Hindawi
Advances in Agriculture
Volume 2017, Article ID 2738045, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2738045
Review Article
An Overview: Distribution, Production, and Diversity of Local
Landraces of Buckwheat in Nepal
Dol Raj Luitel,1,2 Mohan Siwakoti,1 Pramod Kumar Jha,1
Ajay Kumar Jha,3 and Nir Krakauer4
1
Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Plant Resources, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
3
Institute for Global Agriculture and Technology Transfer (IGATT), Fort Collins, CO, USA
4
City College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
2
Correspondence should be addressed to Dol Raj Luitel; luiteldr2@gmail.com
Received 20 July 2017; Accepted 5 September 2017; Published 15 October 2017
Academic Editor: Tibor Janda
Copyright © 2017 Dol Raj Luitel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Buckwheat is a sixth staple food crop after rice, wheat, maize, finger millet, and barley in Nepal. It is considered as an alternate cereal
and poor man’s crop, representing an important food supply in remote places of Himalayas. It is the best crop in higher altitude in
terms of adaptation to different climatic variables and easily fitted to different cropping patterns due to short duration. It is cultivated
on marginal land in 61 out of 75 districts of Nepal from some 60 m to 4500 m asl, especially hilly and mountain districts like Rukum,
Rolpa, Jajarkot, Dolpa, Humla, Jumla, Kalikot, Kavre, Dolakha, and Okhaldhunga. Sweet buckwheat varieties are generally grown
in midhill and Terai but Tartary buckwheat varieties are grown in higher altitude. There are altogether 19 local landraces of sweat
buckwheat and 37 for Tartary buckwheat listed from Nepal. The largest producers are China, USA, and Russia and Japan is principal
user of global buckwheat grown in the world. In Nepal, it is cultivated in 10510 ha area with production of 10355 t/yr and yield of
0.983 t/ha. It has also medicinal value used in different forms including all its parts so the demand of buckwheat is increasing.
1. Introduction
Nepal (26∘ –31∘ N latitudes to 80∘ –89∘ E longitudes) is a landlocked country dominated by huge mountains with varied
climate and topography, orography within about 240 Km
north-south. The climate ranges from tropical to temperate
and alpine due to its topography and elevation, Figure 1.
Agricultural sectors contribute about 36% to National
Gross Domestic product (GDP) and sixty-five percentage
of total population still depends on agriculture in Nepal
[1]. The agricultural lands are diverse in different physiographic regions. Mountain and high Himalaya has difficult
sloping land and topography where people depend only on
agriculture for their livelihood [2]. There are 125 ethnic
communities residing in various regions in Nepal having
their own system of culture and agricultural practices [1].
The major components of agriculture are cereals, legumes,
cash crops, fruits, vegetables, and livestock. Cereal crops
include paddy, wheat, maize, finger millet, buckwheat, barley,
naked barley, Chino (Proso millet), and Kaguno (Foxtail
millet). Farmers commonly prefer those crop varieties that
produce high yield in low input, can tolerate stresses, need less
care, can be grown in diverse agroclimatic condition, possess
balance nutrients, and have good market prices.
Buckwheat is one of the best crops in higher altitude in
terms of adaptation to climatic variables, water stress regimes,
unfertile soil, and freezing temperature and is easily fitted to
different cropping pattern due to short life cycle [3, 4].
Taxonomy. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (sweet buckwheat) and Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. (bitter buckwheat) belong to family Polygonaceae. Globally 18 species are
known to be the members of genus Fagopyrum including two
cultivated species Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum [5].
Synonym. F. esculentum subsp. ancestralis Ohnishi is a
synonym for sweet buckwheat; Polygonum tataricum L., F.
suffruticosum F. Schmidt., F. dentatum Moench, Fagopyrum
2
Advances in Agriculture
N
India
proceedings, annual reports of Ministry of Agriculture Development, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), and
Department of Agriculture in Nepal.
China
2. Biology of Buckwheat Plants
India
India
Figure 1: Distribution of cultivated buckwheat in districts of Nepal.
rotundatum Bab., and F. subdentatum Gilib. are synonyms for
bitter buckwheat [6].
Common Names. The following is a list of the common names:
sweet buckwheat or common buckwheat, Tartary buckwheat
or bitter buckwheat (English), Mithe Phaper for common
buckwheat, Tite Phaper for Tartary buckwheat (Nepali), er
chi for common buckwheat, er ka for Tartary buckwheat
(Chinese), Ogal for common buckwheat, Phaper for Tartary
buckwheat (India), Jare for common and bjo for Tartary
buckwheat (Bhutan), and Soba in Japan [6].
In Nepal, buckwheat cultivation ranges from 60 m in
Terai to 4500 m above sea level (asl.) [4, 5, 7, 8]. F. esculentum
is generally grown in lower altitude (Terai and mid-hills) but
in higher altitude F. esculentum is replaced with F. tataricum
in different cropping pattern [4, 9, 10]. It is cultivated in 61 out
of 75 districts of Nepal Figure 1 [4]. Buckwheat varieties are
summer crop in hill (high altitude > 1700 m asl), autumn and
spring crop in mid-hills (600–1700 m asl), and winter crop in
Terai [10, 11]. However, all seasons (summer, autumn, winter,
and spring) are suitable to cultivate buckwheat in different
agroecological zones of Nepal.
It has been occupying an important place in the Nepalese
agriculture system and contributing greatly in food supply
especially remote places in Himalayas, though it is popularly
considered as pseudocereals, poor man’s crop, and underexploited and neglected crops in Nepal [12]. It has been
cultivated in almost all parts of Nepal mostly at high altitude
of western and mid-western regions. It prefers to grow best
in cool, moist climatic condition though it is sensitive to
frost, high temperature, high speed wind, and drought. These
stresses to buckwheat crop critically reduced yield when
they occur during flowering periods. It matures within 10–12
weeks of plantation that is essential in high Himalayan region
of Nepal where it is favorable for cropping duration to be
short. Buckwheat is the sixth staple food crop after rice,
wheat, maize, finger millet, and barley in terms of cultivation
area (10510 ha.), production (10355 t/yr), yield (983 kg/ha.),
and uses in Nepal [13].
The aim of present paper is to attempt to augment
and update the available information on buckwheat crop
from Nepal based upon literature, web-based information,
2.1. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. It is an annual herbaceous plant with free branches, reddish stem produces sucker
for adaptation in its existing environment, reaching up to
the height of 1.5 m. It has deep rooted branched taproot
system. Leaf is simple and petiolate, leaf blade is ovatetriangular, 2–8 cm long, and tip acuminate, leaf base is
cordate or hastate, and upper leaves are small and sessile.
Corymbose or paniculate cyme type of inflorescence is either
terminal or auxiliary position. Each inflorescence consists
of 7–9 small flowers, white, pink, or yellow in colour, and
flowers are heteromorphous in nature. Pedicel is 2-3 mm
long and articulate; perianth is 3 mm long; 8 nectaries are
yellow, alternating with stamens, being heterostyly; stigma
is capitate. Achene is triquetrous, acute angle, longer than
5 mm, more than twice the length of the persistent perianth,
brown or black-brown, and lucid [14]. It has two types of
flowers, that is, pin and thrum flowers cross-pollinating type
of fertilization [4]. Seeds are fully matured within 35–45 days
after pollination but depend upon the temperature [15]; seeds
are generally triangular but vary with varieties. Seeds hull
density is less than water that makes easy to remove from
seeds [16].
2.2. Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Herbaceous plant is
characterized with colourful branches or unbranched stem
reaching up to 1 m, branched taproot system, petiolated
leaves, triangular leaf blade with the length being almost
equal with width, 2–8 cm, and cordate or hastate leaf bases.
Inflorescences are dense spicate or corymbose. Flowers are
yellow-green, 2.5 mm in diameter, pedicels are nonparticulate; perianth is 2 mm long; 8 nectaries are yellow, alternating with stamens, being homostyly, that is, self-pollinated
flowers; stigmas are capitate. Triquetrous achene is about
5 mm long, exserting more than twice the length of the
persistent perianth, with three deep grooves, and the angles
are rounded, except at the tip. Flowers are homomorphic, selffertile, and cleistogamous with pollination occurring before
the flower opens [14].
3. Distribution
The cultivated species of buckwheat is assumed to be native
to temperate east Asia, particularly eastern site of Himalayas
and southwestern China [14, 17, 18]. The exact place of origin
of common buckwheat is considered as Yunnan province and
in between Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China [19].
Buckwheat was cultivated nearly 5000–6000 years ago in
China and it entered Europe through Russia and spread to
North America through immigrants [14].
Buckwheat is cultivated in hilly areas in Europe (also
in lowlands), east Asia, and the Himalayan region. China
is the biggest producer and exporter of buckwheat followed
by USSR, and Japan is a principal importer of buckwheat
Advances in Agriculture
3
Table 1: Local names of common and bitter buckwheat in Nepal.
SN
1
Type of buckwheat (local landraces)
Common (sweet) buckwheat
Bahramase, Batule, Bisam, Chhendrak,
Chendrung, Ghode, Ghabre, Gulio, Jhusile, Kalo
Madane, Mithe, Mithi, Ogale, Seto, Seychun,
Sathiya, Seyekar, Thulo, Tote Phaper
up to 2000 [20], but the scenario has changed, and USA
became main exporter and Japan remains a major importer
of American buckwheat although China, Russia, and Canada
are leading sources of buckwheat flour in 2012 [21]. In Nepal,
nowadays, the demand of buckwheat is increasing due to its
multiple uses [8].
Buckwheat is a pseudocereal/minor food, has a short
duration, a cash crop but it is one of the major staple food
crops of high mountain people of Nepal. It is commonly
grown in hilly and mountain regions especially in Rukum,
Rolpa, Jajarkot, Dolpa, Kavre, Dolakha, Okhaldhunga, Mustang, Solukhumbu, and Taplejung districts regularly since
time immemorial. But recently it has been grown in some
Terai districts like Chitwan, Jhapa, and Nawalparasi for commercial purposes especially for green vegetable which has
very high demand due to rutin contents (farmers interview).
Every family grows Tartary buckwheat in upper Mustang
and Dolpa districts and diversity of buckwheat is very high
in Manang, Dolpa, Mustang, Jumla, and Solukhumbu [4,
22]. Bitter buckwheat is grown in marginal land in higher
altitudes. It can withstand the poor, infertile, and acidic soils,
nutrients, moistures, and heat stress with wider adaptability
[14] which is prevalent to hilly area of Nepal, as shown in
Figure 1. These unique characteristics of buckwheat show a
great potential crop in future in food-deficit areas like high
mountains which has high risk of climate change impact.
Buckwheat is drought-tolerant crop and requires approximately 100 mm rain for its whole growth period [23]. In midhills, the cultivation area of buckwheat may be increased if
seedlings are insufficient and/or if the land is fallow due to
poor fertility [24]. Buckwheat is short duration crop but its
flowering period is more than 30 days [25] which is much
useful to beekeepers as this yields quality honey.
4. Diversity of Local Landraces
of Buckwheat in Nepal
So far five species of Fagopyrum (buckwheat), namely, F.
esculentum subsp. esculentum, F. tataricum subsp. tataricum,
F. tataricum subsp. potanini, F. tataricum subsp. annum, F.
cymosum, F. gracilipes, and F. megacarpum, have been reported from Karnali zone [26] with the local names of following
buckwheat landraces including crop calendar and productivity from western Nepal.
Mithe Phaper, local chuchche, Local Lekhari, Bhate,
ACC#2223 (recommended variety by NARC), Dalle, Kalo,
Barule, Takule, Tilkunde, Tote, Ghode, and Tite Phaper are
Bitter (Tartary) buckwheat
Oule, Barkhe, Bharule, Bhadre, Bhalu, Tite, Jhoumle,
Chiniya, Chuchche, Dalle, Dhahasur, Dhau, Dhesu,
Dhop, Ghamre, Gharelu, Gore, Jamdalo, Jhaumre, Kalo
kise, Seto kise, Kamre, Khumbeli, Lekhari, Pranah, Rani
tite, spangre, Tabre, Tan, Tar, Tasung, Techhung, Tensya
Teta, Thou, Thinkunde tite, Tuchi, Tuchi tite Phaper
the names of local landraces recorded from Karnali zone
and seeding time varies from Jestha, Ashad, and Srawan
months and harvesting time from Bhadra, Aswin, and Kartik
months, respectively (Table 1). The productivity of these
varieties varies from district to districts and also depends
upon the type of local varieties. Joshi et al. (2014) recorded
from 0.90 t/ha (Jumla) lowest to 1.96 t/ha (Mugu) highest
production in that year within five districts (Jumla, Kalikot,
Dolpa, Humla, and Mugu) of Karnali zone.
Local landraces of buckwheat from Jumla districts of
Karnali zone from Nepal include Barule, Bharule, Chuchche,
Chode, Kalo, Mithe, Seto, Tilkhude, Tite, and Tote Phaper [27].
However, Rana et al. (2000) compiled six local landraces
of buckwheat from Talium Village Development Committee
(VDC) of the same district as Batule, Bharule, Mithe, Murali,
Tilkhunde, and Tite Phaper. Bharule, Mithe, Tilkhude, and Tite
Phaper are included on red list due to vulnerability of their
conservation (Table 1) [28].
Joshi et al. (2014) compiled main morphological characters of some preferred local landraces of buckwheat based
on liked or disliked traits by farmers in the Karnali zone as
follows:
(1) Mithe Phapar having red stem and leaf, tall plant with
white flower and shiny black triangular large seed
are tasty, thick husk, lodging resistance, and good for
dizziness disease but farmers dislike their low grain
yield straw which is not good for livestock.
(2) Barule Phaper having medium plant and leaves size
and seeds without pointing are of high yielding,
short duration variety, leaf useful for vegetables, more
branching, and more flour yield, do not need of
intercultural operations, are useful for livestock, and
are good for pregnant livestock; those are the liked
traits, but bitterness, flour that come out from seeds
when rainfall occurs after maturity, and difficulty to
grind when eating more which can create swelling
problem are disliked traits.
(3) Chuchche Phaper, tall pant with triangular leaf of low
branching with long triangular seeds, are liked by
farmers due to its low cost of intercultural operations,
leaves that are useful for fresh and dry vegetables, high
yield, early maturity, usefulness for cough, jaundice,
and diabetes diseases, low weed problems, and usefulness for sick animals and animals during bleeding
but they are disliked due to their bitterness, causing
headache, turning eye yellow, and swelling the body
4
Advances in Agriculture
25000
20000
1000
8841
10056
10021
10335
941
900
15000
10000
983
969
950
10304
10681
10339
10510
850
858
800
5000
750
0
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
Figure 2: Cultivation area and production of buckwheat in Nepal
from 2010 to 2014.
when eating more, no seed set in case of high moisture
and fertile soil, and lodging problem in fertile soil.
Joshi and Ghimire (2015) have compiled the local names
of landraces of buckwheat from Nepal as in Table 1.
5. Production
There is a report of country-wise production of buckwheat:
higher producers are Russia (833,936 t.) followed by China
(733,000 t.), Kazakhstan (276840 t.), and Nepal (10056 t.) and
Slovakia (68 t.), Republic of Moldova (40 t.), and Kyrgyzstan
(25 t.) are lower producers in each year [29].
Grain yield and landraces varieties richness of Tartary
buckwheat in Nepal are higher than that of common buckwheat but farmer less prefer the Tartary buckwheat one
because of more bitterness and difficulty in producing flour
after dehulling [26]. The production of bitter buckwheat
is recorded more than common buckwheat due to selfpollinating nature [30].
According to Ministry of Agricultural Development,
Nepal cultivates the buckwheat in 10510 ha. area with production of 10355 t/yr and yield of 0.983 t/ha [13]. The trend
of production and yield of buckwheat in Nepal is slightly
changed from 2010 to 2014 AD (Figures 2 and 3). This
production of buckwheat is unable to meet the country
demand. From the last 10 months (September, 2015–July,
2016) records showed that 2548 tons of buckwheat were
imported from various countries with worth of about 67 US
dollars in Nepal [31].
Productivity of F. esculentum is highly variable in global.
It is recorded as 0.55 t/ha in Nepal, 3.0 t/ha in USSR, and
0.89 t/ha in the world. Productivity of this crop depends on
numerous factors like site specificity, quality of seed, time of
seed sowing, and so forth [4]. The production of buckwheat
in five districts of Karnali zone was recorded and it found
that it was highest in Mugu district with 982 t/ha., followed
by Humla, Dolpa, Kalikot, and Jumla districts, respectively,
and average production and yield in Karnali zone (Pocket
area of buckwheat in Nepal) were 377 t/ha. and 1.082 t/ha,
respectively [26].
6. Growth Value of Buckwheat
Buckwheat is a multipurpose crop and has been cultivated
for its uses as staple food, animal feed, vegetable, soup,
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
Yield kg/ha
Figure 3: Yield of buckwheat in Nepal from 2010 to 2014.
beverage, and medicine [32]. All parts of buckwheat plants are
used in varieties of ways. The leaf produced rutin important
pharmaceutical product which is used to brew tea used to
treat hypertonia; flowers which bloom about one month
produce good quality nectar for honey; grain is the staple
food; hulls of grain are used to make pillows; straw is good
source feed for livestock; and green plants are used as green
manures [18].
There is a list of 34 food items prepared from buckwheat
in Nepal such as dhindo (thick porridge), roti (bread), momo
(Chinese pancake), lagar (very thick bread), dheshu (thicker
than lagar), fresh vegetables, dried vegetables, Kancho pitho
(raw flour), chhyang or jaand (local beer), raksi (alcohol),
salad (leaves), pickle (fresh and dry leaves), soup, ryale
roti, Noodle, sel roti, bhat (rice), sausage, dorpa dal, tea,
vinegar, jam, macaroni, biscuit, cakes, mithai (sweet), haluwa,
puri, puwa, bhuteko Phapar (roasted grain), satu, phuraula,
porridge, and pakauda. Nepalese mountain people prefer
dhindo than other items because of its specific taste [4].
Common buckwheat is mostly used as bread pancake
attractive item to the tourist in the tracking root of Mustang.
Thick porridge prepared by mixing the flour of bitter buckwheat with Uwa (Oat) or finger millet in 1 : 3 ratio is common
food of poor people in hilly area. Buckwheat has high nutrition because of balance amino acids and minerals [33] as well
as free from cholesterol [34]; nowadays, it is a preferred diet
in urban areas. Both buckwheat species have pharmaceutical
value; the food of buckwheat has a preventive action on
leg oedema [35], high blood pressure and cholesterol, and
cardiovascular disease [36]. Major component of buckwheat
is rutin, which is higher in bitter buckwheat than in sweet one
due to the high nutrients and pharmaceutical value; Nepal
has a great scope to export the buckwheat. Paste of Tartary
buckwheat’s flour is applied for treating wounds and fire burn,
and its semicooked flour is used orally to cure cold, cough,
jaundice, and fever; fresh flour is good for dandruff treatment
as well as for stopping hair fall; flour paste is used in pimples
and skin scratches; Tartary buckwheat flour drained water
after dipping overnight is used for epilepsy; tender, twigs, and
leaves of wild buckwheat is used in dysentery, pneumonia,
and cholera and reduces the effect of poison; soaked flour is
useful for internal worms [26]. Buckwheat flour is given to
the sick goat and sheep. Common buckwheat is also preferred
by local people during the fasting on the religious occasions
[4, 37]
Advances in Agriculture
7. Conclusion
The agricultural land of Nepal is very diverse due to varied
physiography. The cropping pattern is varied in different
region of Nepal; it also depends on elevation, culture, and
agriculture practices of ethnic communities. Sixty-five percentage of total population still depend on agriculture and
contributed 36% for National GDP.
Buckwheat is native crop of temperate east Asia, that
is, eastern site of Himalaya and southwestern China. It
was introduced to Europe and American countries through
immigrants. China, Russia, and USA are major producers
and exporters of buckwheat and Japan is the main importer.
Buckwheat is one of the major crops in high mountain of
Nepal and cultivated in 61 out of 75 districts ranging from
60 m to 4500 m altitude, especially Rukum, Rolpa, Jajarkot,
Dolakha, Solukhumbu, Kalikot, Kavre, and Okhaldhunga
districts as well in the districts of Karnali zones of western
Nepal. It is summer crop in hill (high altitude > 1700 m asl),
autumn and spring crop in mid-hills (600–1700 m asl), and
winter crop in Terai.
To date, five species of Fagopyrum (buckwheat), namely,
F. esculentum, F. tataricum, F. cymosum, F. gracilipes, and F.
megacarpum, have been reported from Nepal [4]. Buckwheat
is multiple useful crop plant with medicinal value and all its
parts (roots, stem, leaves, flower, fruits, and flour) are used
to care various alignments (diseases) locally in traditional
healthcare system. The demand of buckwheat is increasing
nowadays due to its multiple uses.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the USAID IPM Project, for financial support. The authors acknowledge Central Department
of Botany, TU, for providing lab facilities, and also thank
Dr. Bal Krishna Joshi, senior scientist of National GeneBank,
Khumaltar, for his suggestions and literature support as well
as encouragement for this work.
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