativcemuli mkvlevaris
78
aRniSnuli migneba, gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT warmovadginoT. xom SesaZloa, rom
rigi uZvelesi qarTuli qalaqebis uSualo struqturaSi an maxloblad mdebare, zemoT
aRniSnuli tipis qvabovani kompleqsebi warmoadgenda am “ufliscixeebs”, magram isini
mmarTveli dinastebis rezidenciebi ki ar iyo, aramed winapari “uflebis” akldamebis da
maT kultTan dakavSirebul samlocveloTa movaleobas asrulebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
SeniSnuli kanonzomiereba qarTlis uZvelesi naqalaqarebisa da Cven mier Seswavlili
qvabTa kompleqsebis mezoblobis Taobaze, kargad miesadageboda amave saxelwodebis,
ufliscixis kldeSi nakveTi akldama-taZrebis grandiozuli ansamblis aRmocenebis
fenomens.
meore mxriv, aRniSnul dasaxlebul punqtebSi winaparTa dakrZalvisa da Tayvaniscemis adgilebad masobrivad qvabovani saTavsebis Segulebis mizezi, “kldis
maradiulobis simbolod miCnevis” garda [196], is garemoebac unda yofiliyo, rom
adreantikuri Tu elinisturi xanis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mexsierebaSi jer kidev
SemorCenili iqneboda cnoba maTi winapari tomebis mniSvnelovani nawilis qvabovan
dasaxlebebSi binadrobis Sesaxeb. TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi (maT Soris
ufliscixeSic), arc imis SesaZlebloba unda gamovricxoT, rom qvabovani akldamataZrebi swored am uZvelesi kldis dasaxlebebis rekonstruqcia-adaptaciis Sedegad
iqmneboda, Tumca Tavdapirveli gegmarebiTi elementebisa da arqeologiuri fenebis
ganadgurebis gamo, am versiis Semowmeba dRes umeteswilad SeuZlebelia.
79
Tavi III. kldis xuroTmoZRvreba
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
naSromis wina nakveTebSi ukve aRvniSneT, rom sul raRac oriode aTeuli wlis win,
specialist-mkvlevarTaTvisac ki, saqarTvelos teritoriaze dafiqsirebuli praqtikulad yoveli xelovnuri gamoqvabuli Tu qvabTa kompleqsi, erTaderTi gamonaklisis,
ufliscixis ansamblis garda, Sua saukuneebis ZeglebTan asocirdeboda. aseTi iluzia
mniSvnelovanwilad im garemoebiTac iyo gamowveuli, rom am epoqaSi winare qristianuli
xanis qarTul kldis ZeglTa didi umravlesoba xelaxla gamoiyenes, safuZvlianad
gadaakeTes da maT, arcTu iSviaTad, sruliad gansxvavebuli funqcia mianiWes. Sua
saukuneebSi reokupirebuli mravali aseTi Zeglis Sesaxeb Cven ukve gvqonda saubari da,
vfiqrobT davrwmundiT, rom mxolod gamorCeuli rangis, gegmarebisa da Semkulobis
kldis Zeglebs aqvs xolme SemorCenili iseTi mkafio niSnebi, romelTa xuroTmoZRvrul
analizze dayrdnobiT, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis gareSec SesaZlebelia uZvelesi da
Semdgomi plastebis gamijvna.
kldeSi nakveTi qarTuli Zeglebis didi nawilis daniSnulebis, warmoSobis xanisa
da xelaxali aTvisebis qronologiuri CarCoebis zustad gansazRvrisaTvis jer kidev
xangrZlivi, skrupulozuri xuroTmoZRvruli da arqeologiuri samuSaoebi gvelis,
Tumca, Cven mier am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi ukve axlave calsaxad
metyvelebs Semdegze: saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebebi qristianul eras kldeSi nakveTi xuroTmoZRvrebis mravalsaukunovani,
sakmaod mdidari tradiciiT Seegebnen.
kldiTxuroobis Cveva CvenSi arc epoqaTa am gasayaris Semdeg moSlila. rogorc
istoriuli sabuTebi, ise CvenTvis cnobili kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis mecnieruli
kvlevis Sedegebi dabejiTebiT migvaniSnebs imaze, rom dawyebuli adreuli Sua
saukuneebidan, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT, kldeSi nakveT saTavsTa
Seqmnasa da gamoyenebas, saqarTvelos mravali regionis mosaxleobis materialur da
sulier yofaSi metad mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. aseTi mtkicebis safuZvels Tundac
aRniSnul epoqebSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnili metad STambeWdavi, msoflio mniSvnelobis
kldis ZeglTa kompleqsebi _ daviT garejisa da varZiis samonastro ansamblebi iZleva
[424; 63; 187; 325 da sxv.]. CvenSi amave epoqaTa kidev mravali, met-naklebi maSstabis,
magram TiTqmis yovelTvis uaRresad saintereso kldeSi nakveTi Zeglia mikvleuli da
Seswavlili rogorc winamorbedi da Tanamedrove mecnierebis, ise uSualod Cven mier.
yovelive es uflebas gvaZlevs Sua saukuneebis garkveul stadiebze, saqarTveloSi
kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis xelaxal ayvavebaze visaubroT.
iseve rogorc msoflios yvela im regionSi, sadac kldis xuroTmoZRvreba iyo
gavrcelebuli, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic kldis saTavsebi Semdegi ZiriTadi
daniSnulebiT ikveTeboda: sacxovrebel-sameurneo,
sakulto-memorialuri da
TavdacviTi. cxadia, am epoqaze saubrisas ZalaSi rCeba winaqristianul qarTul
kldis ZeglTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas Cven mier aRniSnuli garemoeba imis Taobaze, rom
saqarTvelos teritoriis didi nawili, gansxvavebiT msoflios zogierTi klasikuri
“troglodituri” regionisgan, ar ganekuTvneba iseT klimatur-geografiul zonas,
sadac kldeSi saTavsebis (sacxovreblebis) kveTa, mkacri kontinenturi havis pirobebSi,
80
praqtikuli aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli. rogorc winare epoqebSi, ise Sua saukuneebSi,
CvenSi gamoqvabuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTareba uTuod damatebiTi socialurpolitikuri, eTno-kulturuli Tu ideologiuri stimulebiT iqneboda gamowveuli.
albaT es garemoeba iyo imis mizezi, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli
ganviTareba sakulto da TavdacviTi mniSvnelobis kldeSi nakveTobebma hpova, Tumca,
maT gverdiT, garkveul raionebsa da viTarebaSi, kldis saero sacxovreblebic, e. w.
“kldis saxlebi” da xandaxan, mTeli “kldis soflebic” iqmneboda.
SevecdebiT Tvali gadavavloT qarTuli kldiT xuroobis ganviTarebis umTavres
mimarTulebebs am epoqaSi.
qristianuli monasticizmi da qarTuli kldis
xuroTmoZRvrebis xelaxali ayvavebis xana
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos kulturisa da istoriis sakiTxTa SeswavlisTvis,
qristianul RvTismsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis kvleva
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgens.
am rigis qarTul qvabovan ZeglTa absoluturi umravlesoba*, rogorc istoriuli sabuTebis, ise xuroTmoZRvruli aRnagobis Tu iq dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTis mixedviT, sisxlxorceulad Cans dakavSirebuli qristianul samonazvno
cxovrebasTan, anu qristianul asketizmTan [69; 36; 538; 399]. ufro metic, saqarTvelos
zogierT regionSi (magaliTad, mtkvris xeobis Sua weli, garejis mravalmTa), swored
qvabovani saTavsebi dominirebda Sua saukuneebis mravalricxovan udabnoTa struqturaSi, xolo monasterTa erTi nawili ki mTlianad kldeSi iyo nakveTi [424; 65]**. amdenad,
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis nebismieri mkvlevari, romel aspeqtsac unda aniWebdes prioritets maTi Seswavlisas, qarTuli qristianuli monasticizmis
warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis TaviseburebaTa problemas gverds ver auvlis.
am problemasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxis gaSuqeba Cvenma naSrommac
moiTxova. imisTvis, rom vimsjeloT qarTul monasterTa struqturaSi kldeSi nakveTobebis rolze, unda kargad gaviazroT, Tu rodis Caeyara safuZveli saqarTvelos
teritoriaze qristianul samonazvno moZraobas da pirvel samonastro organizaciebs,
kerZod romeli uZvelesi qristianuli qveynebis monastrebis modelebi warmoadgenda
*
am epoqis saqarTveloSi metad iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba sayovelTao, samrevlo
daniSnulebis qvabovani eklesiebi an maTi atribuciis Semadgeneli kldeSi nakveTobebi
(damxmare saTavsebi, kriptebi da sxv.) [383; 429; 65; 108 da sxv.]. SedarebiT xSiria nawilobriv
kldeSi nakveTi, amave funqciis eklesiebi [265, gv. 117, 123; 197; 385; 297, gv. 13]. miuxedavad
amisa, am tipis kldis ZeglTa calke jgufad gamoyofa mainc ar CavTvaleT mizanSewonilad,
vinaidan maTi umravlesobis Tavdapirveli daniSnuleba sabolood dadgenili ar aris da
savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom Semdgomma kvlevam am versiaTa koreqcia gamoiwvios. mag., Cveni
winaswaruli dakvirvebiT gamoricxuli ar aris, rom SemdgomSi samrevlo daniSnulebiT
gamoyenebul eklesiaTa mimdebare qvabTa mniSvnelovani nawili, odesRac iq mimdinare
samonazvno moRvaweobis materialur naSTebs an memorialur Zeglebs warmoadgens.
** kldeSi nakveTobebsa da qristianul udabnoebs Soris kavSiri imdenad mWidroa saqarTvelos
zogierT mxareSi, rom, rogorc Semdgom davinaxavT, zogierTi mkvlevari seriozulad
dafiqrda adreuli etapebis qarTuli monasticizmis “absolutur qvabovan” bunebaze.
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maT prototipebs, ganviTarebis ra safexurebi ganvlo qarTulma monasticizmma
da ramdenad Seesabameboda TiToeul etapze qarTuli monastrebis ideologourstruqturuli Taviseburebani sxva qristianuli qveynebis analogiur organizaciebSi
miRebul normebs.
qarTvel istorikos mecnierTagan aravin uaryofs im faqts, rom qristianuli
monasticizmis idea saqarTveloSi aRmosavleTis qristianuli samyaros qveynebis gavleniT gavrcelda. am versias adasturebs qarTuli Tu sazRvargareTuli werilobiTi
wyaroebi: istoriografiuli naSromebi, hagiografiuli Txzulebebi da sxv. es sakiTxi
damoukidebeli Cans im jerjerobiT gadauWreli problemisgan, Tu aRmosavlurqristianul romel sapatriarqoTa samwysos warmoadgenen IV_VII ss-Si aRmosavleT da
dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebi da sad xdeboda maTi pirveli episkoposebis
Tu kaTalikosebis xeldasxma [270, gv. 333-337]. saqme is aris, rom rogorc imperator
konstantines mier gamocemuli milanis ediqtis (313 w) winare periodSi, ise amis Semdgom
2-3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi, aRmosavleT romis imperiis qristianuli asketizmis centrebs
warmoadgenda am moZraobis samSoblo, egvipte da adreuli monasticizmis ramdenime
klasikuri regioni: sinais naxevarkunZuli, palestina, siria-mesopotamia da kabadokia
[565; 538; 605; 583]. saqarTveloc, iseve rogorc aRniSnuli epoqis nebismieri aRmosavlurqristianuli qveyana, monasticizmis mastimulirebeli impulsebiT, bunebrivia, am
regionebidan isazrdoebda. gasarkvevi mxolod is sakiTxia, Tu konkretulad rodis
moaRwia saqarTvelomde samonastro moZraobis pirvelma talRam da aRniSnul regionTa
romel samonastro centrebTan ufro mWidro kavSiri hqondaT adreul qarTul
samonastro organizaciebs.
dResdReobiT, Cven xelT arsebuli mravali istoriuli dokumenti metyvelebs
saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT-bizantiuri samyaros qristianul samonastro centrebs
Soris IV_V ss-Si mWidro ideologiur kulturuli kavSirebis arsebobaze. amJamad
arc is faqti iwvevs eWvs, rom pirveli qarTveli berebi wminda miwaze (palestinaSi,
ierusalimisa da beTlemis midamoebSi), egviptesa Tu siriaSi, IV_V ss-Si gamoCndnen [421].
isini moRvaweobdnen rogorc sayovelTaod cnobil, “internacionalur samonastro
centrebSi (“didi lavra”, “berSeba” da sxv.), ise sakuTari ZalisxmeviT agebul monastrebSi
(“bir-el-kuTis”, igive wm. Tevdores monasteri beTlemTan, petre iberis mier agebuli
monasteri TebesTan da sxv.), rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom V s-dan mainc, aRniSnul regionebSi
TanamemamuleTa samonazvno moZraobisadmi mzrunveloba, qarTvel didgvarovan moxeleTa mier saxelmwifoebrivi mzrunvelobis rangSi iyo ayvanili [ 247 ]. aseT fonze, cota
ar iyos Zneli warmosadgenia, rom im epoqaTa qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebsa Tu
saxelmwifo oficiozs, mzrunveloba mxolod sazRvargareTis, Tundac wminda miwis
qarTuli savaneebisadmi gamoeCinaT. es garemoeba seriozul arguments warmoadgens
im mosazrebis sasargeblod, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze V saukuneSive unda
arsebuliyo qristian asketTa pirveli organizaciebi [36; 264]. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan
qarTveli mkvlevrebi axlaRa Seudgnen am xanis saqarTveloSi samonastro moZraobis
damadasturebeli sabuTebis moZiebas, aRniSnul sakiTxze gadaWriTi azris gamoTqma
jerjerobiT Wirs. vfiqrobT, am mimarTulebiT momavali muSaobisas CvenSic, maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis qristianuli siZveleebis Seswavlis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, werilobiTi wyaroebisa da xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi meTodebiT kvlevis monacemebi, uZvelesi
qarTuli monastrebis arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegebma unda daadasturos.
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Cven istoriografiaSi, saqarTveloSi qristianuli monasticizmis Casaxvis xanis
Sesaxeb sakmaod gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebia gamoTqmuli. XIX-XX ss-is qarTvel
mecnierTa mniSvnelovan nawils, uZveles saeklesio-istoriul TxzulebebSi daculi
rigi cnobebis Taviseburi interpretaciis safuZvelze miaCndaT, rom saqarTveloSi
samonastro moZraobis damnergavebi arian VI s-is qristiani moRvaweebi, romelnic am
wyaroebSic da amJamadac “aTcamet asurel mamad” moixseniebian [121; 270, gv. 410; 273,
gv. 31 da sxv.]. VI s-is ganmavlobaSi (zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT V_VI s-Ta mijnidan
moyolebuli [122]) wina aziis qristianuli monasticizmis dawinaurebuli qveynebidan,
savaraudod siria-mesopotamiidan* da palestinidan saqarTveloSi jgufurad an
cal-calke Camosul am sasuliero pirTa mier CvenSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebisTvis da asketuri RvTismsaxurebis gaZlierebisaTvis gaRebuli Rvawli,
rogorc Cans, marTlac ganuzomlad didi iyo. aseTi mtkicebis safuZvels iZleva Cvenamde sxvadasxva saukuneebis redaqciebis saxiT moRweuli am wmindanTa cxovrebis
aRwerebi, cocxali saeklesio tradicia, toponomikuri monacemebi da sxv.
miuxedavad amisa, asurel mamaTa saqarTveloSi Camosvlis zusti TariRebi, maTi
ricxovnoba, eTnikur-mrwamsobrivi kuTvnileba, TiToeuli maTganis saqarTveloSi
gadaadgilebis marSrutebi da konkretul moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi,
jer kidev burusiTaa moculi da am problemaTa Taobaze qarTvel mecnierTa mier
xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. Cveni gamokvlevis konkretuli mimarTulebis gamo, bunebrivia, amjerad am problemaTagan mxolod zogierTs
SevexebiT, amasTan vimedovnebT, rom Cven mier asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis Tundac
zogierTi detalis dazusteba, mniSvnelovnad waadgeba qarTuli samonastro moZraobis
istoriis obieqturad gaSuqebis saqmes.
Tavdapirvelad im sakiTxis garkvevas SevecdebiT, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo
uSualod asurel moRvaweTa da maT TanamoazreTa mier saqarTveloSi daarsebul
monasterTa Tavdapirveli struqtura da iersaxe.
Cven winamorbed mkvlevarebs, qarTuli qristianuli moweseobis Tavdapirveli
bunebis Sesaxebac erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi gaaCndaT. didma
qarTvelma istorikosma, iv. javaxiSvilma yuradReba miapyro im faqts, rom zogierTi
saeklesio-istoriuli wyaro saqarTveloSi samonastro wyobilebis danergvis saqmeSi
prioritets aniWebs ara asurel mamebs, aramed VIII_IX saukuneTa mijnis cnobil
qristian moRvawes, grigol xanZTels da mis mowafeebs [273, gv. 31]. iv. javaxiSvils
grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis avtoris, giorgi merCulis cnobebi sarwmunod miaCnda da
am sakiTxSi istoriul wyaroTa winaaRmdegobriobas Semdegi axsna mouZebna: am versiis
mixedviT asurelma mamebma saqarTveloSi mxold martomyof meudabnoeobas Cauyares
safuZveli, romelic mogvianebiT, VIII_IX ss-Si, grigol xanZTelisa da misi mowafeebis
moRvaweobis Sedegad Secvala srulyofilad organizebuli samonastro weswyobilebiT.
miuxedavad aseTi daSvebisa, iv. javaxiSvils, rogorc Cans, mainc uZneldeboda qarTuli
monasticizmis ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi faqtiurad embrionul mdgomareobaSi
warmodgena da iqve dasZenda, rom gamoricxuli ar iyo grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis
*
adreuli da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ori geografiuli cnebis, “asureTisa” da “siriis” identifikacia. Cvens mier
moxmobil wyaroebSic, rodesac saubaria xolme “asureTze”, xSirad igulisxmeba qalaqebis,
antioqiisa da edesis mimdebare mxareebi, romlebic adre bizantiur xanaSi e.w. “siriuli”
monasticizmis gavrcelebis arealebad iyo miCneuli.
83
avtorisTvis “mexsierebas eRalatna” da mxedvelobidan gamorCenoda saqarTveloSi
monastrebis gacilebiT adreul xanaSi formirebis faqtebi [273, gv. 32].
k. kekeliZec saqarTveloSi monasticizmis ideebis pirvel gamavrceleblad da
meudabnoeobis damnergavebad asurel moRvaweebs miiCnevda [121; 122]. am sakiTxebisadmi
miZRvnil mis naSromebSi terminebi “udabno” da “monasteri” sinonimebadaa gaazrebuli
da miuxedavad imisa, rom am ori cnebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb mkveTrad gamokveTili pozicia ar Camouyalibebia, unda vifiqroT, rom igi VI_VII ss saqarTveloSi
mxolod araorganizebuli martomyofelobis arsebobas ar eTanxmeboda.
g. CubinaSvils, aRniSnul mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, asurel mamaTa umTavres
Rvawlad saqarTveloSi samonastro moZraobis ganmtkiceba miaCnda [424, gv.4]. amasTan,
Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi “daviT garejis gamoqvabuli monastrebi”, uSualod
asurel moRvaweTa mier daarsebul pirvelive savaneebs monastrebad moixseniebda [424,
gv. 23-42].
me-20 saukunis bolo meoTxedSi, qarTuli monasticizmis or safexurad gamijvnis
Taobaze iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmuli da mis mierve kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebuli
versia, ueWvel faqtad miiCnia Sua saukuneebis kldis ZeglTa cnobilma mkvlevarma g.
gafrindaSvilma da amis safuZvelze, qarTul savaneTa xuroTmoZRvruli saxis qronologiuri diferenciaciis originaluri Teoria Camoayaliba. am Teoriis arsSi ukeT
Casawvdomad, ucvlelad moviyvanT zogierT citatas misi avtoris naSromebidan:
“speleistikuri kvleva-ZiebiT gairkva, rom saqarTveloSi samonazvno moZraoba
ori safexurisagan Sedgeba: pirveli es aris meudabnoeoba, rac mxolod da mxolod
udabno-ZeglebiT, e.i. qvabebiT gamoixateba. misi damnergavni arian meudabnoe, martodmyofni “aTcameti asureli mama” _ ioane zedazneli da misi mowafeebi. meore
safexuria _ samonastro cxovreba, warmodgenili naSeni eklesiiTa da masTan erT
ansamblSi gaerTianebuli qviTkiris nagebobebiT. samonastro cxovreba meudabnoeobis
wiaRSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda VIII_IX saukuneebis mijnaze” [63, gv. 5]. “qvab-udabnos
urTierTobis garkvevam mravalricxvovani “udabno” Zegli warmoaCina da maTi meSveobiT
naTeli gaxda meudabnoeobis arseboba saqarTveloSi, rac ZiriTadad moicavs VI_VIII
saukuneebs. es socialuri moZraoba qarTul istoriografiaSi uaryofilia da igi
samonastro moZraobiTaa Secvlili.* meudabnoeobis problemam samonastro cxovrebis
TaviseburebaTa da udabno-monastris urTierTobis garkvevis sakiTxi daayena.
irkveva, rom “monasteri” sakulto da sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis qvis nagebobaTa
saerTo sacxovrebeli kompleqsia. igi meudabnoeobis Semdegdroindeli movlenaa da
saqarTveloSi VIII_IX ss vrceldeba. TandaTan monastrebi udabnoSic iWreba da maTma
sinTezma mogvca lavra. e.i. lavra warmoadgens udabno monasters** “ [69, gv. 4].
amrigad, am Teoriis mixedviT VI_VIII saukuneebi qarTul samonazvno moZraobaSi
“sufTa qvabovani” epoqaa da sakmarisia romelime qarTul monasterSi qvis eklesiebi an
meudabnoeobis, anu asketuri RvTismsaxurebis saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebas adreuli
Sua saukuneebidanve, sruliad calsaxad adastureben TavianT naSromebSi iv. javaxiSvili, k.
kekeliZe, g. CubinaSvili da sxva cnobili qarTveli mecnierebi [273; 122]. amdenad, qarTul
istoriografiaSi meudabnoeoebis rolis uaryofis mcdeloba Cven ver SevniSneT. Zveli
qarTuli sasuliero literaturis mimoxilvam imaSic dagvarwmuna, rom mTeli Sua saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi cnebebi “udabno” da “monasteri”, am TxzulebaTa avtorebis mier sinonimebad
moiazreba.
** termin “lavras”, msoflios qristianul samyaroSi IV_V ss-dan dawyebuli dRemde, sul sxva
azrobrivi datvirTviT iyeneben, razedac ufro vrclad qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
*
84
sxva nagebobebis kvali SevniSnoT, maT VIII_IX saukuneTa mijnaze adrindelad verasgziTY
ver miviCnevT.
ver vityviT, rom qarTuli monasticizmis genezisisa da ganviTarebis aseT gaazrebas
qarTvel mecnierTa mxriv gansakuTrebuli mxardaWera moepovebinos, magram vinaidan
ganvlili 25 wlis manZilze, miuxedavad araerTgzis deklarirebisa da publikaciisa,
arc principuli sajaro winaaRmdegoba Sexvedria (Cveni ramdenime publikaciis garda
[29; 36; 37] ), unda vifiqroT, rom Sua saukuneebis istoriis mkvlevarTa erTma nawilma
es Teoria garkveulwilad mainc gaiziara. amis dasturad SeiZleba CaiTvalos cnobili
xelovnebaTmcodnis, n. CubinaSvilis pozicia, romelmac adreuli qarTuli monastrebis
amgvari diferenciacia dasaSvebad miiCnia [431, gv. 106]. am Teorias TiTqos eTanxmeba
prof. v. silogavac [200, gv. 2-3]. g. gafrindaSvilis es hipoteza ukritikod gaiziara
kldeSi nakveTi monastrebis mkvlevarma zogierTma arqeologmac [59; 316, gv. 6-7 ].
am Teoriis marTebulobaze msjelobisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom masSi aRZruli
sakiTxebi aRmosavleTis qristianuli qveynebidan saqarTveloSi axlad gadmonergil
RvTismsaxurebis wesebs exeba. saqarTvelosa da wina aziis regionebis qristianul organizaciebs Soris, mTeli adreuli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mWidro partnioruli
Tu ierarqiuli kavSir-urTierTobis arseboba mecnierulad savsebiT dasabuTebulia,
amitom qarTuli samonazvno moZraobis Taviseburebebis kvleva yovel konkretul
etapze, mxolod aRmosavlur-qristianuli monasticizmis imavdrouli mimarTulebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT mogvcems sasurvel Sedegs.
qristianuli asketizmis idea aRniSnul regionebSi, macxovris xorcieli aRsasrulis Semdeg, pirveli qritianuli Temebis warmoSobisTanave gaxda popularuli,
Tumca qristes Semdgom pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, am moZraobas primitiuli
meudabnoeobis saxe hqonda. namdvili qristianuli monasticizmis akvani egviptea, sadac
IV s-is dasawyisSi wm. antonis TaosnobiT pirveli udabno-monastrebi daarsda, magram arc
am gandegilTa koloniebs hqondaT srulyofili organizaciebis saxe da TanamoazreTa
Tavisufal kavSirs warmoadgenda. imave saukunis bolos ki wm. paxomis moRvaweobis
Sedegad egvipteSi erTadmyofeli berebis savaldebulo disciplinaze dafuZnebuli
monastrebic daarsda [565, gv. 7-12].
IV s-is bolos da V s-Si, gandegili Tu erTadmyofeli berebi sinais naxevarkunZulzec aarseben organizebul monastrebs. imave xanaSi palestinaSi, iudeas udabnoSi
mimdinare gacxovelebuli samonastro mSenebloba wm. xaritonis da mis mowafeTa
moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba. amis paralelurad mniSvnelovani samonastro centrebi
gaCnda agreTve siriis udabnoebSi, kabadokiaSi da wina aziis zogierT sxva raionSi [538,
gv. 10-17; 497, gv. 341].
VI s-Si da VII s-is dasawyisSi (arabTa mier am teritoriebis dapyrobamde)
aRmosavleTis am qveynebis udabnoebSi qristianuli samonastro moZraoba Tavis zenits
aRwevs: egvipteSi am epoqis asze meti monasteria mikvleuli, iudeas udabnoSi 70-mde;
aTeulobiT monasteria dafiqsirebuli bizantiis imperiis sxva aRmosavleT provinciebSic [399, gv. 322; 540, gv. 149-152].
am monastrebis warmoqmnis ideologiuri safuZvlebis da politikuri fonis
detaluri ganxilva Cveni kvlevis sagans scildeba. amjerad aRniSnuli regionebis
samonastro organizaciebis struqturisa da gegmarebis zogierT sakiTxze SevCerdebiT.
amgvari mimoxilva garkveul warmodgenas Segviqmnis am “etalonuri” samonastro
85
centrebidan saqarTveloSi gadmonergili monasticizmis xasiaTze da uZvelesi qarTuli monastrebis xuroTmoZRvruli ganviTarebis zogad principebze.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi qristiani meudabnoe
asketebis daqsaqsuli moRvaweobis epoqa ZiriTadad I_III ss-s moicavs. am periodSi
meudabnoeTa moweseobis stili sxadasxva regionSi garegnuli niSnebiT erTmaneTisagan
arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda: gandegili berebi saxldebodnen udabur, dausaxlebel
adgilebSi. sacxovreblad iyenebdnen bunebriv mRvimeebs, winaistoriul epoqaTa
gamoqvabulebs (magaliTad, Zvel akldamebs), mitovebul cixe-simagreTa nangrevebs,
Tumca xSirad alizis an xis senakebsac iSenebdnen [399, gv. 518; 565, gv. 16]. aseT sadgomebTan specialurad mowyobili samlocvelo nagebobebi ar dasturdeba da, cxadia,
yoveldRiur locvas meudabnoeebi sacxovreblebSive aRavlendnen.
imave regionebSi IV_VII ss-Si daarsebuli udabno-monastrebis zogadi struqturac
ar Cans didad damokidebuli maTi damaarsebeli moRvaweebis eTnikur warmomavlobaze,
dogmaturi sakiTxebis mimarT midgomaze da am teritoriebis politikur danawevrebaze.
es monastrebi moweseobis stilis mixedviT or ZirTad, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul
jgufad iyofoda:
1. lavrebi, e.i. gandegilebis gaerTianebebi, romlebic mxolod SabaT-kviras
xvdebodnen erTmaneTs erToblivi locvisa da trapezisaTvis;
2. zogadsacxovreblebi (koenobiumebi), sadac berebi erTad, erTi reJimiT
cxovrobdnen da loculobdnen.*
monastris orive es tipi aRniSnul regionebSi IV s-dan Cndeba [538, gv. 18-58].
miuxedavad RvTismsaxurebis wesis sxvaobisa, orive tipis samonastro organizaciebis
gegmarebiTi struqtura, umeteswilad erTmaneTisagan Znelad gansasxvavebeli iyo da
ZiriTadad Semdeg sqemebs emorCileboda:
*
unda iTqvas, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli monasticizmis istoriis mkvlevarTa mier
saTanadod ar iyo damuSavebuli sakiTxi qarTul samonastro organizaciaTa Sinaganawesis
mixedviT tipologiuri diferenciaciis Sesaxeb saerTo aRmosavlur-qristianuli dogmebis
fonze. magaliTad, iv. javaxiSvili mxolod imas gvauwyebs, rom qarTul monastrebSi
moRvaweobdnen rogorc “Sinamyofni”, ise “gareT dayudebulni” (soxasterebSi) [273, gv. 39].
rogorc Cans, mas ar gaaCnda cnobebi CvenSi moqmedi monastrebis sxva tipologiuri niSniT
dayofis Taobaze. aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi aseTive daukonkretebeli pozicia igrZnoba k.
kekeliZis, g. CubinaSvilis da qarTuli monasticizmis me-20 s-is sxva aRiarebuli mkvlevarebis
naSromebSic. am problemis gadawyvetisadmi interesi ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovnad
gamococxlda. magaliTad, r. siraZis azriT, saqarTveloSi ukve VI s-dan moyolebuli,
funqcionirebda monasterTa sami saxe: 1.martomyofeluri anu anaqoretuli; 2. Zmoba anu
zogadsacxovreblebi; 3.lavra _ maTi Serwyma [r. siraZe, vici raisTvis var. “ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis” kulturul-istoriuli Sinaarsi. Jurnali „ciskari“ #10. Tb., 1988].
rogorc adreuli, ise ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis aRmosavlur-qristianul
samyaroSi da kerZod, saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi aRniSnuli sami wesis meudabnoeobis
gavrcelebis faqts Cvenc veTanxmebiT. amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli samive tipis
moweseoba qristianuli martomyofelobis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli saxeobebia, Cven
terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT rigi sazRvargareTeli mecnierebis klasifikacia ufro
marTebuli gveCveneba, romlebic Camoyalibebul monastrebad mxolod zogadsacxovreblebs
(koenobiumebs) da lavrebs miiCneven [538; 41]. marTlac, moweseTa aRniSnuli ori tipis
gaerTianebebisgan gansxvavebiT, albaT Znelia calke samonastro organizaciebad
miviCnioT TiTo-orola gandegilis (anaqoretebis) sadayudebulo sadgomebi, romelTa
binadrebic saerTo ganawess ar emorCilebian. Tuki „gareT dayudebuli“ martomyofelebi
erT organizaciad arian gaerTianebulni, maSin aseTi mcire udabnoebi lavris Semadgenel
nawilebad unda miviCnioT da, miT umetes, maT monastrebis damoukidebel tipad ver
gamovyofT.
86
a) e.w “kldovan” monastrebSi senakebad, iseve rogorc primitiuli meudabnoebis
sadgomebSi, xSirad gamoyenebuli iyo am regionebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kldovan
flateebSi arsebuli bunebrivi, rekonstruirebuli mRvimeebi, an xelovnuri, ZiriTadad reokupirebuli Zveli gamoqvabulebi. cxadia, monastrebis funqcionirebis
periodSi ikveTeboda axali qvab-senakebic. zogan mRvime-gamoqvabulebSive iyo mowyobili mcire samlocveloebi, ufro iSviaTad ki mozrdili eklesiebi. imave kldovan
masivebTan axlos mdebareobda qviT nagebi eklesiebi, satrapezoebi, senakebi, sameurneo
da safortifikacio nagebobani [573-575] ;
b) e.w. “swor adgilebze mdebare” monastrebi mxolod qviT nagebi komponentebisagan
Sedgeboda;
g) Zveli cixe-simagreebis bazaze ganviTarebuli monastrebic mTlianad qviT iyo
nagebi [538, gv. 42-55].
amrigad, rogorc irkveva, IV-VII ss-Si aRmosavluri qristianuli monasticizmis
yvelaze dawinaurebul regionebSi (egvipte, palestina, siria), udabno-monastrebis
formirebisas, gamoqvabulebiT mdidari kldovani masivebis arsebobas mniSvnelovani
roli eniWeboda, magram ara gadamweyveti. meudabnoe berebi, magaliTad iRebdnen ra
qristes xorcieli cxovrebis gamoqvabulebTan dakavSirebul zogierT epizods da pirvel wminda meudabnoeTa memorialur sadgomebs, xSirad ideologiuri mosazrebiTac
mimarTavdnen qvabebSi moRvaweobas. am movlenis gamoZaxils unda warmoadgendes
aRniSnuli samonastro centrebidan met-naklebi daSorebiT mikvleuli mcire
sadayudebuloebi (soxasterebi), romlebic xSirad mxolod qvabebisagan Sedgeboda
[573, gv. 239-242]. miuxedavad amisa, Cven ar gagvaCnia araviTari sabuTi imis Taobaze, rom
am epoqaSi romelime qveynis an Tundac lokaluri raionis udabno-monastrebisaTvis,
kldeSi nakveT saTavsebSi moRaweoba erTaderT dasaSveb normad qceuliyo (erTgvar
gamonaklisad SeiZleboda migveCnia kabadokiis zogierTi raioni, sadac bizantiuri
xanis monastrebis zedapiruli mimoxilvisas, TiTqos ZiriTadad kldeSi nakveTi
eklesia-senakebi dominirebs, magram vinaidan am kompleqsebis arqeologiuri kvleva
jerjerobiT epizodur xasiaTs atarebs, maT irgvliv mdebare qvis xuroTmoZRvrebis
masStabebis Sesaxeb jerjerobiT verafers vityviT [583]).
aRmosavlur qristianuli monasticizmis saerTo qronologiuri da tipologiuri
suraTis gaTvaliswinebiT, zemoT aRniSnuli Teoria qarTuli meudabnoeobis or etapad
dayofis Taobaze, dazustebas moiTxovs. upirveles yovlisa, ramdenadme gaugebaria,
Tu ratom unda hqonoda VI s-Si aRniSnuli dawinaurebuli monasticizmis qveynebidan
saqarTveloSi Semotanil meudabnoeobas araorganizebuli, martomyofeluri xasiaTi,
maSin rodesac TviT am qveynebSi aseTi tipis masobrivi moRvaweoba daaxloebiT 2
saukuniT adre dasrulda da mas asketebi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSiRa mimarTavdnen.
miT ufro saeWvoa, rom saqarTveloSi aseTi moweseoba kidev ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi
gagrZelebuliyo (VIII_IX ss mijnamde) da amgvarad, aRmosavluri monasticizmis
ganviTarebis sayovelTao gezs daax. 4 saukuniT CamorCenoda. aseTi daSvebis Taobaze
eWvs is faqtic aZlierebs, rom srulyofilad organizebuli qarTuli samonastro
centrebi klasikuri aRmosavluri monasticizmis qveynebSi, egviptesa da palestinaSi
(SesaZloa siriaSic), jer kidev V s-Si arsebobda [247; 500].
rogorc Cans, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul zemoT aRniSnul gamonaTqvamebSi, b-ni iv.
javaxiSvili zogierTi saeklesio terminis gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvloSi miRebul
87
intreptretacias eyrdnoboda. magaliTad, “meudabnoeoba” da “samonastro wyoba” mas
urTierTgamomricxav mcnebebad miaCnda, maSin rodesac adreqristianul aRmosavleTsa
da bizantiur samyaroSi “meudabnoeebad” iTvlebodnen udabnoebSi, e.i. dausaxlebel
adgilebSi mdebare, savsebiT Camoyalibebul samonastro organizaciebSi, rogorc
lavrebSi, ise koenobiumebSi moRvawe berebi.
amrigad, Tu ar vcdebiT, iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnuli gamonaTqvamiT im mosazrebas
uWerda mxars, rom IV_VII ss qarTul samonastro moZraobaSi martomyofeluri moweseobis
tendenciebi, e.i. lavris tipis organizaciebi Warbobda (Tumca, TviT termini “lavra”,
mas ubralod didi monastris sinonimad miaCnda [273, gv. 35]).
aRmosavluri qristianuli monasticizmis fonze, metad saeWvod gamoiyureba
qarTuli udabno-monastrebis “sufTa” qvabovani udabnoebidan evoluciis zemoT
aRniSnuli Teoriac. rogorc davrwmundiT, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis umniSvnelovanes
udabno-monastrebSi msgavsi kanonzomiereba ar SeiniSneba: maTi ganviTarebis yovel
safexurze kldeSi nakveTi saTavsebis (Tuki es komponentebi saerTod arsebobda) da qvis
nagebobebis Serwyma Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. amdenad, Znelad warmosadgenia VI s-Si am
regionebidan gadmoRebul samonazvno tradicias, saqarTvelos udabno-monastrebSi
qviT xuroTmoZRvreba ori saukuniT Seeferxebina (miT umetes, rodesac saqme exeba
winaqristianul xanaSi qvis saero da sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis esoden mdidari
tradiciebis mqone qveyanas).
qarTul udabno-monastrebSi Cven mier Catarebulma xuroTmoZRvrulma da arqeologiurma kvlevam, am sakiTxze sruliad calsaxa pasuxi gagvca. rogorc gamoirkva,
aRniSnuli Teoriis avtoris TvalsawierSi qarTuli udabno-monastrebis swored is
nawili moqceula, sadac kldeSi nakveTi saTavsebi marTlac qviTkiris nagebobebze
gacilebiT adreulia. Cven aseT qronologiur Tanamimdevrobas kanonzomier movlenad
ver miviCnevT, radgan amis sapirispirod SegviZlia mravali iseTi qarTuli monasteri
davasaxeloT, romlebic qvabebsac moicavs, magram maTi Semadgeneli qviTkiris
umniSvnelovanesi nagebobebi swored V_VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.* warmovadgenT
zogierTi maTganis zogad struqturas da faqtobriv monacemebs am monasterTa
Semadgeneli qvabovani Tu qviTkiris komponentebis daTariRebis Sesaxeb.
1. SiomRvimis monasteri, romlis daarseba erT-erTi asureli mamis, Sio mRvimelis
saxels ukavSirdeba, senakebad gamoyenebuli gamoqvabulebis da sxvadasxva epoqis qvis
nagebobebis erTobliobas warmoadgens.
rogorc naSromis wina nakveTSi aRvniSneT, am ansamblis Semadgeneli qvabebis
uZvelesi plastebi winaqristianuli xanisaa. udabnos daarsebaSi, qristianuli
aRmosavleTis mravali uZvelesi monastris msgavsad [538, gv. 55], am midamoebSi arsebul
aRniSnul kldis Zeglebs arsebiTi roli unda Seesrulebina [44]. qvabovan saTavsTa
gegmarebiT Tu vimsjelebT, meudabnoe berebma aq mxolod umniSvnelo rekonstruqcia
Caatares da arc eklesia-samlocveloebi mouwyviaT (tab. 77). monastris qvabovani
seqtoris aseTi martivi struqturac adrebizantiuri epoqis winaaziuri monastrebis
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa da imaze migvaniSnebs, rom ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi am
qvabTa ganvrcoba-adaptaciaze, saqarTvelos zogierTi sxva qvabovani monastrisgan
*
aq Segnebulad aRarafers vambobT am epoqaSi saqarTveloSi moqmed, mTlianad qviT nageb
umniSvnelovanes samonastro ansamblebze (nekresi, mcxeTis jvari, wilkani da sxv.), radganac
zogierTi maTganis Tavdapirveli funqcia jerjerobiT sakamaToa.
88
gansxvavebiT, ratomRac didad aRar uzruniaT.
rac Seexeba monastris kompleqsis Semadgenel mTavar taZars, ioane naTlismcemlis
saxelze agebul qviTkiris jvar-gumbaTovan eklesias, is cnobili mkvlevarebis mier
damajerebladaa daTariRebuli VI saukuniT [426; 19].
2. zedaznis monasteri qarTuli saeklesio tradiciis mixedviT aTcamet asurel
mamaTa sulieri lideris, ioane zedaznelis daarsebulia. g. gafrindaSvilma Tavis
naSromebSi yuradReba gaamaxvila am monastris maxloblad mdebare qvabTa jgufis
arsebobaze da isini, arcTu usafuZvlod, udabnos funqcionirebis pirveli stadiebis
samonazvno sadgomebad miiCnia [68, gv. 9]. man es garemoeba erT-erT mTavar argumentad
gamoiyena koncefciaSi VI_VIII saukuneebis qarTuli meudabnoeobis “sufTa qvabovani”
xasiaTis Sesaxeb da niSandoblivad miiCnia, rom am monastris mTavari qviTkiris nageboba,
samnaviani bazilika, mxolod VIII s-is miwurulSia agebuli. rogorc Cans, pativcemul
mkvlevars mxedvelobidan gamorCa is garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli eklesia ioane zedaznelis saflavze VI s-is bolos agebuli qviTkiris egvteris rekonstruqciis Sedegad
Seiqmna [430, gv. 31-37].
3. aseTive qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba SeiniSneba kidev erTi asureli
mamaTaganis, piros breTelis mier daarsebul savaneSi (sofeli breTa, qarelis raioni).
Tavdapirveli udabnos Semadgeneli, mdinare frones xeobis kalTebSi gamokveTili
ramdenime araswori geometriuli formis gamoqvabulis maxloblad, piros breTelis
saflavze VI s-Sive augiaT qviTkiris egvteri, romelic VIII_IX ss-Si gadakeTda da wm.
giorgis eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca [197].
4. Telavis raionSi, sofel kisisxevis maxloblad mdebare “kondamianis” samonastro
kompleqsi xeobis bunebriv terasaze ganlagebuli qvis nagebobebisa da kldovan
kalTebSi nakveTi ramdenime aTeuli gamoqvabulis erTobliobas warmoadgens. monastris
mTavari eklesiaa qviTkiris masStaburi, sameklesiani bazilika, romelic metad
kompetenturi mecnierebis mier VI saukuniTaa daTariRebuli [423, gv. 150-154]. monastris
Cven mier Seswavlili qvabebis nawilic [tab. 90], mTeli rigi niSnebiT, amave xanas unda
ganekuTvnebodes [43]. amrigad, am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs udabno-monastris tipTan,
sadac qvabovani da qviTkiris komponentebi daaxloebiT erTdrouladaa Seqmnili
qarTuli Tu aRmosavleT-qristianuli sxva udabno-monastrebis asocirebiT.
5. “kacxis svetis” samonastro kompleqsi qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis sakmaod
originaluri aRnagobiT gamoirCeva: vertikalurad aRmarTul kldis masivSi qvabsenakebia gamokveTili, xolo svetis Txemze agebulia ori eklesia, V da VI saukuneebisa
(erT-erTi naxevrad qvabovania) [244]. rogorc vxedavT, am monasterSic asketuri
meudabnoeobis gansxvavebuli formebi (am SemTxvevaSi mesveteoba da meqvabeoba)
qviTkiris nagebobebTan aris Serwymuli.
Cven CamovTvaleT saqrTveloSi mdebare ramdenime sayovelTaod cnobili monasteri, sadac qvabovani elementebisa da VI-VII ss qviTkiris eklesiebis Tanaarseboba TvalnaTlivia. unda vivaraudoT, rom am monastrebis teritoriaze aRniSnul epoqaSi qvis
sxva sayofacxovrebo Tu sameurneo nagebobanic iqneboda ganlagebuli (am mosazrebis
sasargeblod zogierTi qvabovani monasatris teritoriaze Catarebuli landSaftis
reliefisa da nagebobebis fragmentebis dazvervis Sedegebic metyvelebs [182-183]).
aqve davZenT, rom maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebis cnobil samonastro centrebSi mdebare V-VII ss-is qarTuli monastrebic zemoT aRniSnul saerTo aRmosavlur89
qristianul yaidaze iyo mowyobili: gavixsenoT Tundac palestinaSi, beTlemis
midamoebSi mdebare, arqeologiurad yvelaze ukeT Seswavlili wm. Tevdores monasteri,
sadac kldeSi nakveTobebi oriode akldamiTaa warmodgenili, kompleqsis ZiriTadi
birTvi ki V-VI ss-is qviTkiris monumenturi nagebobebis erTobliobas warmoadgens
[494]. cxadia Zneli warmosadgenia, rom qarTveli meudabnoe berebisaTvis organizebuli
monastrebis daarseba da qvis nagebobebSi moRvaweoba am epoqaSi mxolod saqarTvelos
farglebs gareT yofiliyo nebadarTuli.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom VI_VII ss-Si daarsebul
zogierT qarTul udabno-monasterSi, sadac dResdReobiT mxolod gamoqvabuli
komponentebi ikiTxeba, intensiuri arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad, imave epoqis qvis
xuroTmoZRvrebis uaRresad saintereso Zeglebis kvalic aRmoCndes.
amasTan, sazRvargareTis qveynebSi mdebare uZvelesi qarTuli samonastro
organizaciebis masStabisa da qronologiuri CarCoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoricxuli
ar aris momavalSi saqarTvelos teritoriazec dadasturdes VI s-ze adreuli samonastro moZraobis niSnebi [29, gv. 19].
erTi ram ki axlave SeiZleba iTqvas: rogorc Cans, VI_VII ss saqarTveloSi iqmneboda
ara mxolod srulyofil organizacias moklebuli primitiuli sadayudebulo udabnoebi, aramed aRmosavluri qristianuli monasticizmis mowinave tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT mowyobili namdvili samonastro struqturebic maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
atribuciiT _ qvabovani senakebiT da samlocveloebiT (sadac landSafti amis saSualebas iZleoda), qviTkiris senakebiT, eklesiebiT, sameurneo da safortifikacio
nagebobebiT. maSinve da Semdgom saukuneebSic (ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT),
klimatur-geografiuli pirobebis, TavdacviTi momentisa da savaneTa damaarseblisa Tu
mesveurTa Sexedulebis gaTvaliwinebiT, xSirad moweseobis ama Tu im formis lokaluri
kanonizacia xdeboda da qveynis gansxvavebul mxareebSi upiratesobas mTlianad qvabovan, mxolod qviT nageb an Sereuli tipis monastrebs aniWebdnen.
axla SevecadoT, Cven xelT arsebul istoriul sabuTebsa da faqtobriv masalaze
dayrdnobiT gavarkvioT, Tu ra zogadi niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeboda qvabovani da
Sereuli tipis qarTuli monastrebis Semadgeneli kldeSi nakveTobebi samonazvno
moZraobis pirvel etapebze.
rogorc zemoT warmodgenili magaliTebiTac davrwmundiT, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi mravali iseTi kldeSi nakveTi calkeuli Zegli Tu mozrdili kompleqsia
mikvleuli, romelTac istoriul sabuTebsa Tu cocxal saeklesio tradiciebze dayrdnobiT meudabnoeobis adreul safexurebs ukavSireben, xSirad ki maT damaarsebelTa
da iq moRvaweTa konkretul vinaobasac miuTiTeben. cxadia, yoveli aseTi informacia
erTnairad sando ar aris da mxolod maTze dayrdnobiT am rigis Zeglebis warmoSobis
xanisa da tipologiuri kuTvnilebis Sefaseba, arcTu iSviaTad daeWvebis sababs iZleva.
am sakiTxze xSirad aRniSnul ZeglTa xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi analizic
ver iZleva calsaxa pasuxs. amis mizezia kldeSi nakveT ZeglTa zogadi specifika, rac
qristianuli xanis kldeSi nakveTobebis mimarTac ZalaSi rCeba.
saqme is aris, rom monastrebis Semadgeneli kldeSi nakveTi qvab-sacxovreblebisa
Tu eklesia-samlocveloebis xuroTmoZRvreba SeboWili ar iyo statikis kanonebiTa
da samSeneblo masalaTa maxasiaTeblebiT. kldis monoliTuri struqtura am ZeglTa
90
SemoqmedT saSualebas aZlevda qviT mSeneblebze swrafadac* ki SeeqmnaT nebismieri
konfiguraciis sivrce. miuxedavad amisa, qristianuli kldis sakulto Zeglebis
kvlevis msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom es muSakebi zogierT fsiqologiur
bariers mainc ver uvlidnen gverds. magaliTad, kedeli da iataki TiTqmis brtyeli
unda yofiliyo, TaRis erTi mxare daaxloebiT meoris simetriuli da a.S. ufro metic,
maT mier Seqmnili saTavsebis erTi nawilis, ZiriTadad eklesia-samlocveloebis
gegmareba qvis (an xis) xuroTmoZRvrebis sivrcul-gegmarebiTi principebis refleqcias
warmoadgens. ramdenad detalurad an sinqronulad aisaxeboda konkretul epoqaTa
miwiszeda xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arqiteqturuli detalebi kldeSi
nakveT saTavsebSi, es ukve maT SemoqmedTa neba-survilze da “keTilsindisierebaze”
iyo damokidebuli. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom SesaZloa am “skulptor xuroTmoZRvarTa” nawils, profesionalur qviT an xiTxuroobasTan maincdamainc mWidro kavSiri
arc hqonoda da zogierTi arqiteqturuli detalis konstruqciul daniSnulebaSi
kargad ar yofiliyvnen garkveulni.
albaT miwiszeda “prototipebisadmi” aseTi araerTgvarovani damokidebulebaa
imis mizezi, rom kldeSi nakveT samonastro saTavsebSi gvxvdeba rogorc Sesabamis
epoqaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xuroTmoZRvruli elementebis zusti kopirebis, ise
konstruqciebze mxolod simboluri miniSnebis SemTxvevebi da arcTu iSviaTad, qvis (an
xis) xuroTmoZRvrebis poziciidan konstruqciulad sruliad alogikuri detalebic ki
(mag., brtyeli Weridan pidapir Sezneqili “cru gumbaTebi”).
cxadia, mxolod pirobiTad imitirebul arqiteqturul detalebze dayrdnobiT,
kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebi ukritikod ar unda miviCnioT maTi qvis savaraudo prototipebis
Tanadroulad, Tumca zedmiwevniT zustad kopirebuli gegmarebiTi da konstruqciuli
elementebis erToblioba “originalebisa” da “aslebis” sinqronulobis sasargeblod
metyvelebs. aseT “bednier Tanxvedrebs” sxvadasxva qveynis, maT Soris qarTveli
xelovnebaTmcodneebi, kldeSi nakveTi eklesiebis dasaTariReblad warmatebiT iyeneben
da am meTodiT Cvenc vsargeblobT.
rac Seexeba kldeSi nakveT senakebs da sxva utilitaruli daniSnulebis saTavsebs,
maTSi zusti kopirebis msgavsi SemTxvevebi praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba, riTac aRmosavlur-qristianuli monastrebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva qveynebSi arsebuli
winare epoqebis kldis Zeglebisagan da sxva religiaTa wiaRSi Seqmnili kldeSi nakveTi
sakulto ansamblebisagan (magaliTad, budisturi kldeSi nakveTi monastrebisgan
[490; 568]). aseT senakebs adreul Sua saukuneebSi qristiani ber-monazvnebi ZiriTadad
sakuTari ZalebiT qmnidnen da maTSi qvis xuroTmoZRvrebis motivebis imitirebis done
zemoT aRniSnul fsiqologiur zRvars _ sibrtyeebisa da adamianis modulze gaTvlili
sivrceebis Seqmnis mcdelobas iSviaTad scildeba.
aq aRarafers vambobT samonastro daniSnulebiT met-naklebad rekonstruirebul
bunebriv mRvimeebze, romlebic qvab-senakebad da samlocveloebad iqna adaptirebuli.
aseTi saTavsebis qronologiuri Sefaseba mxolod xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi meTodebiT,
Cveni codnis dRevandel etapze, ramdenadme damajerebladac ki praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia.
*
es mtkiceba zogierTi sazRvargareTeli mecnieris mier kabadokiis qvabovan udabnoTa
magaliTze Catarebuli eqsperimentaluri gamokvlevis Sedegs emyareba [548] da arc aris
gasakviri, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am regionSi kldis saTavsebi ZiriTadad advilad
dasamuSavebel vulkanur tufebSi ikveTeboda.
91
aqedan gamomdinare, uZveles qarTul samonastro organizaciebTan dakavSirebuli
kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis tipologiurad da qronologiurad srulyofilad gansazRvrisaTvis, sasurvelia maTi wyaroTmcodneobiTi da xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi
meTodebiT Seswavlis monacemebi arqeologiuri kvlevis SedegebiT iyos Semagrebuli.
samwuxarod, am rigis ZeglTa umravlesobaSi, Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva periodis
intensiuri reokupaciisa da rekonstruqciis gamo, cxovrebis Tavdapirveli etapebis
arqeologiur fenebi iSviaTad aris xolme SemorCenili. amis gamo, calkeul qarTul
qvabovan monastrebSi bolo dromde Catarebul arqeologiuri kvlevis iSviaT cdebsac
ki, uZvelesi plastebis mtkiced damaTariRebeli nivTieri masalis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani warmateba ar mohyolia [181-182, 103-106].
aseT viTarebaSi, aRniSnuli epoqis samonastro daniSnulebis kldeSi nakveTobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis ukeT warmosaCenad, bunebrivia aqcenti iseTi
qvabovani monastrebis ganxilvaze unda gavakeToT, romelTa kavSiric qarTuli monasticizmis sawyis etapebTan istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT savsebiT dasabuTebulia
da kldis Zeglebi, Tundac SemdgomSi seriozulad rekonstruirebuli, maqsimaluri
raodenobiTaa warmodgenili. am rigis samonastro kompleqsTa yvelaze mZlavr dajgufebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze, udavod daviT garejis gamoqvabuli monastrebi
warmoadgens [424; 109; 63 da sxv.].
garejis mravalmTis 2 aTeulamde gamoqvabuli monasteri mdebareobs Tbilisidan
70 km-ze, mdinareebis _ mtkvrisa da ioris auzSi. am monastrebis daarseba da aqtiuri
funqcionirebis zeniti Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva periods ukavSirdeba, amitom maTi
gegmarebac erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. miuxedavad amisa, garejis mravalmTis udabno-monastrebi erTi arsebiTi, saerTo niSniT mainc xasiaTdeba: maTSi dRemde
SemorCenili eklesia-senakebis Tu sxva daniSnulebis saTavsebis absoluturi umravlesoba
kldeSia gamokveTili* (es garemoeba maT Tanamedrove krebiT saxelwodebaSicaa asaxuli _
istoriuli saxelwodebis, “garejis mravalmTis udabnoTa” nacvlad, isini amJamad moixsenieba rogorc “garejis gamoqvabuli monastrebi”). gamoqvabulebisagan gancalkevebuli,
amJamadac zezeurad mdgari qviTkiris sayofacxovrebo da safortifikacio nagebobebi
ZiriTadad im monastrebSi gvxvdeba, romlebic gvian Sua saukuneebSic funqcionirebda
da aseT SenobaTa didi umravlesobac swored am epoqas ganekuTvneba.
dResdReobiT Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ra suraTi iyo am mxriv garejis mravalmTis
monastrebSi adreul da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi: CarTuli iyo Tu ara am
kompleqsebSi qvis nagebobebi da ra doziT, anu, CvenSi dRemde miRebuli pirobiTi
klasifikaciiT, monasterTa romel tips ganekuTvneboda TiToeuli maTgani, “sufTa”
qvabovans Tu Sereuls. saqarTvelos da danarCeni aRmosavlur-qristianuli samyaros
udabno-monasterTa kvlevis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, ar unda gamovricxoT
SesaZlebloba, rom garejis mravalmTis monasterTa erT nawilSi mainc, adre da
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, qvabovan saTavsebTan erTad intensiurad yofiliyo
gamoyenebuli qviTkiris (qvis) nagebobanic (maTi struqturis Semadgeneli srulfasovani komponentebis an damatebiTi saTavsebis saxiT).
daviT garejis qvabovani monastrebis umeteswilad serebis damrec kalTebSi
*
termins “klde”, am SemTxvevaSi pirobiTad viyenebT: garejis mravalmTis serebi ZiriTadad
konglomeratuli TixiT, qviSaqviTa da neogenuri kirqviTaa agebuli.
92
mdebareoba TiTqos aseTi varaudis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs, vinaidan uSualod qvabsaTavsTa wina terasebi sakmaod viwroa imisTvis, rom iq qviTkiris eklesiebisa da sxva
mozrdili nagebobebis arseboba vivaraudoT. meore mxriv, angariSi unda gavuwioTYim
garemoebas, rom aRmosavlur-qristianuli qveynebis savaneebSi, magaliTad, wminda miwis
uZveles monastrebSi, aseTive daxrilobis kldovan kalTebian lavrebsa Tu koenabiumebSi,
mainc iZebneboda xolme qviTkiris mravalricxovani nagebobebisa da minaSenebis adgili
(Tundac qarafebSi nakveTi saTavsebisgan odnav moSorebiT) [538; 573-575]. SesaZloa
garejis monastrebSic, qvis nagebobani imTaviTve analogiurad an kldovani serebis ZirSi
yofiliyo ganlagebuli (aseTi terasuli tipis saTavsebis niSnebi garejis zogierTi
monastris “qvabovanTa” wina kalTebze dResve ikiTxeba _ magaliTad dodos rqaSi).
garejis mravalmTaSi Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva etapze “Sereuli” tipis
monastrebis arsebobis varauds mxars uWers arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebic. daviT
garejis im orive monasterSi, sadac dRemde seriozuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebia
Catarebuli _ ivrispiris qvabebSi da ioane naTlismcemlis monasterSi, gaTxrebis
Sedegad gamoqvabulebis wina terasebze da kldovani serebis Ziras, Sua saukuneebis
sxvadasxva etapis qvis sayofacxovrebo Tu safortifikacio nagebobebis naSTebi
gamovlinda. magaliTad, naTlismcemlis monasterSi arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad
mikvleuli uadresi TavdacviTi nagebobebi XI s-s ganekuTvneba, xolo sameurneo saTavsebi (sawnaxeliani marani da sxv.) IX s-dan Cans [103]. ivrispira qvabebis Ziras ganlagebuli qvis nagebobebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mopovebuli nivTieri masalac umTavresad IX_XI ss-s ganekuTvneba (tab. 122:2), Tumca am Zeglis mkvlevaris azriT, calkeuli
monapovari aq VII_VIII ss-Si cxovrebazec migvaniSnebs [181; 587]*.
aseT fonze, cxadia ver gamovricxavT, rom garejis mravalmTis samonastro
kompleqsebis srulyofili arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad, mraval maTganSi
funqcionirebis sxvadasxva fazis kidev ufro mniSvnelovani qviTkiris nagebobebis kvalic aRmoCndes. zemoT aRniSnuli analogiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, savsebiT mosaldnelia,
rom garejis mravalmTis pirveli udabno-monastrebic qvabebisa da qvis xuroTmoZRvrebis sinTezs warmoadgenda**. aseTi daSveba sruliadac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom garejis
*
unda aRiniSnos, rom ivrispira qvabebis Ziras ganlagebuli es nagebobani mkvlevarTa
umetesobis mier saero dasaxlebis naSTebadaa miCneuli [182-183]. Zegli arqeologiurad
mxolod nawilobrivaa Seswavlili da amitom Cven sabolood verc am versias gamovricxavT,
magram ufro im azrisken vixrebiT, rom nagebobebis funqciis aseT SefasebaSi gadamwyveti
roli adre da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebis garejis monastrebis mxolod qvabovani bunebis
Sesaxeb arsebulma stereotipulma warmodgenam Seasrula.
** aqve unda iTqvas, rom udabno-monastrebis struqturis Semadgeneli savaraudo komponentebis
Taobaze analogiuri problemebis winaSe aRmoCndnen kabadokiis sayovelTaod cnobili
kldeSi nakveTi monastrebis mkvlevarebic [526, gv. 77-80]. es kompleqsebi bolo dromde
msoflios samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili iyo rogorc mxolod gamoqvabuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglTa erTobliobebi, riTac maT sakmaod ganasxvavebdnen bizantiuri xanis siriul-palestinuri, kopturi Tu sxva aRmosavlur-qristianuli udabno-monastrebisgan
[583, gv. 24]. marTlac, kldeSi nakveTobebis wina planze wamoweva da xuroTmoZRvrebis
Sedevrebis rangSi ayvana udavod warmoadgens am rigis kabadokiuri Zeglebis Taviseburebas,
sapirispirod zemoT aRniSnuli klasikuri meudabnoeobis zogierTi regionisgan, sadac
kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebi udabno-monasterTa mxolod erT-erT Semadgenel komponents
warmoadgenen da arc kanonikur normebze dafuZnebuli, daxvewili xuroTmoZRvruli
stiliT gamoirCevian. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi sazRvargareTeli mecnieri, bolo wlebSi
Catarebuli arqeologiuri dazvervebis safuZvelze, varauds gamoTqvams imis Taobaze, rom
SesaZloa kabadokiis monastrebis kldeSi nakveTi eklesia-senakebic, maTi funqcionirebis
xanaSi, xSirad qvis xuroTmoZRvrebis aseTive STambeWdavi nimuSebiT iyo garSemortymuli.
93
mravalmTaSi erTianad qvabovani monastrebi Semdgom xanebSic ar iqmneboda. rogorc
Cans, udabnoTa struqturaSi kldeSi nakveTi saTavsebis rolis zrdis tendenciam
garejis monastrebSi ufro mogvianebiT, daaxloebiT IX saukunidan dawyebuli iCina
Tavi, xolo ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi es miswrafeba praqtikulad mxolod kldis
xuroTmoZRvrebis xerxebiT gadawyvetili kompleqsebiT dagvirgvinda _ iseTebiT,
rogoric aris magaliTad, udabnos an berTubnis saboloo saxiT Camoyalibebuli
monastrebi [424, gv. 43-56]. erTianad gamoqvabuli monastrebisadmi aseTi prioritetis
miniWeba IX_X ss-dan mokidebuli da XI_XIII ss ganmavlobaSi mxolod garejis mravalmTis
udabnoTaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli _ sxva Zeglebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, am epoqis
saboloo etapze saqarTveloSi iqmneba varZiis grandiozuli kldeSi nakveTi samonastro
ansambli, romelic agvirgvinebs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis
ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli tendenciis mastimulirebel mizezebs da am rigis qvabovani
monastrebis gegmarebiT Taviseburebebs vrclad qvemoT ganvixilavT.
swored momdevno epoqebSi gamoqvabuli saTavsebis intensiuri kveTa unda iyos
imis umTavresi mizezi, rom Tavdapirveli saxiT Semonaxuli, pirvel meudabnoeTa mier
Seqmnili kldis Zeglebi daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsebSi amJamad iSviaTadRa
gvxvdeba. miT umetes, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom garejis mravalmTaSi, samonastro
moZraobis gariJraJze daarsebuli romelime udabno-monasteri dRemde ucvleli
saxiT iyos SemorCenili, msgavsad siria-palestinis, sinais naxevarkunZulis da egviptis
zogierTi monastrisa, sadac samonazvno cxovreba arabTa an Turq-seljukTa Semosevebis ESemdeg TiTqmis aRar ganaxlebula [538; 583].
faqtiuri masalis simwiris gamo, qarTveli mecnierebis umravlesobas daviT
garejis uZvelesi udabnoebis struqturisa da maTi Semadgeneli kldeSi nakveTobebis
gegmarebiTi principebis Sesaxeb arcTu mkafiod Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi aqvT
gamoTqmuli. ase gansajeT, erTsulovneba ar sufevs garejis mravalmTaSi pirveli
samonazvno organizaciebis daarsebis xanis Taobazec, xolo kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis
uaRresad saintereso ZeglTa zogierTi jgufis Seqmnis TariRad, mkvlevrebi bolo
dromde erTmaneTisgan 2_3 saukuniT gansxvavebul xanas asaxelebdnen. SevecdebiT
qarTveli Tu sazRvargareTeli mecnierebis uaxlesi gamokvlevebis fonze, kidev erTxel
SevafasoT zogierTi aseTi poziciis marTebuloba.
b-ni g. CubinaSvili, iseve rogorc XIX_XX ss-is mravali cnobili mecnieri, iziarebda Zvel qarTul istoriul wyaroTa monacemebze dafuZnebul versias imis Taobaze, rom
garejis mravalmTaSi pirveli samonastro organizaciebi erT-erTi asureli mamaTaganis, daviT garejelis da mis mowafeTa mieraa daarsebuli VI s-is pirvel naxevarSi [424,
gv. 3]. manve, aRniSnul regionSi am moRvaweTa davanebis viTarebaze msjelobisas yuradReba miaqcia Semdeg garemoebas: istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, daviT garejeli da misi
pirveli mowafeebi martomyofelobis pirvel xanebSi bunebriv qvabebs afarebdnen Tavs
da mxolod mogvianebiT, TanamoazreTa raodenibis zrdasTan erTad, meudabnoeebma xeli
mihyves axali gamoqvabulebis kveTas [424, gv. 23-34]. g. CubinaSvils garejis mravalmTis
zogierT kompleqsSi dadasturebuli aqvs monastris daarsebisa da funqcionirebis
pirveli etapebis, SemTxveviT an specialurad, memorialuri mizniT Semonaxuli qvabsenakebi. aseTebad mas miaCnia, magaliTad, daviTis lavris qveda ezoSi mdebare ori,
mcire farTisa da simaRlis, ovalurTan miaxloebuli gegmis gamoqvabuli. g. CubinaSvili
94
Tvlis, rom es saTavsebi Tavdapirvelad bunebrivi mRvimeebi iyo, romlebic pirvelma
meudabnoeebma (gadmocemiT wm. daviTma da lukianem) odnav gadaakeTes da sacxovreblad
moawyves: moaswores iatakebi da siRrmeSi sareceli gamokveTes. gamoqvabulebis
kedlebi da Weri mkvlevaris azriT praqtikulad ucvleladaa datovebuli [424, gv. 27].
g. CubinaSvils monastris daarsebis xanaSi gadakeTebul bunebriv mRvimeebad miaCnia
agreTve dodos rqis kompleqsSi, sadarajo koSkis dabla mdebare araswori gegmis
gamoqvabulebi [424, gv. 30]. am tipis, SemTxveviTi an geometriulTan odnav miaxlovebuli
gegmis gamoqvabulebi garejis mravalmTis zogierT sxva udabnoSicaa SemorCenili
(berebis seri, naTlismcemeli, qvabebi da sxv.). maTi umravlesobis bunebrivi mRvimeebis
bazaze ganviTarebis varaudi CvenSi eWvs iwvevs: cxadia, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom am
qvabebis adgilze mcire zomis bunebrivi Rrmulebi adrec yofiliyo, magram aRniSnuli
gamoqvabulebis adamianis modulze gaTvaliswinebuli sigrZe-sigane da simaRle,
agreTve terasebis gayolebaze erTmaneTis gverdiT mdebareoba, maTSi mxolod
iatakebis mosworebis versiis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs. rogorc Cans, am tipis, mcire
zomis da uxeSi formebis gamoqvabulebis didi umravlesoba Tavidan bolomde adamianTa
mieraa naxelavi, magram gadaWriT imis Tqma, Tu ra epoqis da daniSnulebis saTavsebi
iyo Tavdapirvelad isini, amJamad Znelia. SesaZloa es qvabebi pirvel meudabnoeTa mier
primitiuli wesiT gamokveTil senakebs warmoadgens _ am asketebs xom sivrcisa da
formis esTetiurad mowesrigebaze pretenzia ar gaaCndaT. ar unda gamoiricxos imis
SesaZleblobac, rom garejis mravalmTaSi davanebulma pirvelma meudabnoeebma, maTi
winaazieli Tanamoazreebis msgavsad, am midamoebSi arsebuli winaqristianuli xanis
adamianTa naxelavi gamoqvabulebic aiTvises. am ukanasknel versias TiTqos eTanxmeba
daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi aRwerili zogierTi epizodi* da is garemoeba, rom garejis
uZvelesi udabnoebis uSualo siaxloveSi, araerTganaa dadasturebuli brinjaos
epoqis adamianTa binadrobis kvali (magaliTad, dodos rqasTan, mravalwyarosTan [94,
gv. 40] ). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom aRwerili primitiuli gamoqvabulebis gegmareba, sakmaod
axlos dgas qvemo da Sida qarTlSi Cven mier dadasturebul brinjaos xanis gamoqvabul
dasaxlebaTa Semadgenel saTavsebTan.
cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, imisda miuxedavad, daxvdaT Tu ara maT am midamoebSi
mRvimeebi Tu qvabebi, garejis udabnoTa damaarsebeli berebi imTaviTve misdevdnen
axali qvab-senakebisa da sameurneo mowyobilobebis kveTasac, rogorc es araerTgzisaa
dafiqsirebuli asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis aRwerebSi [7].
TviT g. CubinaSvils garejis mravalmTaSi axlad daarsebuli (pirveli 2_3 sis ganmavlobaSi) monastrebis struqturisa da iersaxis ganmazogadebeli Teoriuli
rekonstruqcia ar ucdia, Tumca aRniSnul naSromSi warmodgenili zogierTi mosazreba,
am uZvelesi savaneebis miseulad warmosaxvis saSualebas iZleva.
mkvlevari daviT garejelis cxovrebis aRweris zogierT epizodze dayrdnobiT
im daskvnamde midis, rom garejis udabnoebSi Tavidanve moRvaweobdnen rogorc
gandegili berebi (“eremitebi”), ise erTadmyofeli monazvnebi (“kinovitebi”) [424, gv.
30]. aseTi diferenciacia, garejis monastrebSic iseTive mowesrigebul organizacias
da reJims unda gulisxmobdes, rogoric winaaziur lavrebsa da koenobiumebSi sufevda.
miuxedavad amisa, g. CubinaSvili garejis mravalmTis adreul samonastro cxovrebaSi
*
wm. mama daviTma da lukianem garejSi misvlisas “poves parexi raime kldisa (parexi-sulxansabas mixedviT qvabia), romlis queSe daivanes”. Semdgomac, daviTi “....dRiTi-dRe ganvidis
parexTa kldeTasa da marto myudroebiT aRasrulebda wmindaTa locvaTa [7, gv. 154, 167].
95
gansakuTrebulad mkacri, siriuli modelis asketizmis niSnebs xedavs da Sesabamisad,
swored am garemoebiT xsnis monazonTa qvab-senakebis da gamoqvabuli eklesiebis
primitiulobas [424, gv. 33]. mkvlevars miaCnia, rom garejis mravalmTaSi VI_VII ss-Si
Camoyalibebuli gamoqvabuli monastrebi sakmaod mravalricxvovani, Tumca SemTxveviTi
formis an ovalurTan miaxlovebuli gegmis, mcire zomis qvabebisa da samlocveloebisgan Sedgeboda, romelTa didi umravlesoba swored am mouxerxebeli gegmarebis
gamo Seewira Semdgom epoqebSi gafarToeba-rekonstruqcias. amis Sedegia, rom garejis
gamoqvabul monastrebSi, zemoT aRniSnuli oriode gamonaklisis garda, IX_X ss-ze
adreuli kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSebi SemorCenili ar aris [424, gv. 35].
garejis mravalmTaSi pirveli udabnoebis aseTi savaraudo struqtura da
Semdgomi transformaciis versia, am monasterTa kvlevis dRevandel etapzec savsebiT
damajereblad gveCveneba, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, ar gamovricxavT kompleqsebSi
qvis nagebobebis arsebobis SesaZleblobasac. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis gamokvlevebis
fonze, am TeoriaSi koreqcias moiTxovs agreTve sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad enaTesaveboda
garejis mravalmTaSi aRniSnuli epoqis moweseoba konkretulad siriul monasticizms da
iyo Tu ara aRniSnuli tipis qvab-senakebSi moRvaweoba saerTo aRmosavluri asketizmis
gamorCeulad mkacri mimdinareobis gamoxatuleba.
am sakiTxis dasazusteblad vnaxoT, rogor gamoiyureboda adre-bizantiuri
xanis kldeSi nakveTi samonastro saTavsebi aRmosavlur-qristianuli monasticizmis
etalonad miCneuli danarCeni regionebis _ wminda miwis (palestina), egviptis Tu sinais
naxevarkunZulis savaneebSi.
am teritoriebze Seswavlili aRniSnuli epoqis udabno-monastrebis umravlesoba
(garda e.w. “sibrtyeze mdebare” da Zveli cixe-simagreebis bazaze ganviTarebuli
monastrebisa [538, gv. 42-55]), garkveuli raodenobiT mainc moicavda samonastro
saWiroebisadmi misadagebul, met-naklebad rekonstruirebul bunebriv mRvimeebs
an Zveli civilizaciebis kldeSi nakveT naSTebs. adaptirebuli bunebrivi mRvimeebis
amocnoba aqac, iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi Tu msoflios nebismier regionSi, advilia:
maT Tavdapirvelad nebismieri konfiguraciis moculobebi gaaCndaT da amis niSnebi
interierebSi mravladaa SemorCenili. es sivrceebi Semdgom, sxvadasxva samSeneblo
teqnikisa da masalis gamoyenebiT aris misadagebuli adamianTa yofisaTvis aucilebel,
elementarul moTxovnebTan _ mosworebulia iatakebi, Seviwroebulia kldis zedapirze gamosuli Riobebi da a.S. [574].
rac Seexeba reokupirebul Zvel qvab-sacxovrisebs, marTalia maT umravlesobas
ovaluri an geometriulTan odnav miaxloebuli formebi aqvs, magram isini, TiTqmis
yovelTvis, aSkarad adamianis modulze gaTvaliswinebul saTavsebs warmoadgens [575, gv.
62]. erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgens winaqristianuli xanis dasakrZalavi kamerebis
(akldamebis) bazaze ganviTarebuli samonastro sadgomebi, romelTa umravlesobac
sakmaod daxvewili gegmarebiT gamoirCeva [511, gv. 296, 313-317].
cxadia, aRniSnuli regionebis asketi meudabnoeebi TavianTi moRvaweobis midamoebSi axal qvab-saTavsebs da samlocveloebsac kveTdnen, magram umetes wilad arc es
Zeglebi gamoirCeoda Camoyalibebuli geometriuli formebiT da rom ara zogierTi
specifiuri elementi (magaliTad, aRmosavleTis kedelTan Cadgmuli trapezis qva;
iqve mowyobili niSi-salocavi; iatakze dagebuli mozaika da sxv.), maTSi sacxovrebeli
senakebisa da samlocveloebis gamijvnac ki gaZneldeboda (tab. 123, 124). aseTi
96
upretenzio xuroTmoZRvruli xerxebiT mowyobili gamoqvabuli senakebisa da
samlocveloebis tipiuri magaliTebia iudeas udabnoSi (palestina) mdebare wm. sabas
monastris, igive “didi lavris” qvabovani nawili [573, gv. 234-241], imave regionSi mdebare
“kirbeT ed-deiris” monastris qvab-samlocveloebi [538, gv. 122, 126], samxreT sinais
udabno-monastrebis, “Sagif ad-deiris”, “vadi sigilias” qvab-senakebi [497, gv. 342-348;
512, gv. 338] da sxv.
amrigad, aRwerili tipis kldeSi nakveTi saTavsebi mxolod gansakuTrebiT mkacri
siriuli asketizmisTvis ki ar yofila damaxasiaTebeli, aramed mTeli adrebizantiuri
xanis aRmosavlur-qristianuli monasticizmisaTvis. piriqiT, kabadokiis zogierTi
gamoqvabuli monastris saxiT, sadac samonazvno cxovrebis adreul etapebzeve
dasturdeba sakmaod mowesrigebuli gegmarebis kldeSi nakveTi saTavsebi [509, gv. 1620], gansakuTrebul movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, romlis axsnac am naSromis farglebSi ver
moxerxdeba*.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom istoriul sabuTebze dayrdnobiTac, ar dasturdeba
imis niSnebi, rom adreuli siriul-mesopotamiuri monasticizmi sxva aRmosavlurqristianuli samonastro organizaciebisagan gansakuTrebiT mkacri asketizmiT gamoirCeoda: aRniSnul qveyanaTagan nebismierSi, ukve IV_VII ss-Si ganviTarebuli iyo rogorc mkacri asketizmis, ise orTodoqsuli erTadmyofelobis mimdevarTa organizaciebi [399]**. ufro metic, moweseobis es gansxvavebuli formebi arc dogmaturi sakiTxebis mimarT monazonTa ama Tu im jgufis mier dakavebul poziciaze Cans gansakuTrebulad damokidebuli: am sakiTxebze davisas, mTel rig samonastro organizaciebs
neitraluri poziciac ki ekavaT [499; 565].
rogorc vxedavT, garejis mravalmTis pirveli udabnoebis gamoqvabul saTavsTa
savaraudo struqtura, didad ar gansxvavdeba ara mxolod siriuli, aramed imave epoqis
saerTo aRmosavluri monasticizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kldeSi nakveTobebisagan.
ganuwyveteli, safuZvliani sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebis gamo, aRniSnuli xanis qvabsaTavsebi garejaSi metad mcire raodenobiTaa SemorCenili, rac am rigis kldis Zeglebis tipologiis sakiTxebze ufro konkretul msjelobas arTulebs. vnaxoT ramdenad aqvs SenarCunebuli Tavdapirveli saxe saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi dadasturebul, imave epoqis savaneebis Semadgenel qvabovan Zeglebs.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, metad sainteresod gveCveneba Cven mier istoriul
dmanisis xevSi mikvleuli mcire udabno-monasteri: garda imisa, rom arqaulobis
mkveTrad gamoxatul niSnebs atarebs, es Zegli imiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom istoriuli
tradicia mis daarsebasac daviT garejelis moRvaweobas ukavSirebs. vaxuSti bato*
kabadokiis kldeSi nakveTi adreuli monatrebis Seqmnis mTavari mastimulirebeli mizezebi
unda iyos am regionSi metad advilad dasamuSavebeli vulkanuri tufis masivebis arseboba da
kldis xuroTmiZRvrebis gansakuTrebiT mdidari, ramdenime aTaswliani uwyveti tradicia.
** amrigad, zemoT aRniSnuli Teoria, romelic daviT garejaSi pirvel udabnoTa damaarseblebis
gansakuTrebiT mkacri asketizmisadmi midrekilebas maTi siriuli Yyaidis monasticizmTan
mWidro kontaqtiT xsnis, faqtobrivi masaliT ar dasturdeba. es garemoeba aRniSnuli
sakiTxis Sesaxeb am mecnierTa (iv. javaxiSvili, k. kekeliZe, g. CubinaSvili da sxv.) xelT im
xanad arsebuli informaciis simwiriT iyo gamowveuli. isini faqtiurad erTi da imave
naSromis monacemebs eyrdnobodnen [348], romlis avtorisTvis, me-20 s-is rusi sasuliero
pirisTvis, adreuli siriuli modelis meudabnoeoba, Tanamedrove aRmosavlur-evropuli
monasticizmis fonze, cxadia, gansakuTrebulad asketurad gamoiyureboda.
97
niSvili dmanisis xevis mimoxilvisas, am namonastralis Sesaxeb brZanebs: “aqa ars udabno
kldisa gamokveTili, eklesia-senakni wmidis daviT garejelisagan qmnuli da aw carieli”
[5, gv. 314]. toponimi “daviTis udabno”, moniSnulia agreTve vaxuStis mier Sedgenil
rukaze.
es kompleqsi, romelic qvab-saTavsebisa da qviTkiris eklesiisgan Sedgeba,
mdebareobs mdinare maSaveras amJamad “sarfidaras” saxelwodebiT cnobil marcxena
saTave Senakad keCuTis xevis zemo welSi, xeobis marcxena kalTaze [31]. am midamoebSi,
ramdenime km-is radiusSi ar SeiniSneba Sua saukuneebis Tundac mcire dasaxlebis
kvali, amasTan qvabebi arc gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mdebareobiT Tu miuvalobiT
gamoirCeva. amdenad, kompleqsis binadarTa mizani sxva ara SeiZleba yofiliyo, Tu ara
qristianuli martomyofeloba.
monastris senakebad da damxmare saTavsebad gamoyenebuli yofila xeobis kirqvovan
masivebSi warmoqmnili bunebrivi teqtonikuri mRvimeebi, romlebic am adgilze 200_300
m-ze gauyveba xeobas 1-2 pirobiT iarusad. qvab-senakebis mosawyobad bunebrivi mRvimeebis
nawili odnav gaufarToebiaT, Tumca maTTvis swori geometriuli formebis micema ar
ucdiaT. amJamad, TiTqmis yvela qvabis safasado nawili CamoSlilia da isini farTo
RiobebiT gamodian kldis bunebriv terasaze, magram es saTavsebi arc Tavdapirvelad
iqneboda Znelad misadgomi (tab. 35).
kompleqsis Semadgenel gamoqvabulTagan, qviTkiris minaSenebis daxmarebiT
mxolod erTia mowyobili cixe-qvabad, anu cixe-simagris elementebiT aRWurvil
safortifikacio daniSnulebis gamoqvabulad. rogorc Cans, es saTavsi monasterSi
moRvawe berebis usafrTxoebas emsaxureboda.
eklesia qvabebis win, bunebrivi terasis yvelaze ganier adgilzea agebuli. is 6,5
m sigrZis da 3,5 m siganis erTnavian, darbazul nagebobas warmoadgens. misi kedlebi 23 m simaRlemdea SemorCenili. nagebia fleTili, saSualo zomis qviT duRabze, xolo
garedan da Signidan ruxi feris, uxeSad naTali qvis filebiTaa mopirkeTebuli, arc Tu
Tanabar rigebad.
eklesiaSi erTaderTi Sesasvleli samxreTidanaa. darbazis Sida kedlebi sadaa,
danawevrebuli ar aris pilastrebiT da maTze dayrdnobili sabjeni Tu sarTavi TaRebiT.
darbazis aRmosavleTiT marTkuTxa gegmaSi Cawerili, odnav nalisebri moxazulobis
sakurTxevlis afsidia mowyobili. eklesia sakurTxevelsa da dasavleTis kedelSi
datanebuli TiTo sarkmeliT naTdeboda. sakurTxevelSi, sarkmlis marjvniv, marTkuTxa
sasanTle niSia datanebuli. dasavleTis kedelTan TaRur kamaras kronSteinebze
dayrdnobili sabjeni TaRi Semouyveboda. nagebobas Tlili qvis orsafexuriani cokoli
Semouyveba. CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis kedlebi centrisken sakmaod daxrilad augiaT,
Senobis mdgradobis gasaZliereblad, rac iSviaTi faqtia saeklesio mSeneblobis
praqtikaSi*.
nagebobas zustad damaTariRebeli warwera an dekori ar gaaCnia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom darbazuli eklesiebi saqarTveloSi mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
iyo gavrcelebuli, qarTveli mecnierebis mcdelobiT, mTel rig xuroTmoZRvrul
*
rogorc Cans, es uCveulo samSeneblo meTodi nagebobis mkacr klimatur-geografiul zonaSi
mdebareobidan gamomdinareobs: aseTi forma zamTris uxvTovlobis viTarebaSi, mTebidan
Camowolili zvavebisadmi eklesiis mdgradobas aZlierebs (gavixsenoT saqarTvelos mTiani
raionebis koSkura sacxovreblebis formebi).
98
Taviseburebebze dayrdnobiT, mainc xexdeba am tipis monumenturi nagebobebis
tipologiur-qronologiuri diferenciacia. am SemTxvevaSi eklesiis umTavres
damaTariRebel niSnad mogvaCnia is garemoeba, rom eklesiis darbazSi ver vxedavT
pilastrebsa da maTze dayrdnobil sabjen-sarTav TaRebs, romelTa gamoyenebac VIII_IX
ss-dan am tipis eklesiebis interierebis plastikuri gadawyvetis sayovelTaod miRebuli
xerxi xdeba [428, gv. 51; 312, gv. 36]. eklesiis arqaulobaze sxva detalebic metyvelebs:
orsafexuriani cokoli, kedlebis Signidan da garedan Tlili qvebiT mopirkeTeba,
Sekiduli sabjeni TaRi dasavleTis kedelTan da sxv. [428, gv. 39-40]
amrigad, sakmao safuZveli gagvaCnia imisTvis, rom keCuTis mTis monastris eklesia
VI_VII saukuneebis nagebobad miviCnioT da misi mSenebloba aq meudabnoe berebis
moRvaweobis pirvelive etaps davukavSiroT.
metad mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom am udabnoSi samonastro cxovrebis
Semdgomi ganviTarebis da amasTan gardauvalad dakavSirebuli mSenebloba-rekonstruqciis kvali ar SeiniSneba: kompleqsi XI_X da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli qvis da kldis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel nimuSebs ar
moicavs. monasterSi intensiuri cxovrebis aseT qronologiur CarCoebs eTanxmeba aq
Catarebuli dazverviTi arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebic _ rogorc qvab-saTavsebis,
ise eklesiis midamoebis kulturul fenebSi mcire raodenobiT, magram mxolod adreuli
Sua saukuneebis pirveli etapebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nivTieri masala dadasturda.
magaliTad, II iarusis #3 qvabis iatakis zeda fenebSi, faqturis mixedviT arqaul, magram
uformo Tixis natexebTan erTad, mivakvlieT vardisfer da Calisfer kecian, naprialebi
doqebis nawilebs, agreTve aseTive faqturis pirmoyril, brtyelZirian da gamoyvanil
quslian jamis nawilebs, romlebsac analogiebi eZebneba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos V_
VII ss-is ganaTxar masalebSi (tab.44:1-6)[252, gv. 63; 255, gv. 44].
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom keCuTis mTis am namonastralis saxiT, Cven winaSea saqarTveloSi qristianuli moweseobis erT-erTi pirveli adgili,
romelsac sakmaod kargad aqvs Semonaxuli Tavdapirveli struqtura da iersaxe. aseve,
savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom istoriul tradicias, romelic am udabnos daarsebas
daviT garejelis saxels ukavSirebs, realuri safuZveli gaaCndes [31, gv. 87-88].
rogorc vxedavT, istoriul sabuTebSi SemorCenili cnobebi saqarTveloSi pirvel
qristian meudabnoeTa mier samoRvaweod bunebrivi mRvimeebis intensiuri aTvisebis da
maTi Semdgomi ganvrcobis Sesaxeb, zogjer dRemde Semonaxuli realuri faqtobrivi
masaliTac dasturdeba. amdenad, qarTuli monasticizmis pirveli safexurebi
am niSniTac enaTesaveba aRmosavlur-qristianuli meudabnoeobis zemoT aRweril
adrebizantiur models.
axla vnaxoT, ramdenad iyo im epoqis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli meudabnoeTa
mier wina civilizaciaTa danatovari qvabovani naSTebis aTvisebis tradicia, rac
agreTve metad damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa adreuli aRmosavlur-qristianuli
monasticizmisaTvis.
rogorc irkveva, VI_VII ss-is saqarTveloSi arc am tipis gamoqvabulTa bazaze
ganviTarebuli savaneebi iyo iSviaTi movlena. am tendenciis niSandoblivi magaliTia
Cveni naSromis wina nakveTSi ukve moxseniebuli Sio-mRvimis monastris qvabovani. am kompleqsebs, romlebSic eklesia-samlocveloebi sruliad ar gvxvdeba, Camoyalibebuli
99
qvabovani monastrebis epoqas (VIII s-is Semdgom) verasgziT ver mivakuTvnebT, xolo
saTavsTa sakmaod daxvewili, rTuli gegmareba gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom
isini pirveli asketebis mier sacxovreblad iyos Seqmnili im dros, rodesac udabnoebSi
kanonikuri formis samlocveloebis Seqmnac ki ar iyo savaldebulo [424; 574]. esec ar
iyos, Cven xelT gvaqvs arqeologiuri dasabuTeba imisa, rom aRniSnuli kldovani masivis
gamoqvabulebis mniSvnelovani nawili jer kidev gvian brinjao _ adrerkinis xanaSive
arsebobda da am debulebis gavrceleba, arqiteqturuli gegmarebis identurobis
safuZvelze, qvabTa danarCen jgufzec SeiZleba [44].
meore mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, rom SiomRvimis daarsebis xanisTvis (VI s)
damaxasiaTebel, ramdenadme saxovan nivTier masalas aRniSnul qvabebSi jer-jerobiT
ver mivakvlieT, istoriul wyaroebsa da sxva adreul udabnoTa struqturebis kvlevis
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, SeuZleblad migvaCnia am qvabTa mniSvnelovani nawili,
monastris funqcionirebis adreul etapebzeve, asketi berebis mier aTvisebuli ar
yofiliyo. gamoricxuli arc is aris, rom asketTa samonazvno sadgomebad mtkvris
xeobis am rigis zogierTi sxva winaqristianuli xanis qvabovani kompleqsic yofiliyo
gamoyenebuli [40].
amave problemasTan dakavSirebiT, vnaxoT, SeiniSneba Tu ara pirvel meudabnoeTa
moRvaweobis kvali kldeSi nakveTi monastrebiT metad mdidar regionSi, istoriul
samcxe-javaxeTSi.
mtkvris xeobis Sua welSi mikvleuli zogierTi qvabovani udabno-monastris
zogadad adre Sua saukuneebSi funqcionireba eWvs ar iwvevs. aseTia magaliTad, jolda,
margastani, sadayudebulo, vertaSi, vanis qvabebi da sxv. (tab. 115-117)[65; 325]. qvabTa
am kompleqsebis pirvelmkvlevari, b-ni g. gafrindaSvili Tvlis, rom saqarTvelos
am mxareSi qristianuli martomyofelobis sawyis etapebTan dakavSirebuli kldeSi
nakveTobebi SemorCenili ar aris an jer-jerobiT miukvlevelia da aRniSnul ZeglTa
uZveles plastebs VIII_IX s-dan dawyebuli, XI s-is CaTvliT aTariRebs [65, gv. 12-16].
vfiqrobT, aseTi daskvna mniSvnelovanwilad im garemoebas unda emyarebodes, rom am
udabnoTa Semadgeneli, arcTu swori geometriuli formis, viwro qvab-senakebi gverdigverdaa ganlagebuli da xSirad erTmaneTisgan Txeli, kldovani tixrebiTaa gamoyofili
(magaliTad, margastani, vanis qvabebi, jolda), xolo kldis saTavsebis aseTi ganlageba
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis kldeSi nakveTi monastrebis, magaliTad, varZiis
gegmarebiTi principebis Soreul asociacias iwvevs.
marTlac, am samonastro kompleqsebis Semadgenel gamoqvabulTa umravlesoba,
meudabnoeobis sawyisi etapebis qarTuli Tu wina aziuri, praqtikulad SemTxveviTi
formis qvabovan eklesia-senakTagan SedarebiT mowesrigebuli sivrculi danawevrebiT
gamoirCeva, amasTan zogierT maTganSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad IXX ss-ze adreuli nivTieri masala aRmoCenili ar aris [62, gv. 113-117].
meore mxriv, damafiqrebelia is, rom samcxe-javaxeTis mimdebare istoriulad
qarTul Tu sazRvargareTul regionebSi, mravladaa dadasturebuli wina Tu
adreqristianuli xanis kldeSi nakveTobebi [101; 471]. am rigis kldeSi nakveT ZeglTa
didi nawilisaTvis saTavsTa sakmaod kompaqturi ganlageba sruliad kanonzomieri
movlenaa [453; 514 da sxv.]. swored amitom ar unda gamovricxoT, rom samcxe-javaxeTis
aRniSnul kldeSi nakveT udabnoTagan zogierTi, qarTuli da sazRvargareTuli
uZvelesi qristianuli udabnoebis erTi nawilis msgavsad, wina epoqaTa gamoqvabuli
100
kompleqsebis rekonstruqciis Sedegad iyos Seqmnili. aseT daSvebas Tundac Cven mier
vanis qvabebSi SeniSnuli winaqristianuli plastebis arsebobac aZlierebs: rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, am monastris struqturaSi mogvianebiT adaptirebuli warmarTuli
gamoqvabuli taZari unda iyos CarTuli [40, gv. 33]. SegviZlia gavixsenoT agreTve amave
regionSi mdebare berTayanis qvabTa kompleqsebi, romelic brinjaos xanis yorRanuli
veliT da nasaxlarebiT aris garSemortymuli da romlis gegmarebasac gacilebiT meti
ram aqvs saerTo qvemo qarTlis kldeSi nakveT brinjaos xanis dasaxlebebTan, vidre Sua
saukuneebis kldeSi nakveTobebTan [65, gv. 15].
mainc ra droidan unda vivaraudoT saqarTvelos qvabovan udabno-monastrebSi
kldis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis ramdenadme Camoyalibebuli stilisturi xerxebis
SemuSaveba?
vfiqrobT, sivrcul-gegmurad kanonikur qargaze nakveTi erT-erTi uZvelesi
qarTuli kldis eklesia unda iyos qvemo qarTlSi, mdinare xramis xeobaSi Cven mier
mikvleuli uaRresad saintereso Zegli. is CarTulia metad Taviseburi struqturis
kompleqsSi, romelic muguTis qvabebis maxloblad, mdinare xramis xeobis marcxena,
kirqvuli agebulebis kalTaSia gamokafuli. eklesiaSi moxvedra mxolod mozrdili
bunebrivi mRvimis Soreul kuTxeSi gaWrili metad viwro, lukiseburi xvreliT SeiZleba,
amasTan kldis zedapiridan mRvimeSi Sesasvlel, Znelad SesamCnev gvirabs, adamiani
mxolod dawolili Tu gaivlis (tab. 39:1). erTnaviani, aRmosavleT-dasavleT RerZze
ramdenadme wagrZelebuli gegmis eklesia sufTadaa gamokveTili rkinis oTxwaxnaga,
wvetiani iaraRiT. darbazs aRmosavleTiT mkveTri nalisebri gegmis afsidi aqvs, romelic
kldeSive nakveTi dabali kankeliTaa gamoyofili ZiriTadi sivrcisgan. navis kamara
wvermomrgvalebuli karviseburi moxazulobisaa da kedlebTan SeuRlebisas kuTxes
qmnis. dasavleTis kedelTan kamaras Semouyveba Sekiduli sabjeni TaRi, romelic martiv,
Tarosebr kronSteinebs eyrdnoba. amave kedelSi gaWrili gasasvleliT vxvdebiT araswori
geometriuli formis qvab-saTavsSi, romlis kedlebsa da iatakSi gamokveTilia Tarosareclebi, xaros Tu rezervuaris formis moculoba, qvevrebis Casadgmeli fosoebi.
rogorc vxedavT, kompleqsis Semadgeneli qvabovani samlocvelos aRnagobaSi,
Tanadroul qvis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis elementTa kopirebisadmi swrafva
igrZnoba. amdenad, mis interierSi miwiszeda Zeglebidan gadmoRebuli stilisturgegmarebiTi Taviseburebani (proporciebi, afsidis mkveTri naliseburi gegma, sarTavi
TaRebiT daunawevrebeli kedlebi [236; 47; 428, gv. 51])*, agreTve adreul qarTul qvabovan
udabnoTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Weris Seisruloba [423, gv. 481; 63, gv. 30; 43, sur. 2], qvabeklesiis udavod adreul Sua saukuneebSi warmoSobaze metyvelebs. samwuxarod, Zeglis
metad Zunwad aRkazmulobis gamo, mxolod xuroTmoZRvruli detalebiT misi gamokveTis ufro konkretuli xanis dasaxeleba Zneldeba.
*
eklesiis dasavleT kedelTan arsebul Sekidul sabjen TaRs, nagebobis damaTariRebeli
TavisTavadi mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia: miuxedavad imisa, rom es konstruqciuli motivi
qarTul saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ukve VI_VII ss-dan sakmaod gavrcelebulia (mag.
zagenis, vaCnaZianis da nekresis sameklesiiani bazilikebi, wromi da sxv. [423, gv. 164-178; 236,
gv. 145-153], mas xSirad mimarTavdnen Sua saukuneebis momdevno stadiebzec. meore mxriv,
sayuradReboa, rom Cven mier miaxloebiT VI s-iT daTariRebul keCuTis udabnos eklesias da
TiTqos, garejis lavris feriscvalebis qvabovan eklesiasac IX s-is rekonstruqciamde [111],
swored dasavleTis kedelTan Semouyveboda erTaderTi aseTi sabjeni TaRi.
101
aRniSnul qvabovan kompleqsSi Cven mier Catarebulia dazverviTi arqeologiuri
gaTxrebi. TviT eklesiisa da dasavleTis saTavsis kldovani iatakebi Weridan naJur
wyals saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi kirqvis sqeli feniT daufaravs da iq nivTieri masalis
moZieba SeuZlebelia. samagierod, eklesiis wina, bunebrivi mRvimis miwis sqeli feniT
dafarul “iatakze” gavlebuli dazverviTi Txrilebis qveda horizontze, mcire
raodenobiT mainc aRmoCnda adreuli Sua saukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli keramikul
nakeTobaTa fragmentebi. magaliTad, am xanas unda ganekuTvnebodes wablisfrad
gamomwvari doqis samtuCa pir-gverdis da yuris nawili, romelsac wiTeli saRebavis
kvali amCnevia. am tipis nakeTobebs sakmaod axlo paralelebi eZebneba aRniSnuli xanis
qarTuli ganaTxari Zeglebidan da maT mkvlevarebi VI_VII ss-ze gviandelad ar miiCneven
[252, gv. 113 da sxv.]. vinaidan Semdgom epoqebSi kompleqsis ramdenadme intensiuri
gamoyeneba-rekonstruqciis kvali arqeologiurad ar dasturdeba, vfiqrobT eWvs ar
iwvevs, rom am rigis monapovari daaxloebiT eklesiis Seqmnis Tanadrouli unda iyos,
magram mxolod am masaliT eklesiis ufro zustad daTariReba Wirs.
aseT viTarebaSi, qvabovani eklesiis gamokveTis xanis gansazRvra didadaa damokidebuli mTliani kompleqsis daniSnulebis amocnobaze. CamoTvlili gegmarebiTi
Taviseburebani imaze migvaniSnebs, rom am sakulto gamoqvabulTa Semoqmedni, RvTismsaxurebis farulad aRsrulebas isaxavdnen miznad. Gromis imperator konstantines
mier milanis ediqtis miRebis Semdeg (313 w), am imperiis Semadgenel, saqarTvelos
mezobel regionebSic aRar iyo qristianTa maluli, “katakomburi” tipis wirva-locvis
aucilebloba. cxadia, am stilis eklesiebis Seqmnis saWiroeba arc saqarTveloSi
iqneboda qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg da, marTlac, aseTi
RvTismsaxurebis niSnebi dRemde CvenSi dadasturebuli ar aris.
saqarTveloSic da aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros sxva qveynebSic, meudabnoeobis sxvadasxva stadiaze, istoriuli Znelbedobidan gamomdinare, sxva samonastro
nagebobebTan erTad, qvabovan samlocveloTa xelsayrel TavdacviT mdebareobazec
xSirad zrunavdnen, rasac ZiriTadad maTi Znelad misadgom simaRleze gamokveTiT
aRwevdnen (magaliTad, vertaSis eklesia mtkvris xeobaSi, garejaSi dodos rqis
monastris dasavleT masivis lukebiani jgufebi, kondamianis monastris qvabovani
kaxeTSi da sxv.) [65, gv. 39; 573, gv. 239-241 da sxv.]. rac Seexeba Cven mier warmodgenil
Zegls, aq sruliad gansxvavebul struqturasTan gvaqvs saqme: garda imisa rom eklesiaSi
Sesasvleli malulia, misi absoluturad bneli qvab-saTavsebi dasaxlebul platos
mxolod saidumlo lukebiT da kanionis cicabo kalTaSi gamokveTili “uCinari”
safexurebiT ukavSirdeboda, rac sxva religiis zeobis viTarebaSi moRvawe qristianTa
salocavis asociacias ufro iwvevs. esec ar iyos, am kompleqsis gegmarebiTi struqtura
TavisTavadac ar aris tipiuri qvabovani monastrebisTvis - metad saeWvoa, eklesiis
dasavleTiT gamokveTili erTaderTi saTavsi, berebis mudmiv sacxovrebel senaks
warmoadgendes (ufro savaraudoa, rom is kriptis an liturgiisTvis aucilebeli
saWurWle-sakuWnaos daniSnulebas asrulebda).
Zalauneburad unda davuSvaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom muguTis midamoebis
warmodgenili sakulto kompleqsi im drosaa Seqmnili, rodesac saqarTvelos am
provinciaSi qristianuli religia adgilobrivi oficiozis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi
mkacrad idevneboda. vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli qvab-eklesiis stilisturi niSnebidan
gamomdinare
gamoricxuli ar aris, rom drois aseT monakveTad, adreuli Sua
102
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi sasanuri iranis eqspansiis wlebi miviCnioT (V s). miuxedavad
imisa, rom Cven xelT arsebuli istoriuli wyaroebiT qvemo qarTlis sapitiaxSoSi am
dros qristianoba oficialurad akrZaluli ar iyo, ara gvgonia am religiis aqtiur
mowinaaRmdege mmarTvel fenas, mxolod mosaxleobis mazdeanobaze “mSvidobianad
moqcevis” meTodisTvis miemarTaT da TavianTi rezidenciebis maxloblad mainc*,
qristianuli wirva-locvisTvis Tu asketuri moRvaweobisTvis xeli ar SeeSalaT. aseTi
daSveba, TiTqos ukeT esadageba am sakulto kompleqsis struqturidan gamomdinare
savaraudo RvTismsaxurebis formas _ masobrivi martomyofelobis nacvlad periodul
saidumlo Sekrebas da liturgias.
im sakiTxis dasazusteblad, Tu ramdenad tipiuri iyo met-naklebad kanonikuri
aRnagobis eklesia-samlocveloebis kveTa VI_VII ss-is (an ufro adreul) qarTul
udabnoebSi, kvlav garejis mravalmTis savaneebis tipologiisa da qronologiis
sakiTxebze msjelobas unda davubrundeT, vinaidan qarTuli kldis samonastro
xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis yvelaze sruli da praqtikulad uwyveti xazi, swored
am kompleqsebSi aris warmodgenili.
aq SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT im faqts, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi garejis
mravalmTaSi pirveli meudabnoe moRvaweTa gamoCenisa da samonazvno organizaciaTa
daarsebis Sesaxeb tradiciuli, istoriul wyaroTa monacemebiT Semagrebuli versiisagan gansxvavebuli mosazrebac arsebobs. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, daviT garejelsa
da mis pirvel mowafes garejis mravalmTaSi sakmaod Camoyalibebuli, TiTqmis 2 saukunovani tradiciis mqone qvabovan savaneTa qseli daxvedria da aRniSnul moRvaweebs
mxolod am mxareSi samonazvno cxovrebis ganvrcobaSi miuZRviT wvlili [63, gv. 4, 7-8,
18]. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom es mosazreba qarTvel istorikosTa umravlesobis mier
gaziarebuli ar aris, magram arc sajarod, werilobiTaa uaryofili, amitom intensiurad ganagrZobs Tanaarsebobas „oficialuri“ versiis paralelurad da periodulad
saerTaSoriso arenazec warmoCndeba xolme qarTuli samecniero skolis saxeliT**.
swored amitom, valdebulni varT gaverkveT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba realobas am
Teoriis debulebebi.
am hipoTezis fuZemdebeli, qarTuli kldis Zeglebis cnobili mkvlevari
g. gafrindaSvili acxadebs, rom aRniSnuli mosazreba garejis udabnoebis Semadgenel
eklesiaTa erTi nawilis xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi Taviseburebebis analizs emyareba [63; 328]. warmogidgenT am rigis Zeglebis avtoriseul Sefasebas, maTi daTariRebis marTebulobis Taobaze Cveni komentariTurT.
pativcemuli mkvlevaris azriT, garejis ioane naTlismcemlis monastris farglebSi gamokveTili mcire zomis samlocvelos sivrcul-gegmarebiTi gadawyveta, misi
IV s-iT daTariRebis safuZvels gvaZlevs da Sesabamisad, udabnos arsebobac am xanaSive
*
am kompleqsidan sul raRac 3-4 km-is daSorebiT, mdebareobs Sua saukuneebis mozrdili
naqalaqari, romelsac zogierTi mecnieri (maT Soris Cvenc), istoriul curtavTan aigivebs
[201; 37, gv. 66].
** mag., saerTaSoriso konferenciaze “samonastro cxovreba udabnoSi: gareja da qristianuli
aRmosavleTi” (Tb., 19-20. 09. 2000 w), g. gafrindaSvilma waikiTxa moxseneba Temaze “garejis
kldeSi nakveTi eklesiebis genezisisaTvis”, romelic kvlav aRniSnuli
mosazrebis
dasabuTebas eZRvneboda.
103
unda vivaraudoT [63, gv. 18]. mosazrebis avtori ar akonkretebs, samlocvelos Sesaqmnelad gamoyenebuli niSandobliv romeli xuroTmoZRvruli xerxebi Tu detalebia
IV s-ze mimaniSnebeli. am miniaturul samlocvelos marTkuTxa gegmis (1,20 x 1,20 mm)
moculobas zemodan wakveTili piramidisebri formis sivrce SemosazRvravs, rac,
cxadia, simbolurad gumbaTs ganasaxierebs, aRmosavleT kedelze ki konqisebri moxazulobis salocavi niSaa amokveTili.
adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul Tu aRmosavlur-qristianul sxva qveynebSi
Cven ar vicnobT Tundac ramdenadme msgavsi gegmis qvis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis
nimuSebs, amdenad, am samlocvelos zogadi sqemisa Tu calkeuli elementebis qvis
prototipebidan gadmoReba gamoricxulia. am Zeglis Tundac Soreuli, zustad
daTariRebuli paralelebi ar mogvepoveba arc qarTul Tu sazRvargareTul kldis
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. amrigad, naTlismcemlis monastris am qvab-samlocvelos xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi, SedarebiTi analizis meTodiT daTariReba aRniSnuli sizustiT,
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom es miniaturuli samlocvelo monastris
funqcionirebis zenitis xanaSi (IX_XIII ss) Seqmnili, wvimis wylis Semkrebi uzarmazari
rezervuaris Tavze mdebareobs da savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom is wylis kurTxevasTan
an sxva perioduli ritualis SesrulebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da ara regularul
liturgiasTan.
aseve metad mcire zomisaa monaster “qvabebSi” mikvleuli kldeSi nakveTi samlocvelo, romelsac mkvlevari “jvar-erdoian” eklesias uwodebs da V s-is dasawyisiT
aTariRebs [63, gv. 18, 30]. metad uxeSad gamokaful am samlocvelos Tavisufali jvris
gegma aqvs, xolo aRmosavleTis kedelSi kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli marTkuTxedis gegmis,
salocavi niSis msgavsi sakurTxevelia amokveTili, romlis triumfaluri TaRic
mkveTri nalisebri moxazulobisaa (tab. 101:2). centraluri kvadratis Tavze, brtyel
WerSi gamoWrilia momcro, naxevarsferosTan odnav miaxloebuli formis moculoba,
romelic orsafexuriani TaroTia gamoyofili ZiriTadi sivrcisgan. marTalia qvis
prototipebisagan gansxvavebiT, Weris kvadratidan naxevarsferoze gadasvlis
konstruqciaze aq miniSnebac ki ar aris, magram es xelovnuri siRruec ueWvelad qvis
eklesiebis gumbaTiani gadaxurvebis primitiul imitacias warmoadgens. samlocvelos
gegmareba da atribucia (Tavisufali jvris gegmis da nalisebri TaRebis kombinacia),
eWvgareSe migvaniSnebs Zeglis adreul Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnaze, magram gamokveTis
TariRis ufro metad dazusteba, kvlav zemoT aRniSnuli mizezis gamo ver xerxdeba:
msgavsi aRnagobis eklesiis paralelebi qvis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ar gvxvdeba.
amaze odnav didi zomisaa kowaxuras udabnos kldeSi nakveTi samlocvelo,
romelsac mokle mklavebiani martivi jvris gegma aqvs, Weri ki konusis formis sivrciT
aqvs dagvirgvinebuli (tab. 100:1). am samlocvelos sakurTxevelic odnav gafarToebuli salocavi niSis STabeWdilebas tovebs, romlis farTic TiTqmis mTlianad
kldeSive nakveT trapezis qvas ukavia (am tipis “niSa-sakurTxevlebze” saubari ufro
vrclad qvemoT gveqneba). am Zeglis Seqmnis xanad pativcemul mecniers V s miaCnia. igi
V_VI ss-iT aTariRebs agreTve veran-garejis da sabereebis udabnos zogierT eklesias
[63, gv. 18, 22-30], romelTa gegmebic aseve Tavisufali jvris Temis erTmaneTisgan
ramdenadme gansxvavebul variaciebs warmoadgens, Werebi ki wakveTili konusis an
kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli wakveTili piramidis formis SezneqilobebiT aqvT gaformebuli
(tab. 100 : 2, 3, 4). TiToeuli maTganis centraluri kvadratis aRmosavleT mxares, qvis
104
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sruliad Camoyalibebuli formis
sakurTxevlebia gamokveTili.
gegmarebiT am ukanaskneli tipis taZarTa msgavsia sabereebis samonastro kompleqsis kidev 2 eklesia (tab. 100 : 5, 6), im gansxvavebiT, rom maTi Werebi garda gumbaTebis
minabaZi sivrceebisa, gumbaTqveSa konstruqciebis imitaciebiT, kerZod ki adreuli
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qvis gumbaTiani eklesiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli trompuli
sistemis met-naklebad zusti minabaZebiT aris Semkuli [47; 236; 423]. am qvab-eklesiebs
aRniSnuli mkvlevari VI_VII ss-is Zeglebad miiCnevs.
sanam am rigis qvabovan eklesiaTa daTariRebis Sesaxeb qarTul mecnierebaSi arsebul gansxvavebul poziciebs ganvixilavdeT, SevecdebiT amovicnoT is motivebi, ramac
pativcemuli mkvlevari am ZeglTa Seqmnis xanis Sesaxeb, warmodgenil koncefciamde
miiyvana.
am Teoriis amosavali wertilia debuleba, romlis mixedviTac garejis mravalmTis aRniSnuli jgufis eklesiebis xuroTmoZRvruli gegmareba da calkeuli detalebi qvis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis anarekls ki ar warmoadgns (rogorc es mTeli
qristianuli samyaros kldeSi nakveTi saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis SefasebaSia
miRebuli), aramed piriqiT: es regioni warmoadgenda erTgvar sacdel poligons, sadac
jer kidev daviT garejelis gamoCenamde da Semdgomac, VI_VII ss-Si, mimdinareobda
gumbaTiani eklesiebis gegmarebiTi principebis SemuSaveba, iqmneboda sivrculad da
konstruqciulad axleburad gadawyvetil eklesiaTa kldeSi nakveTi modelebi, romelTa qvis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gadatanam safuZveli daudo qarTuli gumbaTiani eklesiebis
ganviTarebas. imis dasturad, rom Cven sworad gavigeT am koncefciis arsi, moviyvanT
citatebs misi avtoris naSromebidan: “garejis udabnoSi mimdinareobda gumbaTovani
eklesiebis interieris sivrcobrivi struqturis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis procesi.
dRis wesrigSi idga SemoqmedebiTad gaazrebuli gumbaTovani sivrcis mxatvrulad
asaxva” [63, gv. 17]; “jvar-gumbaTovani eklesiis Camoyalibeba-gavrcelebis procesi,
daviTis gamoCenamde Cans garejis udabnoSi... es imis mauwyebelia, rom garejis berTa
wreSi iyvnen profesionali xuroTmoZRvrebi, romlebic eriskac ostatebTan erTad
nergavdnen eklesiis axal saxes” [63, gv. 16]; “garejis “Tavisufali jvris” Temis am
variantebis analiziT, irkveva qvis gumbaTovani eklesiebis arqiteqturis genezisi,
misi warmoSobis erovnuli niadagi da ganviTarebis istoria saqarTveloSi; garejis
udabnoSi qarTuli eklesiis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis procesSi ori mTavari
arqiteqturuli forma iqcevda yuradRebas _ eklesiis sakurTxeveli da gumbaTi.
eklesiis am ori formis TandaTanobiTi ganviTareba dasturdeba garejisave masalebiT”
[63, gv. 17] da a.S. rogorc misi araerTi naSromidan da Tundac am ukanaskneli citatiT
irkveva, g. gafrindaSvilis azriT saqarTveloSi da, kerZod, garejis mravalmTaSi ara
mxolod jvar-gumbaTiani eklesiebis xuroTmoZRvrul saxes eyreboda safuZveli,
aramed zogadad, qristianuli taZrebis sivrcobriv-gegmarebiTi principebis Camoyalibeba xdeboda. magaliTad, am SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis Sedegad miiCnevs igi qarTuli
winaqristianuli xanis salocavi niSebis gadmoRebas qvab-samlocveloebSi da maT
transformacias qristianuli eklesiebis umTavres atributad, sakurTxevlad. misi
Teoriis mixedviT, am evolucias garejis eklesia-samlocveloebSi Semdegi safexurebi
gauvlia: sasanTle niSi, niSi-sakurTxeveli, Rrma sakurTxeveli [63, gv. 18]. Sesabamisad,
es Zeglebi am niSnis mixedviTac sxvadasxva xaniT TariRdeba (IV_VII ss).
105
pativcemuli mkvlevari imdenad darwmunebulia qarTuli eklesiebis adgilobriv
niadagze genezisisa da evoluciis amgvarad gaazrebis marTebulobaSi, rom zemoT
warmodgenil argumentebs b-ni g. CubinaSvilis mier qarTuli gumbaTiani taZrebis
kompoziciuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli erT-erTi debulebis TvalnaTliv
dadasturebad miiCnevs [328, gv. 5]. g. gafrindaSvilis mixedviT, g. CubinaSvils qarTuli
gumbaTiani taZrebis warmoSobis, maTi kompoziciis Camoyalibebis ramis erTaderT
safuZvlad da prototipad qarTuli xalxuri sacxovrebeli darbazi da misi gvirgvinuli gadaxurva miaCnda. Tu rogor esmis g. gafrindaSvils aRniSnuli koncefcia, kargad
Cans am debulebis miseul interpretaciaSi: “gumbaTis Tavdapirvelad warmoqmnisa
da Camoyalibebis safuZvelia uZvelesi qarTuli sacxovrisis _ darbazis ZiriTadi
arqiteqturuli forma, erdoiani gvirgvini, romelic gumbaTovani moculobiT xuravs
sacxovrisis interiers” [63, gv. 18].
b-ni g. CubinaSvilis naazrevis swored aseT planSi warmodgena aZlevs pativcemul
mkvlevars imis safuZvels, rom garejis mravalmTaSi mikvleuli, WerSi gamokveTili
sxvadasxva formis moculobebiTa da uyelo gumbaTebis imitaciebiT gaformebuli, zemoT warmodgenili qvab-eklesiebi, xalxuri gvirgviniani darbazebidan qvis monumentur, jvar-gumbaTiani eklesiebisken gardamaval, sxvadasxva safexuris Sualedur
Zeglebad miiCnios [63, gv. 18]. misi azriT aRniSnuli, uyelo gumbaTiani kldis eklesiebi
win uswreben monumentur, yelian-gumbaTian taZrebs da Semdeg gverdigverd viTardebian [328, gv. 15].
unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnul mosazrebas imis Taobaze, TiTqosda daviT garejis
gumbaTis minabaZiani kldis eklesiebi qarTuli gumbaTiani taZrebis xuroTmoZRvruli
saxis formirebis gzaze Seqmnil Sualedur variaciebs warmoadgens, g. CubinaSvilis zemoT aRniSnuli gamonaTqvamis dadasturebad miiCneven agreTve qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis cnobili mkvlevarebi, b-nebi l. sumbaZe [406, gv. 258-259] da n. CubinaSvili [431, gv. 108].
vfiqrobT, rom g. CubinaSvilis naazrevis aseTi interpretacia Rvawlmosili
mkvlevaris gamonaTqvamis arsSi arcTu Rrmad Cawvdomis Sedegia. rodesac g. CubinaSvili
Tavis NnaSromebSi [236; 427; 423] im rolze saubrobda, rac adgilobrivi darbazuli
sacxovreblebis gvirgvinulad gadaxurvis tradiciam Seasrula qarTuli gumbaTiani
eklesiebis mxatvrul-stilisturi Taviseburebebis CamoyalibebaSi, igi sulac ar
gulisxmobda imas, rom pirveli qarTuli gumbaTiani eklesiebis mSenebelTaTvis
sazRvargareTis qristianul samyaroSi jer kidev erTi saukuniT adre gavrcelebuli,
tipologiurad mravalferovani, magram zogadi struqturiT analogiuri taZrebis
arseboba cnobili ar iyo da Cveni xuroTmoZRvrebi darbazuli sacxovreblebis
elementebis dasesxebiT* Tavidan qmnidnen gumbaTiani eklesiebis konstruqciul
-stilistur koncefcias. Tuki Cveni mxriv swored vafasebT g. CubinaSvilis naazrevs,
mas aRniSnuli gamonaTqvamiT mxolod imis Tqma surda, rom eyrdnobodnen ra gumbaTis
msgavsi sivrciT gadaxuruli kvadratuli gegmis sacxovreblebis mravalsaukunovan
adgilobriv tradicias, qarTvel xuroTmoZRvarTaTvis da maT damkveTTaTvis fsiqologiurad metad axlobeli da misaRebi iyo gumbaTiani taZris tipi da am Temis variaciebis damuSavebas gacilebiT meti interesiTa da SemoqmedebiTad udgebodnen, vidre
danarCen mimarTulebebs (magaliTad, bazilikebs) [423, gv. 203]. swored aseTi viTarebis
*
prof. l. sumbaZe swored am termins, “dasesxebas” iyenebs, rodesac eTanxmeba gvirgvinuli
gadaxurvebis qarTuli eklesiebis gumbaTebad transformaciis Teorias [406, gv. 258].
106
fonze Camoyalibda qarTuli gumbaTiani eklesiebis ganumeorebeli, TavisTavadi
mxatvruli saxe.
aRniSnuli argumentebidan gamomdinare, Cven ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas, romlis
mixedviTac daaxloebiT 3 aswleulis ganmavlobaSi, IV_VII ss-Si, garejis mravalmTaSi
intensiuri SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba mimdinareobda darbazuli sacxovreblebis gvirgvinuli gadaxurvebis motivebze dayrdnobiT jvar-gumbaTiani taZrebis kompoziciis
Sesaqmnelad da rom CamoTvlili qvab-eklesiebi am Temis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
safexurTan dakavSirebul, gardamaval nimuSebs warmoadgens.
garejis mravalmTis CamoTvlil kldis eklesiaTa aRniSnuli daTariRebac am
hipoTezasTanaa misadagebuli da uTuod im logikidan gamomdinareobs, rom saboloo
formis Ziebis amsaxveli es nimuSebi qronologiurad aucileblad unda uswrebdnen win
saqarTveloSi srulyofili xuroTmoZRvruli saxis mqone pirveli gumbaTiani taZrebis
Seqmnis xanas, VI_VII ss-s (SiomRvimis ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia, Zveli gavazi,
ninowminda _ VI s, mcxeTis jvari _ VII s da sxv.) [236; 47 da sxv.].
ramdenadme ufro gaugebaria, Tu rogor gansazRvravs b-ni g. gafrindaSvili garejis
mravalmTaSi gumbaTiani taZrebis Temis damuSavebis xangrZlivobas, ratom iRebs am
Ziebis dawyebis xanad maincdamainc IV s-s an aseTi sizustiT rogor miuCens adgils
drois aRniSnul diapazonSi (IV_VII ss) TiToeul ganxiliul eklesias: am sakiTxebze
msjelobisas avtori Zeglebis xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi analizidan gamomdinare
argumentebs praqtikulad ar warmogvidgens [63; 69; 328]. rogorc Cans, mkvlevarma miiCnia,
rom vinaidan VI s-Si saqarTveloSi ukve igeboda sakmaod Camoyalibebuli gegmarebis
jvar-gumbaTiani taZrebi (magaliTad, erelaanT saydari, idleTis “naTlismcemeli”,
SiomRvime [426; 47, gv. 28, 100-101]), am Temis evolucias aseT kompoziciur srulyofamde
erTi saukune ar eyofoda. amis safuZvelze man garejis mravalmTaSi gumbaTiani
eklesiebis formis Ziebis savaraudo xangrZlivoba maqsimalurad gazarda da pirveli,
Canasaxovani formis gumbaTiani eklesiebis gamokveTa ukve IV s-Si CaTvala SesaZleblad.
aseT adreul daTariRebas albaT im garemoebamac Seuwyo xeli, rom, rogorc aRvniSneT,
am hipoTezis avtoris azriT, garejis mravalmTaSi gumbaTebis paralelurad
sakurTxevlis formaTa Ziebac mimdinareobda, xolo qarTul taZrebs rom V saukuneSive
savsebiT srulyofili saxis sakurTxevlebi gaaCndaT, sayovelTaod cnobili faqtia.
Tu Cven swored amovicaniT garejis mravalmTis gumbaTis imitaciis mqone,
g. gafrindaSvilis mier uadresad da ugvianesad miCneuli qvab-eklesiebis daTariRebis
motivebi, am rigis danarCeni eklesiebis qronologiis miseuli gansazRvrac gasagebi gaxdeba: isini eklesiis aRniSnuli komponentebis formebis sirTulis-da mixedviT, evoluciis SemoTavazebul principebTan misadagebiTaa daTariRebuli, drois mocemul monakveTSi (IV_VII ss) gegmazomieri ganlagebiT (martivi _ IV s, saSualo _ V s, rTuli _ VI s).
ai, aseTi msjelobis nayofad gveCveneba mosazreba IV_V ss-Si garejis mravalmTaSi
kldeSi nakveTi udabnoebisa da “proto-eklesiebis” (g. gafrindaSvilis mier ukanasknel
wlebSi SemuSavebuli termini) gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.
radganac gumbaTis msgavsi minabaZiani kldeSi nakveTi eklesiebi, iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda* saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi ar gvxvdeba, vnaxoT qronologiis
dazustebis TvalsazrisiT ra Sedegs mogvcems maTi da adre bizantiuri samyaros
qveynebSi dadasturebuli tipologiurad msgavsi Zeglebis SedarebiTi analizi.
*
mag. samsaris qvabovani eklesia javaxeTSi [265, gv. 67-68] (tab. 109).
107
erTi SexedviTve, am epoqis aRmosavlur-qristianul kldeSi nakveT samonastro
kompleqsTagan, rogorc zogadi struqturiT, ise qvab-eklesiaTa detaluri damuSavebiT, garejis mravalmTis udabnoebTan yvelaze axlos kabadokiis gamoqvabuli
monastrebi dgas. aseTi msgavseba arc aris gasakviri, Tundac am regionTa erTmaneTTan
SedarebiT geografiuli siaxlovis gamo, miT ufro, rom imxanad samonastro
moRvaweobiT gamorCeul am or provincias Soris mWidro kulturul-politikuri
kavSiri istoriuli dokumentebiT savsebiT dasabuTebulia [7; 121; 203]. vnaxoT,
ramdenad organulad enaTesaveba erTmaneTs aRniSnul regionTa samonastro centrebi,
ra saerTo Tu ganmasxvavebeli niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba maTi Semadgeneli saTavsebis
xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi gadawyveta.
kabadokiisa da garejis samonastro kompleqsTa Soris gansxvaveba, upirveles
yovlisa monastrebis kompoziciuri centrebis komponentTa urTierTkavSiriTaa
gamoxatuli. kabadokiis gamoqvabuli monastrebis centraluri nawilebisTvis, metad
damaxasiaTebeli iyo mozrdili vestibiulebis da narTeqsebis mowyoba mTavari eklesiis
sxvadasxva mxares (gamomdinare kldis masivis orientaciidan), ZiriTadad eklesiis
dasavleTiT an samxreTiT. am vestibiulebis gavliT ara mxolod eklesiaSi vxvdebiT,
aramed mis sxvadasxva mxares gamokveTil sxva mniSvnelovan, saerTo daniSnulebis
gamoqvabul saTavsebSic (satrapezo, sakrebulo da sxv.) [548, gv. 18-24, sur. 5, 14, 15].
amis garda, am monastrebSi xSirad gvxvdeba kldis zedapirisken cali mxariT gaxsnili
Taviseburi Sida ezoebi, romelTa garSemocaa gamokveTili eklesiebi, vestibiulebi,
sakrebuloebi, winamZRvris oTaxi da sxva mniSvnelovani saTavsebi [548, sur. 7].* monastris
eklesiebisa da centraluri saTavsebis vestibiulebisa Tu Ria ezoebis garSemo ganlageba
sruliad ucxoa garejis mravalmTis udabnoebisaTvis. am motivs aq sul sxva, adgilobriv
xuroTmoZRvrul tradiciebze damyarebuli struqtura enacvleba.
garejis kldeSi nakveTi samonastro ansamblebis struqturaSi adreuli periodidanve SeiniSneba Semdegi tendencia: am udabnoTa rogorc mniSvnelobiTi, ise
kompoziciuri centria mTavari eklesia, romlis aRmosavleT-dasavleTi RerZi TiTqmis
yovelTvis kldovani flatis paraleluria [424, sur. 51, 81, 96, 123]. maTSi erTaderTi
Sesasvleli samxreTidanaa, umetes SemTxvevaSi portikis an narTeqsis tipis saTavsis
gavliT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad es karibWeebi ufro xSirad dazianebulia,
vfiqrobT maT umravlesobas eklesiis darad, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis RerZze
wagrZelebuli forma eqneboda, aRmosavleT kedelSi afsidis an sxva formis salocavi
niSebi hqonda amokveTili, samxreTis kedeli ki kldis zedapirze xSirad svetnaris saxiT
ixsneboda. gvxvdeba eklesiasa da karibWes Soris kidev erTi, damatebiTi “vestibiulis”
magaliTebic [424, gv. 21, 24-27, sur. 81, 63; 93, nax. 42, 44, 45]. sxva qvab-senakebTan kavSiri
mxolod karibWidan xorcieldeboda. amrigad, garejis qvabovan monasterTa centralur,
eklesiian jgufebSi adreuli Sua saukuneebidanve prioriteti eniWeboda qarTuli
tradiciuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erT umTavres gegmarebiT princips: ZiriTadi
darbazisa da karibWis (derefnis) erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT, grZiv RerZze (am SemTxvevaSi
kldis siRrmeSi) SedarebiT martivad ganlagebas** [406, gv. 12-14].
*
es xuroTmoZRvruli Tema, SesaZloa Zveli iranuli samyarosTvis, gansakuTrebiT parTuli
xanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli “livaniani saxlebis” tradiciis gamoZaxili iyos [262, gv. 61-63].
** garejis mravalmTaSi metad iSviaTad gvxvdeba sxvagvarad orientirebuli kldis eklesiebic,
mag., kldis siRrmiskenaa orientirebuli sakurTxeveli lavris ilarian qarTvelis
filialis eklesiaSi (VIII_IX ss mijna) [424, sur. 56]; sakurTxeveli kldis zedapiriskenaa
108
adre da ganviTarebul bizantiur xanaSi, kabadokiis gamoqvabul monastrebSi
arcTu iSviaTi iyo eklesiebis Sesasvlelebis mimdebare kldis masivebis gaformeba
reliefuri, mxatvruli motivebiT. pilastrebis, kolonebis, yru TaRebis, frizebis
da sxva plastikuri elementebis gamoyenebiT, iqmneboda qvis monumenturi xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fasadebis imitacia [548, gv. 114-116, sur. 8-10, 583].
garejis mravalmTis qvabovan monastrebSi, fasadebis msgavsi xerxebiT gaformebis
magaliTebi jer-jerobiT dadasturebuli ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebiT
kabadokiis SedarebiT mkvriv qanebSi, tufebSi nakveTi monastrebisagan garejis
kompleqsebis safasado nawilebis absoluturi umravlesoba amJamad daRupulia,
SemorCenili nimuSebi imaze metyvelebs, rom fasadebis gaformeba aq Sesasvlelebis
mcired plastikur aqcentirebas ar gascdenia. magaliTad, mosalodnelia, rom garejis
kldis eklesiebSi Sesasvlelebi karibWeTa martivi moxazulobis TaRedebiT iqneboda
xazgasmuli, msgavsad berebis seris erT-erTi kompleqsisa [63, foto 1 garekanze].
sakmaod Zunwi da lakoniuria garejis mravalmTis gamoqvabuli monastrebis
interierebis morTulobac. kabadokiis rigi kompleqsebis (“karanlik kale”, “ainalu
qilisa” da sxv. tab. 127) [548, sur. 6, 16, 17] msgavsad, reliefuri, geometriuli
saxeebiT mdidrulad Semkul eklesiebs da sxva mniSvnelovan saTavsebs garejaSi ver
vxvdebiT. interierTa plastikuri gaformeba aq qarTuli qvis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sabjen-sarTavi TaRebis, gumbaTebis konstruqciebis da zogierTi
sxva, isedac sada mxatvruli elementis sqematur imitacias ar scildeba. es garemoebac,
erTi mxriv, albaT garejis kldis masivebis naklebad mkvrivi geologiuri agebulebiTaa
gamowveuli, magram isic sagulisxmoa, rom garejis gamoqvabul-monasterTa
Semoqmedebi adreuli Sua saukuneebidanve, maTi moweseobrivi mrwamsidan da qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis tradiciuli esTetikuri principebidan gamomdinare, Tavs
ikavebdnen eklesia-senakebis eqsterierebisa Tu interierebis uxvad dekorirebisagan.
garejis mravalmTisa da kabadokiis qvabovani monastrebis tipologiuri siaxlove
ZiriTadad kldis eklesiaTa mniSvnelovani nawilis msgavsi sivrcul-gegmuri gadawyvetiT gamoixateba. kabadokiis monastrebSic sakmaod yofila gavrcelebuli martivi
darbazuli da Tavisufali jvris gegmis eklesiebi, e. i. garejis mravalmTaSi CvenTvis
cnobil kldis eklesiebis orive saxeoba*.
Cveni amJamindeli ganxilvis sagani, Tavisufali jvris gegmis eklesiebi kabadokiis
qvabovan monastrebSi ramdenime variantiTaa warmodgenili. iseve rogorc garejis
udabnoebSi, iq gvxvdeba martivi jvris gegmis eklesiebi, romelTa centraluri sivrceebis Werebi kamarebis an gumbaTebis minabaZebs warmoadgens [548, gv. 46, 62, 106-113; 583, gv.
44-49; 572, gv. 76-80]. garda amisa, kabadokiis qvabovan udabnoebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila jvris gegmis eklesiebi sruliad brtyeli gadaxurvebis imitaciebiT [548, gv.
89, 108, sur. 14], rac garejis mravalmTisTvis ucxoa.
orientirebuli berebis seris erT-erT eklesiaSi [63, gv. 29] da sxv. aseTi SemTxvevebi ufro
xSirad damaxasiaTebelia samonastro moZraobis adreuli etapis udabnoebisaTvis, xolo
dawyebuli IX_X ss-dan, eklesiebis RerZis kldis zedapiris mimarT paraleluroba TiTqmis
kanonikuri xdeba.
*
garda aRniSnulisa, kabadokiis qvabovan monastrebSi gvxvdeba garejis udabnoTaTvis
sruliad ucnobi tipis taZrebic: kldeSi nakveTi samnaviani bazilikebi, trikonqebi,
ganivkamariani bazilikebi, Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiebi [583; 509; 548].
109
am rigis eklesiebi TiToeul regionSi daax. erTi da igive zomisaa (centraluri
kvadratis gverdebi ufro xSirad 3_4 m-ia). rogorc kabadokiis, ise garejis
aRniSnuli tipis eklesiis mklavebi centraluri sivrcidan sam mxares gamokaful,
kamarebiT gadaxurul, sworkuTxa gegmis niSebs warmoadgens, xolo aRmosavleTis
mklavebi naxevarwriuli an nalisebri gegmis afsidebiT mTavrdeba. orive regionis
udabnoebSi, jvris gegmis eklesiaTa centraluri kvadratebis brtyeli gadaxurvebis
paralelurad, gvxvdeba WerebSi gamokveTili gumbaTisebri sivrcis ramdenime ZiriTadi
forma: naxevarsferos, wakveTili konusis, konusis, wakveTili piramidis an piramidis
proporciulad sxvadasxva variaciebi [63, gv. 22-30; nax. 42, 44-46; 548, sur. 14-17; 583, nax. 2024]. (tab. 125:2). garejaSic da kabadokiaSic, arcTu iSviaTia qvis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, gumbaTqveSa kvadratidan gumbaTze gadamyvani konstruqciebis
imitaciebi [328, nax. 23-26; 548, sur. 16-17].
kabadokiisa da garejis am rigis kldis eklesiebi, stilisturi niSnebiT erTmaneTisgan ramdenadme mainc gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, kabadokiis jvar-gumbaTian eklesiebSi
jvris mklavebi, gegmaSi TiTqmis yovelTvis gacilebiT wagrZelebulia, vidre es garejis
amave tipis eklesiebSia, sadac jvris mklavebs xSirad odnav SeRrmavebuli niSebis saxe
aqvs. aq gansakuTrebiT “atrofirebulia” xolme aRmosavleTis mklavebi da centraluri
kvadratebi, arcTu iSviaTad, pirdapir sakurTxevlis afsids uerTdeba, maSin rodesac
kabadokiis eklesiebSi aRmosavleTis mklavebic danarCenze aranaklebi sigrZisaa.
kabadokiis jvar-gumbaTian eklesiebs metad mkveTri nalisebri moxazulobis afsidis
gegmebi da konqis TaRebi axasiaTebT, rac garejis eklesiebisTvis arcTu tipiuria.
am regionTa “jvar-gumbaTian” kldis eklesiebs Soris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis
CamoTvla kidev SeiZleboda, magram erTi ram isedac cxadiaa: maT gegmarebiT da sivrcul
aRnagobaSi, saerTo principebi da monaTesave motivebi gacilebiT Warbobs am lokalur
maxasiaTeblebs.
amrigad, unda vivaraudoT, rom garejis mravalmTisa da kabadokiis qvabovan
monastrebSi jvris gegmis eklesiebis tipologiuri Tanxvedra am Temis erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad damuSavebis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed aRmosavluri qristianuli
monasticizmis am mowinave regionTa Soris mWidro kulturuli urTierTobis nayofia.
jvris gegmis TiToeuli kldis eklesiis zedmiwevniT zustad daTariReba, kabadokiis
gamoqvabuli monastrebis mkvlevar sazRvargareTel xelovnebaTmcodneebsac uWirT. am
tipis qvis eklesiebi, marTalia jer kidev V s-is dasawyisSi igeboda kabadokiaSi, magram
isini, wm. grigol nizanelis cnobiT, iseve rogorc mTel adreul qristianul samyaroSi,
Tavdapirvelad mxolod martiriumebad gamoiyeneboda [589, gv. 540]. am tipis uadresi
martiriumebis sakurTxevlebi jvris mklavebis gadakveTaze iyo mowyobili da mxolod V_
VI ss-Si, maSin rodesac es forma Cveulebriv eklesiebSic iqna gamoyenebuli, sakurTxeveli
aRmosavleTis mklavis b
B oloSi gadaadgilda [509, gv. 62]. kabadokiis gamoqvabuli monastrebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, es Tema ukve regularuli RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gamiznuli
eklesiebis saxiTaa warmodgenili da qvis prototipebisagan gansxvavebiT, mTeli rigi
tipologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba (darbazisa da mklavebis Semcirebuli zoma,
araproporciulad gazrdili sakurTxevlis farTi da sxv.). amrigad, kabadokiis am rigis
gamoqvabuli eklesiebi (rogorc brtyelWeriani, ise gumbaTis imitaciebiT Semkulni),
jvris gegmis eklesiaTa Temis sakmaod transformirebul refleqcias ganasaxiereben da,
amdenad, qvis prototipebis uadres nimuSebisa da maTi Seqmnis epoqebs Soris garkveuli
110
intervali unda vigulisxmoT. konkretulad ra qronologiuri Sualedi aSorebs TiToeul
jvris gegmis qvab-eklesias V s-sgan, Zneli saTqmelia, magram mTel rig xuroTmoZRvrul
detalebze dayrdnobiT, maTi zogierTi adreuli nimuSis ramdenadme zustad daTariReba
mainc moxerxda. magaliTad: “gioremis” #27 kapela jvris gegmis eklesias warmoadgens,
Werze simbolurad (gadamyvani konstruqciebis gareSe) gamokveTili gumbaTis imitaciiT. am
eklesias gaaCnia reliefuri dekoriT gaformebuli fasadi, romlis motivebi stilisturi
niSnebiT metad axlos dgas amave regionis VII s-iT daTariRebul, kldeSi nakveTi samnaviani
bazilikis, “qaranlik qilisas” karibWis fasadTan [548, gv. 108, sur. 10, 16-17].
zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom gumbaTis imitaciebiT Semkuli kabadokiuri kldis
eklesiebis sxva uadresi nimuSebis gamokveTac daaxloebiT. am epoqaSi unda momxdariyo,
Tumca, qvab-eklesiaTa am tipis regionSi masobrivad gavrcelebas mravali mkvlevari
ufro VIII_IX ss-Si varaudobs [549, gv. 95; 548, gv. 107; 572].
kidev ufro gviandeli xaniT, IX_X ss-iT aTariReben cnobili sazRvargareTeli
xelovnebaTmcodneebi kabadokiis kldeSi nakveT jvar-gumbaTian eklesiebs, romelTa
Werebi gumbaTis garda centraluri kvadratidan gumbaTze gadamyvani konstruqciebis
imitaciebiTacaa Semkuli [548, gv. 112; 583, gv. 51-52].
amrigad, garejis mravalmTis Tavisufali jvris tipis aRniSnul kldis eklesiebTan
tipologiurad da stilisturad sakmaod axlos mdgomi Zeglebis, kabadokiis qvabovani
eklesiebis Seqmnis qronologiur diapazonad, sazRvargareTul samecniero wreebSi
dResdReobiT VII_X ss-ia miCneuli.
Tuki adrebizantiuri qristianuli kulturis internacionalur xasiaTs da geografiul faqtors (aRmosavluri qristianuli monasticizmis aRiarebuli centrebidan
daSorebas) gaviTvaliswinebT, garejis am rigis eklesiaTagan uadresebis Seqmnis TariRad, Znelad rom VII s-ze adreuli xana vigulisxmoT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi movlenaTa
aseTi ganviTareba unda davuSvaT: am tipis eklesiaTa genezisi swored garejis udabnoebSi moxda da Semdgom saukuneebSi daiwyo misi gavrceleba wina aziuri monasticizmis
erT-erT mowinave regionSi, kabadokiaSi; iq am stilma gansacvifrebel srulyofas miaRwia
(gavixsenoT kldeSi nakveTi trikonqebi, Cawerili jvris tipis gumbaTiani taZrebi), xolo
TviT garejis mravalmTaSi kldis ZeglTa xuroTmoZRvrebi, ratomRac maTi erTeuli,
SedarebiT martivi nimuSebis Seqmnas dasjerdnen da gumbaTiani qvab-eklesiebis Temis
Semdgom ganviTarebaze ratomRac uari Tqves (es maSin, rodesac qvis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi
gumbaTiani taZrebis Tema mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, am epoqidan dawyebuli
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT, sul ufro met prioritetulobas iZenda).
gacilebiT misaRebad gveCveneba Semdegi versia: garejis mravalmTaSi aRniSnuli
tipis kldis eklesiebis Tema, bizantiuri samyaros qvabovan monastrebSi metad
gavrcelebuli zogadi stilis lokalur, adgilobriv variacias unda warmoadgendes.
SesaZloa, CvenSi im droisTvis metad gavrcelebuli, Tavisufali jvris gegmis qvis
eklesiebis kldeSi nakveTi minabaZebis Seqmnis idea, aRniSnuli samonazvno centrebidan
adgilmonacvebuli qarTveli Tu sxva erovnebis ber-monazvnebis QmoRvaweobasac
ukavSirdebodes*.
*
niSandoblivia, rom garejis mravalmTis am stilis eklesiebiT yvelaze mdidari kompleqsis,
sabereebis kedlis mxatvrobisa da freskuli warwerebis analizis safuZvelze, zogierTi
qarTveli mkvlevari im daskvnamde mivida, rom kompleqsis Semadgeneli aRniSnuli tipis
eklesiebis SeqmnaSi da moxatvaSi, swored mcire aziis samonastro centrebidan IX_X ss-Si
momdinare kulturuli talRis gavlena igrZnoba [203, gv. 122].
111
amasTan, Cven gamovricxavT wina aziuri qristianuli centrebidan aRniSnuli tipis
eklesiebis qarTul sinamdvileSi meqanikuri gadmoRebis, sazRvargareTuli qvabovani
modelebis sruli kopirebis SesaZleblobas. iseve, Nrogorc qvis eklesiaTmSeneblobaSi,
qarTul kldis xuroTmoZRvrebaSic Cveulebrivi movlena iqneboda Auadresi, mowinave
qristianuli tradiciebis qveynebis wiaRSi SemuSavebuli qvabovani taZrebis zogadi
gegmarebiTi sqemebis SeTviseba, magram am etalonebma adgilobrivi tradiciebis,
istoriuli viTarebisa da erovnuli esTetikuri principebis zegavleniT, albaT
safuZvliani transformacia ganicada da ganumeorebeli, erovnuli saxe SeiZina.
garejis mravalmTis jvar-gumbaTiani kldis eklesiebic, met-naklebad an TvalSi
sacemad gansxvavdeba kabadokiuri analogiebisagan, amasTan, rac ufro mkveTrad
Camoyalibebuli, TviTmyofadi mxatvrul-stilisturi niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili Zeglebis
esa Tu is wyeba, miT ufro xangrZlivi qronologiuri intervali unda vivaraudoT maTsa
da winaaziur prototipebs Soris*.
sakiTxebis amgvarad gaazrebidan gamomdinare, garejis mravalmTaSi pirveli
Tavisufali jvris gegmisa Tu gumbaTis imitaciebiT Semkuli eklesiebis kveTis xanad
VII saukunis miCneva Teoriuladac ki metad saTuoa. miT umetes, aseTi adreuli xaniT
ver davaTariRebT am rigis eklesiaTa im nawils, romelTa gegmarebaSic lokaluri
stilisturi niSnebis siWarbe saxezea (magaliTad, sabereebis jvar-gumbaTian eklesiebs).
garejis mravalmTis aRniSnuli tipis kldis eklesiaTa daTariRebis saqmeSi,
mniSvnelovnad wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda am sakiTxze profesor d. TumaniSvilis mier daaxloebiT 2 aTeuli wlis win gamoTqmuli, (samwuxarod, dRemde
gamouqveynebeli) mosazrebani [111]. mkvlevarma, garejis erT-erTi savanis, sabereebis
kompleqsSi CarTuli ramdenime jvris gegmis, gumbaTis imitaciebiT Semkuli kldis
eklesia, maTi gegmarebiTi da mxatvrul-stilisturi Taviseburebebis detaluri
analizis safuZvelze, garkveuli qronologiuri intervaliT, IX s-is Sua xanebidan X sis meore naxevramde Seqmnil Zeglebad miiCnia.
radganac sabereebis taZrebis zogierTi elementis damaTariRebeli mniSvnelobis
d. TumaniSviliseul dasabuTebas qarTuli qvab-eklesiebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas
Semdgomac moviSveliebT, Tavs uflebas mivcemT Semoklebulad, Cveni interpretaciiT
warmovadginoT am argumentaciis umTavresi debulebebi:
a) gamokveTis savaraudo TanmimdevrobiT, gumbaTis imitaciiT gawyobil uadres
jvris gegmis eklesias, qronologiurad win uswrebs darbazuli eklesia, romlis
kedlebic sarTavi TaRebiTaa Semkuli. es elementi, cnobili qarTveli xelovnebaTmcodneebis dakvirvebiT [428; 423 da sxv.], qarTul darbazul eklesiebSi VIII_IX ss-dan
Cndeba. amasTan erTad, es darbazuli eklesia, kompoziciur-mxatvruli monacemebiTac
axlos dgas garejis mravalmTaSi ilarion qarTvelis moRvaweobasTan da aRmSeneblobasTan dakavSirebul qvab-eklesiasTan (feriscvalebis eklesia daviTis lavraSi,
IX s. da sxv.) [424];
b) aRniSnuli “jvar-gumbaTiani” eklesiebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania af-
*
meore mxriv, regularuli qarTul-wina aziuri kulturuli kavSirebidan gamomdinare,
gadaWriT ver gamovricxavT am rigis kldis eklesiebis qarTul niadagze SemuSavebuli
zogierTi naersaxeobis sapirispiro zegavlenasac kabadokiis gamoqvabul-eklesiaTa
xuroTmoZRvrebaze.
112
sidis gegmebisa TaRebis nalisebri moxazuloba, aseT formebs ki qarTul saeklesio
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi X s-is Sua xanebidan veRar vxvdebiT;
g) sabereebis gumbaTis minabaZian sam taZarSi sakmaod zustadaa imitirebuli
qarTuli qvis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gumbaTqveSa trompuli konstruqciebi, rac mkvlevars afiqrebinebs, rom maTi gamokveTa qvis prototipebTan
met-naklebi sinqronulobiT xdeboda. gumbaTqveSa trompuli konstruqciebis
gamoyenebis zeda qronologiuri zRvari qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi X s-is Sua xanaa da
amdenad, aRniSnuli kldis eklesiebis gamokveTac am xanas ver gadmoscdeba;
d) aRniSnul gumbaTis minabaZian taZarTagan, zogierTs trompebisa da gumbaTebis
imitaciebs Soris Semouyveba reliefuri kozmidi. am detalebis urTierT Sexameba
qarTuli qvis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis IX s-ze adre damaxasiTebeli ar iyo. amave qveda
qronologiur zRvarze migvaniSnebs aRniSnuli eklesiebis gumbaTqveSa kvadratTa
kuTxeebSi datovebuli moculobebi, romlebic jvris mklavebis sivrceebis Semomweri
gare TaRebis mzidi konstruqciebis imitaciebs warmoadgens. aseTi konstruqciebic ar
iyo tipiuri qarTuli gumbaTiani taZrebisaTvis IX_X ss-mde [423; 312];
e) am taZrebSi gamokveTili gumbaTqveSa konstruqciebis imitaciebi, zustad
meordeba javaxeTSi mdebare samsaris kldeSi nakveT gumbaTian eklesiaSi, romelic
saamSeneblo warweriT kargadaa daTariRebuli 920_930-iani wlebiT [265, gv. 67-68].
unda aRiniSnos, rom d. TumaniSvilis mier garejis mravalmTis jvris gegmis,
gumbaTis imitaciebiT gaformebul eklesiaTa aseTi qronologiuri gansazRvreba,
savsebiT eTanxmeba Cven mier zemoT gamoTqmul varauds am Zeglebisa da maTi wina aziuri
analogiebis SesaZlo urTierT damokidebulebisa da zegavlenis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad amisa, gansxvavebiT gumbaTqveSa konstruqciebis imitaciebiT Semkuli
aRniSnuli jvris gegmis taZrebisgan, brtyeli Werebidan pirdapir Sezneqili gumbaTis
minabaZebiT gaformebuli, aseTive gegmis calkeuli taZrebis zedmiwevniT zustad
daTariReba, mxolod qvis xuroTmoZRvrebidan paralelebis moSveliebiT Wirs. Cven
sruliad logikurad migvaCnia d. TumaniSvilis dakvirveba imis Taobaze, rom sabereebis
monasterSi aseTi “utrompo jvar-gumbaTiani” taZari IX_X ss-iT mtkiced daTariRebul
kldis eklesiaTa mwkrivSia moqceuli da isini qronologiuradac uTuod erTmaneTis
TanmimdevrobiTaa gamokveTili. savsebiT veTanxmebiT agreTve kabadokiis kldis
eklesiaTa mkvlevarebs, romlebic aseTi gamartivebuli gumbaTebis imitaciebiT
Semkul taZrebs qronologiurad maincdamainc ar aSoreben gumbaTisa da misi
sayrdeni konstruqciebis zusti dublirebiT gaformebul eklesiebs da maT masobriv
gavrcelebas VIII_X saukuneebSi varaudoben [111; 548; 583]. miuxedavad amisa, xom SeiZleba
mavanma oponentma V_VII saukuneebis Zeglebad miCneuli jvris gegmis kldis eklesiebis
siidan, zemoT warmodgenili mtkicebis gavleniT, mxolod gumbaTqveSa konstruqciebis
imitaciebiT Semkuli, aRwerili nimuSebi “amoiRos”, xolo danarCeni ki (magaliTad,
brtyel WerSi amokveTili piramidiT, wakveTili konusiT gawyobili eklesiebi), im
motiviT, rom maTi zusti analogiebi qvis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ar mogvepoveba, kvlav
Zveleburad daaTariRos?
Cveni azriT, aseTi msjeloba aramarTebuli iqneboda. qvab-eklesiebis amgvarad
mowyobili Werebi sruliadac ar aris imis maCvenebeli, rom maTi formebi ufro adreuli,
raRac abstraqtuli gegmarebis qvis gumbaTiani taZrebidan iyos gadmoRebuli (miT umetes
SeuZlebelia, rom aseT eklesiebs qvis prototipebi sruliad ar uZRodaT win da rom isini,
113
qvis gumbaTiani eklesiebis kompoziciisa da konstruqciebis Ziebis xanis kldeSi nakveT
“Sualedur” modelebs warmoadgendes [63]). swored is garemoeba, rom brtyeli Werebidan
gadamyvani konstruqciebis gareSe amoyvanili gumbaTiani qvis taZrebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs,
imaze migvaniSnebs, rom qvab-eklesiebis am stiliT Semkulobebis saxiT, gumbaTiani
gadaxurvebis konstruqciebis gamartivebul, pirobiT anareklTan gvaqvs saqme.
aseTi kldis eklesiebis uaxloesi analogiebis moSorebiT Zebna sulac ar aris
saWiro _ maTi prototipebi Tu ufro bejiTad nakveTi oreulebi iqvea, garejis
mravalmTis qvabovan monastrebSi, xandaxan ki imave kompleqsSi. amis dasturad, Tundac
imave sabereebis monastris magaliTic gamodgeba. am kompleqsis Semadgenel jvris
gegmis xuTive eklesias absoluturad erTi da igive sivrcul-gegmarebiTi principi
udevs safuZvlad: jvris gegmis centraluri kvadratis Werze gamokveTilia gumbaTis
minabaZi sivrceebi gumbaTqveSa konstruqciebis imitaciiT an maT gareSe; samxreTis
wagrZelebuli gegmis karibWidan eklesiaSi SevdivarT jvris samxreT mklavSi gaWrili
farTo karebiT; aRmosavleTis mklavis nacvlad gamokveTilia nalisebri gegmis Rrma
sakurTxeveli, romlis samxreTi nawilidan damatebiTi gasasvlelia karibWeSi; jvris
mklavebis niSebs Semouyveba orsafexuriani, martiv impostebze dayrdnobili TaRebi
da a. S. es eklesiebi erTmaneTisgan ZiriTadad maTi Sesrulebis detalizaciiT gansxvavdebian da gumbaTqveSa konstruqciebis kopireba Tu “gamotoveba”, mxolod xuroTmoZRvarTa am sakiTxisadmi subieqturi midgomis Sedegi unda iyos.
daaxloebiT aseTive kompoziciuri sqema udevs safuZvlad garejis mravalmTis
aRniSnul qvabovan eklesiebsac dodos rqaSi, veran-garejaSi, did qvabebSi, kowaxuraSi
da sxv. (tab. 100-103). maTsa da sabereebis aRwerili eklesiebis gegmarebaSi, saerTo
principebi aSkarad Warbobs individualur niSnebs, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom garejis
udabnoebSi saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis am Temis gavrceleba da popularoba, erTi da
imave kulturul-ideologiuri talRis zemoqmedebis Sedegia.
cxadia, mxolod zogadi gegmarebiTi sqemebis Tanxvedris safuZvelze, uklebliv
yvela CamoTvlili eklesiis Seqmnas garejis udabnoebSi aRniSnuli stilis
damagvirgvinebel fazas, IX_X saukuneebs ver davukavSirebT, magram Tuki kabadokiis
qvabovan monastrebSi analogiuri Zeglebis gavrcelebis qronologiur diapazons
gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin garejis mravalmTaSi am tipis eklesiaTa uadresi, SedarebiT
primitiuli mxatvruli xerxebiT gadawyvetili nimuSebis Seqmnis qveda, ukidures
qronologiur zRvrad VIII s-is meore naxevris miCneva, realobasTan axlos unda iyos.
garejis mravalmTis kldeSi nakveTi eklesiebis ganxiluli stiliT nasazrdoeb
xuroTmoZRvrul Temad gveCveneba qvab-eklesiebi TaRuri gadaxurvebis imitaciebiT,
romelTa gegmarebaSic “atrofirebul” mklavebiani jvris moxazuloba amoicnoba.
amJamad, am tipis eklesiebis ramdenadme gansxvavebuli variaciebi SemorCenilia
wamebulSi, dodos rqaSi, mravalwyaroSi da zogierT sxva udabnoSic [424, gv. 47-48; 93,
nax. 42, 44, 46] (tab. 104-107).
am rigis eklesiebis gegmur-sivrculi gadawyvetis zogadi kompozicia, Werebis
gaformebis gamoklebiT, aRniSnuli, gumbaTis imitaciiani taZrebis msgavsia: maTi
ZiriTadi farTobi kvadratTan miaxloebuli marTkuTxedis gegmisaa (sigrZe-sigane
daaxloebiT 2_3 m), romlis 3 gverdidan (aRmosavleTis garda), odnav SeRrmavebuli,
TaRiT dagvirgvinebuli NniSisebri mklavebia gamokafuli kldeSi. aRmosavleTis
kedelSi Rrma, ufro xSirad nalisebri gegmis sakurTxevlis afsidebia gamokveTili.
114
rogorc mklavebis, ise sakurTxevlis TaRebi umTavresad orsafexuriania da maTi
quslebi martiv, Tarosebr impostebs eyrdnoba. am eklesiebSic, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis
RerZi kldis flatis paraleluria, xolo Sesasvleli kari samxreTis mklavSia gaWrili,
imave RerZze wagrZelebuli karibWis mimarTulebiT. amave karibWeSi afsidis samxreT
nawilidan gaWrili kidev erTi Riobi (gasasvleli an farTo sarkmeli) gamodis.
“jvar-kamarovani” kldis eklesiebis stilisturi gadawyveta, TiTqos garejis mravalmTis martiv, savaraudod SedarebiT adreul “jvar-gumbaTiani” gamoqvabul eklesiebTan
ufro axlos dgas, vidre am stilis damagvirgvinebel nimuSebTan (SevadaroT magaliTad,
veran-garejis, mravalwyaros an sabereebis udabnoTa “sqematur-gumbaTiani” da sabereebis
gumbaTqveSa konstruqciebis minabaZiani eklesiebi) _ “kamarebiT” gadaxuruli eklesiebis
gegmuri jvris mklavebi metad moklea (faqtiurad simboluri niSebis saxe aqvs); centraluri
kvadratis kuTxeebSi damatebiTi sabjeni moculobebi ar gvxvdeba; sakurTxevlidan karibWeSi gamosasvlels damatebiTi saTavsis saxe an mkveTrad gamoxatuli salocavi niSi ara aqvs;
samxreTis karis Tavze lunetis tipis sarkmelebi ar aris gamokveTili.
aRniSnuli stilisturi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
garejis mravalmTaSi jvris gegmis qvab-eklesiebis am SedarebiT gamartivebuli saxeobis SemuSaveba, kldis pirveli “jvar-gumbaTiani” taZrebs Seqmnas qronologiurad
mxolod odnav Tu CamorCeboda da amdenad, jvris gegmis eklesiaTa orive es Tema
garejis mravalmTaSi Tavdapirvelad, IX s-is ganmavlobaSi, praqtikulad erTmaneTis
paralelurad arsebobda da viTardeboda.
angariSgasawevia Semdegi garemoebac. garejis zogierT udabnoSi dadasturebulia
aRniSnul “jvar-kamarian” eklesiebTan xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi niSnebiT metad
axlos mdgomi qvabovani eklesiebi, romelTa CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis kedlebi
niSebad atrofirebuli mklavebis nacvlad, Sewyvilebul-Sekiduli sarTavi TaRebiT
aris gaformebuli [93, gv. 48] (tab. 107). rogorc Cans, aq saqme unda gvqondes am isedac
pirobiTad imitirebuli konstruqciuli elementis aSkarad dekoratiul motivad
transformaciasTan. cxadia, Tavis mxriv aRniSnuli dekoratiuli xerxic qarTuli
qvis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis arsenalidanaa nasesxebi. qarTuli qvis eklesiebis
interierebis SemkulobaSi es motivi VIII_IX ss-Ta mijnidan gaCnda, gansakuTrebiT
popularuli ki IX_X ss-Si gaxda [430, gv. 50; 263, gv. 143]. bunebrivia, misi kldeSi nakveTi
minabaZebis Seqmna ufro am ukanasknel diapazonSi unda vigulisxmoT.
meore mxriv, zustad aseTi wyvilad Sekiduli sarTavi TaRebi garejis mravalmTis
udabnoTa ramdenime iseTi calnaviani qvabovani eklesiis interierSic gvxvdeba,
sadac miuxedavad zogadi sqemiT da zogierTi elementiT “jvar-kamarian” nimuSebTan
naTesaobisa, jvris mklavebze mimaniSnebeli niSebi aRar figurirebs [204, gv. 135136; 199, gv. 18] (tab. 108). aqve unda gavixsenoT, rom kedlebis Sewyvilebuli niSebiT
gaformeba dadasturebulia wm. daviTis lavraSi, wm. ilarion qarTvelis “filialSi”*,
*
termini “filiali” brWyalebSi SemTxveviT ar movaTavseT. saqme is aris, rom wm. daviTis lavris
teritoriaze ilarion qarTvelis mier gamarTuli eklesia-senakTa jgufis XX s-is qarTvel
mecnierTa mier, rogorc wesi filialad moxsenieba, Cvenis azriT arcTu zustad asaxavs
lavris organizaciis Semadgeneli erT-erTi, Tundac gamorCeuli jgufis statuss: lavris
principi xom swored imas iTvaliswinebda, rom gandegil berTa calkeuli koloniebi erT
struqturaSi moeqcia. miT umetes es termini ar miesadageba lavris centraluri eklesiidan
50-ode metriT daSorebul sadgomebs. vfiqrobT, gacilebiT marTebuli iqneba, Tu nebismieri
lavris Semadgenel, meudabnoe berTa qvab-senakebis aseT jgufebs, movixseniebT tradiciuli
terminebiT, “soxasteri” an “sadayudebulo” [273, gv. 38-39].
115
misi moRvaweobis dros, IX s-is Sua xanebSi gamokveTil calnavian qvab-eklesiaSi [424,
gv. 40-42, tab. 56-57]. (tab. 112). SesaZloa, eklesiaSi gamoyenebuli es dekoratiuli
xerxic, misi sinqronuli qarTuli qvis eklesiebidan aris kopirebuli. meore mxriv,
eklesiis CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis kedlebis zustad analogiuri, mkveTri nalisebri
moxazulobis kamarebiT dagvirgvinebuli dekoratiuli niSebiT gaformeba, metad
damaxasiaTebelia kabadokiis gamoqvabuli monastrebisTvis VIII_X ss-Si [548, sur. 6,
8, 9 16, 17] (tab. 128), amitom gamoricxuli ar aris, saeklesio tradiciiT bizantiur
monasticizmis tradiciebTan metad daaxloebul moRvawes, ilarion qarTvels,
aRniSnuli motivi am regionis qvab-eklesiebis gavleniTac aerCia. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
garejis monastrebSi ilarion qarTvelis mier gaRebuli Rvawlis gaTvaliswinebiT,
savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom mravalmTis udabnoebis calnavian kldis eklesiaTa
mTeli wyebis interierebis gaformebisas, Tavdapirvelad swored aRniSnuli qarga iqca
etalonad (cxadia, met-naklebad gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT, iseve rogorc lavris
feriscvalebis eklesia gaxda am udabnoebis mTavar eklesiaTa gegmarebis safuZveli)
[424, gv. 44].
warmodgenili argumentaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, sruli safuZveli gagvaCnia
vivaraudoT, rom daaxloebiT X s-is pirvel naxevarSi garejis udabnoTa jvris gegmis,
gumbaTis minabaZianma da kamarianma eklesiebma amowura ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi
SemoqmedebiTi resursebi maT paralelurad mudam arsebuli, calnavian eklesiaTa
Temis sasargeblod. am procesis Sedegad, erTxans aRniSnuli ori tipis eklesiebis
erTgvari “hibriduli” nimuSebic iqmneboda, Semdgom saukuneebSi ki garejis mravalmTis
monastrebSi calnaviani darbazuli eklesiebis variaciebi erTaderT kanonikur Temad
damkvidrda.
b-n g. CubinaSvilisaTvis cnobili ar iyo garejis mravalmTaSi jvris gegmis, gumbaTis minabaZiani eklesiebis arseboba, xolo misi informacia “jvar-kamariani” stilis qvabeklesiebis Sesaxeb, 3_4 nimuSiT Semoifargleboda [424, gv. 46-48]. garejis mravalmTis
monasterTa Sesaxeb misi naSromis Seqmnis xanaSi, arc mcire aziis, konkretulad ki
kabadokiis gamoqvabuli monastrebi iyo saTanadod Seswavlili. swored amitom,
g. CubinaSvilma garejis monastrebis kldeSi nakveT eklesiebSi qvis xuroTmoZRvrebis
elementebis masobrivad dublireba, mxolod XI_XIV ss-Tvis damaxasiaTebel movlenad
miiCnia. esec ar iyos, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Cveni cnobili mecnierebis mier, XX s-is
Sua xanebSi jer kidev detalurad ar iyo Seswavlili adreuli aRmosavlur-qristianuli
monasticizmis yvela niuansi, maT Soris ki lavrebisa da koenobiumebis tipis udabnoebSi
moRvaweobis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. yovelive amis gamo, g. CubinaSvilma, aRniSnuli
tipis “jvar-kamarovani” eklesiebi XII_XIV saukuneebis Zeglebad CaTvala da maTi
warmoSoba am xanaSi monastrebis gafarToebiT da maT calkeul filialebSi moRvawe
berebis sakuTar, mcire zomis eklesiebSi locvis surviliT axsna [424, gv. 48].
Cven vfiqrobT, rom am tipis, momcro eklesiebis aRniSnul udabnoTa struqturaSi
sakmaod gafantulad arseboba, IX_X saukuneebSi am savaneTa lavrul yaidaze mowyobaze
unda migvaniSnebdes: rogorc Cans, gandegil berTa jgufebi, romlebic mxolod SabaTkviras ikribebodnen mTavar eklesiaSi, mTeli monastrisaTvis saerTo wirva-locvaze,
kviris danarCen dReebSi, specialurad am mizniT Seqmnil aseT mcire eklesiebSi
aRavlendnen locvas.
116
cxadia, Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom aRniSnul xanaSi, garejis udabnoebSi lokaluri
RvTismsaxurebis mizniT gamokveTili yvela mcire zomis eklesia uTuod aRwerili
formisa unda yofiliyo: rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, jvris gegmis mqone eklesiebis
paralelurad ikveTeboda gansxvavebuli gegmarebis samlocveloebic, ZiriTadad
darbazuli, erTnaviani tipisa.* am rigis mcire samlocveloebi garejis mraval udabnoSia
dadasturebuli (magaliTad, berebis seris #3 udabno [63, gv. 29] da sxv.), magram maT
umravlesobas zustad damaTariRebeli xuroTmoZRvruli elementebi an sxva niSnebi ar
gaaCnia, amitom aseT ZeglTa Seqmnis xanaze, jerjerobiT dabejiTebiT raimes Tqma Wirs.
maS ra tipis samlocvelo-eklesiebi iqmneboda garejis mravalmTis udabnoebSi
VI_VII ss-is ganmavlobaSi? am epoqaSi (da gacilebiT adrec), eklesiebi aRmosavlurqristianul udabno-monastrebSi ukve Cveulebriv, ganuyrel atributebad gvevlineba,
Tumca samlocveloebis ramdenadme savaldebulo tipi mainc ar dakanonebula:
monastrebis teritoriaze iqmneboda rogorc mozrdili, qvis sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebis
Sedevrebi, ise umartivesi, naxevrad bunebrivi mRvime-samlocveloebi [559, gv. 17-22;
565]. aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom garejis mravalmTis bunebriv
mRvimeebsa Tu sakuTari ZaliT Seqmnil primitiul qvabebSi axlad davanebul qristian
asketebs, wm. daviT garejels, lukianes da maT Tanamoazreebsac, moweseobis pirvel
etapze, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, uari eTqvaT eklesiis agebaze da saxeldaxelod
romelime mRvime moewyoT samlocvelod**. marTlac, zogierTma mecnierma adrec miaqcia
yuradReba im faqts, rom wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis aRweraSi, araferi ar aris
naTqvami mis mier, uSualod misi miTiTebiT eklesiis mSeneblobaze [424; 111].
Tuki wm. daviTis cxovrebis avtoris monaTxrobs vendobiT, misi garejaSi
moRvaweobis zenitis xanaSi, mravalmTaSi daarsebul udabnoTa struqtura kardinalurad icvleba: saxeze gvaqvs ara calkeul gandegilTa moweseoba, aramed sakmaod
xalxmravali samonastro organizaciebi [7, gv. 166; 424, gv. 29-30]. rogorc adrec
aRvniSneT, aRmosavlur-qristianuli monasticizmi meudabnoeobis mxolod or oficialur saxes icnobda: lavrebs da zogadsacxovreblebs (koenobiumebs), amasTan,
gvxvdeboda am ori principis Tanaarsebobis SemTxvevebic (lavrebSi CarTuli koenobiumebi da piriqiT, koenobiumebi, sadac monazonTa nawili lavris yaidaze moRvaweobs
[538, gv. 18-58]). raime sxva, “TviTneburad gamogonili” saxis moweseoba, gansakuTrebiT
V_VI ss-dan moyolebuli, faqtiurad eresad miiCneoda da saxelmwifo samarTaliTac ki
idevneboda. ufro metic, iustiniane keisris brZanebiT (535_546 w), bizantiis lavrebSi
berebis gandegilis wesiT moRvaweobac ki aikrZala, Tuki isini manamde sul cota sami
weli ar icxovrebdnen koenobiumebSi, e. i. ufro “orTodoqsul” garemoSi [548, gv. 51].
bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi winaaziuri, im droisTvis savsebiT Camoyalibebuli
monasticizmis wiaRidan mosuli moRvawenic, TavianT mravalricxovan mimdevrebs am
ori wesidan erT-erTs an Sereul princips daumkvidrebdnen (gamoricxuli ar aris
*
garejis mravalmTaSi, gansxvavebiT kabadokiis kldeSi nakveTi monastrebisagan, bazilikuri,
Cawerili jvris an sxva gegmis qvab-eklesiebis kvali jer-jerobiT dadasturebuli ar aris.
** udabnoTa damaarsebeli pirveli asketebis mier samlocvelod Cveulebrivi, arakanonikuri
formis qvabebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi, sazRvargareTis qristianul samonastro cenrebSic
mravladaa dadasturebuli (mag., wm. sabas qvab-samlocvelo did lavraSi, iudeas udabnoSi
[573] ).
117
orive yaidis moRvaweobac, miT ufro, rom istoriuli tradiciiT, wm. daviTis garejaSi
moRvaweobis bolo periodSi, iq ukve ramdenime savane moqmedebda: TviT wm. daviTis
lavra, dodos rqis da naTlismcemlis udabnoebi [7, gv. 167, 184]). imisda miuxedavad,
Tu moweseobis am ori formidan romels aniWebdnen upiratesobas wm. daviTi da misi
uaxloesi Tanamoazreni, savsebiT Camoyalibebul samonastro organizaciebSi ukve
SeuZlebeli iqneboda samlocveloebisa da eklesiebis mowyobis aucilebloba ar
damdgariyo. niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnuli istoriuli wyaros mixedviT, am xanaSive
dasturdeba garejis udabnoebSi eklesiebis mRvdlebis moRvaweoba, e. i. kanonikuri
mRvdelTmsaxureba [7, gv. 174 ].
wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis adreul redaqcias sakmaod mkafio informacia
Semounaxavs garejis mravalmTaSi erT-erTi uZvelesi (an saerTodac pirveli) eklesiis
mowyobis Taobaze. saubari gvaqvs daviTis lavraSi, saero piris, bubaqaris ZalisxmeviT
gamokveTil feriscvalebis eklesiaze, romelSiac saukuno gansasvenebeli hpoves wm.
daviT garejelma da lukianem da romelmac, uTuod rekonstruirebuli saxiT, Cvenamdec
moaRwia [7, gv. 174; 424, gv. 28, 38].
b-ni g. CubinaSvili Tvlida, rom wm. daviTis sicocxleSi Seqmnilma feriscvalebis
eklesiam IX s-Si, ilarion qarTvelis mier Catarebuli safuZvliani gafarToebarekonstruqciis Sedegad miiRo dRevandeli saxe, Tumca iqve aRniSnavda, rom taZarSi
gviandeli SekeTebis kvalic SeiniSneboda. g. CubinaSvili did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
lavris feriscvalebis eklesiis gegmarebiT princips, vinaidan, misi azriT, garejis
mravalmTis monasterTa mTavari eklesiebis xuroTmoZRvruli gadawyveta SemdgomSi
swored am taZris ZiriTad kompoziciur sqemas imeorebda [424, gv. 38-39 ].
SemdgomSi, kedlebidan baTqaSis CamoSlisa da damuSavebuli kldis qanis gaSiSv-lebis Sedegad, mkvlevarTaTvis am eklesiis rekonstruqciis TiToeuli etapis
intensiurobis Taobaze, ufro meti ram gaxda cnobili. magaliTad, d. TumaniSvilma
dasaSvebad miiCnia, rom IX s-Si Catarebuli rekonstruqciis Semdeg, SesaZloa eklesiis
mTavari darbazis mxolod dasavleTis an samive kedels (CrdiloeTis, samxreTis da
dasavleTis), sabjeni da sarTavi TaRebi amkobda (msgavsad ilarion qarTvelis “filialis”
eklesiisa), romlebic dazianebis gamo gvian Sua saukuneebSi xelaxali rekonstruqciisas
sruliad gansxvavebuli konfiguracia miiRo samxreTis axlad agebulma kedelma da CrdiloeTis mcire zomis qvabovanma akldamam, sadac wm. lukianes cxedari ganisvenebda* [111].
am axal faqtorebs, ar Seuryevia g. CubinaSvilis debuleba garejis udabnoTa mTavari eklesiebis gegmarebis feriscvalebis eklesiidan momdinareobis Taobaze. am taZris
zogadi kompoziciuri sqema _ kldis zedapiris paralelurad, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis
RerZze ganviTarebuli erTnaviani, darbazuli gegma, romelic samxreTisaken erTi
an ramdenime RiobiT ixsneba, garejis mravalmTis marTlac TiTqmis yvela mozrdili
qvabovani eklesiis gegmarebis safuZvelia (naTlismcemlis, dodos, udabnos, berTubnis
da sxv., tab. 110-111). rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, praqtikulad igive sqemas imeorebs
*
d. TumaniSvili im mosazrebis sasargeblod, rom garejis mravalmTis monasterTa mTeli rigi
eklesiebisaTvis, CrdiloeTis mxares mowyobili qvabovani saZvleebi iyo damaxasiaTebeli,
iSveliebs rogorc qarTul Tu sazRvargareTul istoriul wyaroTa monacemebs, ise
palestinis adrebizantiuri xanis udabnoTa analogiebs. Cveni mxriv, am sabuTebs kidev erTi
uZvelesi samonastro regionis, kabadokiis qvabovan monastrebSi dafiqsirebul faqtebs
davumatebT: mravali iqauri eklesiis CrdiloeTis navs an mcire qvabovan saTavss, swored
aseTi funqcia gaaCnda [548, gv. 79; 549, nax. 47].
118
garejis mravalmTis udabnoTa momcro, rigiTi darbazuli samlocveloebis didi
umravlesobac da Tu ar CavTvliT specifiur gegmarebiT elementebs, Tavisufali jvris
gegmis eklesiebic.
cxadia, TavisTavad aRniSnuli gegmarebiTi principi, sruliadac ar gamoricxavs
amave zogadi sqemis eklesiaTa ufro adre, davuSvaT VI_VIIIEss-Si gamokveTas da Tugind
imis varauds, rom TviT lavris feriscvalebis eklesiis Tavdapirveli gegmarebac didad
ar Secvlila IX s-is rekonstruqciis Sedegad (miT umetes,K rom am ukanaskneli eklesiis
gegma TiTqos ramdenadme ufro arqaulobiT xasiaTdeba _ magaliTad, uCveuloa
sakurTxevlis afsidis pirdapir kedlebidan, Sverilebis gareSe morkaluloba).
miuxedavad amisa, dResdReobiT garejis mravalmTis udabnoebSi dadasturebuli ar
aris aRniSnuli sqemiT gamokveTili eklesiebis wyeba, romelTa gegmur-kompoziciuri
Taviseburebebi da xuroTmoZRvruli detalebi, maTi esoden adreuli xaniT daTariRebis obieqtur safuZvels iZleodes.
meore mxriv, am monastrebSi arc gansxvavebul gegmarebiT principebze damyarebul iseT eklesiaTa nimuSebia mikvleuli, romelTa stilisturi niSnebi maT VI_VIII
saukuneebSi Seqmnaze metyvelebdes.
yovelive amis safuZvelze isRa dagvrCenia vivaraudoT, rom amJamad garejis
mravalmTis monastrebis uZvelesi kldeSi nakveTi eklesiebi Tavdapirveli saxiT
praqtikulad aRar aris SemorCenili _ maT, rogorc udides siwmindeebs, lavris
feriscvalebis eklesiis darad, albaT mravaljer Seexo gafarToeba-damSvenebis
msurvel restavratorTa xeli, ramac am samlocveloTa pirvandeli gegmarebis amocnoba
dResdReobiT SeuZlebeli gaxada.
SesaZloa, aRmosavluri monasticizmis zemoT aRniSnuli regionebis msgavsad,
garejis mravalmTis pirvel eklesiebsac arakanonikuri, SemTxveviTi formebic ki
axasiaTebda. Tuki am debulebas misaRebad miviCnevT, aRniSnuli tipis eklesiebis
masobrivi rekonstruqciis mizezic gasagebi gaxdeba da garejis zogierT udabnoSi
SemorCenil zogierT SemTxveviTi formis, mcire samlocvelosac sxva TvaliT SevxedavT.
magaliTad, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom garejis mravalmTaSi samonazvno moRvaweobis
sawyisi etapebis samlocvelo iyos naTlismcemlis monastris I iarusis marjvena
kideSi arsebuli, sruliad arakanonikuri formis, mcire zomis qvab-eklesia [103, gv.
14] (tab. 97:1). rom ara qvabis aRmosavleT niSaSi XI s-Si Sesrulebuli mxatvroba, am
saTavss eklesiad albaT verc aRviqvamdiT. samwuxarod, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi
intensiuri gamoyenebis gamo, am samlocvelos arqeologiurma kvlevam misi Seqmnis
epoqis damazustebeli nivTieri masala ver mogvca, magram VII_VIII saukuneebis Semdeg
aseTi primitiuli gegmarebis eklesiis gamokveTis daSveba garejis mravalmTis am erTerT umTavres monasterSi, nivTieri sabuTis gareSec SeuZleblad migvaCnia _ CvenTvis
xom cnobilia, Tu rogori kompoziciis qvabovani taZrebi iqmneboda aq VIII_IX ss-dan
moyolebuli. Tu ra mizniT Semoinaxes ucvlelad ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi am
saguldagulod moxatuli qvab-eklesiis Tavdapirveli formebi, CvenTvis ucnobia.
amis erT-erT SesaZlo mizezad gansakuTrebul siwminded Seracxuli samlocvelos
memorialuri mizniT dacva gveCveneba, Tumca ramdenad gavrcelebuli tradicia iyo
uZvelesi samlocveloebis ucvlelad Senaxva garejis monastrebSi, eklesiebis zemoT
aRniSnuli totaluri rekonstruqciis magaliTebis fonze, Zneli saTqmelia. daaxloebiT amave epoqis samlocvelos unda warmoadgendes wamebulis monasterSi SemorCenili,
119
aseve arakanonikuri, primitiuli gegmarebis gamoqvabuli samartvile (tab. 96 ) [204].
SesaZloa, garejis udabnoTa qvabebis Semdgomma xuroTmoZRvrulma da arqeologiurma
kvlevam sxva kompleqsebSic gamijnos funqcionalurad daaxloebiT aseTi aRnagobis
qvabovani samlocveloebi sacxovrebeli senakebisagan.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sruliadac ar migvaCnia, rom garejis mravalmTis
yoveli qvabovani eklesia, pirvel meudabnoeTa primitiul qvab-samlocveloebidan
moyolebuli IX s-mde, aucileblad arakanonikuri gegmarebisa unda yofiliyo. marTalia, Cven miuReblad miviCnieT mosazreba qarTul eklesiebis formaTa garejis
mravalmTaSi genezisis Taobaze, magram VI_VIII saukuneebis qarTuli qvis saeklesio
xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daxvewili, mravalferovani kompoziciuri
Temebidan, romelimes Tundac gamartivebul anarekls, Tavisuflad SeiZleboda eCina
Tavi amave epoqis garejis qvabovan eklesiaTa gegmarebaSic. uarvyaviT ra garejis
qvabovan udabnoTa wiaRSi qristianul eklesiaTa kompoziciis adgilobrivi evoluciis
Teoria, meore ukiduresoba iqneboda zemoT aRniSnuli, IX_X saukuneTa darbazuli
Tu Tavisufali jvris gegmis garejul kldis eklesiaTa sakmaod TviTmyofadi da
daxvewili xuroTmoZRvruli Tema, am regionSi erTbaSad warmoSobilad an qarTuli Tu
sazRvargareTuli prototipebidan brmad gadmonergilad migveCnia. ufro marTebuli
iqneba vivaraudoT, rom garejis mravalmTaSi VI_VIII ss-is ganmavlobaSi drodadro,
ramdenadme myari gegmarebiTi sqemis eklesiebic ikveTeboda, romelTa xuroTmoZRvrulma Taviseburebebma safuZveli moamzada mermindel eklesiaTa kanonikuri principebis
Camosayalibeblad. albaT, am tipis uZveles eklesiaTa didi umravlesobac, SemTxveviTi
formis samlocveloebis msgavsad, JamTa svlam Tu gviandelma rekonstruqciebma Seiwira.
am epoqisa da rigis eklesiaTa SemTxveviT SemorCenil nimuSad Cven mier aRmoCenili
monastris, “TeTri senakebis” centraluri eklesia SeiZleba gamodges [93, nax. 40] (tab. 99).
es eklesia ori, kldis siRrmeSi erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT gamokveTili navisgan Sedgeba.
orive navs aRmosavleTiT nalisebri gegmis afsidi gaaCnia. CrdiloeTis navis darbazi
TiTqmis kvadratuli gegmisaa. samxreTis navis dasavleT nawili amJamad Camoqceulia
da misi gegmuri proporciis Sesaxeb dabejiTebiT verafers vityviT. aseve ucnobia, Tu
ramdeni RiobiT ukavSirdeboda es navebi erTmaneTs.
am ornavian eklesias qarTul qvis an kldis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ramdenadme zusti
analogi ar moeZebneba. samagierod, erTmaneTis paralelurad ganlagebuli, TaRediT
dakavSirebuli ori da zogjer mravali navi (mag., 4 navi), sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba adre
qristianuli xanis, ZiriTadad VI_VIII ss kabadokiis kldis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi
[548, gv. 79], sadac CrdiloeTis navebi ufro xSirad samxreTisaze mcire sigrZe-siganisa
iyo. am analogiaze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom TeTri senakebis eklesiis
samxreTis navic, aRmosavleT-dasavleT RerZze SedarebiT wagrZelebuli iyo.
am eklesiis samxreTis navis sakurTxevelSi SemorCenilia kedlis mxatvrobis naSTi:
mandorlaSi Caxazuli jvari, romelsac mxatvrul-stilisturi analizis safuZvelze
z. sxirtlaZe savaraudod VII_VIII ss-s akuTvnebs* [586]. eklesiis xuroTmoZRvrulkompoziciur TaviseburebaTa kabadokiur analogiebTan Sejerebis safuZvelze, Zeglis
Seqmnis TariRad VIII s-is miCneva Cvenc savsebiT realurad gveCveneba.
sagulisxmoa, rom am eklesiis gegmarebiT principSi, zemoT aRwerili, VIII_IX ss-Ta
*
am sakurTxevlis moxatulobis qveda registrs, sxva xelovnebaTmcodneebi SedarebiT
gviandel xanas akuTvneben, Tumca z. sxirtlaZe Tvlis, rom aq adgili aqvs moxatvis or
fazasTan: zemoT aRniSnul figurasTan da Semdeg damatebul scenasTan [586].
120
mijnaze Camoyalibebuli, kldis gaswvrivad nakveTi, samxreTis karibWiani eklesiebis
arcTu Soreuli prototipis danaxvac SeiZleba. vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli rigis garejuli
eklesiebis kompoziciis fesvebis sakvlevad maincdamainc Soreuli wiaRsvlebi ar aris
aucilebeli _ maTi winare gegmur-sivrculi sqema lavris feriscvalebis eklesiasTan
erTad, TeTri senakebis am eklesiaSic aSkarad SeiniSneba.
rogorc Cans, am Zeglis praqtikulad Tavdapirveli saxiT Semonaxvas im garemoebam
Seuwyo xeli, rom es monasteri ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi aRar funqcionirebda
(amaze Cven mier Catarebuli dazverviTi arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebic
metyvelebs). Sesabamisad, garejis mravalmTis sxva udabnoebSic, sadac samonazvno
cxovrebas, sxvadasxva mizeziT, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi didi aRmavloba aRar
ganucdia (magaliTad, qvabebi, pirukuRmari da sxv. [181; 182]), momavalSi, intensiuri
xuroTmoZRvrul-arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad, SesaZloa agreTve dadasturdes
aRniSnuli fazis kldis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis kvali.
amrigad, garejis mravalmTis udabnoTa dRemde SemorCenili struqtura imaze
metyvelebs, rom iqaur samonastro organizaciebSi, maTi formirebis adreuli etapebidan mokidebuli, mTeli Sua saukuneeebis ganmavlobaSi, kanonikuri formis qvabovan eklesiaTa yvelaze gavrcelebul saxeobas warmoadgenda darbazuli gegmarebis
samlocveloebi da taZrebi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTuli qvis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva kompoziciuri principebidan garejis mravalmTis qvabovan monastrebSi
met-naklebi popularoba kidev erTma tipma moipova: jvris gegmis, kamaris an gumbaTis
imitaciebiT gaformebulma eklesiebma. am Temis variaciebi drois gansazRvrul SualedSi, VIII_IX ss-Ta mijnidan X s-is CaTvliT iqmneboda, amasTan, am saxeobis eklesiebs
jgufurad mxolod erTaderT udabnoSi, sabereebSi vxvdebiT, sxva samonastro
kompleqsebSi ki qvab-eklesiaTa es tipi TiTo nimuSiT Tu aris xolme warmodgenili (am
aTiode wlis win, am rigis 2 eklesia unda yofiliyo monaster “qvabebSic” [63; 183], Tumca
amJamad, erTi maTgani CamoSlilia). aseT viTarebaSi, am jgufis qvabovan eklesiaTa
gamoCena-gavrceleba garejis mravalmTaSi uaRresad saintereso, magram drosa da
sivrceSi mainc lokalur, sabolood Camoyalibebuli formis Ziebis procesSive
Sewyvetil movlenad gvesaxeba: is garejis qvabovan eklesiaTa wamyvan xuroTmoZRvrul
Temad ver iqca.
am Temis Semdgomi damuSaveba-ganviTarebis Sewyvetis gamomwvev faqtorebze
axla mxolod frTxili varaudi SeiZleba gamovTqvaT. magaliTad, ganviTarebul Sua
saukuneebSi eklesiaTa WerebSi gumbaTis imitaciebis gamokveTaze uaris Tqmas, SesaZloa
Semdegma garemoebamac Seuwyo xeli: daaxloebiT X s-dan saqarTveloSi da, rogorc
Cans, garejis monastrebSic, wesad Semodis eklesiebis kedlebisa da Weris mTliani
moxatva sxvadasxva ikonografiuli siuJetebiT, romelTa aRqmasac, cxadia, interieris
ganaTebaze gansakuTrebuli zrunva aadvilebs. am miswrafebas marTlac mouxdenia
gavlena XI_XIII ss-is garejis qvabovani taZrebis arqiteqturaze _ kldis zedapirisken
mimarTuli maTi Riobebi (karebi da sarkmelebi) maqsimalurad farTovdeba [424]. aseT
viTarebaSi, kldis siRrmeSi SeWrili gumbaTis imitaciebis bneli Sidapirebis moxatva
azrs kargavda _ freskebiT dafaruli sxva sibrtyeebis naTel, feradovan fonze
es adgili mainc muqi laqis asiciacias iwvevda (gansxvavebiT qvis taZrebis gumbaTis
121
yelSi datanebuli sarkmelebiT gabrwyinebuli, moxatuli naxevarsferosgan, romelic
taZris interieris erT-erT dominants warmoadgenda). marTalia, qristianuli samyaros
zogierTi regionis kldeSi nakveT taZrebSi gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rodesac aseT cru
gumbaTebsac moxatavdnen xolme imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ramdenad gasarCevi iyo es
siuJeti Tu dekori mlocvelTaTvis [583, gv. 120-123], magram Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebisa da mxatvrobisTvis, rogorc cnobilia, dekoratiuli elementebis
araTvalsaCino adgilebze ganTavseba da, amdenad, Semoqmedebis TviTmiznad gadaqceva
naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom Cveni mosazreba angariSgasawevi
argumentia kldis gumbaTian eklesiebis Seqmnaze uaris Tqmis asaxsnelad.
gamoricxuli ar aris Semdegi mizezic: SesaZloa, garejis mravalmTis naklebad
mkvriv, xSirad konglomeratuli agebulebis kldis qanebSi rTuli, danawevrebuli
sivrceebis gamokveTa Wirda, radgan es gambjeni Zalebis gadanawilebas Seasustebda.
albaT amitom, gansxvavebiT kabadokiis vulkanur tufebSi nakveTi mozrdili gumbaTiani
eklesiebisagan, garejaze zemoT aRniSnulze didi moculobis gumbaTiani eklesiebis
gamokveTa ver xerxdeboda, maSin rodesac, axal epoqaSi monastrebSi ber-monazvnebis
ricxvovnebis zrda da SesaZloa, zogierTi savanis zogadsacxovrebel principze
gadasvlac, gacilebiT didi zomis centraluri eklesiebis Seqmnis moTxovnas ayenebda
[424, gv. 49-53].
SesaZloa, aseve qanebis dabali medegoba iyo imis mizezic, rom garejis mravalmTaSi
sxva tipis qvis eklesiebis qvabovani imitaciebi ar Seiqmna _ aq ar gvxvdeba bazilikebis
an Cawerili jvris gegmis eklesiebis minabaZebi (Tu ar CavTvliT sul ukanasknel xanebSi,
garejis kvlevis centris TanamSromelTa mier mikvleul satorges gumbaTian kldis
eklesias, sadac sayrdeni svetebis minabaZebi CaSenebulia), rac agrerigad gavrcelebuli iyo mcire aziis Sua saukuneebis udabnoebSi [572; 549, nax. 47]. bazilikebis da Cawerili
jvris gegmis msgavsi sivrcis Seqmna xom sayrdeni svetebis gamoqandakebas da maTTvis
nawilobriv kldis masivis simZimis mzidi funqciis miniWebas gulisxmobs, rac aqauri
susti qanebis pirobebSi rTul amocanas warmoadgenda (niSandoblivia, rom ufliscixeSi,
sadac kldis qani gacilebiT mkvrivia, jer kidev VI_VIII ss-Si, funqcionirebda winare
qristianul nataZralze Seqmnili kldeSi nakveTi bazilika [429]. Cawerili jvris gegmis,
gumbaTis minabaZiani qvab-eklesia X s-Si gamoukveTavT javaxeTSic, sofel patara
samsaris maxlobel kirqvis mtkice agebulebis masivSi [265, gv. 67-68]).
garejis monastrebis saerTo gegmarebiTi principebis evlucia, udabnoTa
aRmocenebis xanidan dawyebuli, maTi ganviTarebis zenitis periodis, XI_XIII ss-is
CaTvliT, g. CubinaSvils ase hqonda warmodgenili: daarsebis Semdgom pirveli 2_3
saukunis ganmavlobaSi, udabnoebi ufro xSirad bunebrivi mRvimeebis bazaze iqmneboda,
amasTan, aq epizodurad mimdinare axal saTavsTa kveTas da mSeneblobasac stiqiuri
xasiaTi hqonda. am udabnoTa gegmarebam SedarebiT mowesrigebuli xasiaTi miiRo IX sdan (mniSvnelovanwilad wm. ilarion qarTvelis moRvaweobis Sedegad), Tumca Zvel
struqturebTan misadagebis gamo, maTi xuroTmoZRvruli saxe kidev didxans atarebda
ekleqtikur xasiaTs. Tavidan bolomde ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis pirmSos
warmoadgens XI_XIII saukuneSi garejis Zveli udabnoebis maxloblad nakveTi axali
ganStoebebi (magaliTad, udabno, wamebuli) da sruliad axal adgilze daarsebuli
qvabovani monasteri, berTubani. am ukanaskneli rigis garejuli udabnoebis Semadgeneli
TiToeuli saTavsi Tu detali, saerTo xuroTmoZRvrul Canafiqrs emorCileba, am ideis
122
safuZvelze Sedgenili mkafio gegmis xorcSesxmis Sedegia.
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, g. CubinaSviliseuli koncefciis ZiriTadi debulebebi
ZalaSi rCeba, Tumca garejis mravalmTis monasterTa Semdgomi kvlevisas gamovlenilma
axalma faqtebma, am TeoriaSi rigi Sesworebebis Setana moiTxova. magaliTad, gamoirkva,
rom erTiani gegmis safuZvelze Seqmnilad miCneul monasterTa struqturaSi mainc
SeiniSneba ramdenadme adreuli plastebi _ am midamoebSi meudabnoe berTa samoRvaweo
qvabovani sadgomebi (magaliTad, samartvileebi wamebulSi da berTubanSi). am axalma
garemoebam naTeli mohfina sakiTxs, Tu ratom ar emorCileba ufro mkafio mxatvrulstilistur koncefcias, garejis mravalmTis aRniSnuli monastrebis calkeul saTavsTa
xuroTmoZRvrul-gegmarebiTi gadawyveta.
rogorc Cans, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi erTianad Cafiqrebuli da damuSavebuli xuroTmoZRvruli gegmis mixedviT mainc erTaderTi qvabovani
monasteri, varZiis kldeSi nakveTi ansamblia Seqmnili.
Cven sruliadac ar vgulisxmobT imas, rom kldis im mozrdil masivSi, sadac
amJamad varZiis grandiozuli ansamblia gamokveTili (tab. 119), SeuZlebelia ufro
adreul epoqebSi met-naklebi masStabis qvabovani sacxovreblebi an Tundac meudabnove berebis mcire savane arsebuliyo. piriqiT, faqtobrivi masaliT dadasturebulia,
rom varZiis midamoebis kldovani flateebi gamoqvabuli saTavsebis mosawyobad
odiTganve metad mimzidvel adgilebs warmoadgenda [152; 325]. qarTuli kldis Zeglebis
cnobilma mkvlevarma k. meliTaurma varZiis samonastro ansamblis gegmarebis ganxilvisas yuradReba miapyro im garemoebas, rom kompleqsis dasavleT nawilSi SeiniSneba
danarCenze gacilebiT primitiuli gegmarebis ramdenime qvabis naSTi. misi azriT,
ovalurTan miaxloebuli an SemTxveviTi gegmis aseTi saTavsebi varZiaSi monastris
daarsebis xanaze gacilebiT adre arsebuli qvabovani dasaxlebis naSTebia [152, gv. 7].
samwuxarod, k. meliTaurs ar dauzustebia, Tu konkretulad romeli epoqis Zeglebad
miiCnevs am qvabebs*.
Cven savsebiT veTanxmebiT pativcemuli mkvlevaris azrs qvab-saTavsTa am jgufis
SedarebiT adreuli warmoSobis Taobaze, magram vinaidan uSualod am gamoqvabulebSi
mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala ar gagvaCnia, SemTxveviT gadarCenili, safuZvlianad
rekonstruirebuli qvabebis daTariRebisgan agreTve Tavs vikavebT**.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom varZiis monastris farglebSi mdebare gamoqvabulTa kidev
erTi jgufi, e. w. “ananauris” qvabebi (tab. 120:1,2), g. gafrindaSvils Sua saukuneebis
kldis soflad miaCnia, romelic uSualod uswrebs win monastris daarsebas [70].
amrigad, vuwodebT ra varZiis qvabovan monasters erTdroulad Seqmnil
xuroTmoZRvrul ansambls, vgulisxmobT, rom gansxvavebiT garejis mravalmTis
monastrebisgan, mis SemoqmedT angariSi ar gauweviaT iq manamde arsebuli qvabsaTavsebisTvis, romlebic amis gamo praqtikulad mTlianad Seewira am totalur
axalmSeneblobas (ramdenadme gancalkevebiT arsebuli ananauris jgufis garda).
*
unda aRiniSnos, rom am sakiTxze saubrisas k. meliTaurs sqolioSi miniSneba aqvs varZiis
wina ferdobebis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad brinjaos xanis kulturuli fenebis
dadasturebis Taobaze [221].
** maTi Tavdapirveli gegmareba, TiTqos sakmaod axlos idga Sida qarTlis gvianbrinjaoadrerkinis Tu antikuri xanis kldis ZeglebTan (TxoTi, grakali da sxv.).
123
TviT gamoTqmebs _ “erTdroulad Seqmnili”, “erTiani gegma”, cxadia maTi dRevandeli gagebiT ar viyenebT: cnobili faqtia, rom varZiis qvabovani monastris gamokveTa
daiwyo mefe giorgi III-is neba-surviliT da mxolod misi qaliSvilis, Tamaris mefobisas
gansrulda XII s-is 80-ian wlebSi [325, gv. 49]. bunebrivia, drois ramdenime aTwleulian
monakveTSi, sxvadasxva qtitoris Sexedulebisamebr, nawilobriv Seicvleboda ansamblis
masStabi Tu calkeuli nawilebis gegmiuri ganviTareba, magram ramdenad seriozuli iyo
am reformebis masStabi, amJamad Zneli saTqmelia.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tamar mefis xanaSive sakmaod icvala saxe monastris
mTavarma taZarma da Tavdapirvelad Cafiqrebuli, SedarebiT mokrZalebuli eklesiis
nacvlad dRevandeli saxe miiRo [325, gv. 50; 152, gv. 43] (tab. 120:4).
magaliTad, varZiis xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli mravali naSromis
avtori, g. gafrindaSvili darwmunebulia, rom giorgi III-is dros aq gamokveTili
iyo mcire zomis eklesia, romelmac Tamaris mefobis xanaSi monastris moTxovnileba
veRar daakmayofila da rekonstruqciis Sedegad mis adgilze axali, dRemde arsebuli
RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis didi darbazuli taZari Seqmnes. mkvlevars am taZris
karibWis aRmosavleTiT amJamad SemorCenili afsidis konqis nawili Zveli eklesiis
naSTad miaCnia [325, gv. 50]*. im garemoebas, Tu ratom gamokveTes varZiis grandiozuli
qvabovani monastris mTavari taZari XII s-is Sua xanebSi iseTi mcire zomisa, rom raRac 2
aTeuli wlis Semdeg, misi safuZvliani rekonstruqcia da praqtikulad axali, gacilebiT
mozrdili taZris Seqmna gaxda saWiro, mecnieri axsnas ver uZebnis.
zustad aseve hqonda warmodgenili varZiis Zveli eklesiis axali mTavari taZriT
Secvla k. meliTaursac, Tumca misi pozicia am sakiTxisadmi, Cven ufro advili asaxsneli
gveCveneba Semdegi garemoebis gamo: mas miaCnda, rom varZia giorgi III-is mier Cafiqrebuli
iyo ara rogorc monasteri, aramed rogorc strategiulad moxerxebul adgilze
mdebare kldeSi nakveTi cixe-simagre, sadac ganlagebuli unda yofiliyo mudmivi samefo
laSqris (savaraudod, yivCayTa) garnizoni (es hipoTeza, zogierTma cnobilma qarTvelma
mecniermac angariSgasawevad CaTvala [187, gv. 5]). mkvlevaris azriT, varZiis qvabovan
saTavsTa didi nawilis xuroTmoZRvrul-gegmarebiTi Taviseburebani kompleqsis
swored aseT funqciur datvirTvaze migvaniSnebs: erTmaneTSi gamavali karibWeebidan,
romlebic imavdroulad grZiv “Sukebs” qmnian, mowyobili iyo Sesasvlelebi jariskacTa
qvabovan sacxovreblebSi, romlebic Tavisi farTobiT, gegmarebis sirTuliT (erTqvabiani an ramdenime qvabiani), keTilmowyobiTa da mxatvruli elementebis met-naklebobiT, maT binadarTa samxedro Cinebad diferenciacias Seesabameboda [152, gv. 16]. k.
meliTaurs Tavis naSromebSi kidev mravali iseTi niSani aqvs CamoTvlili, rac, misi azriT
varZiis ansamblis Tavdapirvel funqciad, safortifikacio mniSvnelobas warmoaCens:
aseTia, mag., ansamblis kldis Znelad misadgom masivSi gamokveTa, sxvadsxva sarTulis
terasebis erTmaneTTan lukebiT dakavSireba, saidumlo gvirabebi, TavSesafarebi da
sxv.
bunebrivia, varZiis mSeneblobis pirveli etapis amgvarad gaazrebis fonze,
*
karibWis aRniSnuli elementis aseTi Sefaseba Cven saTuod migvaCnia. adgilze dakvirvebis
safuZvelze vfiqrobT, rom ufro savaraudoa es afsidi gadakeTebuli taZris mTavari
sakurTxeveli ki ar yofiliyo, aramed RvTismSobli smiZinebis sax. eklesiis miwisZvris
Sedegad dazianebuli karibWis organuli nawili: Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos rogorc qvis,
ise kldeSi nakveT taZrebSi, samxreTis narTeqsebi aRmosavleT nawilSi mowyobili afsidebiT
xom metad gavrcelebuli movlena iyo [236; 423; 424; 47 da sxv.].
124
qvabovani kompleqsis kompoziciur centrad da vizualur dominantad imTaviTve
RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis didebuli, gegmur-sivrcobrivad maRalmxatvrulad
gadawyvetili taZris warmodgena, ramdenadme Seusabamod gamoiyureboda. albaT, swored
aseTma viTarebam Seuwyo xeli im versiis SemuSavebas, romlis mixedviTac, aRniSnul
adgilze arsebuli mcire zomis eklesia Tamaris mefobisas, varZiis safortifikacio
daniSnulebis kompleqsis monastrad gadakeTebis Semdgom Seicvala dRevandeli mTavari
taZriT.
Cven, iseve rogorc varZiis xuroTmoZRvruli ansamblis araerT mkvlevars (n. CubinaSvili, v. beriZe, g. gafrindaSvili [431; 47; 325] ), aradamajereblad gveCveneba varZiis
mSeneblobis pirveli fazis aseTi gaazreba. saqarTvelosa da mis mimdebare regionebiSi
SemorCenil Sua saukuneebis cixe-simagreTagan, arsad ar aris dadasturebuli imis
precedenti, rom jariskacTa sacxovrebeli yazarmebi individualuri, erTmaneTisgan
izolirebuli, avtonomiuri damxmare sayofacxovrebo saTavsebiT da mowyobilobebiT
(sakuWnao, marani, sawnaxlebi da sxv.) aRWurvili binebis erTobliobebs warmoadgendes.
miT umetes daujerebelia, jariskacTa mcirericxovani jgufebisTvis (ganurCevlad
maTi Cinisgan), aseT gancalkevebul sacxovreblebTan mcire zomis individualuri
samlocveloebic moewyoT (tab. 120:5).
aranakleb usafuZvloa imis daSveba, rom varZiis kldeSi nakafi saTavsebi
Tavdapirvelad romelime socialuri fenis warmomadgenel saero pirTa mudmiv
sacxovreblebs warmoadgenda (varZias xom arcTu iSviaTad kldeSi nakveT qalaqsac
uwodeben [97]). varZiis qvab-sacxovrebelTa zogadi sqema (tab. 120:3), erTi SexedviT
TiTqos saerTo niSnebs poulobs eTnografiulad da arqeologiurad dadasturebul
Sua saukuneebis tradiciul qarTul sacxovreblebTan [86]: aqac erT grZiv RerZze (am
SemTxvevaSi kldis siRrmisken) yofila ganlagebuli “derefani”, ZiriTadi oTaxi da
damxmare saTavsebi (marani, sakuWnao). miuxedavad amisa, varZiis kldis sacxovreblebis
TiToeuli am elementis gegmur-sivrculi proporcia qvis xuroTmoZRvrebis
nimuSebisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba: aq aSkarad SeimCneva maTi Seviwrovebisa da
kldis siRrmisken wagrZelebis tendencia. am ori tipis sacxovreblebs Soris mTavari
gansxvaveba ki Semdegia: meurne ojaxebis (komlebis) sabinadro saxlebisgan gansxvavebiT, varZiis kldis sacxovreblebi erTmaneTTan arabunebrivad axlos, gverdigverdaa
ganlagebuli (maT erTmaneTisgan ufro xSirad kldis viwro kedeli gamohyofs), amasTan
maTi mcire zomis damxmare saTavsebi mxolod kvebis naxevrad mza produqtebis Sesanaxad
Tu gamodgeba da ara sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis warmoeba-gadamuSavebisaTvis
(gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis memindvreobis da mecxoveleobis produqtebze).
amrigad, cxadia, rom am kldis saTavsTa erTobliobebis saxiT saqme gvaqvs erTgvar
saerTo sacxovreblebis sistemasTan, romlis binadari sazogadoebis wevrebic
damoukudebel sameurneo saqmianobas ar warmarTavdnen. Tuki aseT sacxovrebel
ujredebSi arcTu iSviaTad CarTul mcire eklesia-samlocveloTa arsebobasac
gaviTvaliswinebT, sabolood davrwmundebiT, rom varZiis aRniSnuli qvabovani
“seqciebi” sxva ara SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara mowese ber-monazvnebis maqsimalurad myudrod
dasavaneblad, maTi amqveyniuri problemebisgan ganridebulad moRvaweobisaTvis
Seqmnili qvabovani senakebi, damxmare saTavsebiTurT.
aq SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva: aRniSnuli struqturis cixe-simagreebis da saero
dasaxlebebis analogiebis ar arsebobis safuZvelze, varZiis kompleqsis sacxovrebelTa
125
saero funqcia gamovricxeT, magram saqarTvelosa da qristianuli samyaros mezobeli
qveynebis monastrebSi, amdenad gaazrebulad dagegmarebuli, erTiani mxatvruli stilis qvab-senakebi Tu gvxvdeba?
adreuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosa da aRmosavlur-qristianuli qveynebis
udabno-monastrebSi rom monazonTa sadgomebad sistematuri gegmarebis senakebi ar
igeboda da ikveTeboda, amaze zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari.
garejis mravalmTis kldeSi nakveT monastrebSi, am mimarTebiT mdgomareoba
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi mxolod nawilobriv Seicvala: axlad daarsebul Tu
rekonstruirebul qvabovan kompleqsebSi, marTalia, asketi berebis viwro da uformo
TavSesafrebis nacvlad gacilebiT moxerxebuli, Camoyalibebuli gegmarebis qvabovani
senakebi ikveTeboda, magram arc aq SeiniSneba aramcTu varZiis analogiur qvab-senakTa
wyebani, aramed erTmaneTis maxloblad mdebare, berebis qvabovani sacxovreblebis
Tundac mcirericxovani jgufebi, romelTa gegmarebasac erTi da igive zogadi principi
edos safuZvlad.
cxadia, varZiis msgavsi qvab-senakebis Zieba, miT umetes amaoa aRniSnuli epoqis ufro mcire, naklebad mniSvnelovan qarTul qvabovan savaneebSi. erTaderT gamonakliss,
TiTqos varZiisve uSualo mezobeli monastris, vanis qvabis gamoqvabulTa ramdenime
jgufi unda warmoadgendes, romelTa gegmarebaSic zogierTi mkvlevari varZiis tipis
berebis sacxovrebeli “kldis saxlebis” prototips xedavs [327, gv. 41 ] (tab. 117:1).
rogorc irkveva, varZiis monastris umTavresi gansxvaveba daax. imave epoqis sxva
qarTuli qvabovani savaneebisgan swored aRniSnul qvab-sacxovrebelTa erTgvar
tipologiur unificirebaSi da am Temis mTeli kompleqsisTvis wamyvan gegmarebiT
principad gadaqcevaSi gamoixateba. vnaxoT, xom ar warmoadgens sacxovrebel senakTa
amgvari sistematizacia aRniSnuli epoqis qvis samonastro xuroTmoZRvrebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel, imave daniSnulebis saTavsTa kldeSi gardasaxul anarekls.
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, konkretulad ki XII_XIII ss-Si saqarTveloSi friad
gacxovelebuli samonastro mSenebloba mimdinareobda: igeboda axali, brwyinvale
samonastro ansamblebi, ganivrcoboda da mSvendeboda Zveli kompleqsebi (gelaTi,
opiza, oSki, xaxuli, beTania, qvaTaxevi, iyalTo, ubisa da sxva mravali) [47; 312].
Semdgom saukuneebSi gadamxdari kataklizmebisa da peripetiebis gamo, am monasterTa kompleqsebis Semadgeneli nagebobebidan Cvenamde Tavdapirveli an met-naklebad
Secvlili saxiT mxolod eklesiebma da monumenturi xuroTmoZRvrebis TiTo-orola
sxva nimuSma moaRwia (samrekloebma, satrapezoebma da sxv.). saqme is aris, rom gvian Sua
saukuneebSi Catarebuli yoveli momdevno restavracia-rekonstruqciis dros, TavdapirvelTan miaxloebuli saxiT swored es nagebobebi aRdgeboda xolme, damxmare, sameurneo da safortifikacio nagebobebi ki axleburad, xSirad saxeldaxelodac Sendeboda.
aseT namonastralebze dResdReobiT dafiqsirebuli suraTis mimoxilviT vrwmundebiT, rom kompleqsebSi zezeurad praqtikulad aRar aris SemorCenili ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis droindeli berebis sacxovrebeli senakebi: gvian Sua saukuneebSi
iq samonazvno cxovreba ukeTes SemTxvevaSi metad Sekvecili saxiT Tu mimdinareobda
da aTeulobiT moweseze gaTvaliswinebuli sacxovrebeli seqtorebis aRdgena-SekeTebaze, cxadia, aRaravin izrunebda [35, gv. 98-101]*. qarTul monasterTa teritoriebi
*
aseTi udabnoebis calkeuli nawilebi, xSirad avtonomiuri safortifikacio sistemebiTac
ki iyo aRWurvili [538, gv. 171-175] (tab 113).
126
arqeologiurad jerjerobiT ise srulyofilad ar aris Seswavlili, rom amJamad miwis
qveS moqceuli senakebis naSTebis mixedviT berebis sacxovreblebis tipologiisa da
maTi ganlagebis kanonzomierebis sakiTxebze vimsjeloT. arqeologiurad ramdenadme
damakmayofileblad Seswavlili am epoqis Zeglis, gudarexis monastris Sesaxeb
gamoqveynebul masalebSic ki sustad argumentirebulad gamoiyureba kompleqsis
teritoriaze mikvleuli mcire saTavsebis funqciebisda mixedviT diferenciacia _
iq mikvleul uamrav sakulto da sameurneo nagebobaTa Soris, danamdvilebiT berebis
sacxovrebel senakad mxolod 2 mcire zomis, usaxuri Senobaa miCneuli [179, gv. 72-80].
miuxedavad faqtobrivi masalis aseTi simwirisa, am rigis monastrebis teritoriebze SemorCenili nagebobebis kompoziciuri mTlianoba da saguldagulo damuSaveba
mainc gvafiqrebinebs, rom maT generalur gegmebSi odesRac sacxovrebel senakebsac
zustad gansazRvruli adgili eqnebodaT miCenili da ara gvgonia, SemTxveviTi formebiTa da usaxurobiT am brwyinvale ansamblebSi disonansi SeetanaT.
aseTi mtkicebis safuZvels, aRmosavlur-qristianuli qveynebis aRniSnuli epoqis
rigi samonastro kompleqsebis xuroTmoZRvruli aRnagobac iZleva. cxadia, Semdgom
saukuneebSi ngreva da rekonstruqcia am qveynebis monastrebmac ganicada, magram
gansakuTrebuli politikuri statusisa Tu ubralod, mravalricxovnebis wyalobiT,
am regionebSi mainc SemorCa zogierTi samonastro kompleqsi, romelTac qarTuli
savaneebisgan gansxveviT, Sua saukuneebis struqtura TiTqmis ucvlelad SemounaxavT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adrebizantiuri xanis udabno-monastrebis Semadgeneli
nagebobebi Tu gamoqvabulebi, mTavari eklesiebisa da maT maxloblad mdebare oriode
aucilebeli Senobis garda, praqtikulad sruliad usistemod iyo ganfenili (magaliTad, konkretuli landSaftidan gamomdinare). sacxovrebel senakebs erTmaneTisgan
sruliad gansxvavebuli, primitiuli gegmareba axasiaTebdaT da maTi mniSvnelovani
urTierTdaSoreba savaldebulo normadac ki iTvleboda.
X_XIV ss-is bizantiuri samyaros monastrebi rogorc ideologiurad, ise qveynis
politikur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi maTi roliT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodnen
adreuli Sua saukuneebis asketi meudabnoeebis samonazvno organizaciebisgan, da es
sxvaoba am kompleqsebis gegmarebasa da garegnul saxeSic iyo asaxuli. am xanaSi TiTqmis
savaldebulo normad iqca monastrebis ZiriTadi teritoriebis galavnebiT gamagrebul
erTian sistemaSi moqceva, ganurCevlad imisa, ra tipis samonastro organizaciebs
warmoadgendnen isini: zogadsacxovreblebs Tu lavrebs. am mozRudul farTobebze
sxvadsxva gegmuri kompoziciebis mixedviT iyo ganlagebuli eklesiebi, samrekloebi,
saZvleebi, satrapezoebi da am epoqaSi monastris funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli
sxva sayofacxovrebo-sameurneo saTavsebi. ase zedmiwevniT organizebul ansamblebSi,
cxadia, berebis sacxovrebel senakebsac maTi funqciuri datvirTvidan logikurad
gamomdinare saxe da adgili mieCina. rogorc am epoqis mTeli rigi bizantiuri monastrebis
gegmarebis gacnobam dagvarwmuna (magaliTad, aTonis mTis, wm. lukas da dafnis monastrebi da sxv. [362, gv. 46-51; 67-76]), maT kompleqsebSi berebis sacxovrebeli senakebi ukve
Zalze xSirad iRebs erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT, seqciurad ganlagebuli, daaxloebiT
Tanabari zomis oTaxebis saxes, romlebic monastris galavnis gayolebaze ikaveben
adgils. es saTavsebi yru an sarkmliT ganaTebuli zurgiT zRudisken aris mimarTuli,
maTSi Sesvla ki pirdapir monastris ezodan an amave mxares gamarTuli wagrZelebuli, Ria
galereiidan xdeba. gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac berebis aseTi “saerTo sacxovreble127
bi” galavnis ezosken mimarTul ramdenime kedels Semouyveba, zogjer 2 sarTuladac
[311, gv. 100]. arcTu iSviaTad, maT Semadgenel “tipiur” sacxovreblebs damatebiTi,
damxmare saTavsebic gaaCniaT senakis romelime mxares.
ramdenadme msgavsi gegmarebis senakebis sistemebi Semonaxulia agreTve ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis zogierT somxur samonastro kompleqsSic (geRardi, TaTevi
da sxv.). somexi mecnierebis argumentaciiT, es sacxovreblebic monastrebis ZiriTadi
nagebobebis Tanadroulia [419, gv. 36, 42].
bizantiuri samyaros XI_XIV ss-is qvabovan monastrebSi, analogiuri struqturis
(e. i. varZiis tipis) qvab-senakebis sistemebis ramdenadme farTod gavrcelebis Sesaxeb
Cven cnobebi ar gagvaCnia. rogorc Cans, kabadokiis da zogierTi sxva regionis qvabovan
monastrebSi, garejis udabnoTa msgavsad, qvab-senakebis kveTis meore planze gadatanis
tradicias am xanaSic ar Ralatobdnen da mTeli yuradReba kvlav eklesiebis da sxva
sazogado mniSvnelobis saTavsTa “gamoqandakebaze” iyo gadatanili.
Tumca, Cven mainc mogvepoveba monacemebi aRniSnuli epoqis erT-erTi, amJamad
naxevrad qvabovani bizantiuri monastris Sesaxeb, romlis gegmarebiTi struqtura da
iersaxe varZiis samonastro ansamblis asociacias iwvevs. es kompleqsi, romelic istoriul lazeTSi, trapizonis maxloblad mdebareobs, “Savi mTis” (“sumelas”) monastris
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili [454, gv. 157]. monasteri varZiis msgavsad, TiTqmis vertikaluri
kldis masivis gayolebazea ganlagebuli ramdenime sarTulad da Tavdapirvelad
TiTqmis erTnaeri struqturis qvabovani senakebisgan da sxva saTavsebisgan Sedgeboda.
monastris kompoziciur centrs aqac naxevrad qvabovani, mTlianad moxatuli
RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis eklesia warmoadgens. varZiisgan gansxvavebiT,
aq XIV s-Si, qvabTa kompleqsis CamorRveuli fasadi kldeze mibjenili, qviTkiris
mTliani sistemiT aRudgeniaT, ris Sedegadac monastris eqsterierma 5 sarTuliani,
sarkmelebiT Tanabrad danawevrebuli Senobis saxe miiRo (albaT daaxloebiT aseTi saxe
eqneboda varZiis ansamblsac, miwisZvris Semdeg, XIV s-is dasawyisSi qviTkiriT mxolod
eklesiis karibWe ki ara, mTeli dazianebuli fasadi rom aRedginaT). imisda miuxedavad,
Tu rogori iyo Tavdapirvelad Savi mTis monastris gegmareba, amJamad CvenTvis Tundac
is garemoebaa mniSvnelovani, rom XIV s-is dasawyisSi aqac daax. erTnaeri struqturis,
seqciurad ganlagebuli qvab-senakebi yofila ganlagebuli ramdenime iarusad.
seqciuri struqturis qristianuli qvabovani monastrebis genezisis sakiTxebze
msjelobisas gverds ver avuvliT kidev erT garemoebas. saqme is aris, rom Tuki aseTi
gegmarebis kldeSi nakveTi qristianuli monastrebi did iSviaTobas warmoadgens,
kompoziciurad maTi msgavsi kompleqsebi (cxadia, sul sxvagvari taZrebiT), metad
damaxasiaTebelia centraluri da samxreT aziis budisturi monasticizmisTvis.
kldeSi nakveTi budisturi monastrebi IV_X ss-Si gavrcelda TanmimdevrobiT
jer dasavleT indoeTSi, Semdeg baqtriaSi (avRaneTi), aRmosavleT Turqestansa da
CrdiloeT CineTSi [568; 585; 596]. aseTi monastrebis calkeuli samlocveloebi da
sacxovreblebi, adreuli etapebidanve swori geometriuli formebiT da monumenturobiT xasiaTdeboda, magram isini kldovan masivebSi Tavdapirvelad met-naklebad
gafantul jgufebad ikveTeboda da mxolod mogvianebiT miiRo kompaqturi gegmarebiTi
saxe. swored am ukanaskneli fazis (daax. VIII_X ss) budisturi monastrebis Semadgeneli
sanakebi gamoirCeva regularulad ganmeorebadi struqturiT. mag., aRmosavleT
TurqestanSi mdebare “Tuiuk-mazaris” budisturi monastris Camoyalibebuli, tipiuri
128
gegmis sacxovreblebi erTmaneTis gverdigverdaa nakveTi [371, sur. 15]. TiToeuli aseTi
qvabovani sacxovrebeli ujredi kldis siRrmisken wagrZelebuli 3 erTmaneTSi gamavali
saTavsisgan Sedgeba, romelTaganac ukanaskneli mcire zomis sakuWnaos warmoadgens
(tab. 129:1,2).
am rigis budistur monastrebSi, aRwerili struqturis qvab-senakebi ramdenime
iarusadaa nakveTi kldis Sveul masivebSi da rogorc gegmarebiT, ise vizualurad
varZiis monastris asociacias iwvevs. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi monastris (magaliTad, SikSinis [371, sur. 3,4] ) qvabobani sanakebi kamarisebri WerebiT da interierebis
gaformebiTac varZiis kldis saxlebis msgavsia (tab. 129:3).
cxadia, Cven Sors varT im azrisgan, rom ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnili,
regularuli gegmarebis qristianuli monastrebis, maT Soris varZiis prototipebi
centraluri aziis budistur monastrebSi veZioT, magram aRniSnuli msgavseba, SesaZloa
arcTu SemTxveviTia.
vfiqrobT, sxvadsxva religiis mimdevari berebis senakebis identuroba maT
binadarTa erTsa da imave socialur statusze migvaniSnebs da organizebuli
monasticizmis ganviTarebis Sedegia. mxedvelobidan arc is garemoeba unda gamogvrCes,
rom rogorc qristianuli, ise budisturi monastrebis qvabovani sacxovreblebis
calkeuli elementebi, albaT Cveulebrivi masaliT nagebi saero sacxovreblebidanaa
gadmoRebuli da am qvab-saTavsTa msgavseba, aRniSnul regionTa qvis sacxovrebeli
saxlebis tipologiuri identurobis anareklic SeiZleba iyos.
meore mxriv, aramarTebuli iqneboda saqarTveloSi, aRmosavlur-dasavlur kulturaTa Sesayarze mdebare qveyanaSi, XII_XIII s-Si, am kulturuli nakadebiT gamdidrebuli xelovnebis dargebidan, mxolod kldis xuroTmoZRvreba (Tundac sakulto)
migveCnia martooden adgilobriv niadagze an dasavluri civilizaciis gavleniT
Camoyalibebul fenomenad. unda vifiqroT, rom varZiis Semoqmedi xuroTmoZRvrebi
sakmaod gaTviTcnobierebulni iqnebodnen rogorc dasavluri, ise aRmosavluri
civilizaciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saero Tu sakulto samSeneblo xelovnebaSi da
maTTvis arc aziis centralur regionebSi metad gavrcelebuli budisturi kldeSi
nakveTi monastrebis arseboba iqneboda ucnobi.
bunebrivia, varZiis samonastro ansamblis gegmur-kompoziciuri gaazrebisas,
qarTveli ostatebi iseve Seuxamebdnen adgilobrivi, mravalsaukunovani kldiTxuroobis
tradiciebs aRmosavlur Tu dasavlur samyaroTa xuroTmoZRvruli azris miRwevebs,
rogorc es im epoqis qarTuli kulturis nebismier sferoSi xdeboda (magaliTad,
filosofiaSi, saero Tu sasuliero literaturaSi).
vfiqrobT, varZiis wamyvani xuroTmoZRvruli Temis warmodgenili analizi da
amis Taobaze moxmobili paralelebi, kidev ufro ganamtkicebs im mosazrebas, rom es
kompleqsi damkveTTa da xuroTmoZRvarTa mier Tavidanve Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc
politikuri da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis gzaze mdgari saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
qristianuli kulturis erT-erTi mowinave kera, grandiozuli monasteri, romelic
didebuli mxatvruli ieriT qarTveli eris sulieri da esTetiuri srulyofisken
swrafvas ganasaxierebda.
varZiis qvabovani ansamblis uaRresad mravlismetyveli xuroTmoZRvruli saxe,
TiTqos monastris Seqmnisa da zeobis xanaSi masSi mimdinare RvTismsaxurebis wesis
dakonkretebis saSualebasac iZleva.
129
Cveni azriT, varZiis kldeSi nakveTi sacxovreblebis aRniSnuli gegmarebiTi
struqtura, SeiZleba monastris lavris yaidaze mowyobaze migvaniSnebdes. sxvanaerad
Znelia aixsnas is garemoeba, rom TiToeuli qvab-senaki aRWurvili yofila didi
raodenobis sakvebisa da sasmelis Sesanaxi avtonomiuri sacavebiT da ganviTarebuli
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sacxovreblebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualuri TonekeriebiT [151; 152; 325; 325 ]. saqme is aris, rom erTad cxovrebis principiT moqmed
monastrebSi mowese berebis yoveldRiuri trapezi (sufra) saerTo iyo da Sesabamisad,
sursaTis maragis sacavi da saWmlis mosamzadebeli adgilebi specialurad SerCeul
an agebul saTavsebSi iyo lokalizebuli. varZiis qvab-senakebis gegmarebaSi ki
asaxulia monazonTa individualur trapezze zrunva, rac mxolod lavrebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli [538, gv. 82-91 ].
varZiaSi lavris tipis monastris funqcionirebaze unda metyvelebdes am ansamblis
struqturaSi sakmao raodenobiT CarTuli qvabovani eklesia-samlocveloebic:
koenobiumebSi yoveldRiuri savaldebulo wirva-locva monasterSi moRvawe mRvdelmonazvnebis mier erToblivad aRevlineboda centralur eklesiebSi, xolo calkeuli
berebisaTvis an maTi mcirericxovani jgufebisTvis, raime SemTxvevasTan an qmedebasTan
dakavSirebiT locvebis Sesasruleblad individualuri samlocveloebis Seqmna
miRebuli ar iyo (aseTi locvebis warmosaTqmelad, senakebSi mcire zomis samlocvelo
niSebi iyo mowyobili).*
Cven safuZvels moklebuli gveCveneba mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis mosazreba
imis Taobaze, rom ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos mozrdil qvabovan
monastrebSi da, kerZod, varZiis struqturaSic, monazonTa zogierT sacxovrebel
jgufTan arsebuli eklesia, am qvabovani senakebis gansakuTrebul xuroTmoZRvrul
aRkazmulobasTan erTad, im epoqis monastrebSi moRvawe, dawinaurebuli socialuri
jgufebis wridan gamosul berTa mxriv erTgvari separatistuli miswrafebebis da amis
safuZvelze monasterSi mimdinare decentralizaciis procesis amsaxvelia [325, gv. 68].
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel
qristianul samyaroSi, monastrebi sasuliero moRvaweobas xSirad msxvili miwaTmflobeli organizaciis rolsac uTavsebdnen, amasTan maT ierarqiaSi wodebrivad da
qonebrivad dawinaurebuli socialur fenebidan gamosul pirebs xSirad gamorCeulad
maRali adgilebi ekavaT xolme. sruliad logikuria imis daSvebac, rom im xanad
samoRvaweod mosuli umaRlesi aristokratiis romelime warmomadgenlisaTvis,
monastris mesveurebs garkveuli privilegia mieniWebinaT da maTTvis dasis sxva
monazvnebTan SedarebiT ramdenadme ukeTesi sayofacxovrebo pirobebi SeeqmnaT [273, gv.
56-85]. miuxedavad amisa, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, aseTi gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi
aRniSnuli epoqis qarTul monastrebSi kanonzomierebad ar qceula da miT umetes,
amgvari midgoma axlad Seqmnili monastris gegmarebis safuZveli ver gaxdeboda [96].
*
cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom struqturulad Camoyalibebul Zvel qarTul zogadsacxovrebel
monastrebSi, ukve VIII-IX saukuneebidan moyolebuli, berTa sacxovrebel senakebTan an maT
jgufebTan damoukidebeli samlocveloebis Seqmna miRebuli ar iyo, gvxvdeba “grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebaSic” (X s). wm. mama grigoli moZRvravs mowafeebs: “amasa monastersa Tana
egvtersa Jamis sawirvad nuvin aRaSenebs, rameTu ujeroeba ars, ukeTu erisa nebai ara iyos,
Tvinier didisa mis saeroisa eklesiisa, amis mizezisaTvis, rameTu dekanozman JamiswirvisaTvis hrekos, maSin yovelni mRvdelni mun ara movidnen, aramed TvisTa egvterTa dadgen
Jamiswirvad da didisave eklesiisa sworad awyinebden kacTa Sesawiravisa TxovisaTvis”
[giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. Tb., 1982].
130
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, varZiis monazonTa sacxovrebeli jgufebi daaxloebiT
erTi da imave gegmarebiT sqemas imeoreben da mxolod umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan sayofacxovrebo pirobebiT: maTSi konkretuli aucileblobidan
gamomdinare gamokveTil oriode zedmet niSa-farTs Tu ramdenadme mdidrul
dekoratiul sarTavebs monasterSi moRvawe ZmaTa Soris socialuri warmoSobis niadagze arsebuli uTanasworobis amsaxvel niSnebad ver miviCnevT (tab. 121).
qvab-sacxovrebis erTmaneTisgan aseTi umniSvnelo gansxvaveba, magaliTad, senakebis interierebis dekoratiuli gaformebis intensiuroba, ufro monasterSi moRvawe
moweseTa Sida ierarqiul diferenciaciaze unda metyvelebdes*. amdenad, varZiis samefo
monastris wiaRSi “avtonomiebis” arsebobas, sakuTari eklesiiTa da lamis aris saero
wyobasTan miaxloebuli SinaganawesiT, kanonzomier movlenad ver miviCnevT.
saqarTvelos samefos politikuri erTianobis, qristianuli kulturis aRmavlobis xanaSi, saqarTvelos umaRlesi saero xelisufleba da eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebi am
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes savaneSi mxars mxolod marTlmadidebluri monasticizmis
aRniSnuli 2 orTodoqsuli mimdinareobidan erT-erTs (an Sereul princips) dauWerdnen, da ara raRac xelovnurad Seqmnil, aracentralizebul sistemas (TviT gandegilebis erToblioba, lavrac xom mkacrad centralizebuli samonastro organizaciaa [538,
gv. 18-33] ).
erTi SexedviT, varZiaSi lavris tipis samonastro organizaciis prioritetulobis
sawinaaRmdego argumentad gamoiyureba aq arsebuli qvabovani satrapezo, magram Cveni
hipoTezis poziciidan, am faqtis axsnac SesaZlebelia: jer erTi, am monastris binadar
berTa savaraudo ricxvi ramdenjerme aRemateba aRniSnul saTavsSi erTdrouli
trapezis monawileTa SesaZlo raodenobas; meorec, sazRvargareTis qristianuli
monastrebis kvlevis gamocdileba imaze metyvelebs, rom monasterSi satrapezos
arseboba, sruliadac ar aris iq aucileblad koenobiumis funqcionirebis maCvenebeli,
vinaidan lavrebSi SabaT-kviris saerTo wirvis garda, erToblivi trapezic xSirad
ewyoboda: mraval cnobil aRmosavlur-qristianul lavraSia dadasturebuli sakmaod
vrceli satrapezo [549, sur. 49; 574, gv. 116]. ar unda gamovricxoT imis SesaZleblobac,
rom varZiis samonastro kompleqsis farglebSi, iseve rogorc mraval aRmosavlurqristianul savaneSi (magaliTad, aTonis mTis monastrebSi [362]), Serwymuli yofiliyo
lavrisa da erTadmyofeluri monasticizmis principebi, e. i. monazonTa erT nawils
koenobiumis yaidaze ecxovraT, magram calkeul qvabTa jgufebSi nebadarTuli
yofiliyo dayudebuli berebis moRvaweobac. varZiis gegmarebiTi principebidan
gamomdinare, Cven es ukanaskneli daSveba mainc naklebad savaraudod gveCveneba:
aRniSnuli stilis moweseobaTa Serwyma SedarebiT did teritoriebze, gafantulad
ganlagebuli samonastro organizaciebisTvis ufro iyo damaxasiaTebeli (magaliTad,
wm. sabas lavra [574] ), xolo iseT kompaqtur samonastro kompleqsSi, rogoric varZiaa,
Zneli warmosadgenia daax. erTnaeri struqturis zogierT senakebSi erTadmyofel
berebs ecxovraT, danarCen saTavsebSi ki gandegilebs _ varZiis ansamblSi xom sakuTari
samlocveloebis mqone “sadayudebulo” jgufebi odnavadac ar aris gancalkevebuli
*
am epoqis tibikonSi “vahanis qvabTa gangeba” [96], daculi termini “uTavadesi Zma”, romelic
g. gafrindaSvilis berebis socialur warmoSobaze mimaniSnebelad miaCnia (“Tavad-aznauris”
asociaciiT) [65, gv. 25; 325, gv. 122], sinamdvileSi samonastro organozaciis Sida ierarqiis
amsaxveli cnebaa [273, gv. 40].
131
saTavsTa ZiriTadi erTobliobebisagan. esec ar iyos, sakuTari sakuWnaoebi xom
praqtikulad yvela qvab-senaks gaaCnia da ara mxolod garkveul nawils.
aRniSnuli faqtebi imaze unda metyvelebdes, rom varZiis monasteri Cafiqrebuli
da ganxorcielebuli iqna rogorc grandiozuli lavra, sadac gansxvavebiT
adre qristianuli xanis udabnoebisagan, moweseTa sacxovreblebs Soris manZils
mniSvneloba aRar eniWeboda da lavrebSi moRvaweTa Tavdapirveli mkacri asketizmi,
aq kviris dReebSi (SabaT-kviris garda) erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebul yofa-cxovrebiT
reJimamde da qvab-senakSi binadrobis simbolur wesamde iyo dayvanili. SesaZloa,
swored moRvaweobis lavruli wesis aRorZinebis survili gaxda ganviTarebuli Sua
saukuneebis saqarTvelosTvis ukve ramdenadme anaqronuli stilis, imxanad mxolod
garejis udabnoTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mTlianad kldeSi nakveTi didi samonastro
ansamblis Seqmnis erT-erTi mizezi. iqneb am didebuli monastris Seqmnis ideis avtorebs swored imis damtkiceba surdaT, rom samefo xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviT Seqmnil
vrcel, keTilmowyobil da mxatvrul-esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT uzadod gadawyvetil,
erTmaneTis mezoblad mdebare qvab-senakebSi binadroba, WeSmarit asket moRvawes xels
ver SeuSlida sulier ganwmendaSi da qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi sasoebiT samsaxurSi.
ra Tqma unda, varZiis monastris mSeneblobis Canafiqrze, SesaZloa sul sxva, dRemde ucnob mastimulirebel faqtorebsac moexdina zegavlena. saerTod, im ideologiuri Tu politikur-ekonomikuri fonis Taobaze, ramac varZiis grandiozuli qvabovani
monastris warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli, qarTul mecnierebaSi arcTu mravali mosazrebaa
gamoTqmuli. amaTgan, sayuradRebod gveCveneba erT-erTi Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
varZiis monastris giganturi masStabi da maRalmxatvruli xuroTmoZRvruli gadawyveta, am epoqis qarTul kulturaSi aRmosavluri renesansis gamoxatulebad unda miviCnioT [326, gv. 68]. Cven xelT arsebuli faqtobrivi masalis gaTvaliswinebiT vfiqrobT,
rom es azri SesaZloa Sors ar idges WeSmaritebisagan.
rogorc cnobilia, XI s-is damdegs bizantiuri samyaros filosofiur azrovnebaSi
Tavi iCina Teologiurma mimdinareoba “isixazmma”, romelmac mogvianebiT, gansakuTrebiT XIII_XIV ss-Si, didi popularoba moipova am kulturuli wris Crdilo-aRmosavleT
regionebSi [439]. rigi sazRvargareTeli mecnierebi swored isixastur moZraobas
ukavSireben aRmosavlur-qristianul monasticizmSi mkacri asketuri moweseobis
aRorZinebas [418, gv. 130-132]. magaliTad, aRniSnul epoqaSi qvabovani monastrebis
momravleba balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, bulgareTSi, dnestrispireTSi da kievis
ruseTSi, swored am mimdinareobis gaZlierebis Sedegadaa miCneuli [418, gv. 5; 412, gv. 7880]. ukanaskneli xanebis sazRvargareTuli saRvTismetyvelo gamokvlevebis mixedviT,
isixazmis mimdevrebi mxolod amqveyniur cdunebaTagan izolacias ki ar miiCnevdnen
miznad, aramed ganmartoebiT locvis, sakuTar azrovnebaSi CaRrmavebis saSualebiT
SemoqmedebiTi unaris gamdidrebas da RvTaebriv bunebasTan miaxloebas cdilobdnen
(Tumca, RvTaebriv bunebaSi bolomde Cawvdomas isinic SeuZleblad miiCnevdnen) [439,
gv. 65-68]. amrigad, gansxvavebiT mxolod sinanulze damyarebuli adreqristianuli
asketizmisgan, isixazmma wina planze wamoswia adamianis individualizmi, riTac es
mimdinareoba garkveulwilad dasavleTevropuli renesansis humanistur suliskveTebas dauaxlova.
132
Cveni azriT savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom saqarTveloSi, sadac sulieri kultura
aRniSnul epoqaSi met-naklebad bizantiur samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis paralelurad viTardeboda, aRniSnuli Teologiuri doqtrinac moipovebda momxreebs, es
movlena ki SesaZloa samonastro moZraobis ramdenadme gansxvavebul organizaciaSi Tu
savaneebis xuroTmoZRvrul aRnagobaSic asaxuliyo.
varZiis zemoT aRniSnul gegmarebiT TaviseburebebSi, TiTqos marTlac gamosWvivis
am tipis moweseobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: qvabovan saTavsebSi moRvaweoba xazs
usvams meudabnoeTa asketizmisadmi miswrafebas, xolo “kldis saxlebis” moxerxebuli
sayofacxovrebio elementebiT aRWurvasa da mxatvrulad gaformebaSi ki adamianTa
sacxovrebeli garemosadmi renesansuli midgomis anarekli igrZnoba.
marTalia, amave epoqis sxva qarTul qvabovan monastrebs, masStabiTa da
xuroTmoZRvruli Canafiqris sicxadiT varZias da garejis mravalmTis aRniSnul
grandiozul kldis Zeglebs ver SevadarebT, magram mravali maTgani TviTmyofadi
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebisa da istoriuli mniSvnelobis wyalobiT udavod imsaxurebs
saguldagulo arqiteqturul da arqeologiur Seswavlas.
dResdReobiT am xanis “rigiTi” qvabovan monasterTa didi umravlesoba am
TvalsazrisiT sruliad gamoukvlevelia an sustadaa Seswavlili (magaliTad bodornis,
kondamianis, qobTavis udabnoebi [41; 176; 293] da sxv.). swored am xarvezis gamosworebas
isaxavda miznad bolo wlebSi Cven mier Qqvemo qarTlSi mikvleuli qvabovani samonastro
kompleqsebis xuroTmoZRvruli da arqeologiuri kvleva [34; 37; 38]. am ramdenadme
tipiur ZeglTagan gamovyofT erT-erT yvelaze saintereso kldeSi nakveT monasters,
romelic arqeologiuradac yvelaze ukeT gvaqvs Seswavlili.
es qvabovani udabno mdebareobs Tanamedrove TeTri wyaros raionSi, sof. daReTis
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 3-ode km-ze, mdinare xramis marcxena Senakadi mcire Reles
kanionisebr xeobaSi. vaxuSti bagrations qvemo qarTlis rukaze, daaxloebiT am adgilze
moniSnuli aqvs simagre “muguTi”, xolo papuna orbeliani, me-18 s-is pirvel naxevarSi
xramis xeobaSi mimdinare movlenebis Txrobisas moixseniebs “muguTis qvabebs” [6,
gv.201]. radgan am midamoSi qvabTa sxva mozrdili dajgufeba ar gvxvdeba, SesaZleblad
CavTvaleT CvenTvis saintereso Zeglebis “muguTis qvabebTan” identifikacia.*
monasteri xeobis erTmaneTis mopirdapire kalTebSi gamokveTil qvabTa or kompleqsSi yofila mowyobili. marcxena kompleqsi 3 iarusad ganlagebuli 26 gamoqvabulisa da ramdenime naSTisgan Sedgeba, marjvena kompleqsi ki 19 gamoqvabulisgan, romlis
2 iribi iarusi marjvena kideSi erTmaneTs erwymis (tab. 3). naSromis I TavSi ukve gvqonda
saubari imis Taobaze, rom am qvabovani Zeglis ZiriTadi birTvi, iseve rogorc xramis
xeobis am tipis qvabTa sxva kompleqsebi, brinjaos xanis sxvadasxva etapze Seqmnil kldis
dasaxlebaTa naSTebs warmoadgens [33; 37].
qvabTa am kompleqsebis umravlesobis safasado nawilebi, CamoSlis Semdeg, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi qviTkiris nairgvari nagebobebiTaa restavrirebuli. magaliTad, marjvena kompleqsis 6 gamoqvabulis Camongreuli fasadebi qviTkiris erTiani
*
sainteresoa, rom onomastikurad aSkarad amave fuZesTan dakavSirebuli toponimi (md. inwoba
-CelTis auzSi), akad. l. WilaSvilis azriT, igive “mogvTaa”, rasac SesaZloa am gamoqvabulTa
am kompleqsis uZvelesi plastebis winaqristianul xanaSi warmoSobamac dauWiros mxari [253,
gv. 41].
133
sistemiTaa aRdgenili, romelSic naxevarwriuli gegmis koSki da lukis tipis asasvlelebia CarTuli (tab. 32). amave jgufis erT-erT qvabSi, saguldagulodaa gamoyvanili darbazuli eklesia, risTvisac aRmosavleTisa da samxreTis kedlebi qviTkiriTaa
nagebi, xolo danarCen kedlebad da Werad gamoqvabulis kiriT mosworebuli nawilebia
gamoyenebuli (tab. 146). CaSenebuli kedlebi kargad morgebuli fleTili qvisaa, xolo
kuTxeebad da sapireebad ki naTali bazaltia gamoyenebuli. eklesiis interieri sadaa,
misi sivrce pilastrebiTa da sabjen-sarTavi TaRebiT ar aris danawevrebuli. sakurTxevlis triumfaluri TaRi TiTqos odnav nalisebri moyvanilobisaa, magram es maxasiaTebeli kedlis qvabTan miSenebis problemiT unda iyos gamowveuli, radgan iqve
mikvleuli sakurTxevlis sarkmlis moCarCoebis fragmentebi, stilisturad metad
axlos dgas XII_XIII ss-is qarTuli eklesiebis dekoratiul motivebTan [228, gv. 69], am
xanis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ki TaRis naliseburobis, rogorc mxatvruli elementis gamoyeneba, gamoricxulia [46; 236].
eklesiis samxreTiT kidev ori mozrdili saTavsia qviTkiris kedlebiT mowesrigebuli da nawilobriv molesili. nagebobebis wyoba aqac eklesiis analogiuria. iqve,
gamoqvabulis erTi viwro daboloeba kedliTaa gadatixruli. am moculobaSi moxvedra
mxolod kedelSi 1,5 m-is simaRleze datanebuli viwro xvreliT SeiZleba. saTavsis
arqeologiuri kvlevisas, iatakze sakmaod mowesrigebulad dawyobili adamianis Tavis
qalebi da neStis sxva nawilebi aRmoCnda. am absoluturad bneli da Znelad SesaRwevi
saTavsis funqcia, masSi dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTis da eklesiis maxloblad
mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, eWvs ar iwvevs: aseTi saZvleebi (kriptebi) qristianuli
monastrebis aucilebeli atributia [424; 512; 539; 574].*
am jgufis Semadgeneli danarCeni ori qvabnaSeni saTavsis funqciac arqeologiuri
Seswavlis Sedegad TiTqos naTeli gaxda. eklesiis samxreTiT mdebare pirveli, mozrdili saTavsi, ori kedlis gaswvriv mowyobili Camosajdomi merxisa da iqve mdebare
wylis mozrdili rezervuaris arsebobis, agreTve iq mopovebuli nivTieri masalis
Semadgenlobis gaTvaliswinebiT (aq praqtikulad mxolod sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli Tixis WurWelis fragmentebia warmodgenili), satrapezo unda iyos. Sesabamisad, amis gverdiTa qvabnaSeni, masSi dadasturebuli mozrdili Tonis, ori
stacionaruli keris da qvevrebis (tab. 154:1,2), agreTve sakvebis mosamzadebeli uxeSi
WurWlis fragmentebidan gamomdinare, albaT samzareulod gamoiyeneboda. satrapezosa da samzareulos ganlagebis aseTi gegmarebiTi gadawyveta sruliad logikurad
gamoiyureba.
rogorc Cans, qvabnaSenTa es jgufi muguTis qvabebis mTeli samonastro ansamblis
centrs warmoadgenda. misi Semadgeneli danarCeni qvab-saTavsebic ar unda iyos
rigiT berTa senakebi. magaliTad, savaraudoa, rom eklesiis CrdiloeT mdebare qvabi
winamZRvris (mamasaxlisis) an ierarqiulad dawinaurebuli sxva ZmaTaganis sacxovre-
*
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavdapirvelad swored am saZvlis arsebobam dagvarwmuna, rom qvabTa
es kompleqsebi ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi danamdvilebiT monastrad iyo gamoyenebuli:
mxolod eklesia xom aznauris rezidenciis atributic SeiZleboda yofiliyo. arqeologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebma kompleqsebis aseTi funqcia savsebiT daadastura. garda kompleqsis
axlad gamovlenili gegmarebiTi elementebisa, gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalis
Semadgenlobac samonazvno cxovrebaze metyvelebs. mag., aseT dokumentad gveCveneba
rigiT qvabebSi aRmoCenili pergamentze nusxurad Sesrulebuli xelnaweris, axali aRTqmis
fragmentebi, romlebic XII s-iT TariRdeba (xelnawerebis daTariRebaSi daxmareba gagviwia
batonma zaza aleqsiZem, risTvisac did madlobas movaxsenebT).
134
belia, xolo qviTkiris am erTiani sistemiT gamagrebuli jgufis marjvena ukidures
qvabSi ki, masSi arqeologiuri kvlevisas aRmoCenili sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobebidan da sxva nivTieri masalidan gamomdinare, monastris mTavari sasawyobo meurneoba,
e.w. “saikonomoso” iyo ganlagebuli.
muguTis monastris qvabTa sxva jgufebs, gansakuTrebiT ki marcxena kompleqsis
qvab-saTavsebs, agrerigad gaazrebuli xuroTmoZRvruli gegmareba ar axasiaTebT: maT
ZiriTad sivrceebs aRniSnuli uZvelesi gamoqvabulebis naSTebi warmoadgens, romelTa
rekonstruqcia morRveuli safasado nawilebis nebismieri moxazulobis qvis kedlebiT
amoSenebiT amoiwureboda (tab. 27). aseTi rigiTi qvabnaSenebis kedlebi, rogorc wesi,
susti SemkvreliT iyo agebuli, amitom dResdReobiT maTgan nangrevebSi moqceuli 2-3
wyobaRaa SemorCenili. Zeglis arqeologiurma SeswavlamG dagvarwmuna, rom am tipis qvabsaTavsebs restavraciis Semdegac TiTo Riobi _ viwro da dabali karebi gaaCnda, Tumca,
xramis xeobis amave epoqis sxva kompleqsebis analogiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoricxuli
ar aris, rom zogierT qvabs sxvadasxva konfiguraciis sarkmelic hqonoda. bunebrivia
aseTi martivi da umetesad erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebuli saTavsebi Tavidanve berebis
sacxovrebel senakebad miviCnieT. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebulma
nivTierma masalam es varaudic ganamtkica.
muguTis qvabebis gansxvavebuli daniSnulebis saTavsTa arqeologiuri kvlevis
Sedegad, monastris funqcionirebis qronologiuri CarCoebis sakmaod calsaxad
gansazRvra moxerxda. warmovadgenT Zeglis arqeologiuri gaTxrisas mopovebul yvelaze tipiuri nivTieri masalis CamonaTvals mokle komentariTurT maTi damzadebisa
da moxmarebis xanis Sesaxeb.
muguTis qvabTa iatakebis zeda kulturul fenebSi mopovebuli Tixis nawarmi
warmodgenilia mouWiqavi da moWiquli WurWliT, agreTve faiansiT.
mouWiqavi Tixis WurWlidan aq gvxvdeba Semdegi nakeTobebis fragmentebi:
1. wiTlad gamomwvari doqebi, kvercxisebri mucliT da maRali yeliT. gare pirebi
mowernaqebulia. Semkulia svel Tixaze amokawruli Tevzifxuri ornamentiT (xSirad
wertilovan ornamentTan kombinaciaSi), an paraleluri, reliefuri zolebiT. zogierT
egzemplars vertikalurad naprialebi zolebic dauyveba (tab. 56:1,9,15).
2. Ria yavisferi, sqelkedliani, mozrdili xeladebi da Cafebi ganieri piriT, Zirsa
da mxarze miZerwili brtyeli yuriT (tab. 59:16).
3. wiTlad da yavisfrad gamomwvari, sxvadasxva zomis jamebi da fialebi. zogierT
maTgans borblisebri, gamoyvanili quslebi aqvs; qimsa da gverds Soris gadasvla gluvia; bakoebi brtyelia an CaRaruli. amaTze aranaklebi raodenobiTaa warmodgenili
brtyelZiriani jamebi, romlebsac Zabriseburad gadaSlili kalTebi da vertikaluri
qimebi aqvs; gverdisa da qimis SeerTebis adgilze wibo Semouyveba (tab. 54:4,5,11,13,14,21;
55:15,16).
4. sxvadasxva zomis TefSebi, Zlier gadaSlili gverdebiT da Sesqelebuli napirebiT; zedapiri umetesad wiTeli wernaqiTaa SeRebili (tab. 63:13-15).
5. sxvadasxva feris, gansxvavebuli zomis qilebi. isini dabalyeliania, aqvT ganieri
muclebi, gadmokecili pirebi da brtyeli Ziri. mraval egzemplars pirTan axlos,
mucelze, wminda savarcxliT amokawruli horizontuli zolebi Semouyveba (tab.
60:5,6,7,11).
6. mcire zomis, Txelkedliani, Calisferkeciani, natifad damzadebuli oryura
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qilebi, romelTa pir-gverdi gofrirebulia an savarcxliseburad nakawri ornamentiTaa
Semkuli.
7. TeTrad SeRebili, Txelkeciani patara WinWilebi, romelTa pir-yeli da muceli
moxatulia Savi, paraleluri zolebiT, maT Soris ki talRiseburad, wiTeli saRebaviT
(tab. 63:4).
garda CamoTvlilisa, muguTis qvabebSi aRmoCnda sxva saxeobis mouWiqavi WurWelic: mozrdili dergebi, Savad gamomwvari (zogjer Savad SeRebilic) e.w. “samzareulo”
WurWeli, qvab-qoTnebis sarqvelebi, Wraqebi da sxv. (tab. 57, 61, 62, 63).
moWiquli Tixis WurWlidan kompleqsebSi didi raodenobiTaa warmodgenili Semdegi
saxeobebi (tab. 62; 157:9,11,13,15,16,19,29-31):
1. kargad ganleqili, wiTlad gamomwvari Tixis jamebi, gamoyvanili, borblisebri
qusliT, CaRaruli an brtyeli bakoebiT. gadavlebuli aqvT TeTri angobi, romelzedac
amokawrulia maryuJisebri saxeebi an paraleluri xazebi. moWiqulia mwvaned,
firuzisfrad, sosanisfrad an Rvinisfrad.
2. aseTive formis jamebi, TeTr angobze amokawruli mcenareuli da geometriuli
ornamentiT, zogjer ki frinvelTa da cxovelTa stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT.
ornamenti da gamosaxulebebi mravalferadaa moxatuli. gadavlebuli aqvT ufero
Wiquri.
3. wiTelkeciani, zigzagisebri angobis zolebiT moxatuli, mwvaned moWiquli
doqebi.
4. Zirgamoyvanili, bakoCaRaruli, TeTr angobze cisfrad an mwvaned moWiquli
samarileebi.
5. cisfrad an mwvaned moWiquli niJarisebri Wraqebi.
keramikuli nawarmis aRwerili saxeobebi kargadaa cnobili Sua saukuneebis mkvlevar
qarTvel arqeologTaTvis. am nakeTobebs mravali paraleli moeZebnaT saqarTvelos XII_
XIV ss-is arqeologiuri Zeglebis, magaliTad, dmanisis, Tbilisis, rusTavis, Jinvalis
naqalaqarebis, gudarexis da daviT garejis monastrebis ganaTxari masalebidan [282; 255;
88; 179; 191; 104 da sxv.] (vinaidan CamoTvlili Tixis nawarmis saxeobebaTa didi umetesoba,
amave xeobis qvabovan soflebSi aRmoCenili ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis nakeTobebis
identuria, maTi tipologiisa da qronologiis sakiTxebze ufro vrclad Semdeg TavSi
gveqneba saubari).
garda amisa, muguTis gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis imave fenebSi aRmoCnda Semdegi
saxis mxatvruli faiansis nawarmi (tab. 64; 65; 158):
1. muqi kobaltis WiquriT dafaruli, TeTri da oqrosferi saRebaviT mdidrulad
moxatuli doqis fragmentebi. am WurWlis analogiuri iranuli nawarmi XII_XIII s-iT aris
daTariRebuli (tab. 158:11) [142, gv. 54; 540, gv. 104].
2. mcenareuli motivebiT Semkuli, lurji, cisferi, mwvane da Rvinisferi saRebavebiT moxatuli, uferuli WiquriT dafaruli jami. es WurWeli teqnologiiTa da
mxatvruli stiliT e.w. “sulTanabaduri” tipis faiansis nawarmis msgavsia, romlebsac
mkvlevarebi XIII_XIV ss-iT aTariReben (tab. 158:12,13) [142, gv. 59, 62; 532, gv. 81].
3. lurji kobaltis saRebaviT moxatuli, ufero WiquriT dafaruli TefSis
fragmentebi, e.w. “Cinuris minabaZi” (tab. 158:16-21). am stilis faiansis WurWlis
damzadebis tradicia daax. XIV s-dan vrceldeba CineTidan iranSi da mTel islamur
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aRmosavleTSi [253, gv. 113]. rogorc Cans, es egzempliari, maTi importis pirvelive
talRebis Sedegad moxvda saqarTveloSi.
muguTis qvabovan saTavsebSi dafiqsirebuli stratigrafiuli suraTidan
gamomdinare, XIII_XIV ss-iT myarad daTariRebuli, CamoTvlili nivTebis Tanadrouli
unda iyos iqve aRmoCenili, organuli masalisgan damzadebuli, nairgvari sameurneo da
sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis nakeTobani: xis jamebi, gobebi, kovzebi, kviristavebi,
TiTistarebi, Zafis dasaxvevi koWebi, ormxriv mwkriviani savarcxlebi, saTiTe,
miniaturuli saswori da inkrustirebuli zardaxSa, agreTve Zvlisgan damzadebuli
saxvreti da sakeravi iaraRi, samkauli da sxv. (mTlianad an fragmentulad Semonaxuli
egzemplarebi, tab. 66). am rigis nivTieri masalidan, zogierTs TiTqmis zusti paraleli
moeZebna ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli Tu sazRvargareTis maxlobeli
regionebis arqeologiuri Zeglebidan [219, gv. 188; 123; 308, gv. 338], maTi umravlesobis
met-naklebad axlobel analogiebs ki dRemde mxolod qarTuli eTnografiuli
sinamdvilidan vicnobdiT. aqve mivakvlieT qalis Wvintian fexsacmels, nairgvari
daniSnulebis, sxvadasxva masaliT da teqnologiiT damzadebuli qsovilisgan naker
tansacmlis nimuSebs, maRalmxatvruli ornamentiT (ZiriTadad geometriuli) Semkul
xaliCa-fardagebis fragmentebs (tab. 159; 161).
imaze, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania Sua saukuneebis qarTuli materialuri kulturis kvlevisTvis am tipis, sxva amavdrouli arqeologiuri ZeglebisaTvis friad iSviaTi
kategoriis nivTieri masalis aRmoCena, Tundac Semdegi magaliTi metyvelebs: muguTis
gamoqvabulebSi mikvleulma xaliCebisa da fardagebis umdidresma koleqciam, bolo
wlebSi, sxvadasxva rangis samecniero konferenciebze da simpoziumebze didi interesi
gamoiwvia da maT araerTi publikaciac mieZRvna [503; 278]. saqme is aris, rom ucxour
specialur samecniero literaturaSi bolo dros sakmaod fexmokidebuli iyo azri imis
Taobaze, TiTqos-da saqarTveloSi mxatvruli xaliCebis qsovis tradicia ganviTarebul
Sua saukuneebSi praqtikulad ar iyo gavrcelebuli da rom gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis es
dargi, CvenSi gvian Sua saukuneebSi, Turqulenovani mosaxleobis damkvidrebis Sedegad
ganviTarda. swored amitom, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukanaskneli ori
saukunis ganmavlobaSi damzadebul, geometriuli ornamentiT Semkul xaliCebs erTianad “borCalos” da “yazaxis” saxelwodebiT cnobil jgufs akuTvnebdnen. cxadia, qvemo
qarTlis gamoqvabulebis aRweril arqeologiur fenebSi xaliCebis mravalricxvovani
da mravalferovani fragmentebis dadastureba am Sexedulebas radikalurad cvlis
da literaturuli wyaroebis monacemebiT Semagrebul im mosazrebis sasargeblod
metyvelebs, rom XI-XIV ss saqarTveloSi, gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis sxva dargebTan erTad, mexaliCeobac sakmao aRmavlobas ganicdida.
muguTis qvabebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad SevniSneT, rom
mopovebul masalaSi qalTa mier moxmarebuli nivTebis siWarbe igrZnoboda: samoseli,
xelsaqmis mowyobilobani, iSviaTad _ samkaulic. garda amisa, satrapezod miCneul
qvab-saTavsSi aRmoCnda Tixis jamis ori gansxvavebuli nimuSi, romlebzedac erTi da
imave kaligrafiiT, xucurad iyo amokawruli monograma “Tm”, rac Cveni azriT iSifreba
rogorc “Tamar”. aRsaniSnavia, rom saZvaleSi SemorCeuli Zvlovani neStebic qalTa
anatomiur aRnagobas ufro esadageba. am faqtebidan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis ukanasknel stadiaze mainc, muguTis qvabebSi dedaTa
monasteri iyo mowyobili.
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arqeologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT Cans, rom monasterSi intensiuri cxovreba
daax. XIV s-is dasasrulisTvis unda Sewyvetiliyo, rogorc Cans, Temur-lengis erTerTi gamanadgurebeli laSqrobis Sedegad. am dros datrialebuli tragediis masStabze
Tundac is faqti mowmobs, rom ramdenime saTavsis iatakze adamianTa adgilze Cakecili,
daumarxavi neStebi davafiqsireT (tab. 153:1). amis Semdeg, 2-3 s-is ganmavlobaSi, qvabTa
kompleqsis cxovrebaSi sruli intervali an sakulto Tu TavdacviTi mizniT metad
epizoduri gamoyeneba unda vigulisxmoT _ am periodSi adamianTa mozrdili jgufebis
xangrZlivi cxovreba, aucileblad gamoiwvevda wina etapis sakmaod saTuTi kulturuli
fenebis ganadgurebas (aq ki piriqiT, micvalebulTa dammarxavic ki didxans ar gamoCenila da maTi neStebi monastris darbevis Sedegad iatakze mimofantul nivTebTan erTad mtvrisebri miwis sqeli steriluri feniT dafarula).
muguTis qvabebSi cxovreba ukanasknelad XVII-XVIII ss-Ta mijnaze ganaxlebula, magram
metad Sekvecili saxiT: am epoqis nivTieri masala, umniSvnelo raodenobiT oriode qvabSi
iyo Semonaxuli, ise rom ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis cxovrebis kvali arc amjerad
waSlila. rogorc Cans, didi intervalis miuxedavad, tradicia gagrZelebula da eklesiis mimdebare qvab-senakebSi ramdenime monazoni qali moRvaweobda. am movlenis amsaxvel
dokuments warmoadgens eklesiis maxloblad, iatakis sul zeda fenaSi mikvleuli,
qaRaldze Savi melniT, mxedruli SriftiT naweri, srulad Semonaxuli baraTi, romelic
swored aRniSnuli xaniT TariRdeba [33, gv. 37-39]. Cveni azriT, es aris monazoni qalis
werili axlobeli mandilosnisadmi. gviani Sua saukuneebis am SesaniSnavi epistolaruli
Zeglis SesavalSive gamoTqmuli vedreba “wminda irinesa da marines Tanaziarobis Rirsad gaxdomisa”, SesaZloa imaze migvaniSnebdes, rom Tu Tavdapirveladve ara, imJamad
mainc, monasteri am wmindanTa saxelobis iyo.
rogorc Cvenma kvlevis Sedegebma dagvrwmuna, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi,
materialuri da sulieri kulturis sxva mimarTulebebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi kldeSi
nakveTi monastrebis mowyobis tradiciamac manamde arnaxul aRmavlobas miaRwia. asketi
moRvaweni da maTi mecenatebi gamorCeul, brwyinvale xuroTmoZRvrul-mxatvruli
xerxebiT gadawyvetil qvabovan savaneebTan erTad, mravlad qmnidnen SedarebiT naklebad masStabur, arqiteqturul-gegmarebiTi TvalsazrisiT mokrZalebul udabnoebsac.
amave epoqaSi, Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleboda rogorc adreuli Sua saukuneebis
udabnoTa ganvrcoba da rekonstruqcia, ise winare qristianuli xanebis gamoqvabuli
kompleqsebis adaptacia am mizniT.
gviani Sua saukuneebis Znelbedobis Jams, politikur-ekonomikurad da kulturulad daqveiTebul saqarTveloSi, sxva savaneebTan erTad, mravali qvabovani monasteri
gaukacrielda, xolo danarCeni ki darbeva-gaCanagebis, mzrunvelobis Sewyvetisa da
meurneobis moSlis pirobebSi, metad Sekvecili saxiT ganagrZobda arsebobas. cxadia,
am epoqaSic iyo ama Tu im udabnoSi samonazvno cxovrebis gamococxlebis, garkveuli
sarestavracio Tu safortifikacio samuSaoebis Catarebis mcdelobebi (xSirad sakmad
seriozulic) [424, gv. 97-118; 103; 35] (tab. 113), magram calkeul moRvaweTa am Zalisxmevas,
Znelia qarTuli kldeSi nakveTi samonastro xuroTmoZRvrebis aRorZineba vuwodoT.
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kldeSi nakveTi saero sacxovreblebi da
TavdacviTi sistemebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos teritoriis udidesi nawili, gansxvavebiT
msoflios zogierTi klasikuri “troglidituri” regionisgan, ar ganekuTvneba iseT
klimatur-geografiul zonas, sadac kldeSi sacxovreblebis kveTa, mkacri kontinenturi an metad cxeli havis pirobebSi, praqtikuli aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli
(magaliTad, kabadokia, samxreT-aRmosavleT azia da sxv.).
miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi, Sua saukuneebis sxvadsxva
periodSi mainc sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila ara mxolod calkeul kldeSi nakveT
sacxovreblebSi, e. w. “kldis saxlebSi” binadrobis wesi, aramed mTeli “kldis soflebis”
Seqmnis tradiciac. bunebrivia, aRniSnuli epoqis saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi qvabovani
sacxovreblebis esoden popularobas sul sxva obieqturi mizezebi asazrdoebda.
imisTvis, rom sworad warvmarToT Cveni msjeloba Sua saukuneebis kldis
sacxovreblebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb qarTuli materialuri kulturis istoriaSi,
SevecdebiT winaswar ganvsazRvroT is umTavresi fizikur-geografiuli, politikuri,
ekonomikuri, eTno-fsiqologiuri da sxva rigis mastimulirebeli faqtorebi, ramac
xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos zogierT mxareSi am periodis kldis sabinao xuroTmoZRvrebis
ganviTarebas.
upirveles yovlisa, iseve rogorc wina epoqebSi da msoflios sxva mraval regionSi, kldeSi nakveTi sacxovreblebis SeqmnisTvis aucilebeli piroba iyo mocemul
mxareSi vulkanuri an danaleqi, zomierad mkvrivi agebulebis kldovani masivebis
siuxve. sacxovreblebis gamosakveTad ZiriTadad mdinareTa xeobebis gaSiSvlebuli,
kanionisebri kalTebi gamoiyeneboda, amasTan, es masivebi maincdamainc daSorebuli
ar unda yofiliyo mdinarispira sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebisgan, sasmeli
wylis wyaroebisgan da soflis meurneobis infrastruqturisaTvis aucilebeli sxva
komponentebisgan.
aseTi sacxovreblebis Seqmnisas garkveulwilad gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda maTi
potenciurad moxerxebuli TavdacviTi pozicia: damreci kldovani ferdobi saxlis
SedarebiT SemaRlebul adgilze gamokveTis saSualebas iZleoda da masSi gvirabuli
an misadgmeli asasvlelis mowyoba, am sacxovrebels praqtikulad simagred aqcevda,
rac Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arcTu iSviaTad mimdinare saomari peripetiebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mis binadarT mniSvnelovan upiratesobas aniWebda sxva tipis,
magaliTad, miwur saxlebSi mcxovreblebTan SedarebiT. aseTi kldis sacxovreblebis
kargi magaliTia kldis saxlebi nasoflar fiaSi (mtkvris xeobis Sua weli) [67] (tab.
130) da qvemo qarTlis Sua saukuneebis kldis soflebis zogierTi miuvali jgufi [37].
miuxedavad amisa, imave regionebSi da xSirad erTi da imave kompleqsis SemadgenlobaSi,
safortifikacio elementebiT aRWurvili kldis saxlebis gverdiT, arcTu iSviaTad
gvxvdeba kldis sacxovreblebi, sadac TavdacviTi momenti sruliad an TiTqmis ar
yofila gaTvaliswinebuli (magaliTad, nasoflari WaWkari, qvemo qarTlis kldis
soflebis iarusebis umetesoba. tab. 131:B) [65; 38]. rogorc Cans, es viTareba im istoriul realobas asaxavs, rom Sua saukuneebis yvela periodi Tanabrad saxifaTo ar iyo
qveynis mosaxleobisaTvis gareSe mtris Tavdasxmis Tu Sinaomebis TvalsazrisiT.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kldis sacxovreblebis kldis SemaRlebul masivebSi
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gamokveTa, gardauvalad iwvevda Sinauri pirutyvis sadgomi qvabovani Tu qviT nagebi
saTavsebis moSorebiT, calke mowyobas, es ki saqarTvelos am mxareTa mosaxleobis
mravalsaukunovani tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, praqtikuli Tu fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, friad mouxerxebeli unda yofiliyo [70; 67].
kldis ZeglTa zogierTi mkvlevari, Sua saukuneebis kldis saxlebze saubrisas
xazs usvams am tipis sacxovrisTa mSeneblobis ekonomiurobas da maT gamZleobas [67,
gv. 11]. rogorc kldeSi nakveT samonastro sadgomebze msjelobisas aRvniSneT, qvabsaTavsebis “mSeneblobis” ekonomiuroba qviTkiris nagebobebTan SedarebiT TiTqos damtkicebulia, magram im pirobiT, Tuki advilad dasamuSavebel tufebTan an kirqvebTan
gvaqvs saqme, amasTan qvabTa kveTas Seasabamisi gamocdilebiT da iaraRiT aRWurvili
muSaxeli unda awarmoebdes. ramdenad misaRebia igive formulireba Sua saukuneebis
rigiT moqalaqeTa binaTmSeneblobis mimarT, Zneli saTqmelia: Cveni monacemebiT, am
epoqis soflis mcxovrebni qviTkiriT mkvidrad nageb saxlebSi iSviaTad binadrobdnen
da umTavresad martivi konstruqciis, naxevrad miwaSi CaWrili (an ferdobSi SeWrili),
susti SemkvreliT nagebi miwurebiT kmayofildebodnen [87], romelTa mowyobac veWvobT,
rom kldeSi saxlis gamokveTaze naklebad ekonomiuri yofiliyo.
rac Seexeba kldeSi nakveTi saxlebis gamZleobas, es faqtori ueWvelia: Tu ara
stiqiuri kataklizmebi (ZiriTadad damangreveli Zalis miwisZvrebi), aseTi sacxovreblebi praqtikulad ucvleli saxiTaa xolme SemorCenili Seqmnidan aTaswleulebis
Semdegac. miuxedavad amisa, Znelad warmosadgenia, rom Sua saukuneebSi sacxovrebeli
saxlis Seqmnis msurvelebs misi ramdenime aswleulis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebaze efiqraT da am niSniT uari eTqvaT im epoqaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebul qvis miwursaxuravian an darbazuli tipis saxlebze. maradiulobaze imxanad mxolod RvTis saxlebis _
qristianuli taZrebis mSeneblobisas zrunavdnen.
Sua saukuneebSi kldis saxlebis mowyobis mizanSewonilobaze saubrisas, gverds ver
avuvliT maTSi yofa-cxovrebis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT momentebs. Cven adrec gavusviT
xazi im garemoebas, rom kldis masivi xangrZlivad inarCunebs stabilur temperaturas,
amitom gamoqvabul sacxovreblebSi binadroba zamTar-zafxul moxerxebulia.
Tumca, kldeSi nakveT saxlebs qvis nagebobebTan SedarebiT erTi nakli uTuod
gaaCnda: es iyo saTavsTa ganaTebisa da ventilaciis SedarebiT SezRuduli SesaZlebloba. brtyel gadaxurvian qvis saxlebSi (rogorc miwurebSi, ise darbazulSi), mTavari
Tu damxmare saTavsebis nebismier saWiro adgilze, insolaciisa da ventilaciisaTvis
saWiro erdoebis mowyoba problema ar aris [406, gv. 172-178], maSin rodesac kldis
saxlebSi saTavsebis ganaTeba-ventilacia mxilod flates mxridan mowyobili RiobebiT iyo SesaZlebeli da amdenad, sacxovreblis gegmarebisas am damatebiTi SezRudvis
gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli iyo.
kldis saxlebSi aseve SezRuduli iyo ojaxis gamravlebis da dayofis dros
sacxovreblis Semdgomi gafarToebis SesaZlo mimarTulebebi _ damatebiTi sacxovrebeli oTaxebis da saTavsebis gamokveTa aq mxolod kldis gayolebaze, wagrZelebulad
SeiZleboda (ganaTebasTan, ventilaciasTan da komunikaciebTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis gamo), maSin rodesac darbazul sacxovreblebSi damatebiTi saTavsebis
nebismieri mxridan “midgma” problemas ar warmoadgenda [406, gv. 12-14]
vfiqrobT, yofaSi uxerxulobis gamomwvevi aRniSnuli wvrilmani detalebi ar
cvlis Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kldis saxlTa saerTo Sefasebas: aseTi saxlebis (da
140
Sesabamisad, soflebis) binadrebs, Tavisi drois kvalobaze, sxva masaliT nagebi saxlebis mflobelebTan SedarebiT, sakmaod moxerxebuli da uxifaTo cxovrebis pirobebi
hqondaT Seqmnili.
da mainc, is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos SedarebiT rbili klimatis pirobebSi
kldeSi nakveTi sacxovreblebis Seqmnas praqtikuli aucilebloba ar moiTxovda,
rogorc Cans, Tavis gavlenas axdenda am tipis saxlebis popularobaze da saqarTvelos
teritoriaze dResdReobiT mxolod or regionSi _ samcxe-javaxeTSi (mtkvris xeobis
Sua weli) da qvemo qarTlSi (mdinare xramis da mis SenakadTa xeobebi) gvaqvs dafiqsirebuli aRniSnuli epoqis kldis saxlebis da soflebis ramdenadme kompaqturi sistemebi.
vfiqrobT, Sua saukuneebSi kldis saxlebSi binadrobis wesis esoden popularobas
aRniSnul regionebSi, qvabovani sacxovreblebis mowyobis gamorCeulad mZlavrma, 2-3
aTaswlianma lokalurma tradiciam misca damatebiTi stimuli. ufro metic: am mxareTa
kldis ZeglebSi winaqristianuli da Sua saukuneebis plastebi isea erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli, rom xSirad imis garkvevac Wirs, Tu ra movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme _ uZvelesi
tradiciebis gavleniT aRmocenebul SedarebiT gviandel ZeglebTan Tu Sua saukuneebSi
reokupirebul da adaptirebul, winare epoqebis kldis sacxovreblebTan.
Sua saukuneebis kldis saxlebiTa da soflebiT gamorCeulad mdidari ori qarTuli
provinciidan, yuradRebas upirvelesad qvemo qarTlze SevaCerebT, vinaidan am
regionSi sacxovrebel qvabTa kompleqsebi gacilebiT mravladaa dafiqsirebuli, vidre
md. mtkvris xeobis Sua welSi, amasTan es kldis soflebi Cven mier arqeologiuradac
safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili. am ZeglTa Sesaxeb saubrisas, samcxisa Tu saqarTvelos sxva
mxareTa kldis sacxovrisebis Sesaxeb Cven xelT arsebul xuroTmoZRvrul monacemebs,
SedarebiTi masalis saxiT movixmobT xolme Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kldis soflebis
Sesaxeb zogadi suraTis dasazusteblad. meore mxriv, qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis
arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba, naTels mohfens samcxe-javaxeTis
kldis saxlebis Sesaxeb arsebul mraval problematur sakiTxs, romelnic dRemde
mxolod xuroTmoZrvruli detalebis mimoxilvaze iyo dafuZnebuli.*
naSromis pirvel TavSi ukve gvqonda saubari imis Taobaze, rom qvemo qarTlis zogierT mdinareTa (mdinareebis: xramis, maSaveras, zurtaketis da maTi Senakadebis) xeobebis
kanionebSi Cven mier dadasturebuli brinjaos xanis sxvadasxva etapze Camoyalibebuli
kldeSi nakveTi kompleqsebis didi umravlesoba, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi xelmeored iqna aTvisebuli saero sacxovreblebad da maTSi e. w. “kldis soflebi” moewyo.**
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi rom winaqristianuli epoqis kldis
Zeglebis saero dasaxlebebad gamoyenebis tradicia arsebobda, amaze Tundac imxanad
politikurad sruliad daqveiTebuli ufliscixis ansamblis teritoriaze mowyobili
qvabovani soflis safuZvliani arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi metyvelebs [164-166].
miuxedavad amisa, valdebulni varT ganvmartoT, Tu konkretulad ra niSnebs da
argumentebs veyrdnobiT, rodesac qvemo qarTlis am rigis reokupirebul kompleqsebs
dabejiTebiT stacionarul sacxovreblebad miviCnevT.
*
mtkvris xeobis aRniSnul kldis sofelTa warmoSobis epoqis Taobaze maTi pirvelmkvlevaris
mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, jerjerobiT arqeologiuri kvlevis monacemebiT ar aris
Semagrebuli [65; 67].
** rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am uZveles kompleqsTa erTi nawili amave epoqaSi gamoyenebul iqna
udabno-monastrebad da TavdacviTi mizniT (cixe-qvabebad da saxizrebad).
141
gamoqvabulTa aRniSnuli dajgufebani rom intensiurad yofila aTvisebuli Sua
saukuneebSi, es maTi vizualuri mimoxilviTac kargad Cans: kompleqsebis Semadgenel
qvabTa TiTqmis yovel jgufSi SeiniSneba droTa ganmavlobaSi Camongreuli safasado
nawilebis aRmdgeni qviTkiris an qvis ubralo wyobis (sust Semkvrelze) kedlebi,
SedarebiT iSviaTad ki safortifikacio elementebiT (godolebi, sabrZolo baqnebi,
isris satyorcni sarkmelebi) aRWurvili qviTkiris minaSenebi, romlebic qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi miRebul klasifikaciaze dayrdnobiT, danamdvilebiT
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis nagebobebia [44; 98; 346] (tab. 29, 30).
rogorc Cans, qvabebze miSenebulma swored aseTma safortifikacio sistemebma
iqonia gavlena vaxuSti batoniSvilis mosazrebaze, romelmac qvemo qarTlis yvela
aRniSnuli mravaliarusiani qvabTa kompleqsi, Sua saukuneebis saxizar-samalavebad
miiCnia [5]. Semdgom, es kompleqsebi, amave niSniT, agreTve cixe-qvabebis sistemad CaTvala
k. javriSvilma. man Taviseburad gaiazra Sua saukuneebis qvemo qarTlSi mimdinare
TavdacviTi brZolebis organizaciaSi am kompleqsebis roli, xeobebSi maTi ganlagebis
kanonzomiereba, calkeul cixe-qvabTa tipiuri elementebi. misi gamoTvliT, saSiSroebis
SemTxvevaSi am tipis safortifikacio sistemebi xeobaTa mTel mosaxleobas itevda da
erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul simagred iqceoda [276]. es mosazreba, rogorc
Semdgom davinaxavT, marTlac esadageba kompleqsebis Semadgenel gamoqvabulTa zogierTi
jgufis funqcias gvian Sua saukuneebSi [6]. aRniSnul gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebs agreTve
saxizrebis sistemebad miiCnevs g. gafrindaSvili [69, gv. 10].
istoriuli wyaroebis, savele kvlevis Tu samecniero publikaciebis saSualebiT,
CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi Seqmnili TavdacviTi qvabebis
mniSvnelovani nawili [66; 95; 28 da sxv.]. aseTi saxizrebisa da cixe-qvabebis mTavari
niSnebia: miuvaloba (maTSi Sesvla Tokebis da misadgmeli kibeebis saSualebiT xdeboda);
tevadi sivrceebi, saTavsebis funqcionaluri diferenciaciis gareSe, romelTa mizania
maTSi TavSefarebul xalxTa jgufebis mxolod minimaluri sayofacxovrebo pirobebis
uzrunvelyofa (magaliTad, aucilebeli iyo wylis mozrdili rezervuarebis arseboba);
gvxvdeba TavdacviTi brZolis sawarmoebeli aqsesuarebic (sabrZolo baqnebi, isris
satyorcni sarkmlebi da sxv.) [346].
qvemo qarTlis aRniSnuli qvabTa kompleqsebi, mravali sruliad sapirispiro niSniT
xasiaTdeba: damatebiTi safortifikacio nagebobebis gareSe (rac aq SedarebiT iSviaTad
gvxvdeba), sruliad ar yofila daculi miuvalobis piroba _ kompleqsebis Semadgeneli
qvabTa jgufebi ZiriTadad kldovani qarafebis qveda registrebSia ganlagebuli,
pirveli iarusebi ki sulac kldovani masivis ZirSia gamokveTili. gansakuTrebul
siZneles arc zeda iarusebis qvabebSi moxvedra warmoadgenda: maTkenac moxerxebuli
terasuli gzebi miemarTeboda (tab. 1, 2).
Cven mier Catarebulma arqiteqturulma da arqeologiurma kvlevam saSualeba
mogvca sakmaod dasabuTebuli daskvnebi gamogvetana Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
kldis soflebis am erT-erTi yvelaze sayuradRebo jgufis warmoSobis viTarebis,
xuroTmoZRvrul-gegmarebiTi saxis, maTSi mimdinare cxovrebis qronologiuri
CarCoebisa da sayofacxovrebo-teqnologiuri procesebis Sesaxeb.
gamoirkva, rom Sua saukuneebSi am kompleqsebSi ganxorcielebuli rekonstruqciis mizani sruliadac ar yofila saxizrebisa da cixe-qvabebis sistemebis mowyoba.
aRniSnul reokupacias im periodisTvis SemorCenili Tavdapirveli, aSkarad kldis
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sacxovreblebis erTobliobaze mimaniSnebeli gegmarebiTi principebis mniSvnelovani
cvlileba ar mohyolia: uZvelesi qvabebis dazianebuli fasadebi qvis kedlebiT metwilad kvlav Tavdapirveli konfiguraciis gaTvaliswinebiT aRudgeniaT, rac maTi axali,
TavdacviTi funqciisadmi misadagebis mcdelobas gamoricxavs (tab. 8; 10:1; 15; 26).
bunebrivia, Sua saukuneebSi qvis kedliT aRdgenili qvabovani saTavsebi SedarebiT
metad daculi iqneboda, vidre kedelCamorRveuli qvabebi restavraciamde, magram
aRdgenil kedlebSi datanebuli, miwis piridan an farTo terasidan Sesasvleli sakmaod
ganieri karis Riobebi, aseTi qvabnaSenebis aSkarad arasafortifikacio daniSnulebaze
migvaniSnebs.
Cveni kvlevis Sedegebi imazec metyvelebs, rom am uZvelesi kompleqsebis Semadgenel
qvab-saTavsebs, romlebmac dauzianebeli saxiT miaRwies Sua saukuneebamde, am xanaSi
mniSvnelovani rekonstruqcia praqtikulad aRar Sexebia.
ra SeiZleba yofiliyo am movlenis mizezi? Zneli warmosadgenia, rom Sua
saukuneebis soflebis mowyobisas, mSeneblebs brinjaos xanis viwro da araswori
geometriuli formis saTavsebi TavianTi gegmebis ganxorcielebisaTvis idealurad
mieCniaT. axali mobinadreebi qvabovani saTavsebis gegmarebas Tavisi epoqis stilis-da
mixedviT ramdenadme mainc Secvlidnen, rom ara erTi garemoeba: uZvelesi qvabebi metad
mkvrivi geologiuri agebulebis qanebSi, ZiriTadad bazaltebSia gamokveTili, adreuli
metalurgiuli kulturis matarebeli xalxebisTvis kargad cnobili meTodiT _ qanebis
gaxureba-gacivebiT gaCenil bzarebSi xis solebis CaWedebiT da gamongreviT (am solebis
naSTebi alag-alag dResac SeiniSneba gansakuTrebiT mSral qvabebSi) [30]. bunebrivia,
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi qvabTa kveTis es uaRresad Sromatevadi meTodi dakarguli Tu ara, ararentabelurad miCneuli mainc iqneboda _ am xanaSi xom qvabebis advilad
dasamuSavebel qanebSi, liTonis iaraRiT kveTa iyo sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli,
bazaltovani kldeebi ki liTonis iaraRs metad Znelad emorCileba. swored es unda
yofiliyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom qvemo qarTlis qvabTa uZvelesi kompleqsebis
restavratorebi, TavianTvis sasurveli sivrculi gegmarebis misaRwevad, praqtikulad
mxolod qvis kedlebiT manipulirebdnen, axali moculobebis kveTas ki maqsimalurad
eridebodnen (mcire gadakeTebebi uTuod mainc dasWirdebodaT _ magaliTad, axali
gasasvlelebiT qvabebis dakavSireba da sxva wvrilmani rekonstruqcia).
Zveli qvabebis mniSvnelovani rekonstruqciis gareSe gamoyenebis mizezi isic unda
yofiliyo, rom uZvelesi sacxovrebeli kompleqsebisa da maT bazaze formirebuli
kldis soflebis funqciaTa Tanxvedris gamo, saTavsTa adaptirebis saWiroeba naklebi
iqneboda.
im daskvnas, rom aRniSnuli qvabebisTvis Sua saukuneebis rekonstruqcias
minimaluri kvali dautyvia, garda vizualur-arqiteqturuli analizisa, mxars uWers
Semdegi faqtic: qvab-saTavsTa absolutur umravlesobaSi, Sua saukuneebSi intensiurad aTvisebis maCvenebeli mZlavri kulturuli fenebis aRebis Semdeg, am epoqis
iatakebis motkepnilobebis qveS, saTavsTa gegmis imave perimetris farglebSi, garkveuli raodenobiT mainc dadasturda brinjaos xanis mosaxleobis aqtivobis maCvenebeli nivTieri masalis fragmentebi, arcTu iSviaTad ki cxovrebis pirveli fazebis
xeluxleblad SemorCenili kulturuli fenebic [37, gv. 45-46].
ufro metic, arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom aseT kompleqsebSi
Sua saukuneebSi ganTavsebuli soflebi funqciurad daaxloebiT iseve iyo diferen143
cirebuli, rogorc am qvab-saTavsTa Semoqmedi tomis dasaxlebebi 2-3 aTaswleulis win.
qveda iarusebze, praqtikulad qarafebis ZirSi gamokveTili mozrdili, kldis
siRrmisken martivad wagrZelebuli gegmis, erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli, sustad
ganaTebuli gamoqvabulebi Sua saukuneebSic uTuod sameurneo daniSnulebis saTavsebs warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi mtkvris Sua welis kldis soflebidan
cnobili tipis kldeSi nakveTi specialuri mowyobilobebi (bagebi) [70] SemorCenili
ar aris, dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTis mixedviT (magaliTad, keramikul
masalaSi mozrdili, sqelkeciani WurWlisa da Wraqebis siWarbea. aRniSnuli epoqis
nivTebis fragmentebi bevrgan miwadqceul nakelSi da bzeSi iyo areuli) TiTqmis
darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi didi umravlesoba Sinauri pirutyvis sadgomebad
gamoiyeneboda, nawili ki albaT saqonlis sakvebis an soflis meurneobis produqtebis
sacavebs warmoadgenda. saqonlis movlisTvis aucilebeli aRniSnuli sameurneo
mowyobilobebi aq uTuod sxva masaliT, ZiriTadad xisgan iqneboda agebuli, razec
aseTi konstruqciebis dasamagreblad qvabebis kedlebSi SemorCenili uamravi foso
metyvelebs [37, gv. 24].
kompleqsebis zeda iarusebi gacilebiT ufro rTuli gegmarebiTi struqturis
qvab-saTavsebisgan Sedgeba. aq Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba erTmaneTTan Siga gasasvlelebiT
an karebiT dakavSirebuli, geometriulTan miaxloebuli formis, sarkmliseburi
xvrelebiT ganaTebuli qvabebis erTobliobebi, romlebsac arcTu iSviaTad damatebiTi, damxmare saTavsebi da niSa-farTebic gaaCnia (tab. 16; 17; 19; 20; 24; 25). am tipis
qvabTa jgufebis xuroTmoZRvrulma da arqeologiurma kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom isini,
rogorc cxovrebis Tavdapirvel etapze, ise ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, uSualod
sacxovrebeli saTavsebis movaleobas asrulebda. TviT am sacxovrebel qvabTa jgufebSi
ki aSkarad SeiniSneba diferenciacia sxvadasxva funqciuri niSniT (saZile, sakuWnao,
samzadi).
erT kompaqtur struqturaSi gaerTianebuli adamianTa sacxovrebeli qvabebisa da
Sinauri pirutyvis qvabovani gomurebis erToblioba, Tundac mesxeTis kldis soflebis
tipisa (ananauri, WaWkari da sxv. [65; 70]), am kldis saxlebSi metad iSviaTia. rogorc Cans,
aq Tavs iCens is garemoeba, rom Sua saukuneebis kldis soflebi ukve arsebuli, sxva tipis
sazogadoebis mier Seqmnili qvabTa kompleqsebis bazaze aRmocenda da axal binadrebs
TavianTi moTxovnilebisaTvis arsebuli sivrceebis misadageba uxdebodaT da Tanac ise,
rom axali moculobebis kveTis saSualebas, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezis gamo, praqtikulad
moklebulni iyvnen.
es sulac ar gvaZlevs sababs, rom sacxovrebel qvabTa jgufebi, romelTa uSualo
siaxloveSi, Zveli kompleqsis adaptaciisas saqonlis sadgomi qvabebis mowyoba ver
moxerxda, calkeul ojaxTa sabinadro kldis saxlebad ar miviCnioT. TviT mtkvris
xeobis Sua welis kldis soflebSic, zemoT aRniSnuli, gomuris Semcveli, e. w. “sruli
saxlebis” garda [67, gv.15], gvxvdeba kldis saxlebi, romlebic mxolod sayofacxovrebo
daniSnulebis qvab-saTavsTa erTobliobebs warmoadgenen, maT aucilebel atributs,
saqonlis sadgomebs ki mkvlevarebi moSorebiT, qarafis misadgomebTan gulisxmoben
[67, gv. 47]. qvemo qarTlis aRniSnuli kldis soflebis SemTxvevaSic, kldis saxlebis
umravlesobis binadrebs, saqonlis sadgomi qvabebi kldis imave masivSi, magram ramdenadme moSorebiT, kompleqsis pirvel iarusSi eqnebodaT mowyobili, sadac aseTi
tipis qvabebTa dajgufebebia. sxvaTa Soris, qarTul eTnografiul sinamdvileSi
144
dadasturebulia gomurebis rogorc uSualod sacxovreblebis sistemaSi mowyobis, ise
karmidamos sxva adgilze, an sulac soflidan moSorebiT, saTemo saZovrebTan jgufurad
gamarTvis SemTxvevebi (ZiriTadad mTian regionebSi) [235]. eWvgareSea, soflis meurneobis gaZRolis es tradiciuli meTodebi, Soreul istoriul fesvebzea aRmocenebuli.
miuxedavad aseTi viTarebisa, zogierT kompleqsSi mainc moxerxda erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli iseTi saTavsebis erTobliobebis gamoyofa, romlebic
sacxovrebel oTaxebTan erTad saqonlis sadgom qvabebsac moicavs. magaliTad, Cven
dafiqsirebuli gvaqvs ramdenime iseTi kldis saxli, romlebic aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTian raionebSi gavrcelebuli, vertikalurad ganviTarebuli 2-3 sarTuliani
sacxovrebeli saxlebis analogad SeiZleba miviCnioT [338] (tab. 23:2). aseTi kldis
saxlebis pirveli sarTulebi, rogorc wesi, saqonlis sadgomebad yofila gamoyenebuli,
zeda sarTulis qvabebi ki rTuli gegmarebidan da iq arqeologiurad dadasturebuli
sxva detalebidan gamomdinare, tipiuri sacxovreblebia.
Sua saukuneebSi reokupirebul uZveles qvabebSi, adaptaciis niSnebi zogan naTlad
gamosWvivis: magaliTad, sameurneo da sacxovrebel sarTulebs Soris lukis formis
asasvlelebi Sua saukuneebSia gaWrili; erTmaneTis gverdiT ganlagebul uZveles qvabTa
ramdenime naSTidan, qvis wyobiT swored aseTi saxlis Sesaferisi saTavsebia aRdgenili
da a. S.
am ukanaskneli meTodis wyalobiT, am epoqaSi calkeuli kldis saxlebi erTmaneTisgan ramdenadme gamijnulic yofila. cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi garkveuli funqcia (ufro
xSirad sameurneo), restavraciis gareSe datovebul Zvel qvabTa naSTebsac hqondaT
dakisrebuli: magaliTad, kldis saxlis gverdiT mdebare erT-erTi xeluxlebeli Zveli
qvabis naSTSi, saTone mouwyiaT (tab. 48:6). aseT qvabTa naSTebs iyenebdnen sabZelad,
wvrilfexa saqonlis sadgomad (ficriT gadatixvris Semdeg) da sxv. [37, gv. 64].
rogorc vxedavT, araerTi argumenti metyvelebs imis sasargeblod, rom qvemo
qarTlis aRwerili qvabTa kompleqsebi Sua saukuneebSi saboloo saxiT funqcionirebisas saero dasaxlebebs, kldis soflebs warmoadgenda. aseT SemTxvevaSi gasarkvevi
rCeba aRniSnul kompleqsebSi iSviaTad, magram aqa-iq mainc CarTuli, safortifikacio
elementebiT aRWurvili qvabnaSenebis daniSnuleba. rogorc Cvenma kvlevam dagvanaxa,
es sistemebi Tumca metad mravalferovani formebiTa da gansxvavebuli moculobebiT
xasiaTdeba, magram garkveul kanonzomierebebs mainc emorCileba (tab. 29; 30).
upirveles yovlisa naTeli gaxda, rom qvabebi an qvabTa naSTebi, romlebic aseTi
safortifikacio sistemebiT damatebiTaa gamagrebuli, kompleqsis Semadgeneli sxva
sacxovrebeli jgufebisgan arc zomiT da arc gegmarebiTi TaviseburebebiT praqtikulad ar gamoirCeva: cixe-qvabebad adaptaciasTan dakavSirebiT, maTi tevadobis gazrdis
mizniT damatebiTi moculobebi ar gamoukveTavT da arc interierebis esTetikuri
TvalsazrisiT mowesrigebaze uzruniaT (gamonakliss warmoadgens oriode kompleqsSi
dadasturebuli cixe-qvabi, romelTa qviTkiris minaSenebSi metad Zunwi dekoratiuli
elementebic aris gamoyenebuli. magaliTad, naxiduri III, tab. 30). zogierT kompleqsSi
SeimCneva aseTi kanonzomierebac: safortifikacio nagebobebi kompleqsis Semadgenel
im uZveles qvabebzea miSenebuli, romelTa safasado nawilebi da maTken misasvleli
gzebi, droTa ganmavlobaSi Camongrevis Sedegad, maSinve Znelad misadgomi iyo. amrigad,
qviTkiris TiTo zRudisa Tu godolis miSenebiT, e. i. SedarebiT mcire ZalisxmeviT, es
qvabebi simagreebad qceula.
145
am ZeglTa safortifikacio xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT mimoxilvisas ikveTeba kidev
erTi garemoeba: mravaliarusian da mravalsaTavsian kompleqsebSi CarTul cixe-qvabebs,
Zalze xSirad mTeli kldis soflis damcveli, strategiuli mniSvnelobis simagris
pretenzia ar gaaCnia da maTi erTaderTi daniSnuleba uSualod am qvabnaSenTa binadrebis
an maTSi TavSefarebuli pirebis dacva iqneboda. meore mxriv, kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba
mTeli soflis misadgomebze gabatonebuli cixe-qvabebic da saerTo sargeblobis
terasuli gzebis Camketi godol-burjebic (tab. 21; 29; 41).
vfiqrobT, rom pirveli tipis, “individualuri” cixe-qvabebi, amave soflebis
mkvidri, socialurad dawinaurebuli pirebis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda: rogorc Cans,
aseTi nagebobebis funqcia wvrili aznaurebis socialuri statusisTvis aucilebeli
cixis an koSkis analogiuri iyo [5, gv. 17-18]. cxadia, aseTi cixe-qvabebi saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi albaT soflis sxva mcxovrebTa TavSesafar simagredac iqceoda xolme.
marTalia, mTeli soflis saxizari cixe-simagreebi, Camoyalibebuli saxiT, gviani
Sua saukuneebis movlenaa, magram gamoricxuli ar aris, rom zemoT aRniSnul, meore
tipis “saerTo sargeblobis” cixe-qvabebs, gzebis Camket koSkebTan da terasebis gaswvriv arsebul galavnebTan erTad, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis finalur stadiebzeve
hqondaT dakisrebuli analogiuri funqcia.
warmodgenili kompleqsebis arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegebi, cixe-qvabebisa
da kompleqsTa Semadgeneli rigiTi, TavdacviT elementebs sruliad moklebuli
qvab-sacxovreblebis sinqronulad funqcionirebaze migvaniSnebs sul cota erTi
saukunis ganmavlobaSi (am rigis Zeglebze intensiuri cxovrebis Sewyvetamde). rogorc
safortifikacio mniSvnelobis qvabnaSenebis, ise sacxovrebeli da sameurneo qvabsaTavsebis iatakebis sul zeda, e. i. Sua saukuneebis motkepnilobebze da sameurneo
mowyobilobebSi gaCenil fenebSi, praqtikulad erTmaneTis identur stratigrafiul
viTarebaSi, davadastureT daaxloebiT erTsa da imave xanaSi (XII_XIV ss) damzadebuli,
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis mravali qarTuli arqeologiuri Zeglidan kargad
cnobili tipis nivTieri masalis nimuSebi (am masalis aRwera qvemoTaa warmodgenili).
amrigad, rogorc xuroTmoZRvrulma, ise arqeologiurma faqtebma sruliad
gamoricxa imis SesaZlebloba, rom aRniSnuli kompleqsebis safortifikacio cixesimagreebi da Sua saukuneebSi intensiurad aTvisebuli “Cveulebrivi” qvab-sacxovrisebi, erTmaneTisgan qronologiurad Tundac ramdenadme gansxvavebul istoriul movlenebs ukavSirdebodes da maTi tipologiuri Taviseburebebic amiT iyos gamowveuli.
arqeologiurad mosinjul TiTqmis yvela “rigiT” qvabSi, Sua saukuneebSi
specialurad mowyobili iatakebi aRmoCnda. qvabTa uswormasworo, kldovani Zirebi
miwiT an wvrili RorRiT mousworebiaT da TixiT moutkepniaT, zogi ki moukirwylavT.
SeiniSneba kanonzomiereba _ qveda iarusebis Cven mier sameurneod miCneuli qvabebi
metwilad TixiT an ubralo miwiTaa motkepnili, maSin rodesac zeda iarusebze, naTel
da mSral saTavsebSi mokirwyluli iatakebi Warbobs. garda amisa, qvabebis didi nawilis
kedlebis miwiT dafaruli nawilebic TixiT an namjanarevi baTqaSiT Selesili aRmoCnda,
rac imaze metyvelebs, rom saTavsebi adre mTlianad iyo Selesili (susti baTqaSi droTa
ganmavlobaSi CamoSlila, miwis safariT daculi fragmentebi ki gadarCenila). erTerT kompleqsSi (naxiduri III), sacxovrebeli qvabebis usworo kedlebis qvis wyobiT
“mopirkeTebis” magaliTic ki dadasturda (kidev erTi dasturi imisa, rom ganviTare146
buli Sua saukuneebis binadarebi, mzad daxvedril, araswori formis qvabebs yovelTvis
ver eguebodnen) [37, nax. 18].
am qvabebSi soflebis funqcionirebis damadasturebeli erT-erTi mTavari
nivTmtkicebaa TiToeul kompleqsSi didi raodenobiT dadasturebuli Tone-keriebi.
es kombinirebuli sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobani, romlebic sammag mizans: saTavsTa
gaTbobas, puris gamocxobas da cxeli sakvebis damzadebas emsaxureboda, arqeologiurad Seswavlil TiTqmis yovel sacxovreblad adaptirebul qvabSi aRmoCnda (kargad an
naSTis saxiT Semonaxuli, tab. 48). Toneebi Tixisaa, ufro xSirad adgilze gamomwvari
(rogorc Cans, adgilzeve amoyvanili), Tumca gvxvdeba keramikul quraSi gamomwvari
da aq Cadgmuli nimuSebic. yvela maTgani wakveTili konusis formisaa. maTi diametrebi
FfuZesTan 60-80 sm-ia, zedapirze 40-50 sm. zogierT nimuSs piri gadmokecili da martivi
Wdeuli ornamentiT Semkuli aqvs. Toneebis simaRle 70 sm-mdea, kecis sisqe _ 4-6 sm.
zogierTi Tone kldovan iatakSi specialurad amokveTil RrmulSia sanaxevrod
an metad Casmuli, ufro xSirad ki Toneebi iatakze yofila daZerwili da garSemo
qvebis wyoba hqonia Semovlebuli. Tonesa da qvebs (an kldes) Soris sicariele TboizolaciisTvis kargad Catkepnili fiCxiT an TixiT yofila amovsebuli. gvxvdeba iseTi
Toneebic, romelTa ZirebSic wvis procesis gasaZliereblad “sasule” xvrelebi yofila
datanebuli (tab. 48:1).
am tipis Tone-kerebs Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos mraval ganaTxar Zeglze moepoveba paralelebi (gudarexi, dmanisi, rusTavi, Tbilisi da sxv. [255, gv. 66,78; 88,
gv. 18; 164]) da XI_XIV ss-iT TariRdeba. TiTqmis yvela dasaxelebul Zeglze aseTi
mowyobilobebi sacxovrebel an sameurneo saTavsebSia dafiqsirebuli da, rogorc Cans,
iqac zemoT aRniSnul, kombinirebul funqcias asrulebda.
sxva arqeologiuri Zeglebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac saventilacio sistemebis
WerSi moxerxebulad ganawilebis wyalobiT, aseTi Tone-kerebi saTavsTa sxvadasxva
adgilzea ganlagebuli, qvemo qarTlis kldis kompleqsebSi am mowyobilobebis
adgilmdebareoba sakmaod SezRudulia _ isini, rogorc wesi, safasado Riobebis
maxloblad iyo gamarTuli, raTa kldis saxlebis binadrebi kvamls ar Seewuxebina.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am kompleqsebSi SedarebiT iSviaTad, magram gvxvdeba sxva tipis
gasaTbobi mowyobilobebic _ dabali (20 sm-mde simaRlis), wriuli gegmis, adgilze
gamomwvari Tixis keriebi, romlebic, cxadia, puris sacxobad ar gamodgeba. Cveni
dakvirvebiT, aseTi gasaTbobi keriebi ufro im saTavsebSi ewyoboda, romlebic adamianTa
mier sakvebis damzadeba-miRebasTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli (magaliTad, sawol oTaxebSi
an saqonlis sadgom gomurebSi) [255, gv. 69; 88, gv. 16-29].
TavisTavad, aseTi stacionaruli, sakvebis dasamzadebeli da gasaTbobi mowyobilobebi (zogjer Wdeuli saxeebiT ornamentirebulebic), romlebic TiTqmis yovel
qvabSia SemorCenili, aRniSnul epoqaSi am kompleqsebis periodulad, mxolod droebiT
TavSesafrad gamoyenebis versias metad saeWvos xdis.
ufro metic, ramdenime qvab-saTavsSi davadastureT erTsa da imave saTavsSi
arsebuli Tone-keriebis 2 - 3-jer ganaxlebis SemTxvevebic _ gamomwvari Tixis es
mowyobilobebi droTa ganamvlobaSi, eqspluataciisas dazianebula da maTi Secvla iqve
amoyvanili (an odnav gadanacvlebuli) analogiuri Tone-keriiT gamxdara saWiro (tab.
155:2). aseTi mowyobilobis moxmarebis saSualo vadad 5 welic rom viangariSoT (rac,
albaT, minimaluri droa), erTsa da imave adgilze 3-jer axali Tone-keriis amoyvanas
147
aTeulze meti weli dasWirdeboda, es ki TavisTavad gamoricxavs am kompleqsebSi mxolod droebiT TavSefarebuli mosaxleobis cxovrebas.
aRniSnul qvabTa kompleqsebSi drois sakmaod xangrZlivi monakveTis ganmavlobaSi
mudmivi saero sacxovreblebis, soflebis funqcirebaze metyvelebs agreTve maTi
arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad Cven mier mopovebuli nivTieri masala _ sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo daniSnulebis nakeTobani. ganaTxari farTobebis stratigrafiam
dagvarwmuna, rom ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis nivTebi aRniSnul qvab-saTavsTa
kulturul fenebSi ZiriTadad Semdegi procesebis wyalobiTaa moxvedrili: a) yofacxovrebisas eqspluataciaSi myofi nivTebis droTa ganmavlobaSi mwyobridan gamosuli
nawilis (ZiriTadad maTi fragmentebis) iatakebSi SemTxveviT Catkepvnis an gauqmebul
sameurneo ormoebSi Caxvetis Sedegad; b) mtris mier kompleqsebis aReba _ darbevisas
momxvdurTaTvis usargeblo nivTebis iatakebze mimofantvis Sedegad. nivTieri masalis
es kategoria im SemTxvevaSia xolme faqtiurad xeluxleblad, in situ Semonaxuli, Tuki
Semdgom epoqebSi dasaxlebaSi intensiuri cxovreba aRar aRdgenila da nakeTobebi
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qvabebSi qaris mier Semotanili miwis mtvrisebri feniTaa
dafaruli.
qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebSi am orive gziT moxvedrili nivTebis wyeba
tipologiurad erTmaneTis identuria da didad arc damzadeba-moxmarebis savaraudo
qronologiuri klasifikaciiT gansxvavdeba. warmovadgenT aRniSnul qvab-saTavsebSi
mikvleuli yvelaze tipiuri an gansakuTrebiT unikaluri nakeTobebis aRweraCamonaTvals Cveni dakvirvebiTurT maTi funqciuri da qronologiuri kuTvnilebis
Sesaxeb.
qvemo qarTlis am kldis Zeglebis qvab-saTavsTa iatakebze arqeologiuri kvlevis
Sedegad mopovebul nivTier masalas, umTavresad Tixis nawarmi Seadgens. es nakeTobani
mouWiqavi da moWiquli WurWliTaa warmodgenili. mouWiqavi Tixis nawarmi gacilebiT
Warbobs moWiquls. Tavis mxriv, mouWiqavi keramikidan SeiZleba gamoiyos ubralo
feradkeciani, wernaqiT dafaruli da moxatuli WurWeli.
ubralo feradkeciani WurWeli sxvadasxva daniSnulebis, formisa da zomis
nimuSebiTaa warmodgenili. esenia: qvevrebis, qocoebis, dergebis, qoTnebis, Cafebis,
doqebis, xeladebis, jamebis, TefSebis, Wraqebis da sxva daniSnulebis WurWlis metnaklebi sisrulis egzempliarebi da fragmentebi.
qvevrebi umeteswilad momcro zomisaa. gvxvdeba rogorc sada, ise grexili da
horizontuli, reliefuri zolebiT Semkuli egzemplarebi (tab. 57:1, 5). am tipis qvevrebs
paralelebi eZebneba ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos mravali arqeologiuri Zeglis ganaTxar masalaSi (dmanisi, gudarexi da sxv. [282, gv.17-18; 179, gv. 98].
am gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi metad didi raodenobiT yofila gamoyenebuli
SedarebiT Txelkeciani, ganiermucliani, brtyelZiriani qocoebi. aseTi WurWlis
zogierT egzemplars yelTan axlos da mucelze, reliefurad naZerwi, grexili ornamenti artyams, romelTa gayolebaze wernaqiT SeRebili farTo zolebic Semouyveba
(tab. 57:2).
kompleqsebSi mravladaa warmodgenili sxvadasxva feris keciani, gansxvavebuli
formis da zomis qilebi. amaTgan umetesoba dabalyeliania, gadmokecil piriani.
muclebi yelTan mkveTrad ganierdeba, Zirebi viwroa da brtyeli. maTi simaRle 15-25
148
sm unda yofiliyo, piris diametri 10-12 sm. zogierT egzemplars pirTan axlos wminda
savarcxliT amokawruli horizontuli zolebic Semouyveba (tab. 60:1-4, 8-10, 12-26 ).
rogorc zemoT warmodgenili qocoebi, es qilebic, cxadia mSrali da Txieri sakvebi
produqtebis Sesanaxad gamoiyeneboda.
Seswavlil Zeglebze mikvleuli qoTnebi ZiriTadad yavisferkeciania, ganierpiriani, dabalyeliani da ganiermucliani. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia aq didi
raodenobiT dadasturebuli Semdegi tipis qvabqoTnebi (tab. 61:1-6): WurWeli damjdari
proporciisaa da rogorc wesi, muclis zeda nawilze wvrili, reliefuri paraleluri
zolebi Semouyveba; maTi muclebi Suawelze mkveTrad icvlis mimarTulebas,
“gadatexilia” da mkveTr wibos qmnis; pirsa da mucelze wyvili yuria miZerwili, romelTa
gaformebac sami ZiriTadi variantiTaa warmodgenili: a) pirTan axlos ganierdeba da or
marT kuTxes qmnis; b) zemoT aziduli “ylortisebri” ornamentiTaa Semkuli; g) pirTan
axlos reliefuri, nalisebri ornamentia daZerwili (tab. 61:9-13). aRwerili tipis
qvabqoTnebis didi umravlesoba Savi saRebaviTaa SeRebili da odnav naprialebia (aseTi
Savi saRebavi ar unda agverios WurWlis moxmarebisgan darCenil cecxlis kvalSi, rac am
daniSnulebis Tixis nawarms mudam axasiaTebs).
am rigis “mxatvruli” samzareulo WurWeli Cven mier Seswavlil Zeglebze (gansakuTrebiT, xramis xeobis Sua welis kldis Zeglebze), aSkarad gamoiyofa, rogorc
gansakuTrebuli stilis nawarmi. gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebze maTi gansakuTrebiT didi
raodenobiT aRmoCena, aseTi produqciis warmoebis centrebTan am ZeglTa siaxloveze
unda metyvelebdes. aRsaniSnavia, rom am tipis WurWlis zusti analogiebi metad iSviaTad gvxvdeba Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos ganaTxar Zeglebze. ramdenadme msgavsi,
mxatvruli naZerwobiT Semkul yurebiani qoTnebi da dergebi mikvleulia dmanisis,
rusTavis, javaxeTis axalqalaqis ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiur masalebSi
[282, tab. I-9; 281, gv. 63,65; 194, gv. 65, tab. XXX-5-8, gv. 89], magram am tipis qvabqoTans zusti
paralelebi mxolod xramis xeobis maxloblad mdebare gudarexis monastris XIII_XIV ssiT daTariRebul ganaTxar masalaSi moeZebna (# 2_58_621 da sxv.). mezobeli qveynebis
arqeologiuri Zeglebidan, aseT WurWels ramdenadme msgavsi paralelebi qoruquTefes (irani) XII_XIV ss-is masalebSi moeZebna [560, tab. 65,71].
qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabul kompleqsTa zeda kulturul fenebSi siTxis Sesanaxi
mozrdili WurWeli warmodgenilia 40 sm-mde simaRlis, ganieryeliani, moyavisfroCalisferi an mowiTalo-movardisfro keciani CafebiT (tab. 59:1-15). aseT WurWels
yelze (zogierTs pirze) da mucelze ovalurganivkveTiani yuri aqvs miZerwili, xolo
umetesobis gadmokecili piri farTo, reliefur sartyels qmnis. Cafebis zogierTi
egzemplaris yeli, mxari Tu muceli, reliefuri an nakawri sartyelebiTaa Semkuli.
amave kompleqsebSi, siTxis Sesanaxad gamoyenebuli yofila sxva tipis feradkeciani, ubralo Tixis WurWelic: viwroyeliani, ganiermucliani doqebi da xeladebi,
romelTa tuCiani piri met-naklebad ganierdeba, xolo yelsa da mucelze ufro viwro,
mrgvalganivkveTiani yuri aqvs miZerwili.
warmodgenili saxis siTxis Sesanax WurWels, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos mraval arqeologiur Zeglze moepovebaT analogiebi [284; 255; 88 da sxv.]. gvaqvs
ufro Soreuli paralelebic. magaliTad, aRniSnuli tipis Cafebi aRmoCenilia dasavleT
anatoliaSi, taSun-kales XIII_XIV ss-iT daTariRebul fenebSi [518, gv. 175].
Seswavlili gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis aRniSnuli fenebi wiTlad da yavisfrad
149
gamomwvar, sxvadasxva zomis ubralo jamebs da fialebsac moicavs. aseTi jamebis erT
nawils borblisebri, gamoyvanili quslebi aqvs. maT qimsa da kalTas Soris gadasvla
gluvia, xolo bakoebi brtyelia an CaRaruli (tab. 54:1; 55:1-3,17-22). Tixis jamebis es
saxeoba, zustad am formis wernaqiT SeRebil da moWiqul jamebTan erTad, Sua saukuneebis qarTul ganaTxar masalaze dayrdnobiT, zogadad kargad TariRdeba ganviTarebuli
Sua saukuneebiT. am rigis WurWlis qve-tipebsa da qronologiisda mixedviT gansxvavebul saxesxvaobebze, qvemoT, moWiquli keramikis ganxilvis dros gveqneba saubari.
gacilebiT ufro rTuli aRmoCnda gamoqvabulTa am kompleqsebze mikvleuli ubralo Tixis jamebis sakmaod mozrdili jgufis qronologiuri gansazRvra. saubaria
sxvadasxva zomisa da gansxvavebul ferad gamomwvar uquslo, brtyelZirian jamebze,
romelTa kalTisa da vertikaluri qimis SeerTebis adgilze kuTxe da gareT odnav
Sverili wibo iqmneba (tab. 54:6-10, 16-20).
saqme isaa, rom am tipis WurWeli dRemde cnobil ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis
ganaTxar masalaSi sakmaod iSviaTia (TiTo-orola egzemplari dmanisis, gudarexis
masalebidan [282, gv. 18, 77] (gudarexis fondSi: #2-58:642; 2-58:623 da sxv.). aseTi formis
jamebi arc gviani Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri ZeglebisTvisaa tipiuri, Tumca am
xanis keramikul nawarmSi epizodurad mainc gvxvdeba xolme ramdenadme msgavsi formis
nawarmi. magaliTad, msgavsi jamebi dadasturebulia gremis naqalaqarisa da Telavis
ganaTxar masalebSi da XVI_XVII ss-iT aris daTariRebuli [250, nax. 49-51; 232, tab. III-1,2,
gv. 78].
Cven mier Seswavlil gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi, “gverdwiboiani” jamebi (pirobiTi
saxelwodeba Cvenia. n.b.), mxolod XIII_XIV ss-iT damajereblad daTariRebuli nivTieri
masalis Semcvel kulturul fenebSi iqna mikvleuli, iseT stratigrafiul viTarebaSi,
sadac fenaTa Semdgomi Sevseba an aRreva praqtikulad gamoricxulia: yvela es nivTi
Zeglebze cxovrebis saboloo etapis uecari Sewyvetis Sedegadaa ganfenili gamoqvabulTa iatakebze (qvabovani kompleqsebis mitovebis viTarebasa da mizezebze vrclad
qvemoT visaubrebT). es garemoeba im daskvnisken gvibiZgebs, rom aRniSnuli, aSkarad
naklebad daxvewili formis jamebi, SesaZloa swored ganviTarebuli da gviani Sua
saukuneebis mijnaze, saqarTvelos samefos mkveTri politikur-ekonomikuri daqveiTebis fonze Cndeba (iqneb saqarTvelos konkretulad am provinciaSic), momdevno
saukuneebSi ki gavrcelebas da nawilobriv saxecvlilebas ganicdis. es azri miT ufro
misaRebad gveCveneba, ramdenadac “gremuli” mouWiqavi jamebis forma, zogierTi niuansiT
(odnav gamoyvanili borti, brtyelZiriani qusli), mainc gansxvavdeba aRwerili tipisagan.
gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi mopovebul Tixis nawarmis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens
mowernaqebuli WurWeli. wernaqiT moxatuli WurWlis zogierT saxeobaze saubari ukve
gvqonda. garda amisa, aq gvxvdeba wernaqiT mTlianad SeRebili dergebi, xeladebi, jamebi,
TefSebi da Tasebi.
aseTi nawarmis metad saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens didi zomis, farTopiriani
dergi sferuli mucliTa da maRali yeliT. WurWels pirsa da yelze dakeWnili da
reliefuri ornamentuli sartyelebi Semouyveba. muclis zeda nawilze talRisebur
sartyelebs Soris amokawrulia samkuTxedebis rigi. dergis yelsa da mxarze miZerwili
yofila 4 yuri. WurWlis zedapiri mTlianadaa dafaruli Txeli wernaqiT (tab. 57:3).
am WurWlis msgavsi nakeTobani aRmoCenilia dmanisis naqalaqarze da Tbilisis dedacixeze [282, gv.19; tab.III-VII; 20, gv.184]. TariRdeba XI_XIII ss-iT. Cven mier mikvleuli eg150
zemplari, aRniSnul analogiebTan SedarebiT ramdenadme daqveiTebuli teqnologiiTaa
damzadebuli, amitom vfiqrobT, is ufro XIII_XIV ss-is nawarmi unda iyos.
kompleqsebSi mikvleuli wernaqiani WurWeli umetesad xeladebiT (doqebiT),
surebiT da WinWilebiTaa warmodgenili. aseT WurWels ufro xSirad kvercxisebri
formis muceli da viwro, maRali yeli aqvs. zogierTi doqis yeli, muclTan SeuRlebis
adgilze damatebiT, wakveTili konusisebri formis moculobaSia gadazrdili. am
tipis doqebis yelebi xSirad reliefuri sartyelebiTaa Semkuli, zogjer ki piris
mimarTulebiT TandaTan farTovdeba (tab. 56:2-8,10-14,16-18). am rigis TiTqmis yovel
WurWels, yelis daaxloebiT Sua nawilze miZerwili aqvs viwro, wriulTan miaxloebuli
ganivkveTis yuri, romelic jer maRla miemarTeba, Semdeg ki mkveTrad, vertikalurad
eSveba Zirs da mucels uerTdeba.
siTxisTvis gankuTvnili, wernaqiT SeRebili WurWeli metad iSviaTad aris xolme
darCenili damatebiTi dekoratiuli Semkulobis gareSe. aseTi WurWlis muclebi sul
mcire, wvrili, reliefuri sartyelebiT an talRiseburi, nakawri ornamentiT mainc aris
xolme Semkuli. am tipis xeladebis dekoratiuli gaformebis yvelaze gavrcelebul
motivs mainc nakawri Tevzifxuri (e.w. “wiwvovani”) ornamenti warmoadgens, xSirad
wertilTa rigTan kombinaciaSi (tab. 56:2,4,6).
am tipis mowernaqebuli xeladebi da doqebi, rogorc sadad, ise mdidrulad,
“Tevzifxur-wertilovani” ornamentiT Semkulni, ZiriTadad dmanisisa da gudarexis
arqeologiur masalebSi arsebul aseT nakeTobebze dayrdnobiT, didxans iyo miCneuli
XI_XIV ss nawarmad [282, gv. 15-16, 19-20, 39-41, 53-54]. rogorc Cans, am saxis keramikuli
masalis tradiciul daTariRebas, maT mier Seswavlili Sua saukuneebis Zeglebis stratigrafiidan gamomdinare, sxva qarTveli arqeologebic eTanxmebodnen [256; 88; 295]. mogvianebiT, XX s-is 70-ian wlebSi, q-nma T. arCvaZem, am tipis Tixis WurWlis absoluturad
umetesi nawili, Tbilisis dedacixis arqeologiuri masalis moSveliebiT, gviani Sua
saukuneebis nawarmad miiCnia [20, gv. 173, 178, 186]. unda iTqvas, rom mkvlevari TviTonve
garkveulad gulnakluli darCenila yoveli aseTi nakeTobis kategoriulad XVI_XVIII ssiT daTariRebiT da acxadebs: “vfiqrobT, momavali gaTxra-Seswavla SesaZleblobas mogvcems arsebul masalaSive gamoiyos ufro adreuli, kerZod, XIV_XV ss misakuTvnebeli
nimuSebi” [20, gv. 186]. Cveni azriT, sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma ufro marTebulia: rogorc
Cans, urTierTmsgavsi formisa da Semkulobis, wernaqiT SeRebili WurWeli mzaddeboda
rogorc ganviTarebul, ise gvian SuasaukuneebSi, da cxadia, gardamaval XIV_XV ss-Sic.
ufro metic, rogorc TviT T. arCvaZec imowmebs, ramdenadme msgavsi, mowernaqebuli da
“Tevzifxuri” motiviT Semkuli keramika XX s-mde SemorCa Kkaxur xalxur meTuneobaSi [56].
amrigad, drois am xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi damzadebuli, aRniSnuli rigis
WurWlis tipologiur-qronologiuri diferenciaciisaTvis ufro myar mxatvrulstilistur, teqnologiur da stratigrafiul kriteriumebs unda daveyrdnoT.
magaliTad, qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis gaTxrisas mopovebuli
aRniSnuli tipis WurWelSi met-naklebi sizustiT SesaZlebeli gaxda ganviTarebuli
Sua saukuneebis ori etapis, XI_XIII da XIV ss-is nakeTobaTa gamijvna: gauqmebul
sameurneo ormoebSi da iatakTa motkepnilobebSi, XI_XIII ss-Tvis tipiur nivTier da
numzmatikur masalasTan erTad mikvleuli mowernaqebuli WurWeli ufro kargad
ganleqili Tixisganaa damzadebuli, saRebavis sqeli feniT gulmodginedaa SeRebili da
wertilovani ornamentic TiTqos maTTvis metadaa damaxasiaTebeli. cxovrebis bolo
151
etapis moulodnelad Sewyvetisas, XIV_XV ss-Ta mijnaze gaCenili fenidan mopovebuli
wernaqiani xeladebi, surebi, jamebi da Tasebi ki, Sesabamisad, ufro uxeSkeciani,
daudevrad gamoyvanil-Semkuli egzemplarebiTaa warmodgenili. am nakeTobaTa xarisxi
kargad asaxavs aRniSnuli epoqis saqarTvelos ekonomikur daqveiTebas da Teoriulad,
albaT axlos unda idges gviani Sua saukuneebis mowernaqebul WurWelTan. danamdvilebiT
gviani Sua saukuneebis wernaqiani keramika, am Zeglebze stratigrafiidan da Tanmxlebi
masalidan gamomdinare, sruliad ar dasturdeba.
gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebSi aRmoCenili Tixis nakeTobebidan yuradRebas iqcevs
agreTve mravalferad moxatuli WurWeli. magaliTad, aq gvxvdeba Txeli, kargad ganleqili, moyviTalo keciani patara WinWilebi. isini ganierpiriania, momrgvalo mucliani, garedan naprialebi. maTi yel-piri moxatulia wiTeli da Savi saRebavebiT:
Savi saRebavi horizontuladaa Semovlebuli pirze da Zirze, xolo maT Soris wiTeli
saRebavis talRisebri monasmebia datanili (tab. 63:6). aseTi WurWeli kargadaa cnobili
Tbilisis, dmanisis, rusTavis, gudarexis, Telavis ganaTxari Zeglebidan da sakmaod
myarad TariRdeba XI_XIII ss-iT [282, gv. 57,68, tab. IX-1,3-5,8-9, XX-6; 188, gv. 93,95; 233, gv.
50-51].
am gamoqvabulTa zeda arqeologiur plastebs metad kargad aTariRebs zogierT
maTganSi mikvleuli mouWiqavi, “kopebiani” WurWlis nimuSebi, ZiriTadad yuriani tolCebi Tu WinWilebi. maT Calisferi, Kkargad ganleqili, myife keci aqvT. umravlesobas
cilindruli, farTo yeli aqvs, romelzec talRovani, paralelurad nakawri ornamenti
Semouyveba. ganieri muclebi kopebiTaa Semkuli. brtyelganivkveTiani yurebi mxarze da
pirzea miZerwili (tab. 63:1-3).
kopebiani, yuriani WurWeli saqarTveloSi cnobilia jer kidev gviani antikuri
xanidan. adreul Sua saukuneebSi aseTi WurWeli aRar gvxvdeba. maTi warmoeba ganaxlda
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi da aRmoCenilia am xanis praqtikulad yvela arqeologiur
Zeglze: dmanisSi, gudarexSi, rusTavSi, ivris sionSi, ganjiskarSi da sxv. [179, gv.83; 188,
tab. XXIX_115,149,189]. WurWlis es saxeobac sruliad ueWvelad TariRdeba XI_XIII ss-iT
da amdenad, XIV s-is Semdgom aRar gvxvdeba.
Cven mier Seswavlil am kompleqsebSi ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev mravali saxeobis mouWiqavi Tixis nakeTobani aRmoCnda: sxvadasxva
zomis da formis, siTxis Tu sakvebis Sesanaxi WurWlis nairsaxeobani, maTi sarqvelebi,
pirgadmokecili TefSebi, niJarisebri da sampatruqiani Wraqebi da sxv. (tab. 63:7,8,12;
62:16,17).
qvemo qarTlis kldeSi nakveT kompleqsebis arqeologiuri Seswavlisas mivakvlieT
moWiquli Tixis nawarmis TiTqmis yvela im saxeobas, romlebic ukanaskneli aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi aRmoCnda ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos naqalaqarebis,
nasoflarebisa da cixe-simagreebis gaTxrisas (sxva saqmea, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebul
suraTs gvaZlevs CamoTvlil arqeologiur obieqtebsa da Cven gamoqvabul Zeglebze
mopovebuli moWiquli keramikis procentuli Sefardeba Tixis ubralo nawarmTan _
amaze saubari Semdeg gveqneba).
gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi aRmoCenili moWiquli Tixis nawarmi ZiriTadad jamebis
fragmentebiTaa warmodgenili. jamebi sxvadasxva zomisa da formisa yofila, metnaklebad ganleqili Tixisgan damzadebuli, mowiTalo-moyavisfrod gamomwvari,
gansxvavebuli teqnikiT Semkuli.
152
TeTrad angobirebul, erTferad moWiquli jamebidan aq gvxvdeba rogorc
sada, ise ornamentirebuli nimuSebi. am ukanaskneli tipis jamebze, angobiT TeTrad
SeRebil Sidapirze, amokawvris (e.w. “sgrafitos”) xerxiT, ufro xSirad maryuJisebri
an urTierTgadamkveTi, paraleluri xazebiani ornamentia gamoyvanili, Semdeg ki
gadavlebuli aqvs mwvane, firuzisferi an RviZlisferi Wiquri. aseT jamebs, rogorc
wesi, kargad gamoyvanili, borblisebri quslebi aqvs, xolo bakoebi brtyeli an Cazneqili (tab. 156:2-6; 158:22-26). am tipis moWiquli jamebi gavrcelebulia ganviTarebuli
Sua sukuneebis saqarTvelos TiTqmis yovel arqeologiur Zeglze: dmanisSi, gudarexSi,
ujarmaSi, rusTavSi, TbilisSi, vanis qvabSi dasxv. [282, gv. 25-27, tab. XVIII, XXI; 169,
tab. XIV, gv. 24; 168, gv. 29-30, 43-44]. q-ni m. miwiSvilis mixedviT am teqnikiT Semkuli jamebi
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonebuli yofila XI_ XII ss-Si da arsebobas ganagrZobs
XIII s-is I naxevarSic [169, gv. 27]. Cven Zeglebze aseTi nawarmis stratigrafiuli ganfena
TiTqos ar ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs: maTi nimuSebi, ZiriTadad intensiuri cxovrebis dros
dazianebuli nivTebis Semcvel fenebSia dadasturebuli, Tumca gvaqvs SemTxvevebi,
rodesac aseTi jamebi, umetesad xangrZlivi moxmarebisgan sakmaod Selaxuli nimuSebi
(xSirad gabzarvis Semdeg bawriT “dakerebulebic”), danamdvilebiT XIII s-is II naxevriTa
da XIV s-iT daTariRebul fenebSic gvxvdeba. es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom gamoricxuli ar aris, saqarTveloSi am tipis moWiquli jamebis warmoebis tradicia aRniSnulze
odnav met xans, Tundac XIII s-is bolomde gagrZelebuliyo.
Cven mier Seswavlil kompleqsebSi kidev ufro didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda TeTr
angobze mravalferad moxatuli, umeteswilad uferod moWiquli Tixis jamebis
fragmentebi. maTi quslebi amoRarulia, bakoebi brtyeli an Cazneqili. am stilis
jamebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba rogorc ornamentiTa da SeferilobiT, ise naxatTa
siuJetebiT. angobirebul Sidapirebze amokawvris xerxiT gamoyvanili da Semdeg
mravalferad moxatuli saxeebidan Warbobs geometriuli da mcenareuli ornamenti,
Tumca gvxvdeba frinvelisa da cxovelis gamosaxulebis oriode SemTxvevac (tab. 157:18).
naxatebi TeTr fonze ZiriTadad mwvane, moyviTalo da moyavisfro saRebavebiTaa
Sesrulebuli, Semdeg ki am kompoziciebs Txeli Wiquri aqvs gadavlebuli. xSirad
geometriuli ornamentiTa da saRebavebiT Semkulia bakoebic.
aRniSnuli tipis jamebic didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis
mraval ganaTxar Zeglze: TbilisSi, dmanisSi, rusTavSi, gudarexSi, TelavSi da sxv. [169,
gv. 37-41,48-51; 282, gv. 62, tab. XXXV-XXXVII; 169, gv. 58-59; 141 da sxv.]. maTi damzadebis
periodad, tradiciulad XI_XIII ss iyo miCneuli, Tumca mogvianebiT akademikosma l.
WilaSvilma am rigis keramikidan gamoyo nimuSebi, romlebsac “moWiquli keramikis
minabaZebi” uwoda da isini XIV s-iT daaTariRa. pativcemuli mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT,
aseTi nawarmi mxatvruli stilisa da teqnologiis garkveuli degradaciiT gamoirCeva:
magaliTad, maT am xanaSi Wiquris metad Txeli feniT faravdnen, romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi Znelad SesamCnevic ki xdeboda [256, gv. 28, 95].
veTanxmebiT ra aRniSnuli tipis WurWlis aseT tipologiur-qronologiur
klasifikacias, Cveni mxriv davurTavdiT Semdeg dakvirvebas:
rogorc Cans, XIV s-Si, saqarTveloSi ekonomikisa kulturis daqveiTebis pirobebSi, am tipis moWiquli WurWlis xarisxi ara mxolod teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT
daeca, aramed maT Sesamkobad gamoyenebuli mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebic
gaubralovda _ rogorc qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabulebSi, ise saqarTvelos sxva arqe153
ologiur Zeglebze, am xanis moxatuli, gamWvirvaled moWiquli jamebis ornamentulsiuJeturi motivebi da feradovani gama Raribdeba. magaliTad, Cven Zeglebze, cxovrebis bolo fazis fenebidan mopovebuli aseTi jamebidan qreba cxovelebisa da frinvelebis gamosaxulebebi, samagierod izrdeba mxolod erTi, ZiriTadad mwvane feris, arcTu
rTuli ujredovan-geometriuli da rto-ylortovani ornamentiT gaformebuli
egzemplarebis xvedriTi wili. es movlena arc aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
swrafi monasmiT cxovel-frinvelTa stilizebul gamosaxvas gacilebiT safuZvliani
profesiuli momzadeba sWirdeba, vidre paraleluri StrixebiT ujredebis an Tundac
mcenareTa rtoebis gamoyvanas.
gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi mcire raodenobiT mikvleulia sxva stilis moWiquli
jamebis fragmentebic: magaliTad, TeTr angobze RviZlisferi ornamentiT moxatuli da
amave feris wertilebiT Semkuli jamis pir-gverdis nawili; TeTri angobiT moxatuli,
cisfrad moWiquli jamis fragmentebi da sxv. rogorc cnobilia, am tipis nakeTobaTa
warmoebis xanad agreTve XI_XIII saukuneebia miCneuli [168; 169; 141] da maTi aRmoCena
Cveni Zeglebis amave xanis, an Tundac XIV s-is fenebSi, sruliad kanonzomieria.
qvemo qarTlis qvabovan kompleqsebSi, cxovrebis amave fazis kulturul fenebSi, sxva
daniSnulebis moWiquli Tixis nakeTobebis fragmentebic mravlad aRmoCnda. magaliTad,
metad saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsSi mikvleuli, TiTqmis
mTlianad Semonaxuli, mwvaned moWiquli “luliani” xelada. am 25 sm simaRlis WurWlis
korpusis forma wakveTili kvercxisas mogvagonebs. Ziri brtyeli aqvs. saSualo zomis
yeli mucelTan SeerTebis adgilas Tanabrad farTovdeba. ovalurganivkveTiani yuri
yelis Sua nawilze da mxarze yofila miZerwili. SiSvel kecze, muq mwvaned moWiqulia
xeladis mxolod zeda nawili (tab. 62:1; 156:1). moWiquli xeladebis msgavsi egzemplarebis
fragmentebi aRmoCnda qvemo qarTlis zogierT sxva kldis Zeglzec.
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli ganaTxari masalebidan sakmaod kargadaa
cnobili sxvadasxvafrad moWiquli, siTxisTvis gankuTvnili WurWeli: qilebi, sayvavile
tolCebi, WinWilebi da sxv. [282;168]. am nawarmidan, aRwerili xelada zogierTi detaliT:
lulisebri tuCi, WiquriT zeda nawilis dafarva da sxv., sakmaod axlos dgas TbilisSi
aRmoCenil, cisfrad moWiqul doqTan, romelic XI_XIII ss-iT aris daTariRebuli [282, gv.
60]. Cven egzemplars formis mxedviT sakmaod zusti analogiebi eZebneba agreTve amave
epoqis qarTuli da iranuli mouWiqavi keramikuli nawarmidan [233, gv. 93; 612, gv. 229].
Seswavlil qvabovan kompleqsebSi mopovebuli moWiquli Tixis nawarmidan aRsaniSnavia agreTve mwvaned da cisfrad moWiquli samarileebisa da niJarisebri Wraqebis
sakmaod kargad Semonaxuli egzemplarebi (tab. 157:17-18). nakeTobaTa es saxeobanic
kargadaa cnobili XI_XIV ss qarTuli ganaTxari Zeglebidan [282; 255; 168; 188; 88; 194].
aRniSnuli Zeglebis arqeologiuri kvlevisas, gansxvavebiT amave regionis
monastrebad adaptirebuli uZvelesi gamoqvabuli kompleqsebisgan, jerjerobiT
aRmoCenili ar aris faiansis nakeTobaTa nimuSebi, rac kidev erTi argumentia im azris
sasargeblod, rom Sua saukuneebSi, am reokupirebul qvabebSi, maRali socialuri
fenebis warmomadgenlebi iSviaTad binadrobdnen.
samagierod, am Zeglebze didi raodenobiT mivakvlieT qarTuli Sua saukuneebis
arqeologiisaTvis sakmaod aratradiciul, SeiZleba iTqvas unikaluri saxis nivTier
masalas, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Seavso Cveni codna am epoqis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
yofa-cxovrebiTi detalebis Sesaxeb.
154
saqme is aris, rom saqarTvelos klimatur pirobebSi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Ria
cis qveS mdebare SenobaTa nangrevebis gaTxrisas mopovebuli nivTieri masala, umTavresad
keramikul nawarms, korozirebul liTonis nakeTobebs (Zvirfasi liTonis garda) da
nestis gamZle nivTebis oriode saxeobas moicavs xolme. bunebrivia, aseTi Zeglebis
ganaTxar masalebSi metad iSviaTad gvxvdeba ramdenadme saxierad Semonaxul, organuli
nivTierebebisagan damzadebul nakeTobebs: xis nivTebs, qsovilebs, tyavis nawarms,
xelnawerebs da sxv. aseT viTarebaSi, Cveni warmodgena aRniSnul epoqaSi moxmarebuli,
adgilze damzadebuli Tu importirebuli nivTebis mTeli wyebis, aqedan gamomdinare ki
im xanis yofa-cxovrebiTi procesebis mniSvnelovani nawilis Sesaxeb, bundovani iyo.*
swored am rigis nivTieri masala Semounaxavs gamorCeulad uxvad qvemo qarTlis
gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebs Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo: jer erTi, am gamoqvabul
sacxovrebelTa didi umravlesoba Tavidanve maqsimalurad „mSral“ qvabebSi iqna
gamokveTili, raTa maTi binadrebi nests ar Seewuxebina. meteorologiuri pirobebis
cvalebadobisgan TiTqmis idealurad daculi es saTavsebi, cxovrebis yoveli momdevno
fazis dros, xelaxlad motkepnili iatakebis qveS moqceul Zvel kulturul fenaTa
naSTebs kargad inaxavda. mTaveri mizezi ki is aris, rom rogorc araerTxel aRvniSneT,
am kompleqsTa umravlesobaSi, cxovrebis saboloo faza uecrad Cans Sewyvetili mtris
gamanadgurebeli laSqrobis Sedegad. amis Semdeg maTSi cxovreba aRar aRorZinebula
da aRniSnuli tragediis dros iatakebze mimofantuli sxvadasxva nakeTobani, maT Soris
organuli nivTierebebis nawarmic, qvabebSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Semotanilma
mSralma, mtvrisebrma masam Semoinaxa ase kargad.**
gamoqvabulTa am kompleqsebSi, swored aRweril stratigrafiul viTarebaSi, didi
raodenobiT mivakvlieT arqeologiuri qsovilebis, maT Soris mxatvruli nawarmis
mravalferovan nimuSebsac. magaliTad, aq aRmoCenili xaliCa-fardagebis fragmentebi
tipologiurad metad axlos dgas muguTis qvabebis CvenTvis ukve cnobil xaliCafardagebis koleqciasTan da, cxadia, am nimuSebmac
sazRvargareTul samecniero
wreebSi aranaklebi rezonansi gamoiwvia [277; 503].
qsovilTa gansakuTrebuli nairferovnebiT gamoirCeva naxiduris gamoqvabulTa
kompleqsebSi mikvleuli masalebi. ZiriTadad aq warmodgenilia jvalos da jejimis
tipis qsovilebi. yuradRebas ipyrobs fardagis tipis qsovilisgan amokerili abga,
romelsac pirTan ganivzolebad naqsovi ornamentis saxe gasdevs (tab. 160:2). amave
kompleqsis „qurian jgufSi“ aRmoCnda Salis feradi ZafiT naqsovi fardagebis da
CxirebiT naqsovi tansacmlis fragmentebi. es ukanaskneli TeTri, wmindad nagrexi ZafiT
aris moqsovili, SerCenilia Casacmlis nawiburisa da misi velis nawili. rogorc Cans, im
epoqaSi trikotaJuli wesiT naqsov tansacmels farTod iyenebdnen.
amave jgufSi mikvleul jvalos tomris pirs gasdevs Savi ZafiT naqsovi ori zoli,
Semdeg viwro zolad ornamentirebuli arSia; amas kvlav mosdevs 10 sm siganis arSia,
romwelSic mowiTalo feris ZafiT geometriuli ornamentia gamoyvanili.
*
magaliTad, ramdenime samecniero gamokvleva Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Cacmulobisa da dekoratiuli qsovilebis Sesaxeb, mxolod im epoqis kedlis
mxatvrobaze dayrdnobiT Sesrulda, ramac metad pirobiTi Sedegebi mogvca [10 da sxv.].
** sxvaTa Soris, organuli nivTebis am kompleqsebSi kargad Semonaxvis erT-erT xelisSemwyob
faqtorad amerikelma arqeologma m. ailandma saTavsebSi didi raodenobiT dagrovili
nacaric miiCnia, rac, misi gamokvlevebis mixedviT, organikis saucxoo konservatia [503].
155
naxiduris cixe-qvabis II ormoSi mikvleuli iqna fardagis, windis da bambis qsovilis
fragmentebi. fardagis fragmenti feradi (lurji, ruxi, Savi) ZafiTaa naqsovi. qslis
Zafis feri bunebrivi TeTria. qsovili saSualo simWidrovisaa: erT kvadr. dm-ze modis
50 qslis da 100 misaqselis Zafi. jejimebi, jvaloebi da fardagebi naqsovia vertikalur
dazgaze _ ydaze. bambis qsovili horizontul dazgaze unda iyos moqsovili.
qsovilTa kidev erTi saintereso koleqcia aRmoCnda ifnaris qvabTa kompleqsSi.
zemoT aRwerili tipis qsovilebTan erTad aq mivakvlieT xaliCis 4 fragments. isini
sxvadasxva teqnologiuri maCveneblebiTa da ornamentiT gamoirCevian. gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa #1 fragmenti. is mogrZo formisaa. qslis uxeSi Zafi orwveradaa magrad
Segrexili. xaos kvanZi SedarebiT nazi matylis duned nagrexi feradi ZafiT aris
Sedgenili. kvanZTa TiToeul mwkrivs wvrilad, calwverad nagrexi wiTeli Zafis 4
sazedao Zafi gasdevs. xaliCis kvanZebis simWidrove sakmaod maRali yofila _ 1kv. dmze 48 x 28 (tab. 160:3).
#2 xaliCis fragmentis gadarCenili xaos ferebia: ruxi, Ria ruxi, lurji da
wiTeli. xaos simaRlea 5 mm. fragmenti xaliCis marjvena gverdis Sua nawils warmoadgens.
Camosdevs CarCo, romelic ornamentirebulia. CarCos Semdeg, ruxi feris ZafiT naqsovi
e.w. „wylis xazi“ gadis. amis Semdeg xaliCis gulis samkuTxa ornamenti ikiTxeba. es
fragmenti teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT metad maRali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba. aseTi
teqnikiT naqsovi xaliCa Sua saukuneebSi albaT iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. gamoqvabul
kompleqsebSi aseTive da SedarebiT dabali mxatvrul _ teqnologiuri donis xaliCaTa
fragmentebi kidev aTeulobiTaa aRmoCenili.
aranakleb saintereso aRmoCenas warmoadgens zurtaketis xeobis gamoqvabulTa
kompleqsSi mikvleuli, wiTeli feris xaverdis qsovilisgan Sekerili qisa. xaverdis
warmoeba XII_XIII ss-dan gavrcelda jer iranSi, Semdeg ki bizantiis imperiaSi. evropis
qveynebSi yvelaze adre, XIV s-Si moxmarebuli Tu damzadebuli erTaderTi aseTi
nimuSi, britaneTis muzeumSi inaxeba.* samSvildis qvababSi dadasturebuli qsovilis
samoselisgan metad sayuradReboa TiTqmis mTlianad Semonaxuli bavSvis tilos
perangi da mamakacis qudi. es ukanaskneli Salis, Sabiamnis feris ZafiT yofila naqsovi
da farfli TuSuri qudis msgavsad aqvs akecili. “gumbaTze” wiTeli tilos qsovilis
zolebiT tolmklava jvris gamosaxuleba aqvs dakerebuli.
gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi aRmoCenil am “aratradiciul” nivTier masalaSi
yuradRebas iqcevs agreTve tyavis fexsacmlis nimuSebic. Zalze kargadaa Semonaxuli
mozrdili adamianisa da bavSvis Wvintiani qoSebi (sul 4 egzemplari). am modelis
zogierTi fexsacmelis pirisa da lanCis SeuRleba tyavis wvrili zonariT aris amoxveuli, rac imavdroulad dekoratiul elementsac warmoadgens. aseve dekoratiul
motivs warmoadgens qoSebis napirebis sxvadasxva feris ZafiT amonaxvevebi (tab. 69:3,4).
am modelis fexsacmlis erT-erTi nimuSis maRal quslze nalic aris SemorCenili.
kompleqsebSi ramdenime egzemplariTaa warmodgenili agreTve tyavis qalamnebis fragmentebi, romelTac praqtikulad zusti analogiebi eZebnebaT qarTul eTnografiul
yofaSi.
qvemo qarTlis gamoqvabul kompleqsebSi mopovebuli nivTieri masalidan mravalferovnebiTa da raodenobiT gamoirCeva xisgan damzadebuli nivTebi. aq warmodgenili
*
informacia movipoveT londonSi samecniero mivlinebis dros, 2001 w.
156
xis nakeTobebi moxmarebuli yofila rogorc Sinaur yofaSi, ise meurneobaSi. qarTul
eTnografiul sinamdvileSi dadasturebul analogiur mowyobilobebTan metad axlos
dgas ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis fenebSi aRmoCenili Semdegi xis nivTebi: Mmomkelis
saTiTeebi; ormxriv mwkriviani savarcxlebi; TiTistarebi; kviristavebi; Zafis dasaxvevi
koWebi; sxvadasxva formis kovzebi; xis WurWlis fragmentebi; saTamaSoebi da sxva mravali (tab. 67, 68 ). am “aratradiciul” nakeTobaTagan zogierTs (kovzebs, savarcxlebs da
sxv.) sakmaod axlobeli paralelebi moeZebna ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis maxlobeli
sazRvargareTis ganaTxari Zeglebidan [608, gv. 113-120].
qvemo qarTlis aRniSnuli gamoqvabuli kompleqsebSi cxovrebis bolo etapis
qronologiuri CarCoebis utyuarad ganmsazRvrel sabuTs warmoadgens agreTve maTi
arqeologiuri kvlevisas aRmoCenili numizmatikuri masala. am Zeglebis qvabovan
saTavsebSi sul mikvleulia 26 qarTuli spilenZis moneta (aqedan 21 moneta tilos
qisaSi iyo Cawyobili da ganZis saxiT iyo Cafluli naxiduris I kompleqsis erT-erTi
sacxovrebeli qvabis iatakis TixatkepnilSi, zedapiris maxloblad) (tab. 70 ). am
monetebidan uadresi mefe giorgi III-is mieraa moWrili 1174 wels, xolo ugvianesi mefe
rusudanis mier, 1227 wels. daaxloebiT amave epoqas, XIII s-is dasasruls ganekuTvneba
zurtaketis qvabTa I kompleqsSi aRmoCenili, TbilisSi moWrili vercxlis moneta (e.w.
“yanuri”) [119]. is garemoeba, rom qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis ganaTxar masalaSi XIV
s-is fuladi niSnebi sruliad ar Cans, imis Sedegi unda iyos, rom am xanaSi saqarTveloSi
ekonomikis daqveiTebas, soflis meurneobaSi sasaqonlo produqciis xvedriTi wilis
Semcireba mohyva.
rogorc vxedavT, qvemo qarTlis qvabTa am kompleqsebSi cxovrebis ukanaskneli
etapis nivTieri masala, garda imisa rom sakmaod calsaxad gansazRvravs am ZeglTa
xelmeore reokupaciis qronologiur CarCoebs, uaRresad mniSvnelovan faqtebs
gvawvdis XI-XIV ss-is qvemo qarTlis da saerTod, saqarTvelos soflis mosaxleobis
yofa-cxovrebisa da meurneobis gaZRolis mravali aspeqtis Taobaze.
davubrundeT aRniSnul ZeglTa funqciis Sesaxeb zemoT wamoWril sakiTxs. am
Temaze msjelobisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT rogorc aq mopovebuli arqeologiuri
masalis tipologiur mravalferovnebas, ise mravalmricxovnebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mtris Semosevebisas saxizrebSi TavSefarebuli mosaxleobis mier iq wylisa da sursaTis maragTan erTad arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli nivTebis an Tundac gansakuTrebiT
Rirebuli nakeTobebis garkveuli raodenobis Setana savsebiT logikurad gamoiyureba,
Zneli warmosadgenia, rom maT ZiriTadi sacxovreblebidan TavSesafrad gamoyenebul
aRniSnul qvabebSi gadaetanaT mTeli sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo inventari, rac
ki gaaCndaT. am kompleqsebSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri masalis Semadgenloba ki
swored aseT yovlismomcvel nivTier garemocvaze migvaniSnebs, rac sruliad bunebriv
kiTxvebs badebs: gana ramdeni dro unda hqonoda mosaxleobas gaxizvnisas, rom saxizar
qvabebSi SeezidaT rogorc didZali Tixis nawarmi (dawyebuli mozrdili dergebiT da
damTavrebuli unatifesi sufris WurWliT), ise soflis meurneobisa Tu xelsaqmisaTvis
aucilebeli mowyobilobani? an SeeZloT ki imis prognozireba, rom samalavebSi metad
xangrZlivad mouwevdaT cxovreba?
davuSvaT, aseTi samzadisi saxizrebSi cxovrebisTvis Teoriulad mainc dasaSvebia,
magram am kompleqsTa TavdacviT funqcias diametralurad ewinaaRmdegeba droTa
157
ganmavlobaSi wyobidan gamosuli nivTieri masalis raodenoba da saTavsebSi ganfena, rac
aq meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebis mimdevari mosaxleobis araerTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
binadrobaze metyvelebs. am argumentis damadasturebeli Zalze kargi magaliTia qvemo
qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebisTvis sakmaod tipiuri arqeologiuri suraTi, romelic
dadasturebulia naxiduris II kompleqsisi cixe-qvabis sameurneo ormoebSi.
es 3 ormo cixe-qvabis iatakis donidanaa CaWrili da Signidan qviTkiris wyobiTaa
amoyvanili. isini Tavdapirvelad molesili yofila, amitom maTi Tavdapirveli daniSnuleba eWvs ar iwvevda _ wylisa da sursaTis mosamaragebel aseT ormoebs Sua saukuneebis mraval cixe-simagreSi vxvdebiT. am analogiebis gaTvaliswinebiT movelodiT,
rom carieli ormoebi cixis dazianebis Sedegad naSali RorRiTa da miwis steriluri
masiT iqneboda savse, nivTieri masalis fragmentebi ki aseT SemTxvevaSi, maT fskerebze
unda yofiliyo SemorCenili. sinamdvileSi, ormoebis gaTxris Sedegad, sul sxva
stratigrafiuli suraTi warmogvidga. metad tevadi, Rrma ormoebi ( I _ 230 sm, II _ 160
sm, III _ 140 sm ), cxovrebis saboloo fazis ganmavlobaSi arapirdapiri daniSnulebiT
yofila gamoyenebuli: maTSi periodulad yridnen uvargis, mwyobridan gamosul
nivTebs, pirutyvis sakvebs, sayofacxovrebo nagavs da sxv. magaliTad, I ormoSi, Ziridan
daaxloebiT 1 m-mde, miwad naqcev masaSi areuli iyo met-naklebad dazianebuli nivTebis didi raodenoba; amis maRla Tiva iyo Catkepnili, romelSic mcire raodenobiT
mainc iyo Sereuli gadanayari nivTebi, da mxolod sul zeda, 40-50 sm-iani fena iyo
cxovrebis Sewyvetis Semdeg warmoqmnili. daaxloebiT aseTive stratigrafiuli suraTi
iyo danarCen ormoebSic. Cayrili nivTebis, magaliTad, Tixis konkretul nakeTobaTa
fragmentebi, TiToeul ormoSi mxolod gansazRvruli Sridan amodioda da amitom, bevri nivTis aRdgenac ki moxerxda. yovelive es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom cixe-qvabis sakuWnao
ormoebi albaT TandaTan ivseboda, drois sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi.
amJamad Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu konkretulad ramden xans iyenebdnen ormoebs am
mizniT, Tumca, logikuri gansjiT, drois es monakveTi albaT 1-2 aTeul welze naklebi
mainc ar iqneboda. amrigad, Tuki erTi mxriv, am sameurneo ormoebSi dafiqsirebuli
arqeologiuri suraTi gamoricxavs aRniSnul cixe-qvabebSi (da albaT mTel kompleqsSic) mxolod droebiT cxovrebas, imavdroulad imis saSualebasac iZleva, rom aq
aRmoCenili mTeli nivTieri masala sakmaod damajereblad daTariRdes daaxloebiT
erTi da imave xaniT.
aRniSnul sameurneo ormoebSi mikvleuli mTeli nivTieri masala, gansakuTrebiT
ki misi yvelaze damajereblad gansazRvruli nawili _ keramikuli nakeTobani,
ganekuTvneba Cvens mier zemoT warmodgenili, XI-XIV ss-iT daTariRebuli nimuSebis
analogiur nawarms, romelTa Tavidan aRweras aq aRar SevudgebiT. amrigad, jerjerobiT
Riadac rom davtovoT sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad romel aTwleulebSi
xdeboda am ormoTa Sevseba, am kompleqsSi mosaxleobis didi jgufis mravalwliani,
uwyveti cxovreba ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, anu aq soflis arseboba, mxolod am
momentis gaTvaliswinabiTac ki ueWveli faqtia.
rogorc vxedavT, yoveli CamoTvlili niSani da moyvanili argumenti imaze
metyvelebs, rom qvemo qarTlis aRniSnul qvabTa kompleqsebSi, ganviTarebul Sua
saukuneebSi, sul cota 1-2 saukunis ganmavlobaSi (daaxloebiT XII-XIV ss-is diapazonSi),
qvabovani soflebi yofila mowyobili. aseTi dasaxlebebis masStabis gaTvaliswinebiT
158
(CvenTvis jerjerobiT cnobilia met-naklebi sididis 50-mde aseTi kompleqsi), Tavisuflad SegviZlia visaubroT am epoqis qvemo qarTlSi warmodgenili tipis, originaluri xuroTmoZRvruli aRnagobis soflebis mowyobis sakmaod myar tradiciaze.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aseTi kldis soflebis zogadi struqtura da maTSi
mopovebuli nivTieri masalis tipologiuri Semadgenloba ZiriTadad erTmaneTis
analogiuria, Tumca TiToeuli am dasaxlebis iersaxe, gegmareba da maTSi dafiqsirebuli cxovrebis socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTi mravali individualuri niSanTvisebiTac xasiaTdeba.
qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis erTmaneTisgan ganmasxvavebel erT-erT umTavres
faqtors warmoadgens maT SemadgenlobaSi qviTkiriT gamagrebuli, gansakuTrebuli
gegmarebis qvabnaSenebis, anu, Cveni klasifikaciiT, mosaxleobis socialurad dawinaurebuli jgufebis warmomadgenelTa sacxovrebelebis arseboba da masStabi.
am TvalsazrisiT erTi kanonzomiereba aSkarad SeiniSneba _ msgavsi qvabnaSenebi
gacilebiT xSirad gvxvdeba mozrdil, aTeulobiT qvabian kldis soflebSi, vidre 12 aTeul kldis saxlis momcvel mcire dasaxlebebSi. amdenad, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom aRniSnul xanaSi maRali socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebs (albaT aznaurebs),
cixe-qvabis tipis rezidenciebi yvelaze mniSvnelovan kldis soflebSive hqondaT mowyobili.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cveni dakvirvebiT, kldis soflebis maRali socialuri
statusis mqone binadarTa cixe-qvabebSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri nivTieri masala
Tvisobrivad (xarisxisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT), mxolod umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba
rigiT mcxovrebTa kuTvnil kldis saxlebSi aRmoCenili nakeTobebisagan. es gansxvaveba
ZiriTadad maTSi moxmarebul, sxvadasxva tipis nakeTobaTa wilobriv Sefardebas
asaxavs. magaliTad, cixe-qvabebis ganaTxar masalebSi, Tixis nakeTobebidan, sufris
WurWeli procentulad ramdenadme meti Cans, vidre sakvebis warmoebis sferosTvis
aucilebeli keramikuli nawarmi (dergebi, sadRvebelebi, qvab-qoTnebi da a. S.), maSin
rodesac rigiT sacxovrebel qvabebSi es Sefardeba uxeSi, sqelkeciani sameurneo
mniSvnelobis Tixis nawarmis sasargeblod ixreba. Sesabamisad, cixe-qvabebis ganaTxar
masalebSi, moWiquli Tixis nawarmis wilic odnav Warbobs Cveulebriv sacxovreblebSi
mopovebuli analogiuri nakeTobebis procentul maCvenebels.
rogorc Cans, privilegirebuli socialuri jgufis warmomadgenelTa mier
moxmarebuli gansakuTrebuli nivTebi im xanad ZiriTadad sabrZolo iaraRiTa da TiToorola Zvirfasi nakeTobiT (magaliTad, Zvirfasi liTonebiT, iaraRiT, xaliCebiT da a. S.)
Semoifargleboda, aseTi nawarmis gamosadegi egzemplarebi ki cxadia, kldis soflebis
mtris mier brZoliT aRebis Semdeg (risi niSanic TiTqmis TiToeul kompleqsSia
dadasturebuli), momxvdurTa nadavli gaxdeboda.
Cven mier Seswavlil kldis soflebSi dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri suraTi imaze
unda migviTiTebdes, rom aRniSnuli epoqis wvril aznaurTa qonebriv privilegias
ZiriTadad gamagrebuli sacxovreblebi (cixe, koSki an cixe-qvabi) gamoxatavda, rac
gamoqvabulebis iatakebze SemorCenil materialur naSTSi Znelad Tu aisaxeboda.
meore mxriv, aRniSnuli qvabovani soflebis rigiT mcxovrebTa kldis saxlebSi
mikvleuli nivTieri masala gadaWriT uaryofs im mosazrebas, rom TiTqos-da qvemo
qarTlis aseT mitovebul, uZveles dasaxlebebSi, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi
gansakuTrebiT upovari, metad dabali socialuri statusis mqone, faqtiurad bogano
159
mosaxleoba afarebda Tavs (aseTi hipoTeza iqna gamoTqmuli Cveni zogierTi oponentis
mier am ZeglTa gacnobis Semdeg, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis samecniero sesiaze,
12. 05. 1987 w).
mravali aTeuli aseTi kldis saxlis arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad mopovebuli
nivTieri masala sruliad calsaxad metyvelebs imaze, rom qvemo qarTlis aRniSnuli
qvabovani kompleqsebi XII-XIV ss-Si ZiriTadad mosaxleobis imave socialur safexurze
myofi nawilis mier iyo reokupirebuli, ra kategoriac Warbobda am regionis Cveulebriv, qviT nageb soflebSi (vTqvaT, naWivWavebis nasoflarSi [87] da sxv.). eseni albaT
iqnebodnen “uazno” miwis muSakebi, ufro gviandeli terminologiiT, miwaTmoqmedi
glexebi (albaT ZiriTadad yma-glexis sxvadasxva qve-statusiT), Tumca, rogorc
aRvniSneT, maT gverdiT aznaurTa da sxva socialuri fenebis warmomadgenelTa nawilis
binadrobac ar unda gamovricxoT [273, gv. 199-207]. rac Seexeba mosaxleobis marTlacda uRatakes fenas, aseTi erTeuli pirebis sabinadro qvabebi gaTxrebis dros SesaZloa
Segvxvda kidec, magram iq mopovebuli nivTieri masalis simwiris gamo, Zneli Sesafasebelia
msgavs saTavsTa funqciuri datvirTva _ sameurneo saTavsebad gamoiyeneboda isini, Tu
aRniSnuli kategoriis ojaxTa sacxovreblebad.
arqeologiurma kvlevam am soflebis mcxovrebTa ekonomikis safuZvelzec Segviqmna warmodgena, warmoaCina maTi sameurneo saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi Tu
damatebiTi ganxrebi.
mopovebuli nivTieri masalis analiziT gamoirkva, rom kldis soflebis mosaxleoba misdevda rogorc miwaTmoqmedebas (memindvreobas, mevenaxeobas, mebaReobas),
ise mesaqonleobas (msxvilfexa saqonlis, cxvris da Roris moSenebas). Sinamrewvelobis
da xelsaqmes dargebidan dadasturda meTuneobis, xis nivTebis xvewis, Zvlis da
tyavis nivTebis damzadebis, mWedlobis, xaliCa-fardagebisa da tanisamosis qsovis
niSnebi. soflis mcxovrebTa ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi garkveuli wvlili Sehqonda
monadireobis Sedegad mopovebul produqciasac.
warmoebis CamoTvlili dargebis produqciis garkveuli wili albaT sasaqonlodac
mzaddeboda, razec sacxovreblebSi aRmoCenili fuladi niSnebi, monetebi metyvelebs
_ Tundac primitiuli savaWro urTierTobebis gareSe, soflis rigiT binadarTa araerT qvab-sacxovrisSi maTi moxvedra SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
am soflebis mkvidr ojaxTa sociologiur struqturaze Semdegi Sexeduleba
Segveqmna: aq ar dasturdeba amave regionis qarTuli eTnografiuli sinamdvilidan
cnobili wesi didi, patriarqaluri wyobis, gauyofeli ojaxebis wevrTa erT vrcel
saTavsSi binadrobisa. qvemo qarTlis am kldis soflebis praqtikulad TiToeul
sacxovrebel oTaxSi, romlebic zomiT Sua saukuneebis TvalTaxedviT saSualo, 2 Taobiani, maqsimum 5-10 wevriani ojaxis binadrobisTvis Tu gamodgeba, dafiqsirebulia zemoT
aRniSnuli tipis kera an Tone kera _ es garemoeba imaze migvaniSnebs, rom aseTi “mikroojaxebi” erTmaneTisgan praqtikulad damoukidebel yofa-cxovrebasa da meurneobas
misdevdnen. amrigad, am soflebis savaraudo socialuri struqtura ar eTanxmeba qarTul
mecnierebaSi gamoTqmul Teorias, romlis mixedviTac gvian Sua saukuneebSi da me-19 s-is
eTnografiul sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli, gauyofeli patriarqaluri tipis ojaxebis
erT komlad binadrobis wesi, TiTqosda ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli
tradiciiTaa nasazrdoebi [234, 235]. unda iTqvas, rom glexTa calkeuli ojaxebis momcro
sacxovrebel oTaxebSi binadroba, dadasturebulia saqarTvelos ganviTarebul Sua
160
saukuneebis mravali qviT nagebi nasoflaris xuroTmoZRvruli da arqeologiuri kvlevis
Sedegadac (magaliTad, borjom-bakurianis midamoebSi [194], naWivWavebSi [87] da sxv. [231]).
aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom glexebis gauyreli ojaxebis erT komlad binadrobis
tradiciis Camoyalibeba, gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi Seqmnili eqstremaluri
politikur-ekonomikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare iZulebiTi Sedegi unda yofiliyo (amis
wyalobiT SesaZlebeli xdeboda TiToeul komlze begaris xelovnuri Semcireba, mtris
mcire razmebis moulodneli Tavdasxmis erToblivad mogerieba da sxv.).
rogorc am kompleqsTa xuroTmoZRvruli aRwerisas aRvniSneT, kldis soflebSi
calkeuli ojaxebis sacxovrebeli qvab-saTavsebis gegmareba, raime mkveTrad Camoyalibebul kanonzomierebas an sqemas ar emorCileba. zogierTi ojaxi sada formis, daunawevrebel qvabSi binadrobda da TiToeul sayofacxovrebo-sameurneo process am erTian
sivrceSi hqonda miCenili garkveuli zona: sakvebis mosamzadebel-misaRebi, xelsaqmis
warmoebis, saZinebeli da sxv. meore mxriv, imave soflebSi gvxvdeba kldis saxlebi, sadac
sacxovrebel oTaxebs ZiriTadi sivrcidan met-naklebad gancalkevebuli niSi-farTebi an
sulac, damatebiTi saTavsebi gaaCniaT. aseT sacxovrebel jgufebSi xuroTmoZRvruli da
arqeologiuri meTodebiT xerxdeba ZiriTadi qvabebis calkeuli zonebis Tu damatebiTi
farTebis funqciuri diferenciacia. mag., mopovebuli nivTieri masala adasturebs, rom
mcire zomis niSebi, gamomdinare maTi konfiguraciidan, ufro xSirad sawyobia an ojaxis
wevrTa erTi nawilis saZinebeli farTobis movaleobas asrulebda. amis kargi magaliTia
naxiduris II kompleqsSi (sofelSi) mikvleuli qvabovani sacxovreblis mcire zomis ganStoeba,
romlis erTi kedlis gaswvriv, dawolili adamianis sigrZeze, srulad SemorCenili aRmoCnda
aRniSnuli epoqis logini: aq TixiT kargad motkepnil iatakze sqlad yofila gaSlili Tiva,
romelzedac Teqis da fardagis naWrebi iyo dafenili. sawolis maxloblad mowyobili
yofila adgilze gamomwvari Tixis, wriuli formis (diametri daax. 45 sm) kera, romlis
daniSnulebac uTuod am „saZinebeli oTaxis“ gaTboba warmoadgenda (tab. 16; 31:1).
gacilebiT ufro kargad aris xolme Semonaxuli da advilad amosacnobicaa kvebis
produqtebis sawyobebad gamoyenebuli niSi-saTavsebi. maTi iatakebis zeda kulturul
fenebSi xSirad aris xolme SemorCenili sqelkeciani Tixis WurWlis, qvevrebis da
dergebis fragmentebi, kldeSi amokveTuli sasursaTo ormoebi an qvevris Zirebis
Casadgmeli fosoebi. aseve, SedarebiT advildeba xolme Tone-kerebis ganlagebis
mixedviT. aqve, rogorc wesi, xSirad gvxvdeba xolme xmarebisgan dazianebuli samzareulos da sufris WurWlis fragmentebi cecxlis xangrZlivad moqmedebis kvaliT.
qvemo qarTlis kldis saxlebis farglebSi danamdvilebiT gamoxatul, stacionarul sanitarul-higienur mowyobilobebs jer-jerobiT ver mivakvlieT (Tu ar CavTvliT
sanagved gamoyenebul ormoebs). Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT am soflebis arqeologiuri
Seswavlisas mikvleul, mosaxleTa maRal higienur kulturaze momaniSnebel nivTier
masalas (sanelsacxeblebi, savarcxlebi, kosmetikuri makrateli da sxv.), unda vifiqroT,
rom sanitaruli daniSnulebis zonebi (mag., sapirfareSoebi), dasaxlebaTa struqturaSi uTuod iqneboda CarTuli, oRond sacxovrebeli qvab-saTavsebisgan odnav moSorebiT, ufro qvabebiswina terasebis kideebSi.*
*
rodesac qvemo qarTlis kldis saxlebis sanitarul-higienur viTarebaze vsaubrobT,
mxedvelobida ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom, rogorc wesi, aseTi soflebi kldovani
flateebis im monakveTebSi iyo mowyobili, saidanac erTi an ramdenime wyaro gadmoedineboda
da es faqtori soflis sasmeli wyliT momaragebis garda mis binadarTa sanitarul problemaTa
mogvarebasac uwyobda xels.
161
saerTod, aRniSnuli terasebi mxolod gasavleli Sukebis rols rodi asrulebda,
am sofelTa struqturaSi _ isini intensiurad yofila aTvisebuli sayofacxovrebo
mizniT kldis saxlTa binadrebis mier (Tuki maT amisTvis sakmarisi sigane gaaCndaT).
arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad mravalgzis dadasturda imis niSnebi, rom qvabovani
saTavsebis win xis konstruqciebze dayrdnobili fardulebis Tu derefnebis tipis
winamoebi iyo mowyobili. es farTobebi mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebaSi, rogorc Cans,
imave daniSnulebas asrulebda, rasac nebismier megaronis tipis sacxovrebelSi portiki. saqarTvelos klimaturi pirobebidan gamomdinare, kldis saxlebis binadarni,
aqtivobisa da dasvenebisTvis aseT derefnebs, TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi
albaT metad intensiurad iyenebdnen. magaliTad, zurtaketis xeobis #1 kldis soflis
terasaTa arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda kldis saxlebis interierebSi
arsebuli sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobebis aseT derefnebSi dublirebis SemTxvevebi:
erTi da imave xanis da tipis Tone-keriebi mowyobili yofila rogorc sacxovrebel
qvabebSi, ise maT win, odesRac xis konstruqciebiT Semofarglul da gadaxurul teritoriebze (tab. 31:2). amave farTobebze dadasturda aqtiur sameurneo saqmianobaze
mimaniSnebeli, mZlavri kulturuli fenebi.
daaxloebiT aseTive suraTi Cans qvemo qarTlis TiTqmis yvela im kldis sofelSic,
romlebsac ramdenadme ganieri terasebis gaswvriv ganviTareba axasiaTebda.
rogorc vxedavT, qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis binadarni yofa-cxovrebis
stiliTa Tu sameurneo saqmianobiT, praqtikulad arafriT gansxvavdebodnen ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis danarCeni, “Cveulebrivi” tipis soflebis mcxovrebTagan.
maT Soris sxvaoba mxolod sacxovrebelTa aRnagobasa da xuroTmoZRvrul struqturaSi mdgomareobs, amasTan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rig SemTxvevbSi am kldis
sofelTa mcxovrebni SeZlebisdagvrad cdilan TavianTi kldis saxlebi Cveulebrivi,
qvis saxlebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiT aReWurvaT da aRniSnuli sxvaoba
minimumamde daeyvanaT. amis dasturia Tundac zemoT aRniSnuli derefnebis mowyoba,
rac, rogorc Cans, imTaviTve qarTuli xalxuri sacxovreblebis ganuyreli atributi
iyo (aki aseTi “karapnebis” sistemas verc varZiis xuroTmoZRvarma auara gverdi).
miuxedavad amisa, uZvelesi qvabebis rekonstruqciis gziT, Sua saukuneebis qvis
saxlebis interierebis zedmiwevniTi kopireba aq SeuZlebeli iyo ara mxolod metad
Znelad dasamuSavebeli bazaltovani qanebis gamo, aramed metad damreci reliefidan
gamomdinarec. albaT amitomac ar cdilan ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi qvemo qarTlis
kldis soflebis binadarni, qvab-sacxovreblebi erdoian-gvirgviniani gadaxurvebis
minabaZebiT aReWurvaT miuxedavad imisa, rom imdroindel qvis saero xuroTmoZRvrebaSi aseTi sistemebi Cveulebrivi movlena unda yofiliyo [194] _ imave epoqis mesxeTis
kldis soflebSi xom saxuravebis gvirgvinuli imitaciebiT gaformeba arcTu iSviaT
motivs warmoadgenda (tab. 131) [65].
swored CamoTvlil garemoebaTa gamo, qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis saboloo
garegnuli saxe ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian
regionebSi eTnografiulad dadasturebul kompaqtur, mTis kalTebze terasebad
ganaSenianebul dasaxlabebs ufro enaTesaveba, vidre am regionisaTvis istoriulad
damaxasiaTebel, SedarebiT gaSlil ezo-karian soflebs.
rogorc vxedavT, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qvemo qarTlis kldis sofelTa
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gegmarebaSi, erTmaneTs xvdeba ori, gansxvavebuli tipis sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xuroTmoZRvruli Cvevebi da swored es ganapirobebs maT unikalurobas.
meore mxriv, aRniSnul xanaSi, am kldis dasaxlebebSi cxovrebis formasa da Sinaars
Soris erTgvari disonansi aSkaraa: qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili
(ramdenime aTeuli aTasi adamiani [276]), daaxloebiT XI-XIV ss-Ta ganmavlobaSi saxldeba
maTTvis aratradiciul sacxovrebel garemoSi (brinjaos epoqis mitovebul qvabTa
kompleqsebSi, sadac cxovrebis kvali ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebamde TiTqmis sruliad ar SeiniSneba), rekonstruqciis Sedegad ramdenadme amsgavsebs am sivrceebs Cveul
qvis saxlebs da aseT pirobebSi absoluturad tradiciul yofa-cxovrebas misdevs.
ra garemoebani SeiZleba gamxdariyo qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobis am nawilis mier
uZvelesi qvabovani kompleqsebis aqtiuri reokupaciis mizezi?
am kiTxvaze pasuxisas arsebobs erTi metad saxifaTo sacduri _ vinaidan am kldis
soflebis arqeologiuri kvlevisas mopovebuli nivTieri masalis udidesi nawili
XIII s-is meore naxevarsa da XIV saukunes ganekuTvneba, amasTan maTSi cxovreba swored
XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnazea Semwydari gareSe mtris mier eqspansiis Sedegad (cxadia,
igulisxmeba Temur-lengis Semosevebi), Cndeba azri imis Taobaze, rom SesaZloa am
mxaris mosaxleobis nawilis kldis soflebSi migracia, qveyanaSi Seqmnili uCveulo,
xangrZlivi politikuri destabilizaciis Sedegi yofiliyo. aseTi axsna TiTqos
logikuri Cans Tundac Semdegi garemoebis gamo: miuxedavad imisa, rom es qvabovani
kompleqsebi Seqmnisas saxizrebad ar iyo Cafiqrebuli da amitom maTSi safortifikacio momentebic arcTu mkveTradaa gamoxatuli, Cveulebriv, dablob adgilebze
ganfenil soflebze meti Tavdacvisunarianoba maT uTuod axasiaTebT. ramdenadme
rTul misadgom mdebareobazec rom araferi vTqvaT, es kldis soflebi qvemo qarTlis
gaSlil platoebze mimomsvlelTa TvalTagan mofarebul adgilebSi, xevebsa da
kanionebSia ganlagebuli (aki amitomac ar ipyrobda es Zeglebi ramdenime aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove qarTvel mecnier-istorikosTa yuradRebas!). Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriuli peripetiebis Sesaxeb mematianeTa monaTxrobebSi da
TviT Temur-lengis gamanadgurebeli laSqrobebis aRwerebSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba
epizodebi saqarTvelos ama Tu im kuTxis mosaxleobis qvabebSi gaxizvnis Sesaxeb [3]. xom
SeiZleboda XIII-XIV saukuneTa romeliRac monakveTSi qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobis erT
nawils tyeebsa da qvabebSi sul ufro da ufro moxSirebulad gaxizvnaze gonivrulad
mieCnia aRniSnul, mzamzareul qvabovan kompleqsebSi mudmivad dasaxleba da amiT
TavdamsxmelTa agresiisgan SedarebiT mSvidi cxovreba uzrunveleyo? Cven xom ukve
davadgineT, rom sacxovrebeli pirobebis komfortulobis mxriv aRniSnuli ori tipis
sofelTa Soris arcTu didi gansxvavebaa?
aseTi msjeloba Teoriulad misaRebia da nawilobriv albaT Seefereba kidec
realobas, Tumca mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes Semdegi garemoeba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am kldis Zeglebis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad mopovebuli masala imaze metyvelebs, rom maTi intensiuri reokupacia SedarebiT adre
unda dawyebuliyo. qvabovani saxlebisa Tu sameurneo saTavsebis iatakebis gaTxrisas
aRmoCenili nivTieri masala sakmaod Warbad moicavs saqarTvelos samefos kulturulekonomikuri ayvavebis xanaSi, XII s-sa XIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi damzadebul nakeTobebs.
es garemoeba gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans aq mikvleuli Cveulebrivi Tu moWiquli
Tixis nawarmis mimoxilvisas: rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kldis soflebis mcxovrebTa
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mier aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, moxmarebuli yofila keramikul nakeTobaTa mravali
iseTi saxeoba (gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis moWiqul keramikaze), romelic cnobilia
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos sxva ganaTxari Zeglebidan da kargadaa daTariRebuli
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis swored aRniSnuli monakveTiT. XIII-XIV ss-Ta mijnidan
moyolebuli, e. i. saqarTvelos samefos politikur-ekonomikuri daqveiTebis Semdgom,
aseTi nawarmi danamdvilebiT aRar mzaddeboda. mravlismetyvelia is garemoebac, rom
am kldis sofelTa arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mopovebuli 30-mde spilenZis qarTuli
monetidan mxolod erTi ganekuTvneba XIII-XIV ss-Ta mijnas, danarCeni ki XII s-Si da XIII sis pirvel naxevarSia moWrili [119].
ramdenad realuria am rigis masalis XIV s-is kulturul fenebSi moxvedris
SesaZlebloba? cxadia, garkveul raodenobas XII s-Si damzadebuli nivTebisa, SesaZloa
XIV s-mdec mieRwia da yofa-cxovrebaSic yofiliyo moxmarebuli, magram, jer erTi, es
arasgziT ar exeba numizmatikur masalas, amasTan, Tixis nawarmisTvis TiTqmis 300-wliani
uwyveti moxmareba did iSviaTobas warmoadgens, rac sruliad ar Seesabameba Cven mier
dafiqsirebul arqeologiur suraTs. ganaTxari farTobebis stratigrafia mowmobs, rom
kldis sofelTa umravlesobaSi aRniSnuli, adreuli etapis masalis fragmentebi didi
raodenobiTaa warmodgenili ZiriTadad xmarebis dros mwyobridan gamosuli nivTebis
SesaZlo koncentraciis adgilebSi: iatakebis motkepnilobebSi, cxovrebis drosve
gauqmebul sameurneo ormoebsa da Tone-keriebSi, nagavsayrel adgilebSi (mxolod
monetebi gvxvdeba xolme ganZis saxiT, samalav ormoebSi moTavsebuli an, iSviaTad,
kldis bzarebSi SemTxveviT Cagorebuli).
rac Seexeba XIII s-is meore naxevrisa da XIV s-Tvis tipiur arqeologiur masalas,
es nakeTobebi ZiriTadad sxvagvar stratigrafiul viTarebaSia aRmoCenili: maTi didi
umravlesoba moxmarebuli yofila uSualod kldis soflebSi cxovrebis sabolood
Sewyvetis wina periodSi da mtris mier am qvabebis darbevis Sedegadaa dazianebuli da
mimofantuli (am masalaSi brZolis dros natyorcn monRoluri tipis isrispirebs da
Surdulis qvebsac xSirad vxvdebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxlebi kldisaa, brZolis
dros gaCenili naxanZralebic mravalgzis dasturdeba). es arqeologiuri suraTi
savsebiT eTanxmeba qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebs, romelTa mixedviTac
XIV-XV ss-Ta mijnaze Temur-lengis laSqars qvemo qarTli ramdenjerme ise auoxrebia,
rom am mxareSi saomari moqmedebisas daxocilTa dammarxavebic aRar darCenilan (Cven
Zeglebze xom am movlenis pirdapir damadasturebeli faqtebic davadastureT _
adamianTa adgilze Cakecili, daumarxavi neStebi).
amis Semdeg, qvamo qarTlis am kldis soflebSi ramdenadme intensiuri cxovreba
aRar ganaxlebula da mitovebul qvabebSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qaris mier Setanilma
mSralma, mtvrisebrma fenam, iatakze mimofantuli aRniSnuli tipis masala praqtikulad
xeluxleblad Semoinaxa.
rogorc vxedavT, qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis did umravlesobaSi cxovrebis
sabolood Sewyvetis mizezebis da xanis Sesaxeb, am Zeglebis arqeologiuri kvlevis
Sedegebi praqtikulad calsaxa pasuxs iZleva, rasac ver vityviT ganviTarebul Sua
saukuneebSi maTSi cxovrebis aRorZinebis viTarebaze.
faqtia, rom XI-XII saukuneebidan moyolebuli, TiTqmis yovel aseT kompleqsSi
xelmeored iwyeba met-naklebad intensiuri cxovreba da amave periodidanve iCens Tavs
maTSi soflebis funqcionirebis damadasturebeli, zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebi. es
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movlena ver aixsneba mxolod qvabTa kompleqsebSi Tavdacvis organizaciis ramdenadme
mometebuli saSualebebiT _ swored aRniSnuli xanis saqarTvelos istoriaSi ver
vxvdebiT iseT movlenebs, rac gaamarTlebda aseTi dasaxlebebis Seqmnis aucileblobas
(qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobas xom ar SeeZlo ewinaswarmetyvela, rom 1-1,5 saukuneSi
qveyanas aseTi saWiroeba daudgeboda?). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arqeologiuri
monacemebis mixedviT, arc am soflebis mcxovrebTa raime iseT socialur-ekonomikur
statusze SeiZleba saubari, rac axsnas mouZebnida maT mitovebul qvabTa kompleqsebSi
binadrobas (msgavsad gviani Sua saukuneebis da XIX-XX ss-is anatoliis, somxeTis an
siciliisa, sadac uZveles qvabTa kompleqsebSi umeteswilad mosaxleobis yvelaze
upovari nawili cxovrobda [419; 572, gv. 92] ).
Cveni azriT, qvemo qarTlis didi xnis winaT mitovebul qvabTa kompleqsebis reokupacias ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, ramdenime obieqturma garemoebam Seuwyo xeli.
upirveles yovlisa, amis mizezi unda yofiliyo qarTuli saxelmwifos arnaxuli
politikur-ekonomikuri aRmavloba, romelic XI-XII saukuneTa mijnidan daiwyo
da romelmac saukuneze met xans gastana. cnobilia, rom am “oqros saukunes” saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, “demografiuli afeTqeba” mohyva [271, gv. 407-418].
am epoqaSi, Cveni winaprebi albaT iZulebulni gaxdnen, gansakuTrebuli zrunva gamoeCinaT sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebze, riTac arc Tu ise mdidaria saqarTvelo.
visac ki qvemo qarTlis mdinarispira platoebze da dablobebze istoriuli Zeglebis
moZiebis mizniT umogzauria, uTuod SeamCnevda, rom Sua saukuneebis nasoflarebi am
farTobebze didi simWidroviTaa mimofenili. rogorc Cans, daaxloebiT XII s-Tvis dadga
momenti, rodesac saxnav-saTesebad vargisi miwebis samosaxleobad Semdgomi gamoyeneba,
friad negatiur movlenebs gamoiwvevda ekonomikaSi, amitom Warbmosaxleobam am mizniT
miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis da saZovrebisaTvis gamousadegari, kldovani ferdobebis
aTviseba daiwyo.
SesaZloa, swored am dros miipyro qvemo qarTlis mcxovrebTa erTi nawilis
yuradReba mdinareTa kldovan kanionebSi arsebulma uZvelesma qvabovanma kompleqsebma. garda aRniSnuli iZulebiTi nabijisa, qvabebSi soflebis mowyoba albaT im
dadebiTma sayofacxovrebo faqtorebmac gamoiwvia, rac Tavis droze gaTvaliswinebuli
eqnebodaT am uZvelesi dasaxlebebis pirvel binadrebs: mdinaresTan da mdinarispira,
sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebisTvis gamosadeg sameurneo terasebTan siaxlove; kompleqsebis
farglebSi kldidan gadmonadeni wyaroebi; Tundac zemoT araerTxel aRniSnuli,
moxerxebuli safortifikacio pozicia da a. S. Tuki imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
aseT “mzamzareul” qvabovan kompleqsebSi Sromis minimaluri danaxarjiT SeiZleboda
sakmaod komfortuli sacxovrebeli garemos mowyoba, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom am epoqis
qvemo qarTlis rigiTi mcxovrebni maincdamainc ar unda Seewuxebina Cveuli tipis, qvis
soflebidan aseT adgilmonacvleobas.
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi qvemo qarTlis uZvelesi kldis dasaxlebebis saero
dasaxlebebis mowyobis mizniT aqtiur reokupaciaze, SesaZloa arcTu umniSvnelo
mastimulirebeli gavlena iqonia im gacxovelebulma samuSaoebma, romelic am epoqis
saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda adreqristianuli kldovani udabno-monastrebis asaRorZineblad, gansavrcobad da axali, giganturi qvabovani monasteris Sesaqmnelad (varZia).
TviT qvemo qarTlis aRniSnuli rigis uZveles qvabovan kompleqsebTan xom zogierTi
swored samonastro mizniT iqna reokopirebuli da rekonstruirebuli (muguTis qvabebi,
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dmanisis naqalaqaris mopirdapire kalTis monasteri da sxv.). marTalia, samonastro
daniSnulebiT am kompleqsTagan zogierTi gacilebiT adre iqna gamoyenebuli, magram
masStaburi gafarToeba-rekonstruqcia, am udabnoebmac, garejis monastrebis
msgavsad, ZiriTadad IX-X ss-dan moyolebuli ganicades. aRsaniSnavia, rom teqnikuri
meTodebi, romliTac qvemo qarTlis uZvelesi qvabTa kompleqsebi rekonstruirebulia
monastrebad da kldis soflebad, erTmaneTis identuria (qvabebis CamorRveuli pirebis
qviTkiriT amoSeneba, zRude-godolebis miSeneba da sxv.).
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos istoriis aRniSnuli xanmokle, SedarebiT uSfoTveli
monakveTi, sul male kvlav mrisxane damyroblebis, monRolebis laSqrobebma Secvala,
xolo politikurad da ekonomikurad isedac daqveiTebuli qveynis gaCanagebas Temurlengis gamanadgurebelma Semosevebma dausva wertili.
ai, am dros ki, qvemo qarTlis kldis sofelTa binadarTaTvis, sacxovreblis aseTi
tipis arCevani kidev ufro xelsayreli gamodga _ kldis soflebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, aRniSnuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda
TavdacvisaTvis sakmaod xelsayreli mdebareoba da aRnagoba. arqeologiuri kvlevis
monacemebi sakmaod calsaxad metyvelebs am periodSi kldis soflebSi mosaxleobis
ricxvovnebis mkveTr matebaze da, SesaZloa, am tipis axali soflebis dafuZnebazec ki.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am kldis soflebSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros mopovebuli nivTieri masalis didi umravlesoba, swored XIII s-is meore naxevarsa da XIV
saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi Sefardeba SeiniSneba ara mxolod
cxovrebis sabolood, uecrad Sewyvetis Sedegad gaCenil kulturul fenebSi (aseT
viTarebaSi mikvleuli, bolo etapis masalis siWarbe sruliad kanonzomieri iqneboda da
am xanaSi soflebSi cxovrebis intensiurobis zrdis maCveneblad ar gamodgeboda), aramed
mSvidobiani cxovrebis dros mwyobridan gamosuli nivTebis koncentraciis adgilebSic
(magaliTad, zemoT aRniSnul, gauqmebul sameurneo ormoebSi). meore mxriv, Cven mier
arqeologiurad Seswavlil iqna iseTi kldis soflebic (magaliTad, Tezis xramSi), sadac
XII s-is da XIII s-is pirveli naxevris masala mogviano nakeTobebTan SedarebiT metad
umniSvnelo raodenobiTaa warmodgenili. am TiTo-orola nakeTobasac xangrZlivi
gamoyenebis niSnebi etyoba (dazianebebi, SekeTebebi) da rogorc Cans, damzadebis Semdeg
didi dagvianebiT unda iyos moxvedrili qvabTa kompleqsebSi. cxadia, es garemoeba imaze
unda migviTiTebdes, rom Sua saukuneebis gviandel etapebze, qvemo qarTlis manamde
auTviseblad darCenili uZvelesi qvabTa kompleqsebic intensiurad iqna gamoyenebuli
sacxovreblebad.
miuxedavad seriozuli kvlevisa am mimarTulebiT, qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebSi
ver moxerxda ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis adreuli da mogviano stadiebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli xuroTmoZRvrul-gegmarebiTi xerxebisa Tu calkeuli detalebis
diferenciacia. rogorc Cans, miuxedavad saqarTvelos istoriul ganviTarebaSi
momxdari sakmaod seriozuli gardatexisa, drois am monakveTSi qvemo qarTlis kldis
soflebis zemoT aRweril struqturul principebs arsebiTi cvlileba ar ganucdia.
unda vifiqroT, rom XIII s-is meore naxevarsa da XIV s-is ganmavlobaSi srulyofa
ZiriTadad am soflebis TavdacviTma sistemebma ganicada. magaliTad, am xanaSi
unda iyos daviwrovebuli sacxovreblebisken mimavali farTo terasebis zogierTi
monakveTi; amave epoqas unda ganekuTvnebodes terasaTa Camketi zRudeebi da qviTkiriT
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amoSenebuli, wagrZelebuli formis Taro-sangrebi: qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba, mtris
gaxSirebuli Semosevebis kvaldakval, albaT kidev ufro metad miiltvoda gamoqvabuli
sacxovreblebisaken da kldis soflebis misadgomebs axali safortifikacio
sistemebiTac amagrebda. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mier arqeologiurad Seswavlil cixeqvabTa umravlesobaSi, bolo stadiis nakeTobebTan erTad adreuli etapis (XII-XIII sis) nivTieri masalacaa mikvleuli. rogorc Cans, intensiuri cxovrebis am ukanasknel
etapze, kldis soflebSi specialurad Temur-lengis laSqrobebisgan Tavdasacavad,
farTo masStabis gamagrebiTi-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba veRar
mouswriaT an saamiso resursebi aRar gaaCndaT.
Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad hqondaT gaazrebuli kldis soflebis maSindel binadrebs is garemoeba, rom maTi sacxovrebeli qvabovani kompleqsebi miuval simaRleebze,
specialurad am mizniT gamokveTil saxizrebs mainc ver Secvlida da kritikul
viTarebaSi namdvili cixeebisa Tu samalavebis moZebna mouxdebodaT. erTi ram ki
naTelia: aRniSnul ZeglTa umravlesobaSi Cven mier arqeologiurad dafiqsirebulma,
mtris mier gaCanagebis suraTma dagvanaxva, rom Zlieri momxvduri laSqris winaaRmdeg
am kldis soflebis didi nawilis arcTu universaluri safortifikacio poziciebi,
faqtiurad uZluri gamodga.
167
ZiriTadi daskvnebi
saqarTvelosa da sazRvargareTis samecniero wreebSi, sul raRac oriode
aTeuli wlis win damkvidrebuli iyo azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTuli kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis aTvlis qveda qronologiur niSnulad, ufliscixis qvabovani ansamblis
warmoSobis xana gaiazreboda (daaxloebiT Zv. w. I aTaswleulis me-2 naxevari). rogorc
Cvenma mravalwlianma xuroTmoZRvrulma da arqeologiurma kvlevam dagvarwmuna, saqarTveloSi kldeSi sxvadasxva daniSnulebis sivrceebis kveTis tradicias ganviTarebis
gacilebiT xangrZlivi gza hqonia ganvlili, amasTan, materialuri aqtivobis es ganxra,
Casaxvidan ramdenime aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi, praqtikulad uwyveti procesis saxiT
warmogvidgeba.
marTalia, Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva mxareSi, adamianTa sakmaod mravalricxvovani
jgufebis bunebriv mRvimeebSi binadrobis da am sacxovrisebis mciredi rekonstruqciis kvali jer kidev paleoliTis da neoliTis sxvadasxva stadiaze dasturdeba,
magram xelovnuri gamoqvabulebis kveTis tradicias, evraziis materikis mravali mezobeli regionis msgavsad, aqac eneoliTisa da adrebrinjaos xanaTa mijnaze unda Cayroda safuZveli. am periodis seriozulad rekonstruirebuli mRvime-sacxovrisebi,
met-naklebi raodenobiT dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSicaa SemorCenili,
Tumca aRniSnul epoqaTa ramdenadme Camoyalibebuli saxis qvabovani dasaxlebebi, Cven
mier jerjerobiT mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qvemo qarTlis provinciaSia
dadasturebuli.
am regionis kldis Zeglebis permanentuli reokupaciis Sedegad, maTSi Tavdapirveli kulturuli fenebi metad fragmentuladaa SemorCenili, amitom adresamiwaTmoqmedo da brinjaos epoqis sxvadasxva etapebis qvabovani saTavsebis gegmarebiTi Taviseburebebis niSniT gamijvna amJamad Zalze Wirs. miuxedavad amisa, gamomdinare
iqidan, rom uZvelesi kulturuli fenebis naSTebi SedarebiT arqauli gegmarebis
gamoqvabulebSi aRmoCnda, vfiqrobT, rom qvemo qarTlis mravaliarusiani, sakmaod
kompaqturad nakveTi kompleqsebis Semadgeneli qvabebidan, uZvelesi, Tavdapirveli
saxe ZiriTadad ovalurTan miaxloebuli da nebismieri gegmarebis saTavsebs aqvs
SenarCunebuli. CvenTvis jerjerobiT naTeli ar aris, uZveles qvabTa ra nawili Seewira
Semdgom rekonstruqcias, magram vinaidan arqauli gegmarebis calkeuli saTavsebi Tu
maTi mcirericxvovani jgufebi mozrdili qvabovani kompleqsebis SemadgenlobaSi aqaiq, erTmaneTisgan sakmao daSorebiTaa SemorCenili, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maTi
erTobliobebi Tavdapirveladac SedarebiT xalvaTad iqneboda nakveTi mdinareTa
kldovan kanionebSi.
aseT viTarebaSi, miT ufro SeuZlebelia kldis am Zeglebis Semadgenel calkeul qvabsaTavsTa daniSnulebis dabejiTebiT gansazRvra maTi warmoSobis xanaSi da funqcionirebis sawyis etapebze. erTi ram ki cxadia: iseve rogorc wina aziisa da xmelTaSua zRvis
auzis amave epoqaTa gamoqvabuli kompleqsebi, es kldis Zeglebic mxolod qvabovani
dasaxlebebis an akldamebis erTobliobebi SeiZleba yofiliyo (gamoqvabulebis struqturidan gamomdinare, gamoricxulia isini samTamadno gamonamuSevrebad miviCnioT).
qvemo qarTlis qvabTa uZvelesi kompleqsebis diferenciacia am ori funqciuri niSniTac
metad rTulia: aRniSnul epoqaSi xom CvenSic da praqtikulad mTel uZveles samyaroSi,
micvalebulTa dasakrZalavad, specifiur konstruqciebTan erTad, sxvadasxva meTodiT
168
Seqmnili sacxovreblebis imitaciebsac iyenebdnen, amasTan, aseTi akldamebi xSirad
uSualod dasaxlebaTa sistemaSi aris xolme CarTuli (maT Soris qvabovan dasaxlebebSic).
aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven mier Seswavlil qvabovan saTavsebSi am xanaSi
micvalebulTa dakrZalvaze pirdapir mimaniSnebeli faqtebi (micvalebulTa neStebi)
jerjerobiT ar dagvidasturebia, dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom qvabTa aRniSnul kompleqsTagan zogierTi, mTlianad an nawilobriv, am daniSnulebiT iyos Seqmnili.
cnobilia, rom eneoliTis da adrebrinjaos epoqebSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze sruliad gansxvavebuli samSeneblo tradiciebis mqone tomebis binadrobaa
dadasturebuli (“Sulaver-SomuTefes” jgufis, Semdeg ki mtkvar-araqsuli). vfiqrobT,
es garemoeba ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes Cven mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas. qvemo qarTlis
qvabovani kompleqsebis arqeologiuri kvlevisas, uZveles plastebSi dafiqsirebul
nakeTobaTa oriode nimuSs, paralelebi moepoveba mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis
miwiszeda dasaxlebebSi aRmoCenil nivTier masalaSi. SesaZloa amgvari Tanxvedra
imaze migvaniSnebdes, rom am kulturis wiaRSi gavrcelebuli iyo rogorc alizis
da sar-lastian karkasze TixiT nalesi nagebobebi, ise garkveulwilad, gamoqvabuli
sacxovreblebic. marTalia, am ukanaskneli tipis sacxovreblebis Seqmna gacilebiT did
Zalisxmevas moiTxovda, magram Sromis am “gadaxarjvas” savsebiT aanazRaurebda qvabsacxovrisTa mdgradoba _ maT xom aliziT nalesi saxlebisgan gansxvavebiT, ramdenime
weliwadSi erTxel ganaxleba ar sWirdebodaT. varauds, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze
gavrcelebul eneoliTur da adre brinjaos epoqaTa kulturaTaTvis primitiuli
kldiT-xurooba ucxo ar iyo, is argumentic aZlierebs, rom ukanaskneli monacemebiT,
maTi monaTesave wina aziuri da samxreT evropuli kulturebis Semqmneli mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawili, aRniSnuli tipis miwiszeda dasaxlebebis paralelurad, qvemo
qarTlSi dafiqsirebuli qvabebis msgavs sistemebs iyenebda sacxovreblad.
Cven mier qvemo qarTlis vrcel regionSi dadasturebuli arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, gacilebiT seriozuli safuZveli gagavaCnia vivaraudoT, rom
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT provinciaSi kldis sacxovreblebis Seqmna Zv. w. III
aTaswleulis miwurulsa da II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi sakmaod popularuli
gamxdara. cnobilia, rom adrebrinjaos xanis finalur stadiaze da Suabrinjaos xanaSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebuli “TrialeTuri kulturis”
tomTa sabinadroebi, miuxedavad intensiuri Ziebisa, dRemde praqtikulad ar aris
mikvleuli. aseT fonze, miT ufro sayuradReboa is faqti, rom qvemo qarTlis
erTmaneTisgan aTeulobiT km-obiT dacilebul gamoqvabul kompleqsTa zogierT
saTavsSi, stratigrafiulad am qvabTa Seqmnisa da eqspluataciis adreul etapebTan
dakavSirebul kulturul fenebSi, garkveuli raodenobiT mivakvlieT TrialeTuri
kulturis tomTa yorRanuli samarxebidan kargad cnobili nivTebis analogiur,
sakmaod saxovan fragmentebs. Cven Sors varT mtkicebisgan, rom am kulturis Semqmneli
sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos an Tundac mxolod qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze, martooden am tipis sacxovreblebSi binadrobda. meore mxriv, xelT gvaqvs ra monacemebi imis
Taobaze, Tu raoden mniSvnelovani adgili ekava am dawinaurebuli samTamadno Cvevebis
mqone tomebis sameurneo saqmianobaSi kldeTa masivebSi sxvadasxva konfiguraciis
sivrceebis kveTas, sakmaod sabuTianad gveCveneba mosazreba, rom TrialeTuri kulturis
matarebeli sazogadoebis Tundac erTi nawili, sacxovrebladac swored aRniSnuli
tipis kldis Zeglebs iyenebda.
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SemorCenili arqeologiuri masalis simciris gamo, jerjerobiT Wirs am epoqaSi
axlad Seqmnili da rekonstruirebuli, ufro adreuli qvabebis gamijvna, agreTve
kompleqsebis Tu maTi calkeuli nawilebis funqciuri diferenciacia. magaliTad,
kiTxvis niSnis qveS rCeba sakiTxi, qvab-saTavsTa nawili kldovan samarxebadac
gamoiyeneboda, Tu “troglodituri” cxovrebis wesis mimdevari TrialeTuri sazogadoebis wevrebisTvisac, yorRanul samarxebSi dakrZalva mkacrad reglamentirebuli
iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom sazRvargareTeli mecnierebis dakvirvebiT, amave epoqaSi, daax.
aseTive gegmarebis kldeSi nakveTi dasaxlebani da nekropolebi, evraziis materikis
maxlobel regionebSi, TrialeTur kulturasTan mravali saerTo niSnis mqone
civilizaciebis mier intensiurad Cans gamoyenebuli.
kidev ufro metad argumentirebuli safuZveli gagvaCnia saqarTvelos teritoriaze kldeSi nakveTi dasaxlebebis, akldamebisa Tu sakulto-memorialuri kopleqsebis farTod gavrceleba vivaraudoT gvinbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi. magaliTad,
qvemo qarTlis aRwerili Zeglebis qvabovan saTavsTa umravlesobis iatakze aRniSnuli
epoqis kulturul fenaTa ganfena imaze migvaniSnebs, rom im dros kompleqsebs ukve
praqtikulad dRemde moRweuli sivrcul-gegmarebiTi saxe hqondaT (Tu mxedvelobaSi
ar miviRebT droTa ganmavlobaSi gaCenil dazianebebs da Sua saukuneebis sarestavracio
samuSaoebis kvals). metad sayuradReboa Semdegi garemoebac: erT-erT qvabTa kompleqsSi (samSvildeSi) mivakvlieT kremaciuli samarxs, romlis mowyobis xerxi sakmaod
axlos dgas xeTebis imperiis sakulto centr iaziliqaias maxloblad dadasturebul
dakrZalvis wesTan, amasTan, am gamoqvabulSi aRmoCenili samarxeuli inventaris
fragmentebi swored Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolo saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis nivTieri
kvali, Cven mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva regionis, Sida qarTlis gamoqvabul
kompleqsebSic dadasturda (magaliTad, SiomRvimis, graklis, TxoTis midamoebis
qvabovnebSi).
arqeologiurad daTariRebuli Zeglebis geografiis gafarToeba, cxadia ufro
damajerebels xdis mosazrebas CvenSi xuroTmoZRvrebis am Temis popularobis Taobaze
Zv. w. II aTasw. meore naxevarsa da I aTasw. pirvel naxevarSi. bunebrivia, ramdenadme
ukeT Semonaxul, brinjaos xanis saboloo etapebis am kldis ZeglTa gegmarebiTi
Taviseburebebis da funqcionaluri niSnebis Sesaxeb, gacilebiT dasabuTebulad
SeiZleba msjeloba.
qvemo qarTlSi dadasturebuli qvabovani kompleqsebis Semadgeneli saTavsebi
gamokveTili iyo ramdenime iarusad, met-naklebad kompaqtur jgufebad, ZiriTadad
sakmaod damreci kldovani kalTebis Sua da qveda registrebSi. rogorc Cans, am xanaSic
rekonstruqciis gareSe gamoiyeneboda an axlad ikveTeboda usworo formis qvabTa
garkveuli raodenoba, Tumca axlad Seqmnil jgufebSi erTmaneTis gverdiT gamokveTil,
erTmaneTTan Siga gasasvlelebiT Tu gvirabebiT dakavSirebul, geometriulTan
miaxlovebuli gegmis saTavsebs aniWebdnen upiratesobas. arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba
kldis gaswvriv nakveTi, naxevrad Ria galereebSi gamosuli mezobeli qvabebic. amrigad,
am xanis qvabovan kompleqsebSi, ukve derefnuli sistemiT gaerTianebul saTavsTa
Canasaxovan formasTan unda gvqondes saqme. amave epoqis kidev erT gegmarebiT siaxles
unda warmoadgendes kldis siRrmeSi ganviTarebuli qvab-sacxovrisebi, sadac Ria
karibWis ukan ZiriTadi gamoqvabulia gamokveTili, xolo mis Semdeg kidev erTi momcro,
170
damxmare saTavsi. sacxovrebeli sivrcis aseTi organizaciis nimuSebi aRniSnuli xanis
Zeglebze jer kidev iSviaTad gvxvdeba da maT gaubedavi eqsperimentis kvali atyviaT.
vfiqrobT, kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis am Temas, romelic Semdgomi epoqebis qarTul
qvabovan ZeglebSi friad popularuli gaxda, swored gviani brinjaos da adrerkinis
xanaSi unda eCina Tavi.
qvemo qarTlis kldis Zeglebis umetesobis plastikuri damuSavebisTvis
araxelsayrel bazaltur-doleritul qanebSi Sesrulebis gamo, qvabovani saTavsebis
interierebis gverdidan da zemodan SemomsazRvreli masebi am epoqaSi xSirad isev
usworo gumbaTovani sivrcis Soreul asociacias iwvevs, sadac mxolod iatakebia
SeZlebisdagvarad horizontuli. Tumca, maT gverdiT sul ufro xSirad iqmneboda
saTavsebi, sadac ukve SesamCnevia miswrafeba kedlebisa da Weris sibrtyeebis marTkuTxovani SeuRlebis misaRwevad. Cven dakvirvebas, daaxloebiT Zv. w. I aTaswleulis
pirvel naxevarSi am mxaris qvab-saTavsTa formebis geometriulobisken “evoluciis”
Taobaze, kargad esadageba is faqti, rom amave rigis ramdenime gamoqvabul kompleqsSi
(magaliTad, “Tavmrgvalas” qvabebi), romlebic SedarebiT advilad dasamuSavebel,
kirqvuli agebulebis kldeebSia gamokveTili, qvabTa praqtikulad brtyeli kedlebi da
Werebi, erTmaneTTan met-naklebad momrgvalebuli kuTxeebiTaa SeuRlebuli.
rac Seexeba Sida qarTlSi gamovlenil amave xanis kldis Zeglebs, maTi umravlesoba
rbil kirqvebsa da konglomeratebSia nakveTi da sruliad kanonzomieria, rom am qvabsaTavsebSi kidev ufro Camoyalibebuladaa warmoCenili zemoT aRniSnuli gegmarebiTi
principebi da interierebis daxvewilad damuSavebis mcdeloba.
aRniSnuli epoqis qvabovani kompleqsebis xuroTmoZRvrul atribuciaSi jer kidev
ver vxvdebiT specifiur detalebs, romlebic dabejiTebiT migvaniSnebda am ZeglTa
funqciaze _ mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs isev da isev maTi SesaZlo diferenciacia sacxovrebel, samarx da sakulto-memorialuri daniSnulebis saTavsebad. samwuxarod, verc
maTSi mopovebuli nivTieri masalaa imdenad uxvi da mravalferovani, rom am sakiTxTa
garkvevaSi dagvexmaros. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni dakvirvebiT, derefnuli sistemebiT
gaerTianebuli, mozrdili qvabebis kompleqsebi TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SegviZlia
qvabovan dasaxlebebad miviCnioT, maSin rodesac maT gverdiT gvxvdeba qvabTa zogierTi
dajgufeba, romelTa samosaxlo funqcia sakmaod saeWvoa. magaliTad, qvemo da Sida
qarTlis ramdenime kompleqsis an maTi calkeuli jgufebis qvabebi (asureTis xevis
“gaxvretili kldeebi”, graklis qvabebi da sxv.), zedmetad mcire gabaritebisaa imisTvis,
rom isini sacxovrebel saTavsebad miviCnioT: maTSi adamiani welSi ver gaimarTeba da
verc sayofacxovrebo-sameurneo procesebs warmarTavs, xolo marTkuTxa moxazulobis,
metad viwro RiobebiT Camuxluladac ki Znelia am sivrceebSi moxvedra. vfiqrobT, am
rigis qvabebi gvianbrinjao - adrerkinis epoqis samarx kamerebs unda warmoadgendes.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze am epoqis kldis dasaxlebebis gverdigverd qvabovani
nekropolebis dadastureba pirdapiri gamoZaxili unda iyos maT sinqronul winaaziur
da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis civilizaciaTa wiaRSi gavrcelebuli tradiciisa: am regionebSi grandiozuli masStabis, vizualurad msgavsi, magram ramdenadme gansxvavebuli
gegmarebis, aRniSnuli daniSnulebis gamoqvabuli kompleqsebis Tanaarseboba aRniSnul
xanaSi jer kidev Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda.
amdenad, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSic, saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebuli gamoqvabuli Zeglebis mniSvnelovani nawili, struqturul da organul
171
Tanxvedras amJRavnebs msoflios maxlobeli regionebis kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis sinqronul nimuSebTan. kldiT xuroobis tradiciaTa analogiuroba, CvenSi da wina aziaSi
Seswavlil zogierT arqeologiur Zeglze dadasturebul saerTo elementebis fonze,
kidev ufro damajerebels xdis Teorias am vrcel teritoriebze, aRniSnul epoqaSi
binadar sazogadoebaTa Soris mWidro kulturuli Tu eTnikuri kavSiris Taobaze.
Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanidan moyolebuli qristianuli eris dasawyisamde, jer
adreaantikuri, xolo Semdeg elinisturi da romauli epoqebis kulturuli tradiciebi,
wina aziuri xelovnebis yvela dargSi, maT Soris kldis xuroTmoZRvrebaSic sakmaod
mZlavrad iCens Tavs. daax. igive tendencia SeiniSneba saqarTveloSic.
CvenSi arsebul am epoqebis kldis ZeglTagan, arqiteqturuli da arqeologiuri
TvalsazrisiT dResdReobiT yvelaze ukeT ufliscixis grandiozuli gamoqvabuli
ansamblia Seswavlili. miuxedavad amisa, TiTqmis 150 wliani kvlevis Sedegadac ki, am
Zeglis mxatvrul-gegmarebiTi gadawyvetisa da funqcionaluri niSniT diferenciaciis
sakiTxebi, sxvadasxva Taobis qarTvel mecnierTa mier sakmaod araerTgvarovnadaa
Sefasebuli. mkvlevarebi gansxvavebul, xSirad diametralurad sapirispiro Sexedulebebs gamoTqvamdnen rogorc mTlianad kompleqsis, ise calkeuli qvabovani saTavsebis daniSnulebis Taobaze. es tendencia bolo dromde grZeldeba: mkvlevarTa erT
nawils es Zegli cixe-simagred an cixe-qalaqad miaCnia, misi Semadgeneli gamoqvabulebi
ki Sesabamisad, safortifikacio da saero daniSnulebis komponentebad (sasaxleTa
darbazebad, sameurneo sivrceebad, Teatrad da a.S.). zogierTi mecnieris azriT
ufliscixe sataZro kompleqsia, sadac gansakuTrebulad vrceli da mdidrulad
damuSavebuli saTavsebi qarTul warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebaTa taZrebia, danarCeni
ki qurumTa da damxmare personalis sacxovreblebi. am ramdenime wlis winaT gamoiTqva
sruliad originaluri mosazrebac, romlis mixedviTac ufliscixis adreuli etapebis
qvabovani saTavsebi kldeSi nakveTi samarxebisa da iq dakrZalul winaparTa kultTan,
agreTve cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan dakavSirebul taZarTa erTobliobas warmoadgens.
ukanasknel wlebSi Cven mier Sida qarTlSi mikvleuli, ramdenime SedarebiT
mokrZalebuli masStabis qvabovani kompleqsis xuroTmoZRvrul-arqeologiuri
kvlevis Sedegad dadasturda, rom, marTalia, maTi warmoSobis xana odnav uswrebs
ufliscixis mSeneblobis adreul etapebs, magram es rigiTi kldis Zeglebi, garkveuli
sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebis Semdeg elinistur xanaSic aqtiurad funqcionirebda.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iseve rogorc wina aziisa da xmelTaSua zRvis
auzis mraval regionSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSic, jer kidev gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis epoqaSi dadasturebuli tendencia qvabovani dasaxlebebis paralelurad, xelovnur gamoqvabulTa kompleqsebisaTvis TandaTan dasakrZalavi da
sakraluri funqciis miniWebisa, antikur xanaSi praqtikulad kanonzomier movlenad
iqca. am tradicias gadamwyveti roli unda Seesrulebina mTeli rigi kldis Zeglebis
bazaze winaparTa kultTan da am rwmenasTan Serwymul sxva religiaTa qvabovani sataZro centrebis, upirveles yovlisa ki ufliscixis ansamblis warmoSobaSi.
bunebrivia, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis procesSi, iberiis samefoSi imxanad mimdinare politikur-ekonomikur da kulturul movlenaTa kvalobaze, agreTve konkretuli sakulto proce172
durebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, icvleboda rogorc am tipis nakveTobebis masStabi da
xuroTmoZRvruli struqtura, ise maTi Sesrulebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri saxe.
magaliTad, Tuki graklisa da SiomRvimis midamoebis qvabovan akldama-salocavebis xuroTmoZRvrul gadawyvetas jer kidev Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris (am
Zeglebis mSeneblobis sawyisi etapebis) martivi, daunawevrebeli sivrcis Tema udevs
safuZvlad, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iberiis samefos zeobis xanas kargad Seesityveba ufliscixis mSeneblobis pirveli etapebis araerTxel aRwerili, adreantikurelinistur tradiciebze didebulad daproeqtebuli da ganxorcielebuli gamoqvabuli
saTavsebi. iberiaSi romaelTa eqspansiis, aqedan gamomdinare ki qveynis politikurekonomikur daqveiTebis da qarTvelTa mmarTveli fenebis iranis parTuli Tu sasanuri
saxelmwifoebisken orientirebis Sedegebi unda iyos asaxuli kaspis nekropolis
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, sadac, erTi mxriv, saxezea kldis monumenturi xuroTmoZRvrebis
tradiciis daqveiTeba da amasTan, didebulTa dakrZalvis mazdeanuri wesi.
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom funqciaTa cvlilebis kvalobaze antikuri epoqis
qarTuli kldis Zeglebis iersaxem, rekonstruqcia-adaptaciis Sedegad mniSvnelovani
cvlileba ganicada, erTi ram naTelia: aRniSnuli epoqis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTveloSi
kldiTxuroobis tradiciam rogorc popularobis, ise Sesrulebis xelovnebis
TvalsazrisiT, aRmavlobis zenits miaRwia. swored amitom, miuxedavad garkveuli
istoriuli periodebisa, rodesac iberiisa Tu dasavleT qarTul samefoTa kulturul-ekonomikuri daqveiTebis kvaldakval, xelovnebis es dargic seriozul dekadanss
ganicdida, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom uZvelesi qarTuli kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ayvavebis
xana, swored antikur epoqasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
saqarTveloSi qristianuli aRmsareblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebisa
da sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi patronymuli urTierTobebis damkvidrebis Sedegad,
sazRvargareTis maxlobel regionebSi saerTaSoriso politikur ZalTa gadanawilebis
fonze, Cveni qveynis kulturul-ekonomikurma veqtorebmac mkveTri cvlileba ganicada.
mag., Sua saukuneebis pirvel stadiebze, am procesebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
decentralizacia, qalaquri cxovrebisa da xelosnobis yvela dargis ganviTarebis
Seferxeba mohyva. aqve unda iTqvas, rom imavdroulad, qristianobis aRiarebiT
saqarTvelo progresul msoflio ideologias eziara da am gzam, droTa ganmavlobaSi
Cveni qveyana kulturisa da ekonomikis arnaxul ayvavebamde miiyvana.
Tavdapirvelad ki, aRniSnulma viTarebam qveyanaSi rogorc monumenturi, memorialuri kldis Zeglebis, ise gegmiurad gaazrebuli qvabovani dasaxlebebis kveTis masStabisa da xelovnebis mkveTri daqveiTeba gamoiwvia. meore mxriv, axali eris dadgomam,
ucxo, ZiriTadad gansxvavebuli religiuri aRmsareblobis saxelmwifoTa eqspansiisa
da Sida omebis gaxSirebis kvaldakval, TandaTan wina planze Znelad misadgom kldeebSi, yovelgvar gegmarebiT principebs moklebuli qvab-saxizrebis mSenebloba wamoswia.
qristianuli epoqis qarTuli kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis mTavar novaciad, oficialur sarwmunoebis moTxovnilebebTan dakavSirebuli, arsebuli gamoqvabuli sivrceebis xelaxali gamoyeneba da axali qvabovani saTavsebis kveTa unda miviCnioT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom saqarTveloSi samrevlo daniSnulebis ramdenime, mTlianad an nawilobriv
kldeSi nakveTi eklesiacaa dadasturebuli, RvTismsaxurebis mizniT kldeSi nakveTi
saTavsebis momravleba, upirveles yovlisa samonastro moZraobis gavrcelebas mohyva.
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qristianuli meudabnoeoba da misi friad popularuli gamoxatuleba, meqvabeoba,
CvenSi VI s-dan (iqneb ufro adreuli xanidanac ki), sakmaod fexmokidebuli iyo, magram
uZvelesi monastrebis Semadgeneli kldeSi nakveTi eklesia-senakebis xuroTmoZRvrul
stils, qarTuli kldiTxuroobis mdidari antikuri tradiciebis pirdapir gagrZelebad
ver miviCnevT. saqme is aris, rom saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc odnav adre aRmosavleT
qristianuli samyaros uZvelesi monasticizmis klasikur qveynebSi (egvipte, siriapalestina, kabadokia, mesopotamia), pirveli udabnoebi sakmaod araorganizebuli
xasiaTisa iyo: maT ar gaaCndaT ara marto erTiani, savaldebulo ganawesi, aramed Tundac
ramdenadme ganzogadebuli xuroTmoZRvruli struqtura da aucilebeli komponentebi.
rogorc sazRvargareTis, ise qarTul uZveles lavrebsa da zogadsacxovrebel
monastrebSi (koenobiumebSi), xSirad qvisa Tu qvabovani eklesia-samlocveloebic ki ar
gamoirCeoda kanonikuri arqiteqturuli formebiT. es bunebrivic iyo _ meudabnoeobis
am etapze xom moweseTa mcirericxvovani jgufebi miwuris tipis an xis senakebTan
erTad, ZiriTadad odnav mowesrigebul xelovnur mRvimeebs an gardasul epoqaTa
qvabebs afarebdnen Tavs. cxadia, berebis erTi nawili sakuTari ZalebiT an iSviaTad,
eriskaci “qtitorebis” daxmarebiT, xelovnur saTavsebsac kveTda (aseT faqtebs VI sSi saqarTveloSi moRvawe cnobili asketebis, “asureli mamebis” cxovrebaTa uZvelesi
aRwerebic adasturebs), magram monasticizmis pirvel etapze, winaaziur Tu qarTul
udabnoebSi profesional “kldiT-xuroTa” moRvaweobaze saubari jer naadrevi
iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom “wminda miwazec” ki (palestina-iordania), sadac qristianuli
martomyofelobis Casaxvidan (IV s) sul raRac 1-2 saukunis Semdeg sakmaod Camoyalibebul samonastro organizaciebi ukve mravlad iqmneboda da iq qviTkiriT sakmaod
maRali donis saeklesio Tu sayofacxovrebo-safortifikacio xuroTmoZRvrebis
nimuSebsac agebdnen, gamoqvabul saTavsTa Seqmnis tradiciaSi xangrZlivi intervalisa
Tu sxva, dResdReobiT amoucnobi mizezebis gamo, kldeSi saTavsTa kveTis xelovneba,
kidev didxans ar gascilebia primitiul dones. kldis samonastro xuroTmoZRvrebis
iseT dawinaurebul regionSic ki, rogoric kabadokiaa, qvis taZrebis konstruqciebidan
kopirebuli da ornamentuli detalebiT Semkuli monumenturi qvab-eklesiebi da sxva
saTavsebi, mxolod VII-VIII ss-Si iCens Tavs.
aseT fonze, sruliad kanonzomierad gamoiyureba danamdvilebiT adreul Sua
saukuneebSi dafuZnebul qarTul monastrebSi (daviT-gareji, varZiis midamoebis
qvabovani udabnoebi da sxv.) dResdReobiT dafiqsirebuli arqiteqturuli da arqeologiuri suraTi. am savaneebis Semadgeneli, ramdenadme mowesrigebuli gegmarebis
kldeSi nakafi saTavsebis didi umravlesoba, maT Soris eklesia-samlocveloebic,
VIII_IX ss-is an kidev ufro gviandeli xanisaa, xolo saeklesio tradiciis mixedviT
Tu arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad meudabnoeobis sawyis etapebTan dakavSirebuli
qvabovani eklesia-senakebi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba da antikur epoqasTan SedarebiT, xuroTmoZRvrebis am ganxris dekadansis aSkara niSnebs atarebs: metad usworo
formebiT gamoirCeva an ubralod, odnav mowesrigebul bunebriv mRvimeebs warmoadgens.
rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad am savaneebsac Cven mier qvemo qarTlSi, keCuTis mTaSi
mikvleuli momcro monastris, istoriuli tradiciiT erT-erTi “asureli mamaTaganis”,
daviT garejelis mier daarsebuli udabnos msgavsi saxe eqneboda: aq ramdenime, odnav
mowesrigebuli bunebrivi mRvime da araswori geometriuli formis xelovnuri qvabi
Semouyveba kanionis terasas, romelzedac daaxloebiT maTi Tanadrouli qviTkiris
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eklesiacaa SemorCenili. am udabnoSi Semdgom epoqebSi moRvaweobis kvali arqeologiurad sruliad ar dadasturda, riTac cxadi gaxda, rom uZvelesma savanem Tavdapirveli
saxe sakmaod iSviaTi SemTxvevis wyalobiT SeinarCuna. vfiqrobT, zemoT aRniSnul
mozrdil monastrebSi “keCuTis mTis” tipis qvabovanma saTavsebma, Semdgomi epoqebis
monazonTa moTxovnilebani veRar daakmayofila da maT safuZvliani rekonstruqcia
CautardaT (gansxvavebiT wina aziis zogierTi regionis uZvelesi monastrebisgan, sadac
cxovreba arabTa Tu Turq-seljukTa eqspansiis pirveli talRebisTanave Sewyda, risi
wyalobiTac pirvel meudabnoeTa qvab-senakebi SedarebiT ukeTaa daculi). bunebrivia,
am monastrebis qviT nagebi komponentebi JamTa msvlelobam da gviandelma gadakeTebam
kidev ufro naklebad daindo, yovelive amis Sedegad ki pirveli qarTuli udabnoebis
uZvelesi miwiszeda plastebi, amJamad Cven winaSe umTavresad usistemod gafantuli,
Zunwi xuroTmoZRvruli xerxebiT gadawyvetili, viwro da mouxerxebeli qvabovani
saTavsebiTRaa warmodgenili.
SesaZloa, swored am rigis Zeglebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba daedo safuZvlad
XX s-is zogierTi cnobili qarTveli mecnieris mier SemuSavebul Teorias, romlis
mixedviTac samonastro cxovrebas saqarTveloSi, Casaxvidan VIII-IX ss-mde “martomyofi” meudabnoeobis xasiaTi hqonda da monazonTa mcirericxvovani jgufebi mxolod
kldeSi nakveT eklesia-senakebSi moRvaweobdnen, xolo qvis nagebobebi da amasTan
erTad, namdvili samonastro struqtura aseT udabnoebSi mxolod ganviTarebis Semdeg
stadiebze warmoiSva. Cven am Teoriis dazustebas SevecadeT, radgan gaugebari iyo,
Tu ratom gamoirCeoda aseTi SezRudvebiT saqarTveloSi daarsebuli monastrebi
winaaziur-bizantiuri prototipebisgan, maT Soris iq mdebare, CvenTvis kargad
cnobili qarTuli savaneebisagan, sadac kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebi meudabnoeobis sawyis
fazebzeve Serwymuli iyo qviTkiris nagebobebTan. esec ar iyos, Cveni kvlevis dRevandel
etapze, TviT saqarTveloSive SegviZlia mravlad mivuTiToT iseT monastrebze, sadac
VI-VII ss kldeSi nakveTi da qviT nagebi komponentebis erToblioba saxezea (SiomRvime,
zedazeni, kondamiani, kacxis sveti, aq moxsenebuli “daviTis udabno” da sxv.).
vfiqrobT, aRniSnul mkvlevarTa mxriv ufro marTebuli iqneboda sakiTxis dasma
imis Taobaze, xom ar iyo qristianuli martomyofelobis adreul etapebze saqarTveloSi gacilebiT ufro popularuli lavris tipis samonastro organizaciebi, vidre
zogadsacxovrebeli udabnoebi. marTlac, adreuli qristianuli monasticizmis klasikuri qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom erTmaneTisgan sakmaod dacilebul, sakuTari
samlocveloebiT da avtonomiuri meurneobiT aRWurvil qvabTa jgufebSi moweseTa
mcirericxvovani jgufebis moRvaweoba, swored rom lavrebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
aseTive tendencia qarTul samonastro moZraobis pirvel stadiebze, Cveni monacemebiT
marTlac dasturdeba da am problemis zemoT aRniSnuli, terminologiurad ramdenadme
gaumarTavi saxiT warmodgenis erT-erTi mizezi imaSi unda mdgomareobdes, rom qarTul
istoriul mecnierebaSi am ori tipis moweseobis Sinaarsobrivi diferenciaciis sakiTxi,
Cven gamokvlevebamde naklebad iyo daumuSavebeli.
meore mxriv, ukanaskneli 2-3 aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qarTul mecnierTa erTi
jgufi cdilobs daamkvidros Teoria, romlis mixedviTac saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad
garejis mravalmTis teritoriaze, samonastro moZraobis Casaxva da pirvel
meudabnoeTa mier kldeSi eklesia-senakebis kveTa gacilebiT adreul epoqaSi, IV-V ssSive unda vivaraudoT. hipoTezis avtors miaCnia, rom es regioni daviT garejelis
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gamoCenamde karga xniT adre, erTgvar sacdel poligons warmoadgenda, sadac qarTuli
gumbaTiani eklesiebis gegmarebiTi principebis SemuSaveba mimdinareobda. amdenad,
pativcemuli mkvlevari garejis udabnoTa sistemaSi CarTuli zogierTi qvabovani
eklesiis gansakuTrebul detalebSi (magaliTad, wakveTili piramidisa Tu konusis
formis sivrceebi gumbaTis nacvlad, niSisebri moxazulobis sakurTxeveli da sxv.), qvis
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli komponentebis da konstruqciebis
primitiul anarekls ki ver xedavs, aramed sivrcul-konstruqciulad axleburad
gadawyvetili elementebis modelebs da swored amitom varaudobs am rigis ZeglTa
esoden adreul warmoSobas.
am Teoriis Sesamagreblad, avtori iSveliebs cnobili qarTveli xelovnebaTmcodnis, g. CubinaSvilis erT gamonaTqvams, sadac TiTqos-da qarTuli eklesiebis gumbaTebis
prototipad saqarTveloSi odiTganve gavrcelebuli darbazuli sacxovreblebis
erdoiani gvirgvinebia miCneuli. vfiqrobT, sakiTxis amgvari interpretacia zustad
ar asaxavs didi mecnieris naazrevs. g. CubinaSvilis aRniSnul naSromSi saubaria
tradiciuli sacxovreblebis gvirgviniani gadaxurvebis gavlenaze qarTuli gumbaTiani
eklesiebis TavisTavadi mxatvruli stilis Camoyalibebaze, da ara am elementis
“dasesxebiT” zogadad gumbaTiani qristianuli taZris sivrcobriv-konstruqciuli
ideis formirebaze.
garejis mravalmTis aRniSnul kldis ZeglTa xuroTmoZRvrul analizze, agreTve
rig Tanamedrove qarTvel da sazRvargareTel mecnierTa gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT
Cven davasabuTeT, rom ganxilul qvabovan eklesiebis warmoSoba sruliad sxva movlenebs
da xanas ukavSirdeba. iseve rogorc maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebis udabnoTa
Semadgeneli, msgavsi xuroTmoZRvruli xerxebiT gadawyvetili kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebi,
garejisa da saqarTvelos zogierTi sxva regionis jvrisa Tu marTkuTxa gegmiani,
gansxvavebuli formis gumbaTebis minabaZebiT dagvirgvinebuli qvab-eklesiebi, mxolod
imave epoqebSi gavrcelebuli qvis saeklesio nagebobebis met-naklebad zust imitaciebs
SeiZleba warmoadgendes, piriqiTi zegavlena ki yovelgvar logikas scildeba da
praqtikulad gamoricxulia. vinaidan saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli xuroTmoZRvruli
stiliT nagebi qvis eklesiebi VIII-IX ss-ze adreul xanaSi ar gvxvdeba, verc maT kldeSi
ganxorcielebul refleqciebs mivakuTvnebT ufro adreul epoqas (miT umetes, rom
mcire aziis qvabovan monastrebis msgavsi eklesiebis Seqmnis qveda qronologiur
zRvarad, sazRvargareTeli mecnierebi daax. amave xanas miiCneven).
garejisa Tu saqarTvelos sxva regionebis qvabovan savaneTaTvis gacilebiT
metadaa damaxasiaTebeli kldeSi nakafi darbazuli eklesiebi, romelTac metnaklebad maxlobeli prototipebi adreuli Tu ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qvis
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi mravlad moepoveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoriulad
aseTi qvab-samlocveloebi saqarTveloSi samonastro moZraobis pirvel stadiebzec
SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo, dResdReobiT cnobil qvabovan udabnoebSi, ramdenadme
daxvewili gegmarebis darbazuli eklesiebic ar ganekuTvneba VIII_IX ss-ze adreul
xanas. magaliTad, garejis mravalmTis udabnoTa kldis uZvelesi darbazuli eklesiebi,
romelTa umravlesoba sakmaod mcire zomisaa, zogadi struqturiTa Tu interierebis
xuroTmoZRvruli aRkazmulobiT (impostebze dayrdnobili, Sewyvilebuli sabjensarTavi TaRebiT kedlebis gaformeba da sxv.), metad axlos dgas aRniSnuli epoqis jvris
gegmis gamoqvabul samlocveloebTan.
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am regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kldovani masivebis geologiuri aRnagobidan
da sxva obieqturi pirobebidan gamomdinare (magaliTad, qvab-eklesiebis erTianad
moxatuli interierebis ukeTesi xilvadobisaken miswrafeba), garejis mravalmTis
qvabovan udabnoebSi gavrcelebisa da ganviTarebis prioriteti eklesiaTa darbazul
tips xvda wilad. Semdgom epoqebSi, garejis udabnoebis mTavari taZrebis am qargaze
kveTas im garemoebamac Seuwyo xeli, rom daviTis lavraSi gamokveTil feriscvalebis
saxelobis eklesias, sadac monastris damaarsebeli, wm. daviT garejeli ganisvenebs,
safuZvlad swored aseTi gegmarebiTi sqema daedo.
aRniSnul taZars, cnobil mecnierTa azriT, IX s-is rekonstruqciis Sedegad
miRebuli sivrcul-gegmarebiTi saxe, mciredi cvlilebebiT, dRemde Semounaxavs.
ukanasknel xans aq Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi, praqtikulad mxars
uWers aseT mosazrebas. ufro metic, am wmindanis saflavi marTlac istoriuli
gadmocemiT miniSnebul adgilze dadasturda, eklesiis perimetris kideSi. am faqtis
safuZvelze ar unda gamoiricxos SesaZlebloba, rom garejis mravalmTis udabnoTa
am umTavres taZars, gansxvavebiT monastris formirebis pirveli etapebis momcro,
arakanonikuri gegmis samlocveloebisgan, ukve VI_VII ss-Ta mijnazeve mieRo dRevandel
konfiguraciasTan Tundac ramdenadme miaxloebuli moculoba.
ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, garejis mravalmTis araerT udabnoSi Catarda
metad masStaburi sarekonstruqcio-aRmSeneblobiTi samuSaoebi. am drois qvabovani
monastrebis ideologiur-kompoziciuri centrs warmoadgenda aRniSnuli zogadi
sqemis safuZvelze, ramdenadme gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT nakveTi vrceli,
erTnaviani darbazuli taZrebi. maTi umravlesoba kldovani masivebis zedapiris
paralelurad, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis RerZzea ganviTarebuli da samxreTisken erTi
an ramdenime RiobiT ixsneba karibWis gavliT an uamisod. mravali cnobili mecnieris
azriT, XI_XIII ss-Si, garejis monasterTa ayvavebis xanaSi, adreul epoqaTa nakveTobebis bazaze ganviTarebuli danarCeni qvab-saTavsebis gegmarebiTi gadawyvetac, am
eklesiebTan erTad praqtikulad xelaxlad iqna gaazrebuli. amave Teoriis mixedviT,
aRniSnul epoqaSi garejis mravalmTaSi ramdenime sruliad axali qvabovani monasteri
an ganStoebac gamoikveTa (udabno, wamebuli, berTubani), sadac TiToeuli eklesiasenaki Tu sxva daniSnulebis saTavsi, erTian xuroTmoZRvrul Canafiqrs emorCileba.
Cveni kvlevis dRevandel etapze naTeli gaxda, rom garejis am ukanaskneli rigis
monastrebic, maT adgilze adre arsebuli udabnoebis safuZvliani rekonstruqciis
Sedegadaa formirebuli (maT struqturaSi aqa-iq dRemdea SemorCenili adreuli Sua
saukuneebis qvab-saTavsebi). miT umetes, ver visaubrebT ganaxlebul savaneTa erTian
arqiteqturul-kompoziciur gadawyvetaze.
danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi,
mTlianobaSi gaazrebuli gegmur-sivrcobrivi sqemis mixedviT erTaderTi qvabovani
kompleqsi, varZiis samonastro ansamblia Seqmnili. miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT
arqauli formis qvabTa naSTebi am ansamblis farglebSicaa dafiqsirebuli, es varZiis
xuroTmoZRvruli saxis formirebis Cveneul Sefasebas ar cvlis: gansxvavebiT garejis
aRniSnuli monastrebisgan, sadac etapobrivad ganviTarebuli gegmareba saxezea,
varZiis dasrulebul kompoziciaSi adreuli nakveTobebi praqtikulad sruliad
ignorirebulia.
Cven ver daveTanxmebiT ramdenime aTwleulis win gamoTqmul mecnierul
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mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac am Zeglis mSeneblobaSi gamoiyofa ori, erTmaneTisgan
qronologiurad ramdenadme daSorebuli etapi: saqarTvelos mefe giorgi III-is mier
Cafiqrebuli cixesimagris kveTa da misi asulis, Tamaris mefobisas am kompleqsis
adaptacia qvabovan monastrad. varZiis ansamblis saerTo xuroTmoZRvrul struqturas
Tu mis Semadgenel calkeul gamoqvabul saTavsTa gegmarebiT principebs, araferi aqvs
saerTo safortifikacio cixe-qvabebTan da, miT umetes, samxedro garnizonis banakTan:
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosa da sazRvargareTis mezobeli regionebis umniSvnelovanes
cixe-simagreebSic ki ar aris dadasturebuli yazarmebi, sadac molaSqreTa yovel
mcirericxvovan jgufs individualuri, damxmare sayofacxovrebo saTavsebiT
aRWurvili, “seqciuri” tipis binebi da xandaxan, personaluri samlocveloc ki gaaCnda.
samagierod, varZiis ansamblis zogadi sqema da praqtikulad TiToeuli qvabovani
saTavsis xuroTmoZRvruli gadawyveta, zedmiwevniT Seesabameba samonastro funqcias.
marTalia, varZiis msgavsad kompaqturad nakveTi, “unificirebuli” sacxovrebeli
jgufebi qarTuli Tu bizantiuri samyaros sxva regionebis qvabovani monastrebisTvis
arcTu tipiuria, magram aseTi struqturis senakebs met-naklebad axlobeli analogiebi
eZebneba amave epoqis qviT nageb aRmosavlur-qristianul savaneebSi.
varZiis ansamblis zogierTi gegmarebiTi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare (sakuTari sakuWnao da sakvebis mosamzadebeli blokebi, individualuri samlocveloebi),
vfiqrobT monasteri lavrul principze unda yofiliyo mowyobili, rac kidev erTxel
migvaniSnebs martomyofelobis am formis popularobaze Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi. Cven ar veTanxmebiT im mkvlevarebs, romlebic CamoTvlil niSnebs dawinaurebuli
socialuri jgufebis warmomadgeneli monazvnebis separatistul miswrafebiT da da
monasterSi mimdinare decentralizaciis procesiT xsnian.
varZiis erTianad kldeSi nakveTi, grandiozuli monasteris warmoSobis fenomeni,
agreTve qvabovani udabnoebis farTomasStabiani saamSeneblo-sarekonstruqcio
samuSaoebi garejis mravalmTaSi, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi asketuri moweseobis tradiciis aRorZinebaze unda migvaniSnebdes. rogorc cnobilia,
XI_XIV ss-Si aRmosavluri monasticizmis wiaRSi friad gavrcelda “isixazmis” saxelwodebiT cnobili Teologiur-filosofiuri doqtrina, romelis mimdevrebmac bizantiuri samyaros Crdilo-aRmosavleTis qveyanebSi mkacr martomyofelobaze dafuZnebuli
mravali qvabovani savane daaarses. ar gamovricxavT, rom gamoqvabul udabnoebSi
moRvaweobisadmi interesis gacxoveleba da kldeSi axali monastrebis kveTa am epoqis
saqarTveloSi, aRniSnuli movlenis gamoZaxiliT an msgavsi ideologiiT yofiliyo
nasazrdoebi.
Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva stadiaze saero daniSnulebiT nakveTi calkeuli
qvabovani saTavsebi Tu maTi kompleqsebi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mravlad
gvxvdeba, magram ukanasknel aTwleulebamde mxolod maTi mcire nawili iyo saTanadod
dafiqsirebuli da xuroTmoZRvrul-arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT Seswavlili. Tuki am
epoqis ZnelbedobebTan dakavSirebuli, miuval simaRleze gamokveTili saxizrebis da
cixe-qvabebis arseboba qarTul istoriografiaSi odiTganve aRiarebul faqtad mainc
iTvleboda, imave xanis qvabovani sacxovreblebis gavrcelebis masStabi saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, sruli burusiT iyo moculi.
gansxvavebiT msoflios zogierTi klasikuri “troglodituri” regionisgan,
178
Cveni qveyana ar ganekuTvneba iseT klimatur-geografiul zonas, sadac kldeSi sacxovreblebis kveTa mkacri kontinenturi an cxeli havis pirobebSi, sasicocxlo aucileblobiT iqneboda gamowveuli. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi winamorbedi mkvlevarisa
da Cveni bolodroindeli gamokvlevebiT dadasturda, rom saqarTvelos zogierT
mxareSi (samcxe-javaxeTi, qvemo qarTli), garkveul istoriul viTarebaSi, kldeSi
nakveTi “saxlebi” da “soflebi” sakmao popularobiT sargeblobda.
am regionTa qvab-sacxovreblebis didi umravlesoba
gamokveTilia xeobaTa
vertikalurTan miaxloebul masivebSi, met-naklebad SemaRlebul adgilebSi, erT
an ramdenime iarusad. dasaxlebaTa struqturas umTavresad Semdegi gegmarebiTi
motivi udevs safuZvlad: gverdigverd gamokveTili saTavsebi Sida gasasvlelebiT an
derefnuli sistemiTaa dakavSirebuli; ZiriTadi oTaxebi kldis zedapirze (terasaze,
derefanSi) karis an sarkmlis RiobiT gamodis da xSirad kldis siRrmeSi gaviTarebuli damxmare saTavsebic gaaCniaT. gacilebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba dabal, koncxisebri
konfiguraciis kldis masivebSi, advilad misadgom simaRleze nakveTi sacxovreblebi,
sadac centraluri sivrcis sxvadasxva mxaresaa ganviTarebuli damxmare saTavsebi.
Sesabamisad, am ori tipis kldis soflebis Semadgeneli saTavsebis funqciuri
diferenciaciac gansxvavebulia. flateebSi nakveT soflebSi sacxovrebeli da sameurneo saTavsebi vertikaluri gradaciiTaa dajgufebuli gansxvavebul iarusebSi (advilad misadgom qveda iarusebSi saqonlis sadgomebi da sxva damxmare qvabebia mowyobili,
zemoT ki sacxovreblebi), erT iarusian kldis saxlebSi ki imave horizontze ganlagebuli sameurneo saTavsebi, sakmaod mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sacxovrebel qvabebTan.
rogorc Cans, am tipis sacxovreblebis arCevanSi, garda qvabovani saTavsebis
obieqturad damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebisa (gamZleoba, maRali Tavdacvisunarianoba,
temperaturis meryeobisadmi stabiluroba), didi roli unda eTamaSa am regionebSi
kldis xuroTmoZRvrebis ZirZvel, ramdenime aTaswlian tradicias.
TiToeuli am kldis soflis mowyobis konkretuli xanis gansazRvra mxolod
xuroTmoZRvruli analizis meTodiT kidev ufro rTulia, vidre qristianul
kultmsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli qvabebis daTariReba: aq xom absoluturad ignorirebulia mxatvruli elementebi da miwiszeda xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli konstruqciebis imitaciebic ukiduresad iSviaTia.
aseT viTarebaSi, am ZeglTa warmoSobisa da funqcionirebis fazebis qronologiuri
gansazRvrisTvis, arqeologiurma kvlevam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa. samwuxarod,
mTeli gviani Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi intensiuri gamoyenebis gamo, mesxeTis kldis
soflebi maTi Seqmnis epoqis arqeologiur fenebs praqtikulad sruliad moklebulia.
samagierod, qvemo qarTlis kldis dasaxlebebi, am rigis informaciis Semcvelobis
TvalsazrisiT, unikaluri Zeglebi aRmoCnda, amitomac Cvens mier maTSi dafiqsirebuli
arqeologiur suraTs, fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba eniWeba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
kldis sacxovreblebis genezisis da ganviTarebis, agreTve iq mimdinare sayofacxovrebo procesebis kvlevis saqmeSi.
am qvabovani dasaxlebebis mniSvnelovani nawili brinjaos xanis sxvadasxva etapis
kldis Zeglebis reokupacia-adaptaciis Sedegadaa Seqmnili, amitom isini tipologiurad ramdenadme gansxvavdeba mtkvris xeobis aRniSnuli kldis soflebisgan (WaWkari,
fia da sxv.). magaliTad, am regionis kldis soflebs, miuxedavad rekonstruqciisa,
179
nawilobriv SenarCunebuli aqvs gvarovnuli tipis sazogadoebaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dasaxlebebis gegmarebiTi niSnebi, amitom maT bevri ram aqvT saerTo aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTiani regionebisTvis damaxasiaTebel kompaqtur, mTis kalTebze
terasebad ganaSenianebul istoriul dasaxlebebTan.
arqeologiurma kvlevam kargad warmoaCina am soflebis ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis zogierTi momenti, moxerxda aq mimdinare yofiTi da teqnologiuri
procesebis rekonstruqcia. magaliTad, erTi SexedviT erTgvarovani struqturis
kompleqsebidan gamoiyo erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli qvab-saTavsebis erTobliobebi, romlebic xSirad vertikaluradaa ganviTarebuli da or-sam sarTuliani
saxlebis imitacias warmoadgens. am saxlebSi kargad SeiniSneba diferenciacia
sameurneo da sacxovrebel saTavsebad: qveda, bneli da SedarebiT nestiani qvabebi ufro
xSirad Sinauri pirutyvis sadgomad gamoiyeneboda, xolo zeda, naTeli da garkveuli
safortifikacio elementebiT aRWurvili saTavsebi ki sacxovreblebs warmoadgenda.
mopovebuli nivTieri masalis analiziT irkveva, rom kldis soflebis mcxovrebni
misdevdnen rogorc miwaTmoqmedebas (memindvreobas, mevenaxeobas), ise mesaqonleobas.
Sinamrewvelobis dargebidan dadasturda keramikuli warmoebis, xis nivTebis xvewis,
tyavis nakeTobebisa da sxvadasxva saxis qsovilebis damzadebis niSnebi. warmoebis
garkveuli wili albaT sasaqonlo produqciazec modioda, razec sacxovreblebSi
aRmoCenili fuladi niSnebic metyvelebs. ojaxebis sociologiur struqturaze
mxolod Semdegis Tqma SeiZleba: vinaidan praqtikulad yovel, arcTu mozrdil sacxovrebel qvabSi kera an Tone-keraa dafiqsirebuli, maTSi ojaxebis gancalkevebulad
binadroba unda vigulisxmoT da ara qarTul eTnografiul yofaSi dadasturebuli
patriarqaluri tipis erTobliobebisa.
kldis soflebSi mcxovrebTa Soris qonebrivi sxvaoba mopovebuli masalis mixedviT, susti yofila: TiTqmis yovel kldis saxlSi daaxloebiT erTi stilisa da xarisxis
nakeTobani aRmoCnda. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans, soflebSi mainc gamoiyofoda
dawinaurebuli fena, savaraudod wvrili aznaurebi, romlebic aq mikvleul, qviTkiris
nagebobebiT saguldagulod aRdgenil da gafarToebul qvabovan sacxovreblebSi
binadrobdnen.
qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad mopovebulia
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis yofisTvis damaxasiaTebeli didZali, mravalferovani
nivTieri masala. aqedan calke aRniSvnis Rirsia organuli nivTierebebis nakeTobaTa
unikaluri koleqcia (magaliTad, xis sameurneo-sayofacxovrebo nivTebi, tanisamosis,
xaliCa-fardagebis fragmentebi da sxv.). am rigis nivTieri masala, rac Cveulebriv
arqeologiur Zeglebze ukiduresad iSviaTad gvxvdeba, naleqebisagan kargad
daculi gamoqvabulebs gamorCeulad uxvad imitom Semounaxavs, rom kldis soflebis
umravlesobaSi cxovreba uecrad, sabolood Sewyvetila daax. XIV_XV ss-Ta mijnaze
(rogorc Cans, Temur-lengis erT-erTi laSqrobisas).
qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis xuroTmoZRvrulma da arqeologiurma kvlevam
mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra Cveni codna ara mxolod ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi am
regionSi mimdinare mniSvnelovani politikuri kulturul-ekonomikuri movlenebis
Sesaxeb, aramed sazogadoebis rigiTi wevrebis yofa-cxovrebis detalebis Sesaxeb.
rac mTavaria, am Zeglebze Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad qarTul
istoriografiaSi pirvelad, faqtobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT dadasturda zogierTi
180
mecnieris mier ramdenime aTwleulis win gamoTqmuli hipoTeza imis Taobaze, rom
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis qvabovan
soflebSi binadroba sruliad Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda. amrigad, ukve
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qvabovani eklesia-monastrebisa da droebiTi TavSesafari,
saxizari gamoqvabulebis paralelurad, kldis sacxovrebelTa xuroTmoZRvrebac
aRniSnuli epoqis qarTuli kulturis organuli nawili yofila da ara spontanuri,
viwro regionuli movlena.
181
gamoyenebuli literatura
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istoriis narkvevebi, t. I. Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1970. gv. 243-311.
78. gobejiSvili g. bedenis gorasamarxebis kultura. Tb., mecniereba, 1980.
79. gobejiSvili g. TeTri-wyaros nasoflari. Tb., mecniereba, 1978.
80. gobejiSvili g. Zveli qarTuli samTamadno metalurgiuli warmoebis naSTebi sof.
RebSi. sma moambe, t. XIII, Tb., 1952. gv. 183-190.
81. gobejiSvili g., jafariZe o. gvianbrinjaos xanis Zeglebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos arqeologia, Tb., 1959. gv. 129-155.
82. gogaZe e. TrialeTis yorRanuli kulturis periodizacia da genezisi, Tb., mecniereba, 1972.
83. gogaZe e. kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis xanis namosaxlarTa kultura. Tb.,
mecniereba, 1982.
84. gogaZe e., davlianiZe c., fancxava l., ramiSvili r. nosiri-muxurCis eqspediciis 19801981 ww muSaobis Sedegebi. ssmae, VIII. Tb., 1986. gv. 45-55.
85. gomelauri i. mRvimevi. Tb., mecniereba, 1982.
86. gZeliSvili i. TeTri wyaros raionis nasoflarebi. sma moambe, t. XV, 5# , Tb., 1954. gv. 311-319.
87. gZeliSvili i. arqeologiuri gaTxra naWivWavebSi. saqarTvelos mecn. akad. moambe, t.
XVII, #1, 1956. gv. 89-96.
88. gZeliSvili i, tyeSelaSvili o. Tbilisis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Tb., saq.
mecn. akad. gamomc., 1961.
185
89. grigolia g. qvemo qarTlis paleoliTi (gamoqvabuli wofi). Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamomc., 1963.
90. grigolia g., tatiSvili T. qvemo qarTlis uZvelesi Zeglebi. sigk, t. I, Tb., 1960. gv.63-81.
91. dedabriSvili S., rusiSvili r. zemo alvanis Suabrinjaos xanis samarxi. kaeS, IV. Tb.,
mecniereba, 1980. gv. 45-48.
92. dolaberiZe r. saqarTvelos minis samajurebi. ssmm, t. XXVIII-B. Tb., 1969. gv. 98-115.
93. garejis mravalmTis monastrebi. erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis programa.
saangariSo krebuli. fondi „Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo“. Tb., 1997, gv. 40-49.
94. varazaSvili v. arqeologiuri dazvervebi daviT garejis udabnoSi. krebuli “gareji”,
kaxeTis arq. eqsp. Sromebi, VIII. Tb., 1988. gv. 38-47.
95. varTagava a. md. yvirilas auzis speleistikuri ruka. saqarTvelos mRvimeebi da gamoqvabulebi, #9. Tb., mecniereba, 1981. gv. 112-121.
96. vahanis qvabTa gangeba. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, #1 (l. musxeliSvilis gamocema).
Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamomc., 1939.
97. zaqaraia p. es marTla merve saocreba. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 3.X.1986.
98. zaqaraia p. kaxeTis safortifikacio nagebobebi. Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamomc., 1962.
99. zaqaraia p. naqalaqar urbnisis xuroTmoZRvreba. Tb., mecniereba, 1965.
100. zaqaraia p. simagreTa erTi ucnobi saxe. ssmm, t. XXIII-B, Tb., 1962. gv. 49-84.
101. TayaiSvili e. arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da CanglSi 1907 wels. parizi, 1938.
102. TayaiSvili e. qvabi saganZuri. saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe, IX, #9-10. Tb., 1948.
103. TvalWreliZe z. garejis naTlismcemlis udabno-monasteri (arqeologiuri kvlevaZieba). Zeglis megobari 80. Tb., 1988. gv. 12-21.
104. TvalWreliZe z. garejis udabno-monastris keramikis SeswavlisTvis. s.janaSias sax.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi, preprinti. Tb., 1993.
105. TvalWreliZe z. Ddodos rqis udabno-monastris moWiquli keramika (IX_XIVss.). s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi, preprinti. Tb., 1993.
106. TvalWreliZe z., qebulaZe n. garejis samonastro kompleqsis arqeologiuri kvlevis
axali aspeqti (navTobi IX_Xss WraqebSi). Zeglis megobari 109. Tb., 2000. gv. 18-22.
107. Tovma mewofeci. istoria Temur-lengisa da misi STamomavlobisa. Tb., mecniereba, 1987.
108. Tordia k. baiebis (mesxeTi) kldeSi gamokveTili eklesiebi sadgomebiT. Zeglis
megobari 72, Tb., 1986. gv. 61-65.
109. Todua T. gareja (monasterTa lokalizaciisaTvis). Zeglis megobari 31-32. Tb., 1973.
gv. 17-30.
110. TumaniSvili d. axali gamokvleva qvemo qarTlis kldis Zeglebis Sesaxeb (recenzia).
literatura da xelovneba #1-2, Tb., 1997. gv. 252-260.
111. TumaniSvili d. sabereebis eklesiaTa xuroTmoZRvreba (xelnaweri. inaxeba mecnieris
pirad arqivSi).
186
112. TuSabramiSvili d., javaxiSvili g., TuSabramiSvili n. yvirilas auzis arqeologiuri
eqspediciis mier 1980-1981 wlebSi warmoebuli samuSaoebis Sedegebi. ssmae, VIII. Tb.,
1986. gv. 5-16.
113. ioane bagrationi. qarTl-kaxeTis aRwera. Tb., mecniereba, 1986.
114. kalandaZe a. samTavro. winaantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zegli. mcxeTa, IV. Tb., mecniereba, 1980.
115. kalandaZe a. gvianbrinjaos da adre rkinis xanis Zeglebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos arqeologia, Tb., 1959. gv. 155-190.
116. kalandaZe a. qvis xana saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I. Tb.,
sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1970, gv. 95-128.
117. kalandaZe a, kalandaZe k. TeTri mRvime. Zeglis megobari, 39. Tb., 1975, gv. 67-72.
118. kalandaZe a., grigolia g. pirvelyofili adamianis mRvime sacxovrisTa Seswavlis
zogadi suraTi saqarTveloSi, speleologTa VII samecn. sesia, Tb., 1969. gv. 3-5.
119. kapanaZe d. qarTuli numizmatika. Tb., Tsu-s gamomc., 1969.
120. kapanaZe m. ivrispirebis brinjaos xanis samarovnebi. kaeS, VI. Tb., 1984. gv. 27-55.
121. kekeliZe k. sakiTxi pirvel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb. etiudebi Zveli
qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. I, Tb., 1956.
122. kekeliZe k. sirieli mamebis saqarTveloSi mosvlis sakiTxi. Tsu-s moambe, t.VI. Tb.,
1926. gv. 82-107.
123. kereseliZe T. Zvlis nivTebis katalogi. Tb., mecniereba, 1978.
124. kikviZe i. miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmoqmedo kulti Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb., mecniereba, 1976.
125. kikviZe i. xizanaanT goris (urbnisis) adrebrinjaos xanis nasaxlari. Tb., mecniereba, 1972.
126. kiRuraZe T. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis periodizacia. Tb., mecniereba, 1976.
127. lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. l. janaSias redaqciiT. Tb., mecniereba, 1962.
128. leJava g. qvab-qalaq ufliscixis arqiteqtura. Zeglis megobari 27-28, Tb., 1971. gv. 21-28.
129. liCeli v. Sida kolxidis materialuri kulturis SeswavlisaTvis Cv. welTaRricxvamde
III_I ss-Si. saq. mecn. akad. macne, ist., arq., eTn. da xel. ist. seria, 2
# . Tb., 1981. gv. 41-52.
130. liCeli v. Zveli vani. sameurneo ubani. Tb., mecniereba, 1991.
131. lomTaTiZe g. arqeologiuri gaTxra TbilisSi 1949 w. gazafxulze. fsaZ, IV, Tb., 1982.
gv. 76-122.
132. lomTaTiZe g. arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba algeTisa da ivris xeobebSi. Tb., mecniereba, 1989.
133. lomTaTiZe g. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kultura da yofa I_XIII ss. Tb., mecniereba, 1977.
134. lomTaTiZe g. Suafeodaluri xanis namosaxlarebis gaTxra samSvildis midamoebSi.
f.s.a.Z. II, Tb., mecniereba, 1974. gv. 120-138.
187
135. lomTaTiZe g. Eeqspedicia xvamlis QqvabulebSi. mnaTobi, #1. Tb., 1988. gv. 156-167.
136. lomTaTiZe g. xvamlis cixe-qvabi, rogorc arqeologiuri Zegli. speleologTa VII
samecn. sesia (moxs. mokle Sinaarsebi). Tb., 1969. gv.26-29.
137. lomTaTiZe g., gZeliSvili i. TrialeTSi 1949 w. mivlinebis angariSi. saqarTvelos
mecn. akad. inst. “mimomxilveli”, Tb., 1951. gv. 315-335.
138. lominaZe b. SiomRvime. Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamomc., 1953.
139. lorTqifaniZe i. qvemo qarTli XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi. naw. I da II. Tb., zakgizi, 1935.
140. lorTqifaniZe i. qvemo qarTli XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi. naw. III da IV. Tb., ssrk
mecn. akad. saqarTv. filial. gamomc., 1938.Y
141. maisuraZe b., fancxava l. Sildis samlocvelo. kaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis
Sromebi, VII. Tb., mecniereba, 1984.
142. mamaiaSvili n. faiansi Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSi. Tb., mecniereba, 1976.
143. margvelaSvili p. beTlemi, stefanwminda – samonastro kompleqsi. Zeglis megobari
52, Tb., 1979, gv. 17-23.
144. maruaSvili l. mRvimeTmcodneobis safuZvlebi. Tb., mecniereba, 1973.
145. maruaSvili l. SiomRvimis gamoqvabulebi. literatura da xelovneba, 1# . Tb., 1949. gv. 27-31.
150. meliTauri k. berTubnis monastris samSeneblo-xuroTmoZRvruli organizacia. saq.
ssr mecn. akad. moambe, t. XXIV, #1. Tb., 1960. gv. 115-120.
151. meliTauri k. varZiis gamoqvabulTa arqiteqtura. Zeglis megobari 45. Tb., 1977. gv. 5-7.
152. meliTauri k. varZiis samSeneblo-xuroTmoZRvruli Seswavlis sakiTxebi. Tb., saq.
mecn. akad. gamomc., 1961.
153. meliTauri k. saxlsamyofis erTi saxe saqarTveloSi. saq. mecn. akad. moambe, t. 14, #5.
Tb., 1953. gv. 313-319.
154. meliTauri k. varZiis sacxovreblis tipobrivi gegma. Zeglis megobari #43_44, Tb.,
1977. gv. 42-46.
155. meliqiSvili g. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., mecniereba, 1965.
156. meliqiSvili g. uZvelesi samefo samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. saq. ssr mecn.
akad. iv. javaxiSvilis sax. ist. instit.-is mimomxilveli, t. II, Tb., 1951. gv. 203-230.
157. meliqseT-begi l. TrialeT-walkis materialuri kulturis naSTebis da toponimikis
SeswavlisaTvis. marqsistuli enaTmecniereba. saxalxo universitetis gamomc., Tb.,
1934. gv. 27-44.
158. meliqseT-begi l. megaliTuri kultura saqarTveloSi. Tb., federacia, 1938.
159. meliqseT-begi l. Qqvemo qarTlis zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone geografiuli nomenklaturisaTvis Zvelad. qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis weliwadeuli, I_II. Tb.,
1923-24. gv. 68-72.
188
160. menabde m., kiRuraZe T. sionis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb., mecniereba, 1981.
161. menabde m., kiRuraZe T. qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (19801981). ssmae, VIII. Tb., 1986. gv. 17-28.
162. mefisaSvili r., TumaniSvili d. banas taZari. Tb., mecniereba, 1989.
163. mindiaSvili g. alaznis velis goranamosaxlarebis Suabrinjaos xanis keramikuli
masala. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., mecniereba, 1982. gv. 18-24.
164. mindoraSvili d. Toneebi ufliscixidan. Zeglis megobari #64, Tb., 1983. gv. 49-51.
165. mindoraSvili d. samSeneblo xelovnebis sakiTxisaTvis Sua saukuneebis ufliscixeSi.
Zeglis megobari 86, Tb., 1990. gv. 62-66
166. mindoraSvili d. masalebi gviani Sua saukuneebis ufliscixis SeswavlisaTvis.
Ziebani, 10. Tb., 2002. gv. 80-87.
167. mircxulava g. samSvilde, Tb., mecniereba, 1975.
168. miwiSvili m. moWiquli keramikis sawarmo Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi (IX_XIII ss). Tb.,
mecniereba, 1979.
169. miwiSvili m. moWiquli WurWeli Zvel saqarTveloSi IX_XIII ss. Tb., xelovneba, 1969.
170. mose xoneli. amirandarejaniani. qarTuli proza, t. II, Tb., saqarTvelo, 1982.
171. musxeliSvili d. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, t. 1. Tb.,
mecniereba, 1977.
172. musxeliSvili d. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, t. 2. Tb.,
mecniereba, 1980.
173. musxeliSvili d. aRjayala-gagis cixe. saqarTvelos ist. geografiis krebuli, I. Tb.,
1960. gv. 113-140.
174. musxeliSvili d. feodaluri xanis saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. ciskari, #11, Tb., 1970. gv. 127-137.
175. musxeliSvili d. qvemo qarTlis istoriul-geografiuli eqspediciis savele samuSaoTa (1956-1958 ww) Sedegebi. saq. ist. geogr. krebuli, t. 1. Tb., 1960. gv. 23-61.
176. musxeliSvili d. qobTavis gamoqvabulebi. saqarTvelos mRvimeebi da gamoqvabulebi,
t. I, Tb., 1963. gv. 149-155.
177. musxeliSvili l. vahanis qvabTa gangeba (XIII). Tb., mecn akad. fil. gamomc. 1939.
178. musxeliSvili l. dmanisi. qalaqis istoria da naqalaqaris aRwera. SoTa rusTavelis
epoqis materialuri kultura. Tb., teqnika da Sroma, 1938.
179. musxeliSvili l., xidaSeli S., jafariZe v. gudarexis pirveli da meore (1938 da
1939ww). arqeologiuri kampaniis angariSi. Tb., saq. ssr mecn. akad. gamomc., 1954.
180. mSvenieraZe d. gamoqvabuli nagebobani saqarTveloSi. Tb., teqnika da Sroma, 1955.
181. mWedliSvili b. nasaxlari “qvabebi” ivris Sua welze. speleologTa XII samecniero
sesia, Tb., 1977. gv. 15-18.
182. mWedliSvili b. ivrispira “qvabebis” arqeologiuri dazvervebi. ssmae, V. Tb., 1977. gv. 157-164.
189
183. mWedliSvili b. ivrispira “qvabebis” 1976 wlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis angariSi.
ssmae, VI. Tb., 1978. gv. 114-123.
184. mWedliSvili b., nikolaiSvili b. beTlemis monastris arqeologiuri monapovari.
Zeglis megobari #1, Tb., 1986. gv. 42-50.
185. nioraZe g. micvalebulebis haerze damarxva. enmk-is moambe, V-VI. Tb., 1940. gv. 57-81.
186. nioraZe m. Zveli qvis xanis mRvime-namosaxlarebi wyalwiTelas xeobaSi. Tb., mecniereba, 1992.
187. privalova e. varZia. Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1986.
188. ramiSvili r. ivris xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. t. I, sioni. Tb., mecniereba, 1970.
189. ramiSvili r. Jinvalis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, 1971. sma macne, ist. arq. eTnogr.
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190. ramiSvili r. mTisa da baris urTierTobis zogierTi sakiTxi aragvis xeobis axali
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191. ramiSvili r. naqalaqari Jinvali. f.s.a.Z. IV, Tb., 1982. gv. 66-75.
192. ramiSvili r. axali Jinvalis samarovani da namosaxlari 1971-1973 ww ganaTxaris
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193. ramiSvili r., jorbenaZe b. da sxv. Jinvalis arqeologiuri eqspedicia. s.a.k.Z.s, 1979,
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194. rCeuliSvili l. Zveli nasaxlarebi borjom-bakurianis midamoebSi. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis narkvevebi. Tb., mecniereba, 1994. gv. 116-162.
195. sanikiZe T. ufliscixe. Tb., sabWoTa saqrTvelo, 1987.
196. sanikiZe T. ufliscixe. narkvevi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriidan. Tb., universali, 2002.
197. sanikiZe T. breTis “mama pirosi”. Zeglis megobari 35. Tb., 1974. gv. 10-13.
198. saqarTvelos arqeologia. eneoliT – adrebrinjaos xana. Tb., mecniereba, 1992.
199. silogava v. warwerebi garejis mravalwyarodan (IX-XIII ss.). Tb., gamomc. inteleqti, 1999.
200. silogava v. gamoCenili mkvlevari. literaturuli mesxeTi, maisi, 2001, gv. 2-3.
201. sinauriZe m. araxlo-kazreTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis angariSi. ssmae, V, Tb.,
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202. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. Tb., merani, t. I-1991, t. II-1993.
203. sxirtlaZe z. sabereebis freskuli warwerebi. Tb., mecniereba, 1985.
204. sxirtlaZe z., TvalWreliZe z. gamoqvabuli samartvile wamebulSi. akademia, istoriul
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205. tatiSvili T. miwisqveSa nagebobani mtkvris xeobis zemo welze. Zeglis megobari #21,
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206. ugreliZe n. mina Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb., mecniereba, 1961.
207. feraZe g. ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi palestinis qarTveli berebisa da qarTuli
190
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208. ficxelauri k. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos tomTa istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi (Zv.
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209. ficxelauri k. ior-alaznis auzis brinjao-rkinis xanis namosaxlarTa topografiis
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210. ficxelauri k. ior-alazanis auzis teritoriaze mosaxle tomTa uZvelesi kultura.
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211. ficxelauri k., menabde c. gadrekilis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. kaeS., V. Tb., mecniereba, 1982.
212. fuTuriZe g. hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., mecniereba, 1966.
213. fuTuriZe m. centraluri da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis Sua brinjaos xanis adreuli
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214. fxakaZe g. qvemo qarTlis eneoliTi (kikeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebi). Tb., saq. mecn.
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215. qavTaraZe g. centraluri anatoliisa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis urTierTobis
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216. qarumiZe T. ufliscixe. qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili II saerTaSoriso
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217. qarumiZe T. ufliscixe. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba,
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218. qarumiZe T. ufliscixe _ kldeSi nakveTi arqiteqturuli Zegli. speleologTa VII
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219. qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (1965-1971 ww). al. javaxiSvilis
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220. qoriZe d. Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb., saq. ssr mecn. akad. gamomc., 1958.
221. RambaSiZe o., tatiSvili T. varZiis 1956-57 ww arqeologiuri dazvervebis angariSi
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222. Rlonti l., nemsaZe g., javaxiSvili a. qarelis raionSi, berikldeebze, 1979-1981
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225. yifiani g. vin imarxeboda ufliscixeSi? iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-s samecn. Srom.
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191
227. yifiani g. ufliscixe. programa “logosi”. Tb., 2002.
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SemoklebaTa ganmarteba
enimkis moambe _ enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe
sakZs _ savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba saqarTveloSi
sigk _ saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli
sikZa _ saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba
sin _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi
ssmm _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe
ssmae _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi
sma macne _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne
fsaZ _ feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi
ИКОМО – Известия Кавказского отдела императорского Московского археологического общества
МИА – Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР
ПАИ – Полевые археологические исследования
СА – Советская археология
207
THE GENESIS AND PATHS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ROCK-CUT
ARCHITECTURE IN GEORGIA
(Studies in History, Art and Archaeology)
Some two decades ago the view prevailed in Georgian and foreign scholarly circles according
to which the origin of the Uplistsikhe cave ensemble (ca second half of the 1st millennium B.C.) was
believed to have been the non ante quem of Georgian rock-cut architecture (Tab. 81-87). My longstanding architectural and archaeological research has convinced me that the tradition of cutting
various purpose spaces in rock has traversed a much longer road of development. Incidentally, this
trend of material activity emerges as a practically uninterrupted process lasting for several millennia
from its inception.
To be sure, in various regions of Georgia traces of the habitation of fairly numerous groups of
humans in natural caves and slight reconstruction of these dwellings are attested at different stages
of the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic. However, like in many neighbouring regions of the Eurasian
continent, the foundation of the tradition of artificial cutting of caves here too must have been laid at
the turn of the Eneolithic and Early Iron Age. Seriously reconstructed cave dwellings of this period
have survived in a definite number in some districts of Western Georgia too. However, I have so far
witnessed more or less full-fledged cave settlements of the cited periods only in the Kvemo Kartli
province of Eastern Georgia (Tab. 1-15).
As a result of permanent reoccupation of the cave sites of this region, the original cultural layers
in them have survived in a much-fragmented state. Hence separation of the cave facilities of various
stages of the early-farming and Bronze Age according to their planning peculiarities is rendered
very difficult at present. Nevertheless, due to the fact that traces of ancient cultural layers have been
discovered in caves of archaic planning, the Kvemo Kartli caves forming somewhat compactly cut
multi-tiered complexes, I believe, the most ancient, original appearance has been preserved mainly
by facilities of near-oval and any other planning. It is so far unclear what part of ancient caves have
fallen victim to subsequent reconstruction. However, since individual facilities of archaic planning or
their small groups within large cave complexes have survived here and there at some distance from
one another, it may be assumed that initially too their aggregates must have been cut sparsely in
the rocky canyons of rivers.
In these circumstances, it is the more unfeasible to define precisely the purpose of individual
cave-facilities comprising these rock sites at the initial stages of their origin and functioning. One
thing is clear, however: like the cave complexes of the East and the Mediterranien basin of the
same periods, the present rock-cut sites could have been only clusters of cave habitations or vaults.
(Owing to the structure of the caves, they cannot be taken for remains of mining). Differentiation of
the ancient complexes of Kvemo Kartli by these two functional features is also very difficult: in the
period under discussion, in Georgia, and practically in the entire ancient world, apart from specific
structures for the burial of the dead, use was made of imitations of dwellings, created by various
methods. Incidentally, such vaults were often part of a settlement system, including cave habitations.
Hence, although I have so far not identified direct facts (i.e. remains of the dead) pointing to burial of
the dead in the cave facilities of the period I have studied, I believe it conceivable that some of the
indicated cave complexes were, wholly or partly, arranged for this purpose.
As is known, in the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age, the territory of Eastern Georgia was
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inhabited by tribes of absolutely different building tradition (the Shulaveri-Shomutepe group, and later
the Kura-Araxes). This situation does not seem to contradict my view. Both specimens of artefacts,
attested in ancient layers during archaeological study of Kvemo Kartli cave complexes (Tab. 53:3,4),
find parallels in the material discovered in the above-ground settlements of the Kura-Araxes culture.
Such overlapping may suggest that this culture was familiar with both adobe and plastered wattle
structures and, to some extent, cave dwellings too. True, the building of latter-type dwellings called
for much more effort, yet this “overspending” of labour was fully compensated by the stability of
cave dwellings – after all, unlike houses plastered with adobe, they did not need renewal for several
years. The assumption that primitive cave architecture was not alien to the Eneolithic and Early
Bronze Age cultures spread on Georgian territory is strengthened by evidence, according to which
a considerable part of their kindred population – creator of Near Eastern and South European
cultures – used systems for dwelling that resembled the caves attested in Kvemo Kartli in parallel to
above-ground settlements of the indicated type.
The archaeological evidence, brought to light by me in the vast region of Kvemo Kartli, gives
me serious ground to assume that in some provinces of Eastern Georgia the construction of cave
dwellings was fairly popular at the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. and first half of the 2nd millennium.
As is known, at the final stage of the Early Bronze Age and in the Middle Bronze period the habitation
of the tribes of “Trialeti culture” have hitherto not been traced, despite intensive search. Against
this background, the fact is more noteworthy that in some facilities of Kvemo kartli cave complexes,
lying dozens of kilometres apart, in cultural layers stratigraphically related to the early stages of the
creation and exploitation of these caves, I found a definite number of fairly expressive fragments
analogous to the well-known items from the kurgan-type burials of Trialeti culture tribes (Tab. 49).
I am far from asserting that the society creating this culture, in Georgia, or only on the territory of
Kvemo Kartli, lived only in this type of dwellings. On the other hand, possessing evidence on the
important place attached to cutting spaces of various configuration in rock massifs in the economic
activity of these tribes with advanced mining habits, the view seems to be fairly well-grounded that
at least part of the society, bearer of Trialeti culture, used precicely the indicated type of rock sites
for habitation.
Owing to the paucity of the surviving archaeological material, it is so far difficult to identify earlier
caves, created and reconstructed in this period, as well as functional differentiation of complexes or
of their parts. Thus, the question is still open whether part of cave-facilities was also used as rock
burials, or burial in barrows remained strictly regulated for members of Trialeti culture who adhered
to the “troglodytic” way of life. It should be noted that according to foreign scholars, in the same
period, rock-cut settlements and necropoleis of approximately the same planning appear to have
been intensively used by civilizations having many common features with Trialeti culture in regions
adjacent to the Eurasian continent.
We have a stronger ground for assuming a wide diffusion of rock-cut settlements, vaults or culticmemorial complexes on Georgian territory in the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age. Thus, the discovery of
cultural layers of the indicated period on the floors of the majority of cave facilities of Kvemo Kartli
sites (Tab. 50), described above, suggests that at the time the complexes had practically the extant
spacial and planning appearance (if we overlook the damage occurring in the course of time and
traces of medieval restoration work). The following fact is also highly notable: in one of the cave
complexes (in Samshvilde) I came across a cremational burial, whose technique of arrangement
stands fairly close to the burial custom attested near the Iazilikaia cultic centre of the Hittite empire.
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Incidentally, the fragments of the grave goods found in this cave date precisely from the closing
centuries of the 2nd millennium B.C.
Of no less importance is my discovery of a material trace of the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age in a
cave complex of Shida Kartli _ another region of Eastern Georgia (e.g. in the caves of Shiomghvime,
Grakali,Tkhoti) (Tab. 78-80).
Broadening of the geography of archaeologically dated sites obviously lends more credibility
to the view on the popularity of this theme of agriculture in Georgia in the second half of the 2nd
millennium and first half of the 1st millennium B.C. Naturally enough, judgement about the planning
peculiarities and functional features of somewhat better preserved cave sites of the final stages of
the Bronze Age will be more well-grounded.
The facilities forming the cave complexes attested in Kvemo Kartli were cut in several tiers,
in more or less compact clusters, mainly in the middle and lower sections of rather steep rock
faces. Apparently, in this period, too, some caves were used without reconstruction or irregularshape caves were cut. However, in newly created clusters preference was given to facilities cut
side by side, interconnected by inner exits or tunnels, and close to geometrical in plan (Tab. 16-25).
More often than not we come across adjacent caves cut across the rock, with semi-open galleries.
Thus, in the cave complexes of this period we must be dealing with an embryonic form of facilities
interconnected by a system of corridors. Cave dwellings developed deeper into the rock face must
be another planning innovation of this period, with the principal cave cut behind the open gate,
with another smaller ancillary facility after it. Examples of such organization of the living space still
occur rarely on sites of this period, bearing the mark of a cautious experiment. This theme of rock
architecture, becoming highly popular in Georgian cave monuments of subsequent periods, must
have emerged precisely in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages.
Owing to the execution of most of Kvemo Kartli rock sites in basaltic-doleritic rocks that are
unfavorable for plastic treatment, the masses bounding the interiors of the cave facilities from the
sides and from above in this period often evoke a remote association of an irregular dome-like
space, with only the floors being more or less horizontal. However, alongside these, facilities were
also constructed where a desire is noticeable to attain a rectangular conjugation of the planes of the
walls and ceiling. My observation on the “evolution” towards geometrical ness of the forms of the
cave-facilities of the region in circa the first half of the 1st millennium B.C. is well-matched by the fact
that in several cave complexes of this order (e.g. the “Tavmrgvala” caves), cut in limestone structure
rocks and relatively easy to work, the practically flat walls and ceilings of the caves are joined by
more or less rounded angles (Tab. 19).
As to the same period rock sites, brought to light in Shida Kartli, their majority are cut in soft
limestone’s and conglomerates, and it is but natural that the above-mentioned principles of planning
and an attempt at refined treatment of the interior are manifested in a more clearly-defined way in
these cave-facilities.
In the architectural attribution of the cave complexes of the period in question we do not yet
come across specific details that could clearly point to the function of these sites, i.e. their possible
differentiation into dwelling, burial and cultic-memorial facilities. Unfortunately, neither is the material
found in them so abundant and diverse as to be of help in shedding light on these questions.
Nevertheless, in my view, fairly large cave complexes, joined by corridor systems, may be assuredly
taken to have been cave habitations, while alongside them we find some cave clusters whose
dwelling function is rather dubious. Thus, e.g. the caves of several complexes of Kvemo and Shida
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Kartli or caves of their individual groups (“pierced rocks” of Asureti ravine, Grakali caves, etc.) are
too small in overall dimensions for them to be considered as dwelling facilities: man cannot stand
upright in them, nor can everyday life processes be carried on and it is difficult to enter the space of
rectangular outline even on one’s knees (Tab. 71,74,75). Caves of this order must probably constitute
burial chambers of the period of the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age. The existence of cave necropoleis
alongside rock settlements of this period on Georgian territory must be a direct echo of the tradition
current in their synchronous Near Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations: the coexistence in this
period of large-scale, visually similar but of somewhat different planning, cave complexes of the
indicated purpose was still an ordinary event.
Thus, in the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age too, the bulk of cave sites occurring on Georgian
territory show structural and organic overlapping with synchronous specimens of rock architecture
of the world’s adjoining regions. the analogousness of the traditions of rock architecture, against
the background of common elements evidenced on some archaeological sites, studied in Georgia
and the Near East, adds further credibility to the theory on the close cultural and ethnic links of the
societies inhabiting these vast territories in the period under discussion.
From the middle of the 1st millennium B.C. down to the beginning of the Christian era, first Early
Classical, and then Hellenistic and Roman period traditions showed strongly in all spheres of Near
Eastern art, including rock architecture. Approximately the same trend is perceivable in Georgia as
well.
Of the rock sites of these periods, attested in this country, the grand cave ensemble of Uplistsikhe
is the best studied from the architectural and archaeological points of view (Tab. 81-87). However,
notwithstanding its almost 150-year study, the artistic and planning solution of this site and questions
of its functional differentiation have controversial assessment by Georgian scholars of different
generations. Researchers have expressed different – frequently diametrically opposed – views on the
purpose of the entire complex, as well as individual cave facilities. This trend has continued to recent
times: part of the researchers take this site for a fortress-stronghold or fortified city, and the caves
forming it, respectively, to be fortification or secular purpose components (palace halls, household
areas, theatre, and so on). In the opinion of some scholars, Uplistsikhe is a temple complex, where
the vast and richly treated facilities are temples of the gods of the Georgian pagan pantheon, the rest
being dwellings of the priests and the ancillary staff. Several years ago an absolutely original view
was advanced, according to which the cave facilities of the early stages of Uplistsikhe form a unity
of rock-cut burials and temples linked with the cult of the ancestors of those buried here as well as
with fire worship.
An architectural and archaeological study of several cave complexes of relatively modest scale,
traced by me in recent years in Shida Kartli, has shown that, although the age of their origin slightly
predates the early stages of the construction of Uplistsikhe, these ordinary rock sites, following
definite reconstruction work, functioned actively in the Hellenistic period too (Tab. 73-79).
Thus, it may be said that, similarly to many regions of the Near East and the Mediterranean
basin, in some areas of Eastern Georgia as well, the tendency – attested as far back as the Late
Bronze-Early Iron Age – of gradual assignment of burial and sacred functions to complexes of manmade caves, alongside cave settlements, became a practically natural occurrence in the Classical
period. This tradition must have played a decisive role in the emergence of cave templar centres of
the cult of the ancestors and of other religions merging with it on the basis of a number of rock sites,
primarily of the origin of the Uplistskhe ensemble.
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In the process of the establishment and development of a state entity in Eastern Georgia, in
the wake of the political, economic and cultural developments in the then Iberian kingdom, and
in conformity with concrete cultic procedures, the scale of buildings of this type and architectural
structure altered, as well as the art-aesthetic aspect of their execution.
Thus, whereas the architectural solution of the cave crypts-praying houses of the vicinities
of Grakali and Shiomghvime, back in the first half of the 1st millennium B.C. (initial stage of the
construction of these sites) is based on the theme of simple undifferentiated space, in Eastern
Georgia, the cave facilities – brilliantly designed and executed on the Early Classical-Hellenistic
traditions and repeatedly described for the initial stages of Uplistsikhe construction – accord well with
the period of the ascendancy of the Iberian kingdom.
Roman expansion in Iberia, resulting in the political and economic decline of the country and
the consequences of the orientation of Georgian ruling strata towards Iran’s Parthian and Sasanian
states must be reflected in the architecture of the Kaspi necropolis, where on the one hand, decline
of the tradition of monumental rock architecture is in evidence, as well as the Mazdaic custom of
burying nobles (Tab. 73).
Thus, although, along with the change of functions, the appearance of Classical period Georgian
rock sites suffered considerable change, it is clear that during the period the tradition of rock-cut
architecture attained its zenith – both in popularity and the art of execution. Because of this, despite
some historical periods when, along with the cultural-economic decline of the kingdoms of Iberia and
Western Georgia, this field of art suffered serious decadence, it may be said the heyday of ancient
Georgian rock architecture is linked precisely to the Classical period.
As a result of the proclamation of Christianity the state religion and the establishment of masterand-serf relations in social life, against the backdrop of the realignment of international political
forces in adjoining regions, this country’s cultural-economic vectors, too, suffered a drastic change.
Thus, at the initial stages of the Middle Ages, these processes were followed by decentralization
of state governance and delay in the development of urban life and all branches of art. It should be
added here that, at the same time, by embracing Cristianity Georgia gained access to a progressive
world religion, in the course of time, this path led the country to an unprecedented growth of its
culture and economy.
Originally, however, the new situation caused a drastic decline in the scale and art of cutting
monumental, memorial rock sites and planned cave settlements. On the other hand, the advent of
the new era, in the wake of the expansion of foreign states, mostly of differing religious confession,
and frequent intestine wars, gradually brought to the fore the construction – without adherence to
any principles of planning – of cave-refuges in rocks difficult of access.
The re-use of existing cave spaces and cutting new cave facilities to meet the requirements of
the new official religion should be considered the principal novelty of Christian period Georgian rock
architecture. Although several wholly or partly rock-cut churches of congregational purpose have
been attested in Georgia, the increase in the number of rock-cut facilities was primarily the result of
the spread of monastic movement.
Christian desert monasticism and its highly popular expression in cave monasticism was fairly
well-rooted from the 6th century (perhaps even earlier). However, the architectural style of the rockcut churches and cells as part of ancient monasteries cannot be taken for a direct continuation of
the rich Classical traditions of Georgian rock architecture. the point is that in Georgia, as well as
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slightly earlier in the classical countries of the ancient monasticism of the Eastern world (Egypt,
Palestine, Syria, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia) the first deserts were of rather unorganized character:
they lacked not only a single, obligatory typicon but even generalized architectural structure and
indispensable components. Both in foreign and Georgian ancient lauras and coenobia, frequently
stone- or cave churches and meeting houses did not stand out in terms of canonical architectural
forms. This was natural, for at this stage of monastic life small groups of monks found shelter in
dugout-type or wooden cells – mainly in barely accommodated man-made caves or in those of past
times. Obviously, part of the monks cut rooms with their own hands or with the aid of lay donors (such
facts are known from the earliest descriptions of the Lives of the well-known Georgian ascetics, the
Syrian Fathers. However, at the initial stage of monasticism it is premature to talk about the work of
professional “rock-architects”. It is noteworthy that even in the Holy Land (Palestine, Jordan) where
within 1 to 2 centuries of the inception of Christian hermitage (4th cent.) fairly full-fledged monastic
organizations were already being formed, with fairly high-standard stone church or dwelling and
fortification architectural specimens erected, the art of cutting rooms in rock long remained at the
primitive level, owing to a long gap in the tradition of building cave facilities or due to some hitherto
unknown reasons.
In such an advanced region of rock monastic architecture as Cappadocia monumental cavechurches, copied from stone church structures and adorned with ornamental details, and other
facilities emerge only in the 7th-8th centuries.
Against this background, the architectural and archaeological picture, attested today in Georgian
monasteries (David-Gareji, the cave deserts in the vicinity of Vardzia, etc.), founded beyond doubt
in the early Middle Ages, looks quite natural. An overwhelming majority of these rock-cut facilities
of more or less ordered planning and forming these hermitages, including churches and chapels,
date from the 8th-9th centuries and later, while according to the church tradition or archaeologically
revealed cave-cells connected with the initial stages of desert monasticism, they occur rather rarely,
bearing clear signs of decline as compared to the Classical period: church-cells are distinguished for
mostly irregular forms or simply constitute slightly accommodated natural caves. This desert seems
to have had the appearance of a small monastery I have traced in Kechuti mountain, Kvemo Kartli
(Tab. 35), by historical tradition it was founded by David Garejeli, one of the Syrian Fathers: here
several, slightly accommodated natural caves and a man-made cave of irregular geometric form
bound the terrace of the canyon, on which an approximately synchronous stone church has
survived. Archaeologically, no trace has been found of monastic life in this desert in subsequent
periods, showing that this old hermitage had preserved its original appearance thanks to a rather
rare occurrence. In my view, “Kechuti-mountain” type cave facilities failed to meet the demands of
the monks of subsequent periods and they were subjected to substantial reconstruction (unlike the
earliest monasteries of the Near East, where life ceased from the very first waves of the expansion
of Arabs and Seljuk Turks, thanks to which the cave-cells of first hermits are preserved better).
Naturally enough, the stone-built components of these monasteries suffered in the course of time and
from later reconstrucion, as a result of which the earliest above-ground layers of the first Georgian
deserts are at present represented by narrow and inconvenient cave facilities resolved by meagre
architectural techniques, scattered mainly without a system.
The present-day status of a number of sites may have given rise to the theory of some 20thcentury well-known scholars, according to which, from its inception to the 8th-9th centuries, monastic
life in Georgia was of the character of “solitary” hermitage and that small groups of monks lived only
213
in rock-cut churches and cells, while stone buildings and genuine monastic structures in such deserts
originated only at the subsequent stages. I have attempted to render this theory more precise, for
it was unclear why the monasteries founded in Georgia differed with such constraints from NearEastern Byzantine prototypes, including well-known Georgian hermitages situated there, in which
rock-cut sites were merged with stone-made buildings at the initial stages of desert monasticism.
Laying this aside, at the present-day stage of our research, even within Georgia we can point to such
monasteries where 6th-7th cent. rock-cut and stone-built components form a unity (Shiomghvime,
Zedazeni, Kondamiani, Katskhis Sveti, “Kechuti-mountain” mentioned here, etc.).
In my opinion, these researchers ought to have posed the problem of whether laura-type
monastic organizations were much more popular at early stages of Christian monkhood than cenobitic
deserts. Indeed, the experience of early Christian monasticism of classical countries points to the life
of small groups in clusters of caves lying at quite some distance from one another and equipped with
their own chapels and autonomous economy, which was characteristic precisely of lauras. According
to my evidence such a tendency is indeed confirmed at the initial stages of the Georgian monastic
movement, and one of the presentations of the problem in the above-noted, terminologically somewhat
faulty terms, must lie in the question of the semantic differentiation of these two types of monasticism
in Georgian historical science, which was practically undeveloped prior to my studies.
On the other hand, over the past 2-3 decades, one group of Georgian scholars seeks to get the
theory accepted, according to which the inception of monastic movement and rock-cutting of churches
and cells in Georgia, mainly on the territory of Gareja Mravalmta, should be presumed in a much
earlier period – in the 4th-5th centuries. The author of the cited hypothesis believes that much earlier
to the advent of David Garejeli this regionmust have been a kind of testing area where the principles
of planning of Georgian domed churches were developed. Thus, the respected researcher sees not
a primitive reflection of components and structures characteristic of stone church architecturre in
the special details (e.g. spaces of the form of truncated pyramid of cone, a niche-shaped altar, etc.)
of some cave churches involved in the Gareja desert system but models of elements resolved in a
novel way spatially and constructionally, this allowing him to assume such an early origin of sites of
this order (Tab. 100-101).
To buttress this theory, the author under discussion refers to a statement made by the wellknown Georgian art historian G. Chubinashvili, in which the flat earth roof corbelled cupola (gvirgvini)
of darbazi-type dwellings, known in Georgia from early times, allegedly served as the prototype
of Georgian church domes. Such an interpretation of the problem does not seem to convey the
eminent scholar’s idea. G. Chubinashvili’s work in question deals with the influence of cupola-type
roofed traditional houses on the formation of the original art style of domed churches, and not on
the formation of the spatial - and - design idea of a domed Christian church in general through
“borrowing” this element.
On the basis of an analysis of the mentioned rock-cut sites of the Gareja Mravalmta, as well
as on studies by a number of Georgian and foreign scholars, I have argued that the origin of the
discussed cave churches is connected with absolutely different developments and period.
As well as the rock-cut sites, resolved with similar architectural techniques and forming part of
the deserts of Near Eastern countries, cave-churches – cruciform or rectangular in plan and crowned
with imitations of domes of different shape, found in Gareja and some other regions of Georgia
– may be more-or-less exact imitations of stone church structures prevalent in those periods, while
reversed influence is devoid of all logic and is practically ruled out.
214
As stone churches built in the cited architectural style do not occur in Georgia at a time earlier
than the 8th-9th centuries, neither can we assign their rock-cut reflections to an earlier period (the
more so that foreign scholars consider approximately this period to be the non ante quem of the
creation of churches resembling Asia Minor cave monasteries).
The cave hermitages of Gareja or other regions of Georgia are much more characterized by rockcut single-nave-type churches, more-or-less close prototypes of which are found in a large number
in early or high medieval stone church architecture. although theoretically such cave-chapels may
have come into existence at the initial stages of monastic movement in Georgia, the single-nave-type
churches of somewhat refined planning in the cave deserts known to date in Georgia do not belong to
a period earlier than the 8th-9th centuries. Thus, e.g. the oldest single-nave-type rock-cut churches
of the deserts of Gareja Mravalmta, most of them being rather small in size, in general structure
and architectural equipment (design of walls with coupled support and decorative arches, resting on
imposts, etc.) is very close to the cruciform cave chapels of the given period (Tab. 104-108).
Due to the geological structure of rock masses characteristic of this region and to other objective
conditions (e.g. striving towards a better visibility of the wholly painted interiors of cave-churches)
single-navetype churches were given priority of spread and development in the cave deserts of
Gareja Mravalmta. In subsequent periods the cutting of the principal churches of Gareja deserts
on this pattern was facilitated by the fact that the Church of the Transfiguration, cut in David’s laura
where the founder of the monastery St. David Garejeli was laid to rest, was based precisely on such
a planning scheme (Tab. 110).
In the view of well-known scholars, this church has preserved to the present day – with small
alterations – the spatial and planning appearance it had received as a result of a reconstruction in
the 9th century. The results of archaeological studies carried out here recently practically support this
view. Moreover, the grave of this saint have proved to be at the site indicated by historical tradition,
at the edges of the church perimeter. The possibility cannot be ruled out on the basis of this fact that
this principal church of the deserts of Gareja Mravalmta, unlike the small chapels of non-canonical
plan of the initial stages of the formation of the monastery, may have received the shape somewhat
close to the present-day configuration back in the 6th-7th centuries.
In the High Middle Ages large-scale restoration and construction work was carried out in many
deserts of Gareja Mravalmta. Vast, single-nave churches, cut on the basis of the above scheme but
with somewhat different interpretation, constituted the ideological-compositional centre of the cave
monasteries of this period. Their majority are developed in parallel to the surface of rock masses,
along the east-west axis, opening to the south with one or several exits, through a gate, or without. In
the view of many known scholars, in the 11th-13th centuries, in the heyday of the Gareja monasteries,
the planning resolution of other cave facilitias, developed on the basis of rock-cut chapels of earlier
periods, was practically reinterpreted along with these churches. According to the same theory, in
the period under discussion, several absolutely new cave monasteries or ramifications (Udabno,
Tsamebuli, Bertubani) were cut in the Gareja Mravalmta, in which each church, cell or other purpose
facility obeyed a single architectural conception. At the present stage of our research it has become
clear that the Gareja monasteries of the latter row also took shape as a result of basic reconstruction
of the deserts existing at their sites (early medieval cave-facilities), surviving here and there in their
structure to the present day. The more so, we cannot speak of a single architectural-compositional
resolution of the renovated monasteries.
It is quite safe to say that in Georgia of the High Middle Ages the only cave complex – the
215
Vardzia monastic ensemble – was created according to a plan and space scheme thought-out in
its entirety, although remains of caves of much more archaic shape have been recorded within
the limits of this ensemble too, this does not alter my appraisal of the formation of the architectural
appearance of Vardzia: unlike the cited monasteries of Gareja, where stadially developing planning
is in evidence, the earlier rock cuts are practically absolutely ignored in the completed composition
of Vardzia (Tab. 119-121).
I cannot concur with the scholary view, put forward several decades ago, according to which,
two, chronologically somewhat distant, stages are identifiable in the construction of this site: the
cutting of a stronghold, as conceived by the Georgian King Giorgi III, and adaptation of this complex
into a cave monastery in the reign of his daughter, Queen Tamar.
The overall architectural structure of the Vardzia ensemble or the planning principles of its
individual cave facilities have nothing in common with fortificational fortress caves and the more so
with the camp of a military garrison: even at important strong-points of Georgia and neighboring foreign
regions no barracks are evidenced where every small group of warriors had individual “sectional” type
living facilities, and occasionally even a personal chapel. Instead, the general scheme of the Vardzia
ensemble and the architectural resolution of practically each cave facility corresponds precisely to
the monastic function. To be sure, Vardzia type compactly cut, “unified” dwelling facilities are not
very typical of the cave monasteries of Georgia or other regions of the Byzantine world, yet cells of
such structure do have more or less close analogues in Eastern Christian stone-built monasteries of
the same epoch.
Proceeding from some planning peculiarities of the Vardzia ensemble (own larders and
sections for cooking, individual chapels), I beleve that the monastery must have been organized on
the laura principle, which points once again to the popularity of this form of hermitage in medieval
Georgia. I disagree with those researchers who explain these features by the separatist tendency
of monks representing advanced social groups and by the process of decentralization under way in
the monastery.
The phenomenon of the origin of the entirely rock-cut grand monastery of Vardzia, as well as
the large-scale building and reconstruction work of the cave deserts at Gareja Mravalmta must be
indicative of the rivival of the tradition of ascetic monasticism in Georgia in the High Middle Ages. As
is known, in the 11th-14th centuries the theological-philosophical doctrine, known under the name
of “hesychasm”, became widespread in Eastern monasticism, whose followers founded numerous
cave monasteries based on rigorous hermitage in the north-eastern countries of the Byzantine world.
I do not rule out the possibility of the rise of interest in life in cave deserts and cutting new monasteries
in the rock in the Georgia of this period being fed by reverberations of the cited phenomen or by
similar ideology.
At various stages of the Middle Ages, individual cave facilities or their complexes, cut for secular
purposes, occur frequently on Georgian territory. However, until the last decades only a few of them
were recorded properly and studied from the viewpoint of architecture and archaeology. Whereas
the existence of refuges cut in rock at inaccessible heights, necessitated by vicissitudes of the times,
as well as of cave-fortresses, was considered a fact acknowledged in Georgian historiography from
earliest times, the scale of the spread of cave dwellings of the same period on Georgian territory was
shrouded in dark.
Unlike some classical “troglodytic” regions of the world, Georgia does not belong to such a climaticgeographical zone where cutting dwellings in rock in severe continental or hot climate would be vitally
216
neccessery. Nevertheless, the studies of some preceding researchers and my own have demonstrated
that in some provinces of Georgia (Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli), rock-cut “houses” and “villages”
enjoyed fair popularity under definite historical circumstances (Tab. 130-131b).
A great majority of the cave-habitations of these areas are cut in near-vertical rock-masses of
gorges, at more or less elevated places, in one or several tiers. The structure of settlements rests on
the following planning motif: facilities cut side by side are interconnected by passages or a corridor
system; the principal rooms have access into the rock surface (terrace, corridor) through the door or
window opening, and often have ancillary facilities cut in the depth of the rock face. Habitations cut
in low bluff-like rock masses, with ancillary facilities arranged on different sides of the central space,
occur much rarer.
Accordingly, the functional differentiation of the facilities of these two types of rock villages
differs. In villages cut in steep rock faces the living and household facilities are grouped in vertical
gradation in different tiers (cowsheds and other ancillary facilities in lower tiers and dwellings above
these); in single-tier rock-cut houses on the household facilities on the same horizon are closely
connected with the dwelling caves.
In selecting habitations of this type, in addition to the objectively characteristic features (durability,
high defensive capacity, stability to temperature fluctuations) the ancient, several millennial tradition
of rock-cut architecture must have played a major role. Determination of the specific date of the
building of each of this rock-cut village by the method of architectural analysis alone is more difficult
than dating the caves connected with the Christian cult, for here artistic elements are absolutely
ignored and imitations characteristic of above-ground architecture are extremely rare.
In the circumstances archaeological studies have plaid a decisive role in determining the
origin of these sites and of the chronological phases of their functioning. Unfortunately, owing to
their intensive use throughout the late Middle Ages, the rock-cut villages of Meskheti are practically
totally deprived of the archaeological layers of the period of their construction. Instead, from the
viewpoint of their content of such information, the Kvemo-Kartli rock settlements proved unique.
Hence the archaeological picture, recorded in them by me, is invaluable in the study of the genesis
and development of medieval Georgian rock-cut habitations and of everyday life processes there
(Tab. 16-24, 31).
The bulk of these cave settlements is the result of the reoccupation and adaptation of various
types of Bronze Age rock-cut sites. Hence they typologically differ somewhat from the cited rock-cut
villages (Chachkari, Pia, etc.) of the Mtkvari valley. For example, despite reconsruction, the rock-cut
villages of this region have partly preserved the planning features characteristic of the tribal system.
That is why they have much in common with the Georgian compact ethnographic settlements built
in terraces on mountain slopes.
Archaeological studies have thrown light on some aspects of the economic and social
everyday life and technological processes taking place here at this time. Thus, e.g. clusters of
closely interconnected cave-facilities were identified in at first sight uniform-structure complexes;
these aggregates are often arranged vertically, being an imitation of two- or three-storey houses.
Differentation into household economy facilities and living quarters is noticeable in these houses;
the lower, dark and comparatively damp caves were often used as cowsheds, while the upper, light
facilities, equipped with elements of fortification, were living quarters.
Analysis of the material gleaned shows that the residents of rock-cut villages engaged in both
agriculture (farming, vine-growing) and animal husbandry. Of domestic crafts, signs are in evidence
217
of ceramic manufacture, carving objects of wood, leather wares and weaving various fabrics. A
definite share of manufacture probably accounted for commodity production, as indicated by coins
found in the dwellings. Only the following can be said about the sociological structure of the families:
as a hearth or oven-hearth is attested in practically every modest-sized dwelling-cave, separate life
of families in them should be assumed, rather than patriarchal-type unities, evidenced in Georgian
ethnographic life.
According to the material in evidence, proprietary differentiation among the residents of rockcut villages was weak: manufactures of almost of the same style and quality were found in almost all
rock-cut houses. Nevertheless, a privileged stratum could still be identified in the village – presumably
petty aznauris (gentry), who lived in cave habitations specially restored and broadened with stone
structures.
A considerable amount of diverse material, characteristic of the life of the High Middle Ages,
has been amassed as a result of the archaeological study of the rock-villages of Kvemo Kartli.
Special mention should be made of a unique collection of items made of organic matter (e.g. farming
and household utensils, fragments of clothes, carpets and rugs, etc.). Material culture of this order,
extremely seldom occurring on archaeological sites, has survived abundantly in caves protected
from rainfall, because life in most of the rock-cut villages came to an end abruptly and finally in circa
the turn of the 14th-15th centuries (apparently in one of Timur’s campaigns) (Tab. 54-70, 156-161).
Architectural and archaeological study of the rock-cut villages of Kvemo Kartli has substantially
enriched our knowledge not only of the major political, cultural and economic developments in
the High Middle Ages Georgia, but of details of the every-day life of the rank-and-file members of
society. What is most important, the archaeological work, carried out on these sites, has for the
first time proved, on the basis of factual material, the view put forward several decades ago by
scholars, according to which a considerable part of the Georgian population lived in rock-cut villages
in the High Middle Ages, this being a widespread phenomenon. Thus, it is already safe to say that
alongside cave churches and monasteries, temporary shelters and cave refuges, the architecture of
cave dwellings was also an organic part Georgian culture of the period under discussion, rather than
a spontaneous, narrowly regional phenomenon.
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ilustraciebis aRweriloba
tab. 1. qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebis vizualuri ganSlebi:
1. md. WivWavis xeobis I kompleqsi;
2. samSvildis qvabTa II kompleqsi (md. xramis xeobis marjvena kalTa);
3. dmanisis naqalaqaris mopirdapire qvabTa kompleqsi (md. maSaveras xeobis
marcxena kalTa).
tab. 2. qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebis vizualuri ganSlebi:
1. naxiduris qvabTa I kompleqsi; 2. naxiduris qvabTa II
2. kompleqsi; 3. naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsi.
tab. 3. muguTis qvabebis vizualuri ganSlebi:
1. qvabTa I kompleqsi; 2. qvabTa II kompleqsi.
tqb. 4. zurtaketis qvabTa kompleqsebis vizualuri ganSlebi:
1. qvabTa I kopleqsi; 2. qvabTa II kompleqsi.
tab. 5. samSvildis qvabTa kompleqsebis gegmebi da Wrilebi:
1. I kompleqsis me-2 iarusis qvabTa jgufi;
2. I kompleqsis me-3 iarusis qvabTa jgufi.
tab. 6. WivWavis xeobis I kompleqsis qvabTa jgufi. gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 7. md. maSaveras xeobis qvabTa II kompleqsi (dmanisis naqalaqaris misadgomebi). qvabTa
jgufis gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 8. naxiduris qvabTa IV kompleqsi. I iarusis qvabTa jgufi.
gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 9. TrialeTis axalqalaqis qvabTa II kompleqsi. qvabTa jgufis gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 10. Tavgurgalas qvabTa I da II kokpleqsebi. qvabTa gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 11. ifnobis qvabTa II kompleqsi. qvabTa jgufebis gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 12. naxiduris qvabTa I kompleqsi. pirveli iarusis qvabTa jgufis gegmebi da
Wrilebi.
tab. 13. Tavmrgvalas qvabTa III kompleqsi. qvabTa jgufis gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 14. zurtaketis qvabTa II kompleqsi. qvabTa centraluri jgufis (cixe-qvabis
midamoebi). gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 15. zurtaketis qvabTa IV kompleqsi. qvabTa jgufebis gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 16. naxiduris qvabTa II kompleqsi. III iarusis qvabTa jgufis gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 17. naxiduris qvabTa II kompleqsi. II iarusis qvabTa jgufis gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 18. naxiduris qvabTa II kompleqsi. II iarusis qvabTa marjvena ukiduresi jgufi.
gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 19. Tavmrgvalas qvabTa I kompleqsi. II iarusis centraluri jgufi. gegma da
Wrilebi.
tab. 20. Tezis qvabTa kompleqsis erT-erTi jgufi. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 21. TrialeTis axalqalaqis qvabTa I kompleqsi. III iarusis qvabTa jgufi. gegma da
Wrilebi.
tab. 22. zurtaketis qvabTa IV kompleqsi. V iarusis qvabTa jgufi. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 23. naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsi. cantraluri nawilis zeda iarusis qvabTa jgufebi.
gegmebi da Wrilebi.
219
tab. 24. naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsi. II iarusis qvabTa jgufi. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 25. TrialeTis rexis midamoebis qvabTa I kompleqsi.centraluri jgufi. gegma da
Wrilebi.
tab. 26. naxiduris qvabTa I kompleqsi. III iarusis marcxena frTis qvabTa jgufi. gegma da
Wrilebi.
tab. 27. muguTis qvabebi. II kompleqsi. III iarusis qvabTa jgufi. gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 28. zurtaketis qvabTa I kompleqsi. I iarusis qvabTa jgufebi. gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 29. naxiduris qvabTa II kompleqsi. didi cixe-qvabi. gegma da Wrili.
tab. 30. cixe-qvabi naxiduris III kompleqsis centralur nawilSi. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 31. 1. naxiduris qvabTa II kompleqsi. 35 qvabis interieris savaraudo rekonstruqcia
Sua saukuneebSi;
2. naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsis fasadis erTi
monakveTis savaraudo rekonstruqcia.
tab. 32. muguTis qvabebis marcxena kompleqsi. eklesiiani jgufi. gegma da Wrili.
tab. 33. dmanisis naqalaqaris mopirdapire qvabTa kompleqsi. eklesiiani jgufi. gegma da
Wrilebi.
tab. 34. dmanisis naqalaqaris mopirdapire qvabTa kompleqsi. III iarusis qvabTa jgufi.
gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 35. keCuTis mTis udabno. 1. eklesiis gegma da Wrilebi; 2. cixe-qvabi; 3. gengegma.
tab. 36. pirRebulis monasteri. 1. situaciuri gengegma; 2-3. qvabTa jgufebis gegmebi da
Wrili.
tab. 37. pirRebulis monasteri. ganaTxar qvabTa gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 38. pirRebulis monasteri. qvab-eklesiis gegma da Wrili.
tab. 39. 1. maluli qvab-eklesia muguTis qvabebis midamoebSi. gegma da Wrilebi; 2. qvabsamlocvelo samSvildis naqalaqaris midamoebSi.
tab. 40. zurtaketi. 1. naxevrad qvabovani eklesia. gegma da Wrilebi; 2. cixe-qvabi. gegma
da Wrili.
tab. 41. zurtaketis II kompleqsi. didi cixe-qvabi eklesiiT da qvabTa jgufi. gegmebi da
Wrilebi.
tab. 42. manglisis midamoebis monasteri. 1. gengegma; 2. mcire eklesiis gegma, Wrili da
aRmosavleT fasadi.
tab. 43. manglisis midamoebis monasteri. cixe-qvabis fasadi da gegmebi sxvadasxva
horizontul doneze.
tab. 44. keCuTis mTis udabnoSi mopovebuli Tixis nawarmi.
tab. 45. Tavmrgvalas qvabTa I kompleqsi. 1. centraluri, savaraudod sakulto qvabi; 2.
qvabovan akldamaTa jgufi. gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 46. 1-2. samSvildis naqalaqaris citadelis qveda qvabTa kompleqsi. qvabebis gegmebi
da Wrilebi.
tab. 47. 1. muguTis qvabebi, satrapezos interieri; 2-4. Tone da kerebi naxiduris qvabTa
kompleqsebidan.
tab. 48. Toneebi da kerebi naxiduris qvabTa kompleqsebidan.
tab. 49-53. qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
mopovebuli brinjaos epoqis sxvadasxva etapis keramikuli nawarmi.
tab. 54-70. qvemo qarTlis qvabTa kompleqsebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
220
mopovebuli ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis keramikuli, minis, liTonis da organuli
nivTierebebis nawarmi.
tab. 71. asureTis xevi. „gaxvretili kldeebis“ I kompleqsi. qvabTa centraluri jgufi. 1.
fasadis vizualuri ganSla; 2-3. qvabTa jgufis gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 72. asureTis xevi. 1. „gaxvretili kldeebis“ II kompleqsi. qvabTa jgufis gegma da
Wrilebi; 2. leRvTaxevis qvabTa kompleqsi. qvabTa jgufis gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 73. kaspis gamoqvabuli nekropoli. qvab-akldamaTa jgufis gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 74. 1. TxoTis mTis qvabovani; 2. graklis qvabebi. vizualuri ganSlebi.
tab. 75. 1. graklis qvabebi. III iarusis qvabTa jgufi. gegmebi da Wrilebi. 2. TxoTis
qvabovani. II iarusis marjvena frTis qvabTa jgufi. gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 76. 1. SiomRvimis masivis qvabTa arqeologiurad Seswavlili jgufi. gegma da Wrilebi;
2. TxoTis qvabovani. I iarusis marjvena frTis qvabTa jgufi. gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 77. SiomRvimis qvabTa jgufebi. gegmebi da Wrilebi (g. gafrindaSvilis mixedviT).
tab. 78. TxoTis qvabovanis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCenili elinisturi da
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis Tixis WurWeli (1, 2 _ restavracia).
tab. 79. 1. SiomRvimis masivis qvabTa arqeologiurad Seswavlili jgufi; 2. am qvabebSi
mikvleuli keramikuli nawarmis fragmentebi.
tab. 80. graklis qvabovanis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCenili Tixis WurWeli.
tab. 81. ufliscixe. 1. ansamblis saerTo xedi; 2. kldovani bazilika. gegma (T. sanikiZis
monografiis mixedviT).
tab. 82-87. ufliscixe. qvabovani saTavsebis anazomebi. gegmebi da Wrilebi (T. sanikiZis
monografiis mixedviT).
tab. 88. ufliscixis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad mopovebuli nivTieri masalis
nimuSebi (g. yifianis mixedviT).
tab. 89. vanis qvabi. monastris marjvena frTis zeda iarusebis qvabTa jgufi. gegma da
Wrilebi.
tab. 90. kondamianis monastris qvabTa kompleqsebi. II iarusis qvabTa centraluri jgufi.
gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 91. berSebas kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qvab-sacxovreblebi: 1. qvabebi
safadas III kompleqsidan; 2. ben-Samenis qvabovan saTavsTa nimuSebi. gegmebi da Wrilebi
(j. perotis mixedviT).
tab. 92. kabadokiis miwisqveSa qalaqebi: 1, 2 _ qaimaqli. interierebis fotoebi; 3 _
ozqonaqi. kompleqsis Wrili (m. guliazis mixedviT).
tab. 93. urartu. 1. “iCkalas” gamoqvabulebi. gegma da Wrili; 2. vanis kldis samxreTaRmosavleTis “didi gamoqvabuli”. gegma da Wrili (b. piotrovskis mixedviT).
tab. 94. urartu. 1. gamoqvabuli “naft-quiu”. gegma da Wrili; 2. vanis kldis zeda platformis
maxlobeli qvabovani akldama. gegma da Wrilebi (b. piotrovskis mixedviT).
tab. 95. “duqani-daudis” akldama sexnesTan. gegma, Wrilebi da fasadi (e. hercfeldis
mixedviT).
tab. 96. garejis mravalmTa. monaster wamebulis samartvile. gegma da Wrilebi (z.
sxirtlaZis da z. TvalWreliZis mixedviT).
tab. 97. 1. garejis mravalmTa. monaster naTlismcemlis marjvena kide. qvabTa jgufi
kldeSi nakveTi samlocveloTi. gegma; 2,3. md. yvirilas auzis qvabnaSenebi (“devis
namuxlari”, “kacxis usaxelo”. a. varTagavas mixedviT).
221
tab. 98. garejis mravalmTa. berebis seris udabnoebi. qvabTa jgufebis gegmebi da Wrilebi.
tab. 99. garejis mravalmTa. TeTri udabno. „ordarbaziani“ eklesia. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 100. garejis mravalmTa. kowaxuras (1), verangarejis (2) da sabereebis (3-6) jvris gegmis,
gumbaTis minabaZebiani qvab-eklesiebi. gegmebi da Wrilebi (g. gafrindaSvilis mixedviT).
tab. 101. garejis mravalmTa. sabereebis (1), qvabebis (2) da berebis seris (3) qvabTa
eklesiiani jgufebi. gegmebi da Wrilebi (1 da 2 g. gafrindaSvilis mixedviT).
tab. 102. garejis mravalmTa. berebis seris gumbaTis minabaZiani qvab-eklesia. gegma da Wrili.
tab. 103. garejis mravalmTa. mravalwyaros monastris gumbaTis minabaZiani qvab-eklesia.
gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 104. garejis mravalmTa. monaster dodos rqis dasavleT masivi. jvris gegmis, kamaris
minabaZiani qvab-eklesia. gegma da Wrili.
tab. 105. garejis mravalmTa. wamebulis monastris centraluri nawili. qvabTa jgufi
jvris gegmis qvab-eklesiiT. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 106. garejis mravalmTa. mravalwyaros monastris jvris gegmis, kamaris minabaZiani
qvab-eklesia. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 107. garejis mravalmTa. wamebulis monastris jvris gegmis, kamaris minabaZiani qvabeklesia. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 108. garejis mravalmTa. naTlismcemlis monastris marjvena kide. darbazuli qvabeklesia. gegma da Wrilebi.
tab. 109. samsari. gumbaTis minabaZiani qvab-eklesia. gegma da Wrilebi (l. jalaRanias mixedviT).
tab. 110. garejis mravalmTa: 1. monasteri lavra. feriscvalebis gamoqvabuli eklesia.
gegma; 2. monasteri udabno. mTavari gamoqvabuli eklesia. gegma da Wrilebi
(v. wilosanis anazomebi).
tab. 111. garejis mravalmTa. monasteri berTubani. mTavari gamoqvabuli eklesia. gegma
da Wrili (v. wilosanis anazomi).
tab. 112. garejis mravalmTa: 1. lavra. ilarion qarTvelis filiali. gegma da Wrilebi; 2.
udabno. kldeSi nakveTi satrapezo. gegma (v. wilosanis anazomi).
tab. 113. garejis mravalmTa: 1. monaster lavris Wrili xediT CrdiloeTisken (v. wilosanis
anazomi); 2. monaster naTlismcemlis saerTo xedi (g. bagrationis anazomi).
tab. 114. garejis mravalmTa. naTlismcemlis monastris arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad
mopovebuli Tixis nawarmi (z. TvalWreliZis mixedviT).
tab. 115. 1,2. vertaSis eklesia (varZiis midamoebi). gegma da Wrili; 3. berTayanis qvabTa
jgufi. gegma (g. gafrindaSvilis mixedviT).
tab. 116. javaxeTis qvabTa kompleqsebi: 1. jolda; 2. margastani;
3. gaRma WaWkari; 4. gamoRma WaWkari. wm. marines eklesia. gegmebi (gzamkvlev
“javaxeTidan.” m. boWoiZis anazomebi.).
tab. 117. vanis qvabebi: 1. qvabTa jgufi centralur nawilSi;
2. marcxena frTa, qvabTa jgufi CaSenebuli eklesiiT. gegmebi da Wrilebi; 3. qvabTa
jgufis saerTo xedi; 4. CaSenebuli eklesia (2,3,4 _ g. gafrindaSvilis mix.).
tab. 118. vanis qvabebi. wm. giorgis eklesia. saerTo xedi, gegma da Wrili (g. gafrindaSvilis
mixedviT).
tab. 119. varZia. saerTo xedi da gengegma (k. meliTauris mixedviT).
tab. 120. varZia: 1,2. „ananauris“ jgufi. fasadi, gegmebi; 2. qvab- sacxovrebelTa jgufi.
gegma rekonstruqciiT; 3. RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia. gegma; 4. eklesiiani
222
qvab-sacxovrebelebis nimuSebi. gegmebi, Wrilebi da fasadebis rekonstruqcia (k.
meliTauris da g. gafrindaSvilis mixedviT).
tab. 121. varZia. qvab sacxovreblebis gegmebi da interierebis Canaxatebi (k. meliTauris mixedviT).
tab. 122. 1. vanis qvabebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli Tixis nawarmis
nimuSebi (s. burdilaZis mixedviT); 2. garejis mravalmTa. monaster qvabebis gaTxrebis
Sedegad mopovebuli vardisfrad gaprialebuli jamebi (z. TvalWreliZis mixedviT).
tab. 123. iudeas udabno. wm. sabas lavra. qvabovan samlocvelo-senakebis jgufTa gegmebi
da Wrilebi (j. patrikis mixedviT).
tab. 124. iudeas udabno. wm. sabas lavra. 2
# 9 udabnos gegma da fasadi (j. patrikis mixedviT).
tab. 125. kabadokiis kldeSi nakveTi monastrebi: 1. qvabovani eklesia “ilanli qilisa”; 2.
gioremis 27-e samlocvelo; 3. qvabovani eklesia “hagli qilisa”. gegmebi da interieri
(s. kostofis mixedviT).
tab. 126. kabadokiis kldeSi nakveTi monastrebi: 1.’monasteri “ainali qilisa” (gioremTan);
2. monasteri “qaranliq kale”; 3. zilves udabno. eklesiiani jgufebis gegmebi (s.
kostofis mixedviT).
tab. 127. kabadokiis kldeSi nakveTi monastrebi: 1. “ala qilisa”; 2.”agiq sarai”. fasadebis
dekoratiuli gaformeba (s. kostofis mixedviT).
tab. 128. kabadokiis kldeSi nakveTi monastrebi: 1,2. gioreme, “qaranliqis” qvabovani
eklesiis vestibiulis interieri; 3. “ala qilisas” eqsterieri; 4. zilves udabnos
saerTo xedi (s. kostofis mixedviT).
tab. 129. 1,2. Crdilo-dasavleT CineTi. kldeSi nakveTi budisturi monasteri tuiukmazari. I da II iarusis gegmebi; 3. kldeSi nakveti budisturi monasteri SiSkine. qvabsacxovrebelis interieri (b. litvinskis mixedviT).
tab. 130. nasoflari fia. kldeSi nakveTi sacxovreblebi. gegmebi da Wrilebi (g.
gafrindaSvilis mixedviT).
tab. 131. A. 1. CineTis Turqestani. qvabovani budisturi taZris interieri; 2.
indoeTi. pandretxanis qvabovani budisturi taZari. Weris gaformeba gvirgvinuli
konstruqciis imitaciiT (a. le-koqis mixedviT). B. 1,2. samsari. kldeSi nakveTi
sacxovrebeli darbazuli gadaxurvis imitaciiT. interieris Canaxati, gegma da Wrili;
3,4. gaRma WaWkari. kldeSi nakveTisacxovrebeli darbazuli gadaxurvis imitaciiT.
interieris Canaxati,Agegma da Wrili (g. gafrindaSvilis mixedviT).
tab. 132. qvaxvreli. qvabovani sataZro kompleqsi. fasadi, gegma da Wrili (T. sanikiZis mixedviT).
tab. 133. 1. naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsi; 2. naxiduris qvabTa IV kompleqsi. saerTo xedebi.
tab. 134. Tavmrgvalas qvabTa I da II kompleqsebis saerTo xedebi.
tab. 135. 1,2. naxiduris qvabTa I kompleqsi. saerTo xedebi.
tab. 136. 1. muguTis qvabebis marjvena kompleqsi; 2. zurtaketis xeobis qvabTa IV
kompleqsi. saerTo xedebi.
tab. 137. 1. dmanisis midamoebis qvabTa I kompleqsi; 2. dmanisis midamoebis qvabTa III
kompleqsi. saerTo xedebi.
tab. 138. 1,2. naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsis calkeuli jgufebi.
tab. 139. 1. dmanisis naqalaqaris mopirdapire qvabTa kompleqsi. saerTo xedi; 2. amave
kompleqsis erT-erTi saTavsis interieri.
tab. 140. 1,2. naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsis calkeul saTavsTa interierebi.
tab. 141. 1. naxevrad qvabovani eklesia zurtaketis xeobidan. fasadi; 2. zurtaketis
223
xeobis qvabTa III kompleqsi. saerTo xedi.
tab. 142. 1. naxiduris qvabTa II kompleqsi. didi cixe-qvabi; 2. imave kompleqsis erT-erTi
saTavsis interieri.
tab. 143. 1. naxiduris III kompleqsi. Sua saukuneebSi aRdgenili qvabTa fasadebi; 2.
Tavmrgvalas qvabTa III kompleqsi. saTavsTa jgufis xedi.
tab. 144. 1,2. naxiduris qvabTa III kompleqsis safortifikacio daniSnulebis minaSenebi.
tab. 145. 1. manglisis midamoebis naxevrad qvabovani monasteri. didi cixe-qvabi; 2.
muguTis qvabebi. eklesiis midamoebis safortifikacio sistema.
tab. 146. 1. muguTis qvabebi. eklesiiani jgufis qviTkiriT gamoyvanili fasadebi; 2. dmanisis
naqalaqaris mopirdapire kompleqsi. eklesiiani jgufi. qviTkiris qvabnaSenebi.
tab. 147. 1. muguTis qvabebi. naxevrad qvabovani satrapezos interieri; 2. imave kompleqsis
erT-erTi qvabovani saTavsis interieri.
tab. 148. 1. SiomRvimis monastris qvabovani kompleqsi; 2. imave kompleqsis qvabTa marjvena,
gancalkevebuli jgufi.
tab. 149. 1. kaspis kldeSi nakveTi nekropoli. qvabovan akldamaTa centraluri jgufi; 2.
graklis qvabTa kompleqsi. saerTo xedi.
tab. 150. 1,2. kaspis kldeSi nakveTi nekropoli. qvabovan akldamaTa calkeuli jgufebi.
tab. 151. 1. TxoTis mTis qvabovani. saerTo xedi; 2. imave kompleqsis qvabovan saTavsTa
centraluri jgufi.
tab. 152. 1. asureTis xevi. “ gaxvretili kldeebis” qvabTa I kompleqsis saerTo xedi; 2.
mcxeTa. armazis midamoebis qvabTa kompleqsi. saerTo xedi.
tab. 153. 1. muguTis qvabebi. satrapezos arqeologiuri gaTxrisas aRmoCenili daumarxavi
micvalebulebis neStebi; 2. pirRebulis monastris #5 qvabovani senakis arqeologiuri
gaTxrisas aRmoCenili Tonis naSTi.
tab. 154. muguTis qvabebi: 1. eklesiiani jgufis #12 qvabSi aRmoCenili Tone; 2. #6 qvabSi
aRmoCenili qvevrebis naSTebi.
tab. 155. 1,2. zurtaketis qvabTa II da III kompleqsebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
aRmoCenili Toneebi.
tab. 156. qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili
moWiquli WurWlis nimuSebi.
tab. 157. muguTis da naxiduris qvabTa kompleqsebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
aRmoCenili moWiquli WurWlis nimuSebi.
tab. 158. muguTis qvabTa kompleqsebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili faiansis
nawarmi (1-21) da moWiquli jamebis quslebi (22-26) qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebidan.
tab. 159. naxiduris da muguTis qvabTa kompleqsebSi aRmoCenili organuli nivTierebebis
nakeTobebis nimuSebi.
tab. 160. qvemo qarTlis kldis soflebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili
xaliCa-fardagebis fragmentebi.
tab. 161. muguTis qvabTa kompleqsebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili
xaliCa-fardagebis fragmentebi.
yvela is grafikuli da foto ilustracia,
romlis aRwerilobaSic ar aris miTiTebuli avtori an
publikaciis pirvelwyaro, Sesrulebulia wignis avtoris mier.
224
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gamomcemloba `nekeri~
o. TaqTaqiSvilis 12
tel. 91-35-16
nekeripub@yahoo.com
388
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