Table of Contents
PLAGIARISM CLAIM (Letter) .............................................................................................................................. 2
REQUEST for HEARING by BOARD OF DIRECTORS............................................................................................. 3
SEGMENTAL (Sentence by Sentence) COMPARISON OF TWO ARTICLES .......................................................... 4
PLGAIARIZED CONTENT – EVIDENCE OF PLAGIARISM..................................................................................... 36
APEENDIX 1: Word frequency Table............................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX 2: Word Cloud ............................................................................................................................... 49
APPENDIX 3: ACADEMIA.edu Website Suspicious Activity Report (The United States) .............................. 50
APPENDIX 4: Evidence of my continuous interest on the topic / My Earlier Public Drafts .......................... 54
APPENDIX 5: COPYRIGHT PUBLIC WARNING ON MY MATERIAL .................................................................. 77
PLAGIARISM CLAIM
(Letter)
To
January 28, 2022
Antalya, Türkiye
:
Dear Madam, dear Sir,
As presented in the attachments, I have been following news updates, scientific articles, magazines,
publications and broadcasts minutely, reading and studying on the topic of “interstellar voyage” and
“language issue” since as early as 2015; and I have been continuously sharing my finds, comments and
draft or final articles on the subject topic increasingly and publicly on the Internet ever since.
I assure you that I have carefully worked on the suspected document before arriving to this decision of
writing a letter to your office. I believe I have been victim of a plagiarism crime which is unfortunately
pointing out to one of the faculties in your university.
May I kindly ask your valuable time for a careful look at my letter and its attachments before organizing a
hearing with Mr.
who is a faculty / staff member in
University.
I will wait for your counsel and would like to underline that I take this issue seriously for I have spent a lot
of time and efforts on creating my original article. I would very much appreciate your earliest return before
February 15, 2022.
With my kind regards,
Kamil Kartal
Cellular Nr
E-mail
: +90 532 461 6052
: kamil.kartal@allingus.com
Claimant
REQUEST for HEARING by BOARD OF DIRECTORS
: Kamil Kartal (https://independent.academia.edu/KamilKartal)
Claiming / Original Doc.: Mars'ın veya Proxima B'nin Dili / Language of Mars or Proxima B (and of vessel)
Suspected Doc. Title
: Language Development during Interstellar Travel
Suspected Doc. Location: https://zenodo.org/record/3747353#.YfG_D-pBxPa
Author (Co-Author)
:
Unit
:
Web Address
:
Request for Hearing
: Please ask the following to Mr.
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Did he sign a contract against Plagiarism with your
University?
Did he experience any other plagiarism allegation /
accusation before; if yes, what happened at the end?
Please ask a short story of the idea leading him
writing this article; when and how did he come up
with the idea?
When and where did he first publish his article?
When did he apply to obtain the DOI number for his
article?
What is the reason for time difference between first
publishing the article and applying for the DOI?
When was the DOI number registered and assigned?
Was it prior to first publishing or after - obtaining the
DOI?
Did he make any updates on the article and if yes,
when?
To what other magazines and newspapers did he
deliver his article for publication and when?
Does he know Kamil Kartal’s profile in any of the
social media platforms such as Facebook, Youtube,
Twitter, Instagram, or Academia, and also his
personal website at gunes-dil-akademisi.com? (The
Article)
Did he know Kamil Kartal’s article any time before or
after his publication; is there any possibility that he
was inspired by Kamil Kartal’s article?
Other explanations, clarifications, justifications or
mitigations - if there is any, and his acceptance or
denial on the allegation.
SEGMENTAL (Sentence by Sentence) COMPARISON OF TWO ARTICLES
KAMİL KARTAL
Published on December 09, 2019
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And thus, new words would enter the language due to the
voyage.
But it is also certain that these would consist of very narrow
terminology.
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For sure, some new concepts would emerge during those 6,500
years.
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This problem may compound as later vessels bring new crews
with their own changed languages to mix with those from
earlier crews.
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Languages drift apart as communities grow more isolated from
each other, so the long isolation of a traveling community may
lead to enough difference to render its language unintelligible
to the original community it left.
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Whichever language is to be used for both formal
communication and dialogue, that language would most likely
undergo almost no change between the 1st and 50th
generations, even on a voyage anticipated to last for 6,500 years
and 350 generations.
It is highly possible to envision that a voyage originating from the
Earth and conducted in English would experience little, if any,
change in terms of language or dialect, and for that vessel to
arrive at Proxima B with its passengers continuing to use the
same language and dialect.
This paper explores the consequences that language change
might trigger in the languages of crew members during a long
journey in space or interplanetary settlement.
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Let’s continue to discuss the idea of which language should be
spoken in an interstellar voyage that would last for many
generations together with its reasons…
NOTES
NOTES
Published on March 2020
DOI:
We discuss various aspects that contribute to language
change, through comparison to historical Earthbound cases
involving some of these aspects, such as the Polynesian
settlement of far-flung Pacific islands, and dialect development
in relatively isolated European colonies.
We also weigh the effects of multilingualism amongst the
crew, with or without a common lingua franca in use, as well as
the effects of time and the role that children play in language
change and creation.
As we lay out possible outcomes, we also suggest possible
methods of shaping this development within limits.
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These facts raise an important linguistic question for any longterm project, especially if colonization is the goal.
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Since humans would not hear new sounds, they are limited to
using other senses to define new movements in outer space,
conceptually.
Our languages are always changing, no matter what we do,
and the necessary conditions for interstellar travel are
precisely those that promote significant language change.
For if a trip takes several generations to complete, the
language of the vessel community may differ significantly at
arrival from that of the passengers at departure.
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A voyage of 6,500 years or 65,000 years would not change the
situation.
However, it is no less crucial to consider what will happen to
the humans’ language on a long interstellar voyage.
Also, every vessel afterward will see its own language and
dialect development, leading to every new arrival speaking a
different dialect and perhaps a different language from the
others.
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Here, the importance of time is minimal, if it exists at all.
When we think of language in space, our minds usually imagine
how intelligent non-humans might communicate [1].
This question needs to be considered for any mission
containing generations-long travel or development.
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No linguistic and dialectical change can take place in a space
where no sound waves exist.
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The formation and development of language skills are based
mainly on the ability to hear.
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However, language comes into existence as a function depending
on more than 80 percent of the sense of hearing.
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All movement in space is silent.
1 Introduction
In this paper we discuss the nature of language change, and
look at history to show how much a language can evolve when
a part of a speech community isolates itself from other parts
for years or even generations.
Heading /
Subheading
I hypothesize that the language would not undergo a natural
change due to the nonexistence of sound in space: those
individuals on a 6,500-year, 350-generation adventure of
interstellar travel are unlikely to experience any new sounds.
As we know, there is no sound in space, for there is no atomic
environment and conditions at the density where sound
mechanics can take place; thus, there are no circumstances
where sound waves would occur and spread, progressing by
jumping from atom to atom.
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The most significant measure necessary to secure this important
detail is to keep the Catholic church and its missions away from
the vessel.
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Under normal circumstances, formal language in a space vehicle
would not be altered.
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Concerns regarding changes in the language that could occur
between generations, and that might render effective
communication and dialogue impossible, are idle and
unnecessary from this point.
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The necessary circumstances for the maintenance of the
language between the beginning and the end in a 6,500-year
voyage is guaranteed by the soundless void of space.
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Without sound waves themselves, and the effective use of the
auditory sense, a language cannot be established, developed or
altered.
Thomason (2003) addresses some of these questions [2], but
makes specific assumptions about crew size and journey
length, and makes specific proposals for them.
For instance, Thomason suggests that English-language crew
would be ideal to achieve genetic diversity within the crew,
and given a journey of 200 years, we might not expect major
change.
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Thus, the formation and development of a potential “new
language” or dialect can only emerge via concepts perceived
through the visual sense; however, the role of sight in building a
language is very low.
We do not focus on any single set of voyage parameters in this
paper, because our goal is to introduce readers to broad
linguistic issues that might arise.
However, we will point out that 200 years is long enough for
significant changes to occur, especially if the crew is physically
and socially disconnected from Earth.
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Space conditions outside the shuttle are not able to carry the
senses of smell, hearing, taste and touch, due to the scarcely
atomic rarity (1 atom in a 1 cm3 area).
Finally, we explore some additional considerations that
emerge from multilingual environments.
These changes might not render the crew language
unintelligible to English speakers, but can lead to a new dialect
that creates social issues for the crew and any other crews
arriving after them.
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Language is an exceptional technical mechanism formed by
listening and imitating within our environment and
circumstances, and is a fundamental need for existence.
We then look at the facets of modern life that affect language
variation, though they cannot stop it.
Moreover, these changes will continue during a colonization
phase after the vessel’s arrival.
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Among our five senses – sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing the task of building language skills falls to our sense of hearing.
We also do not propose much in terms of preventative
solutions.
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Otherwise, survival and development are not possible.
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The grammatical structure, vocabulary, syntax and morphology
should definitely respond to the acoustic atmosphere and
circumstances of the new planet.
2 The Nature of Language Change
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Yes, this should be an enduring and constant language and
utmost care should be taken to ensure that the language shall
bear acoustic values appropriate to the nature of the new planet.
The most famous case of this process are the “dialects” of China including
Cantonese, Hakka, or Wu, which are not mutually intelligible with Standard
Mandarin.
We begin by introducing readers to what occurs when
languages change, focusing on English when possible for the
sake of convenient exposition.
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And this would also drive a rapid divergence in language, a new
and persistent language creation altogether.
Conversely, some people consider distinct languages to be merely dialects of
one language, usually to promote a unified social identity.
For this discussion, it is helpful to think a language as a system,
or rather, a complex of systems.
Heading /
Subheading
All of these sound waves will belong to the same different and
diverse movements of the same different circumstances; and
requirements would be such that they must be named and
defined, from scratch, with meticulous observation.
Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian and Hindi- Urdu are the most well-known
instances.
Footnote
Audible sound waves would be present, and these would be
entirely unfamiliar and unknown to the newly arrived humans.
1 Non-linguists generally employ social factors when distinguishing languages
and dialect, with the result that some varieties that linguists generally
consider dialects of one language are considered by their speakers as distinct
languages, especially if doing so helps maintain distinct social identities.
Footnote
In a different atmospheric environment, the most important and
shocking change that the human race will immediately face are
disparate acoustic conditions.
We are nowhere near the point of making concrete policy
proposals, except for the necessity of sign languages, and an
appeal for greater linguistic awareness among crewmembers
so they can handle issues as they arise.
Footnote
Upon arrival at Proxima B, where atmospheric conditions are
suitable for establishing a colony, if the language of the
destination is English, it is unlikely that the human race can
survive in this new home.
Language change is not fully predictable, so there will be a lot
of necessary vagueness in a voyage that has to be prepared
for.
Footnote
Problematic, on the other hand, is the end of 6,500 years and
350 generations; in other words, the time of the arrival at the
destination.
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2.1 Aspects of Language Change
We begin by simply discussing what happens when a language
changes.
One of the oldest observations about language change is that
much of it is systematic: Changes do not merely affect
individual words or sounds, but can affect the grammatical
system [4].
A sound /p/ will not only be replaced by /f/ in one word but
will be replaced throughout the grammar, in particular
systematic environments (for instance, the beginning of a
syllable).
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The English used by Chaucer in the 1400s and by Shakespeare in
the 1600s is almost two completely different languages.
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The English that is used in science, art, politics, education and
culture in our current world has transformed into an entirely
different language in nearly every 200-year period.
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And this seems impossible to avoid.
1 Modern linguists tie the systematicity of languages and dialects to elements
of cognition or society, but we set that question aside to focus on the nature
of changes within these systems.
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In this case, it is not the vessel’s passengers who are responsible
for a loss in the two-way communication (Earth-Vessel, colony)
due to language changes, but Earth itself.
Less so, and we are more likely to distinguish two related
languages.
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In any case, due to the reason that I explained in my previous
article, the language spoken in the vessel 200 years later cannot
be different than the language spoken 200 years before.
The more the regions are socially close, and the more they are
mutually intelligible, the more likely linguists are to call two
variations dialects of the same language.
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If this language, namely the formal communication and dialogue
language of the vessel or the colony, is English, the English
language spoken on the planet Earth in 2319 will absolutely differ
from the English language spoken on the vessel departing from
Earth in 2019.
As such, dialects of the same language exhibit mutual
intelligibility: Speakers of one can generally understand
speakers of the other and vice versa.
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The reason for this is not a probable divergence in the vessel or
colony language but, on the contrary, the Earth-bound
languages' addiction to change.
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On the other hand, as the distance and time between the vessel
or colony and the Earth increase, two-way communication may
be precluded.
A dialect is a variation of a language tied to a socially
significant geographic region [3].
Heading /
Subheading
A new planet may not be as tolerant and forgiving as our present
world, which we have ruined with the so-called Towers of Babel.
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These three structures are exemplified below by tweaking a
grammatical modern sentence (no. (1)) to show what kinds of
structures used to be possible.
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Because all of them, just like English, have consistently
undergone enormous changes within 200- to 300-year periods,
and none of those changes are natural; they are artificial!
For instance, Early Modern French underwent a series of
significant concomitant changes in syntax, which all occurred
due to a slight difference in how case is assigned to subjects in
the syntax [6].
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None of the existing 6,500 languages can even be nominated to
this important mission.
Sometimes the change occurs in the underlying processes that
build linguistic structures, and is reflected in a series of
phenomena.
Match
This language, as Kamil Kartal always says, must be the Turkish
language: the Turkish language is the most resistant to change
but also the most flexible and resolute to development.
Again, this was a language-wide shift [5].
Match
A language that exists on Earth and has never changed is the
language that must be used to facilitate effective communication
between the vessel or colony and the Earth.
In Modern English, verbs precede objects.
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The place where language will change is not a space vessel or
colony, but the Earth.
For instance, English once put objects before verbs, producing
sentences like The man his cat fed instead of The man fed his
cat.
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enhancement
The picture is obvious.
Language systems also changed in syntax.
Exact
Match
In other words, only 300 years later, Shakespearean English is
completely out of common use, and yet this also happened in the
same way, as a result of the Jesuit touch.
Most European languages are notable for inflectional systems
simplifying over the medieval period; this process did not apply
to just one word, but throughout the system.
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The 15th-century Shakespearean English cannot be read, spelled
or written by English speakers of the 21st century; it is another
language filled with a forgotten thousand words.
Systematicity also applies to changes in other modules of
language systems, like word structures (morphology) and
sentence structures (syntax).
Exact
Match
In just 200 years, the Great Vowel Change – among other
changes - engendered a total shift from one language to another
- both called English; and this is a purely artificial change – not
natural! The Jesuits have touched the English language.
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French also allowed simple verb-subject inversion in questions
(4), but now only allows it with pronouns (Comment allezvous?).
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(1) La fille porte les livres the girl wears the books (2) porte les
livres wears the books (omitted subject) (3) [Les livres] porte la
fille The books wears the girl (verb-second) (4) Porte la fille les
livres? Wears the girl the books (verb-subject inversion)
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2 Modern German and Dutch still employ verb-second structures in main
clauses.
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In Modern French, the subject must precede the verb.
English also used to have all of these features.
Footnote
If humanity so desires, it may present this apology and may
avoid the horrible and unavoidable end awaiting all of us in the
near future.
The word or phrase could be the subject, object, or any other
phrase (3).
Footnote
Humanity owes planet Earth, life and the #SUNLANGUAGE, i.e.
TURKISH, a very big apology.
French had a “verb-second” structure that requires one word
or phrase before the verb.
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So we do not have to run away without a backward glance and
return to square one by taking very dangerous risks.
Before this one syntactic change, French speakers could omit
subjects, while Modern French ones cannot (2).
Text
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While there is still time, mankind may return to the knowledge of
the #SUNLANGUAGE only within the next 300 years: humanity
can manage this with determination and common sense, and our
planet may again make peace with us.
The tweaks (2-4) are all strongly ungrammatical in Modern
French.
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Today, the main reason that humanity is seeking a new home is
its addiction to confusing, anagramming and wrapping the
original model #SUNLANGUAGE, and then fabricating nonacoustic, artificial languages.
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The myth of the tower of Babel, emerging from biblical literature
and maintained by the Catholic Church, has made our world an
unliveable place in just 4,000 years, and has driven the great and
beautiful planet crazy.
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It is an extremely critical decision to take.
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The language for communication and dialogue that will be used
in the communication between Earth, the vessel upon departure,
and the colony to be established at Proxima B after arrival, must
be TURKISH, as a natural and sound-reflected language, for the
interest and sake of both the Earth and the colony.
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If we connect with my previous article and crosscheck:
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Instead of simply making more ambiguity, the person might
now say the old bet as butt /E/ ! /2/, and onwards, so butt
sounds like bought /2/ ! /O/, and bought moves closer to the
original bat /O/ ! /a/.
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It is likely that not only life but also an established civilization
may be found on Proxima B; it could be similar to that of Earth,
or even more advanced, and its language might very well be
TURKISH…
For instance, a person might say bat in a way that sounds like
bet (The /æ/ sound moves to /E/, so /æ/ ! /E/).
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And the crew should be open to great surprises.
A common change of this type is the chain vowel shift,
wherein vowels move around the mouth in the language
system.
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IN TERMS OF the PROXIMA B LANGUAGE, any and all plans and
perspectives should be performed according to the acoustic,
natural vibrational, recursive, reflective, infrasonic-ultrasonic
circumstances of Proxima B nature.
Some changes work together.
Text
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Whether or not they apologize or duly compensate, they would
have to speak TURKISH to survive at Proxima B.
These expressions are idiomatic and thus protected from
systematic shifts.
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Yet, it doesn’t seem that the Jews and the Catholic Church have
any intention to apologize from the TURKS, the #SUNLANGUAGE,
our Earth, and life nor to seek for any way of compensation.
English even retains a handful of archaic object-first
expressions like one swallow does not a summer make, with
this ring I thee wed, or till death do us part (considering do as
an auxiliary rather than the main verb).
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Before doing this, while the same Babel Tower addiction
chronically continues here, no one should consider a brand new
start from scratch as a solution.
English maintains case marking on pronouns like he/him/his, a
few relic irregular plurals like children, and its peculiar series of
‘strong’ verbs like ran instead of runned.
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It is an effective solution; permanence can be achieved.
As with any human process, exceptions abound, notably in
highly common expressions whose frequent use shields their
lexical entry from grammatical change.
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Such an apology and its necessities, i.e. compensation can be
discussed.
The verb-subject inversion was common until past Shakespeare’s time, hence
questions like Why comest thou? from Julius Caesar.
Footnote
We may continue to live in our own home as we did throughout
the eons, and in peace and serenity.
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Suspicious
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Suspicious
Languages do not develop or evolve in any particular direction
or with any particular end-stage to approach.
Suspicious
Language change is not teleological.
Exact
That does not mean we can predict exactly which direction
these processes will take.
Highly
Suspicious
Systematic language change is inevitable.
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The /e:/ vowel in teem (like tame) became /i/ (like team) and
so on.3
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A word like tame saw its vowel move from /a/ (like father) to
/e/ (like fame).
Exact
Match
From 1400 to 1600, the vowels of English nearly all changed in
pronunciation.
Match
The most well-known vowel shift is simply called the Great
Vowel Shift, and also occurred in English.
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You might think we invented this example but it’s real: Around
the Great Lakes region in North America, the Northern Cities
Vowel Shift is currently taking place, and spreading [4, 7].
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It usually occurs piece by piece, impercetibly to most speakers.
Suspicious
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Change made by adults and teens is often subtly triggered by
social factors, while children acquiring a language can push
significant change as well.
Suspicious
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The manner of language change is often systematic, but even
when it is, the rate of change is not.
Suspicious
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It is not possible to predict exactly how fast a language will
change.
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Not only do we not know which changes will occur, but there
is not a regular rate to measure.
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2. 2 The Rate of Language Change
Heading /
Subheading
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Language use is generally subconscious, and so is language
change.
Suspicious
Suspicious
Nor are grammatical systems designed or planned.
Linguists in the 1950s tried a glottochronological approach
seeking general consistent rates of language change [8], in
analogy to radioactive decay, but language change is more like
a biological process than a fully predictable chemical one.
Suspicious
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We even see this speed in larger communities.
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In English, it is increasingly common for speakers to end
statements with a rising intonation.
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This phenomenon, called uptalk (or sometimes High Rising
Terminal), is often mistaken for a question tone by those
without it in their grammars, but it actually sounds quite
distinct [9] and indicates politeness or inclusion [10].
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Uptalk has only been observed occurring within the last 40
years, but has spread from small groups of young Americans
and Australians to most of the English-speaking world, even to
many Baby Boomers
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Given more time, new grammatical forms can completely
replace current ones.
Suspicious
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About two hundred years ago, the English sentence My house
is currently being built, which employs the progressive passive,
was ungrammatical.
Highly
suspicious
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To describe this scenario one only said My house is currently
building, which is stoutly ungrammatical to modern speakers
[11].
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An even more recent development is the get-passive (My child
got promoted, my house is getting built), which has a subtle
meaning difference from the be-passive.
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Suspicious
We can be certain, though, that just one lifetime suffices for
significant differences to emerge, especially in a smaller
community.
Suspicious
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Exact
Match
Even Shakespeare in 1600 could not have heard it without
learning a different language— and Shakespeare’s dialect is
quite different from modern ones as well [13].4
Exact
Match
If it’s read aloud, few would recognize it at all.
Exact
Match
Chaucer in print is extremely difficult for modern English
speakers to make out.
Exact
Match
Most of the Great Vowel Shift took place in less than 200
years, between Chaucer’s time and Shakespeare’s.
Suspicious
In addition, some systematic changes can render a language
nearly incomprehensible to past speakers in short order.
Suspicious
These changes to language are grammatically significant, and
while no single change would make a vessel’s language
incomprehensible to us back on Earth, each little change to the
system adds up until the system no longer obviously resembles
the original.
Footnote
3 The spelling of English remained mainly the same despite these
developments, and that is largely why English vowel spelling is so odd.
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Likewise, the ubiquity of get in use with other predicates (e.g.,
meaning ‘become’ as in get angry) is younger than the
Enlightenment 12].
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The get-passive is a common and cemented feature of modern
English, but its widespread use is actually new— it postdates
the first heavier-than-air flight.
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That requires a look at cognition, but it also requires
examination of social factors.
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Our species is a social one, and language as a trait permits us
to communicate in ways that other animals simply cannot, to
our general benefit.
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The main reason that languages diverge is that their speaking
communities cease speaking to one another.
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Each little change adds up over time, until two communities
speak distinct dialects.
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As divergence continues, mutual intelligibility is reduced to the
point that speakers no longer understand one another, and
their varieties are now distinct languages.
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We cannot consider language systems without also considering
the people who know them.
Languages also change when they come into contact with new
languages, and show convergence.
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Heading /
Subheading
2.3 Social Factors in Language Change
Words get borrowed (like football from English), and
grammatical features leak over.
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In some regions, so many features are shared that the region
forms a distinct linguistic area (or Sprachbund).
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The Balkans are a well-studied Sprachbund, due to features
including postposed definite articles [14].
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In most European languages with definite articles, articles
precede their noun phrases: the woman, la femme, die Frau.
Text
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However, many languages and dialects of the Balkan region,
no matter what language family they’re from, have articles
that follow the noun phrase and are morphologically attached
to it, as if English had woman-the.
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Notably, some Baltic Slavic languages (like Bulgarian) have this
construction, even though other Slavic languages (like Russian
or Czech) lack definite articles altogether.
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These factors can be accelerated when a community is small.
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Divergence accelerates because it is easier for a small
community to cut off contact with others.
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As divergence from other communities takes place,
convergence towards one another accelerates because small
communities allow for a change to rapidly become the norm,
and because a small community might be greatly affected by a
larger community’s language.
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Another social factor affecting change is language identity.
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As a language variety becomes distinct from others,
community members accentuate the differences, and the
differences become the norm as a badge of belonging.
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4 A reviewer points out that in 200 years, it is not terribly likely that a
language will change to the point of non-intelligbility.
Footnote
127
However, some changes affect intelligbility more than others, and a
vowel shift— which often takes less than 100 years— affects it
greatly.
Footnote
128
These social factors are well observed occurring around the
world, in all types of societies, so we can predict that they will
apply to any crew on an interstellar vessel, even if we cannot
predict exact changes.
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The physical isolation of an interstellar voyage fosters
divergence from Earth varieties, especially as social isolation
grows without any no other communities to grow convergent
toward.
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This isolation also offers an ideal environment for a speech
community to form, with crew members’ speech converging
[15].
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In this section we will discuss a few historical instances that are
analogous to the interstellar scenario.
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3 Language Change in Exploratory Contexts
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People often use language or dialect as a method of belonging
within a community (the one that speaks that way), and will
unconsciously adjust their own speech to more closely match
their peers.
133
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Given just a few hundred years, these communities’ language
developed into new dialects and into completely new
languages by diverging from other varieties and converging on
a new one.
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The paths of divergence and convergence depended on the
social conditions of the voyagers as well as the environments
they landed in.
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Austronesian expansion and settlement, particularly
Polynesian settlement across the southern Pacific, provides an
ideal mirror to space exploration for a number of reasons: It
includes human exploration and settlement into the unknown,
and the groups undertaking this journey experienced isolation
from external human influence.
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Polynesian languages are descended from a single
hypothesized common language, or protolanguage, called
Proto-Polynesian.
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Linguistic, genetic, and archeological evidence provides
somewhat different answers to the origin site of this language
[16, 17].
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Polynesian deep-sea settlement likely began between 1500–
1000 BCE [?, 16, 18].
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3.1 Isolated Oceanic Settlement
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136
Crews of intrepid voyagers travelled long distances to form
new communities cut off from others who spoke their
language.
Settlers reached distant and hard-to-reach locations such as
Hawai’i and Easter Island around 400-500 CE and New Zealand
around 1000 CE.
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Krupa [18, 19] notes that this isolation impacts the linguistic
situation.
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“First, the Polynesian languages are notable for an
extraordinary transparence of their phonemic systems and
phonotactic structures, and second, Polynesia is, due to an
almost total lack of external influence, a sort of linguistic
laboratory where hypotheses on various linguistic changes can
be verified” (Krupa 1973:15).
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Recent research finds that far-flung Polynesian settlements
were not fully cut off, and that many conducted exchanges
between each other [20].
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Nonetheless, the various speaking communities were largely
isolated from other ones, and new, mutually unintelligible
varieties emerged.
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147
A spatial crew or colony would also not be fully cut off from
other speakers, because of long-distance communication tools,
so we can expect over time that the language(s) of our space
explorers will undergo a similar shift relative to the Earthbound
language users they left behind.
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The relative isolation of Polynesian settlements stands in
contrast to the history of Malagasy, which is spoken in
Madagascar.
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3.2 Non-Isolated Oceanic Settlement
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148
Being the first humans to live in these places, the Polynesian
settlers were largely isolated from other languages.
Despite its location near mainland Africa, Malagasy is a cousin
of the Polynesian languages, as both belong to the larger
Austronesian language family.
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Madagascar was settled by Austronesian settlers from the East
Indies around 500 CE, and their language would develop into
modern-day Malagasy.
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However, Madagascar’s proximity to southern Africa has
shaped the language’s development via contact-induced
change with nearby speakers of Bantu languages [21, 22].
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This shaping has affected both vocabulary and grammatical
structure, including Malagasy’s full-fledged tense system, and
the introduction of word-final vowels [23].
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For instance, Malagasy `ulunˇa ‘person’ derives from ProtoMalagasay *ulun.
Text
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155
In related Borneo languages like Maanyan, these words still
generally end in consonants (ulun).
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156
Vowel-final words are a well-known feature of Bantu, and
Malagasy is the only language in its historical group where they
are prevalent.
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The exact history and timing of this influence has been a
matter of debate [24], but it is clear that neighboring languages
have significantly affected Malagasy development.
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As a whole, we may expect that a multigenerational crew’s
language would shift in the ways common in internal-changes
within a language.
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The lack of consistent, external pressures or influences on the
crew language would make this very similar to the case of
Polynesian exploration and language change, while the
presence of any external influences at the point of arrival
would predict a development more like Malagasy.
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English speakers of various dialects emigrated to New Zealand
in large numbers the mid-1800s.
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160
161
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More recent examples offer a record to examine, and also
shed light on dialect development through contact.
There, they built a relatively small colony largely isolated from
other English dialects [25].
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Once this divergence occurred, the various dialects quickly
converged to make a new tandard within three generations, in
a levelling process that Kerswill calls koin´eization [26].
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168
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Nonetheless, Texas German became fairly distinct from other
varieties of German spoken back in Europe.
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A similar situation occurred when German settlers from a
variety of regions emigrated to Texas in the United States,
forming communities that remained mainly German-speaking
until World War I.
In three generations, the dialects of these German speakers
had begun to coalesce [27], but the koin´eization was not as
complete as it was in New Zealand, perhaps due to the
minority status of the German communities being surrounded
by English-speakers.
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We have no historical record tracing how Polynesian or
Austronesian languages changed, and must trace their
development through the present-day descendant languages.
165
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3.3 19th-Century Colonization
169
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And the process of dialects leveling and merging began on the
months-long sea voyage.
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For a years-long voyage, we can expect the dialects to begin to
merge, and for a generations-long mission, we can expect a
new dialect distinct from all others to become solidified.
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Given enough generations, we can expect the crew and
colonists to have formed a distinct language altogether—
without even taking into account changes back on Earth.
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However, several crucial aspects of human culture relating to
language have arisen since those times, and these changes
induce significant effects on the outcomes of language change.
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The three we shall discuss are language policy, universal
compulsory education, and telecommunications.
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4.1 Language Policy
Heading /
Subheading
177
The examples of historical exploration demonstrate what is
likely to happen to an isolated crew’s language over a long
interstellar voyage.
176
4 Considerations for Modern Exploration
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173
The time periods in these cases have only been long enough to
allow the development of distinct dialects rather than
languages, but they merely involved a few decades of relative
isolation.
178
179
180
181
182
183
English serves in science as well, though Latin served that
purpose for many years.
184
French was the lingua franca of Western diplomacy; Chinese
that of the Far East.
185
In space missions, the choice is localized based on context:
English is used aboard the ISS, while Russian is used in the
Soyuz craft to reach it, although a lack of clear policy has led to
some confusion [28].
186
Language policies that promoted national languages formed a
key component of nationalism throughout the 20th century,
but in the 21st, policies have shifted toward the preservation
and promotion of endangered minority languages.
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In international aviation that language is generally English.
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Consequently, in many domains, interested parties agree to
employ a lingua franca, a language chosen to be the common
one for the mission.
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A common language or set of languages is generally crucial to
cooperation, and on a mission, cooperation is crucial to
success.
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When it comes to international cooperation and professional
communication, that choice becomes practically constrained.
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In ordinary lives, people can speak any language they please,
and it suits them well.
187
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The oldest form of language policy is mandating the use of an
official language in government business.
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Over the years, as government functions have spread into
more and more aspects of life, so the effect of one or more
official languages has grown.
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The most important one for language development has proven
to be education.
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Recall that children are a significant driver of language change.
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During the course of acquiring languages, they figure out the
systems they are exposed to from their peers and from adults.
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As they figure out a language system, they adjust it slightly.
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One key distinction of modern times from the past is that
nearly all children go to school.
195
4.2 Education
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191
Any colony or long-term voyage will need to set a course in
terms of language policy that takes these trends into account.
196
As the children age into adolescence, their innovations often
endure [29].
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After the older have speakers passed on, the changes become
part of the language or the dialect— Koin´eization of an
immigrant dialect begins among adults, but kicks off in earnest
once children begin to acquire it as native speakers.
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The role of children in language acquisition has grown more
prominent in language policy since school is now the main
locus of child socialization, and thus of language development
[30].
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Consequently, language policies often focus on education,
taking advantage of the need for some language or dialect to
serve as the medium of instruction.
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200
Many governments have employed education to enforce the
use of a dominant language [31], to defensively protect a
minority one [32], or to deliberately eradicate minority
languages [33].
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Forcing children to use one language can contribute to the end
of acquisition of others.
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202
A multilingual vessel will have to set its education policy
carefully.
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203
Although education plays a role in promoting or eradicating
language varieties, it does not greatly affect the change of
languages that continue to be acquired.
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In fairly monolingual jurisdictions, education tends to promote
a prestige dialect above others, rather than a prestigious
language.
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206
207
In Finland, nobody does.
208
In both cases, everyone learns the prestige variety in school.
209
The promotion of a dialect is generally accompanied by
prescriptive stylistic rules, which slow the rate of change in the
written language, but do not significantly slow the less
prestigious local dialects from continuing to change.
210
If the process continues unchanged, the two forms will
diverge.
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For instance, written/literary French is strictly preserved by
linguistically conservative language academies, and still
employs forms that fell out of use in spoken language over two
hundred years ago, like the pass´e simple.
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212
It also employs question forms that speakers use only in a few
dialects.
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213
Contrast the written Quand arriva-t-il le vaisseau? ‘When did
the vessel arrive?’ to the spoken Il est arriv´e quand, le
vaisseau? The growing distinctions have led many linguists to
consider spoken and written French to be distinct dialects [34],
before even considering regional variations.
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In some cases, like Standard German, few people use the
prestige dialect natively.
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However, it rarely causes that dialect to supplant local ones.
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214
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215
Even if the onboard schools rigorously maintained the
teaching of “Earth English,” the children would develop their
own Vessel English dialect, which would diverge from Earth
English over time.
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The divergence would be aided by isolation, since the children
would not need to enter the wider workforce.
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Convergence towards a unique variety would be aided by the
sense of identity the dialect would offer to the vessel’s
occupants.
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218
Indeed, after several generations, the mission participants
might have almost no need to learn the Earth English dialect
except to read operation and maintenance documentation and
other historical documents.
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In a multilingual crew, this process might unfold for every
language involved.
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221
Since the Industrial Revolution, communities have grown less
isolated from one another.
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4.3 Telecommunications
Heading /
Subheading
220
On a long voyage, or in a colonization situation where
everyone spoke a single language (say English for the sake of
example), we would probably see the same situation unfold.
This interconnection has exploded during the Information Age,
as telecommunications and air travel expose people to other
accents and languages more than ever before.
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Contact slows or prevents divergence, and national media
promotes a single identity with a neutral dialect, so one might
conclude that dialects are blending together over time now.
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224
Contrary to that conclusion is actual observation, which finds a
more complex picture.
Text
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225
While some dialects are levelling off toward a standard dialect
promoted by education and mainstream media, other dialects
are diverging as a marker of socioeconomic identity— a way to
stay distinct amid a homogenized culture [35, 36].
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Many cases involve novel regionalizations of standard varieties
(e.g. Estuary English, Poldernederlands), while others involve
maintaining or accentuating non-standard varieties.
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Such identity marking may become a critical early factor in
linguistic divergence when two-way communication is possible
between Earth and the ship or colony at relatively short time
lapses.
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Match
228
As the crew forms a ‘regional’ identity separate from the
Earth-bound support team, we would expect to see reflexes of
this separation in their language use.
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229
Also, if the crew is large enough, tasks may be divided in ways
similar to socio-economic strata in Earth-bound societies.
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230
It is therefore possible that multiple ship-based varieties
would emerge as markers of identity.
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231
These emerging dialects would develop despite continued
communication with Earth, at least for relatively near missions.
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232
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233
As the distance grows between Earth and the crew, we might
instead see the development of fossilized, older forms of the
Earth languages in specialized or even ritualistic use.
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234
As time and distance increase between Earth and the ship or
colony, direct two-way communication will become impossible,
as messages may be received years after transmission.
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Match
236
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237
238
For the purposes of exposition we have mainly assumed a
monolingual crew, but in the modern era of international
cooperation, a multilingual crew is almost certain.
Reliable universal automatic translation that can keep up with
the full breadth of language use still resides in the distant
realm of science fiction, so communication policies will need to
be set.
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240
Heading /
Subheading
5 Multilingualism on Board
Highly
Suspicious
With the divergence of languages on the ship relative to Earth,
and with the Earth-bound languages still changing, such
messages are likely to employ a preserved form of the
common, pre-change version of the languages in a
standardized, ritualized way.
Such preservation may be viewed as analogous to the
preservation and use of dormant languages in liturgical or
other religious settings, like the use of Latin by the Catholic
Church, Biblical Hebrew in Jewish traditions, Classical Arabic in
Islam, or Sanskrit in the religions of India.
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235
However, Earth languages might not be forgotten, even if only
a few people used them.
Every question previously discussed will occur for each of the
languages on board.
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242
However, as of the 21st century, linguistic diversity and the corequisite preservation of cultural identity also require
important consideration [37].
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243
Even if one language predominates, it will also be practical to
select crew in part for skills in multiple languages.
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enhancement
Heading /
Subheading
245
Obviously, the entire crew will need to communicate with one
another, unless the vessel can hold several hundred people.
Text
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246
This is the problem faced by international organizations like
the United Nations, the European Union, or OPEC.
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247
Some groups choose a single lingua franca spoken by the
nation at ‘heart’ of the organization (English for the British
Commonwealth, or Russian for the CIS), while others choose
one that is common amongst members, like Modern Standard
Arabic for the Arab League.
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5.1 Ensuring Crew Communication
Some economic organizations like OPEC use English as a lingua
franca due to its status in international business.
Text
enhancement
249
244
Thomason’s suggestion of a monolingual-English crew is aimed
at promoting communication first and foremost [2].
Others rely on simultaneous
organizations with legal force.
Text
enhancement
translation,
especially
250
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251
Simultaneous translation takes up valuable resources that a
spaceship likely cannot spare, so the crew members will need
to be multilingual.
Text
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252
This solution has proven helpful for current ISS missions, but
can it be scaled up to a mission where ten different languages
are spoken?
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254
Even if one nation sent a monolingual crew on a long voyage or
to form a colony, there would end up being some kind of
multilingualism due to the birth of congenitally non-hearing
children.
Irrelevant
Text
255
Congenital hearing loss occurs at a rate of over two per
thousand births [38].
Irrelevant
Text
256
These children can acquire sign languages, which any child can
acquire as easily as hearing children can acquire spoken ones.
Irrelevant
Text
257
Sign languages are as complex and complete as spoken
languages, but completely distinct from them.
Irrelevant
Text
258
5.2 Sign Languages
Heading /
Subheading
253
The EU famously translates into the official languages of all its
members, while the UN limits itself to six of most commonly
spoken ones around the world.
American Sign Language, for instance, is completely
unintelligible with British Sign Language, and is actually more
like French Sign Language.
Irrelevant
Text
259
260
261
In order for a child to acquire a sign language, there must be
signers signing to and around them.
Irrelevant
Text
263
This paper has considered some of the outcomes concerning
language during a long interstellar voyage, or a colonization
scenario.
Match
264
While crisp predictions are impossible due to the nature of
language change, we can predict that significant changes will
likely occur within a single generation.
Text
enhancement
265
Eventually, the language or languages of the crew will diverge
from those on Earth.
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266
If they start out with multiple languages, those will perhaps
converge towards each other.
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267
6 Conclusion
Heading /
Subheading
262
The certitude of congenital non-hearing will entail the
requirement of signers participating in the mission, to ensure
that nonhearing children are not deprived of language
acquisition.
Irrelevant
Text
Irrelevant
Text
Sign languages also change over time.
After enough time we will consider the crew’s speech to have
formed new languages.
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Match
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
Highly
Suspicious
There will be need for an informed linguistic policy on board
that can be maintained without referring back to Earthbased
regulations.
Highly
Suspicious
Will they be discriminated against until their children and
grandchildren learn the local language? Can they establish
communication with the colony ahead of time to learn the
local language before arrival?
Given the certainty that these issues will arise in scenarios such
as these, and the uncertainty of exactly how they will progress,
we strongly suggest that any crew exhibit strong levels of
metalinguistic training in addition to simply knowing the
required languages.
Highly
Suspicious
Either way, every new vessel will essentially offload linguistic
immigrants to a foreign land.
Match
Perhaps they will have formed a new language altogether.
Highly
Suspicious
However, if the voyage is years or generations long, each new
vessel will have its own dialect and dialect community, unlike
that of the colony they arrive at.
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enhancement
For those who don’t assimilate, their children certainly will.
Highly
Suspicious
+ Match
History shows that a months-long voyage is not enough time
for a new variety to develop, so after a colony has established
its own dialect or language, most new arrivals will assimilate to
the colony’s speech.
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enhancement
If we send multiple crews to a colony, the problem could
compound upon each crew’s arrival.
277
Not to mention, the voyage would provide a significant natural
experiment for linguistic science, if crew members are capable
of conducting it.
Exact
Match!
278
Metalinguistic awareness would not only crucially aid the
mission but would add to its scientific value as well.
Match
KAMİL KARTAL
PLGAIARIZED CONTENT – EVIDENCE OF PLAGIARISM
Published on Academia.edu and opened to discussion.
Delivered to TUBITAK for publication.
Prof Dr.
December
07, 2019
January
20, 2020
, & Prof. Dr.
… University and … University
March
2020
DOI:
TITLE AND MAIN SUBJECT OF THE ARTICLE
Line
Nr.
in the
Article
Outlining the general aspects of language problem between space vessel
and the Earth during a generations-long interstellar voyage and also the
colony and the Earth and suggesting a solution to the problem.
Prof Dr.
, & Prof. Dr.
2
1 Let’s continue to discuss the idea of which language should be
spoken in an interstellar voyage that would last for many
generations together with its reasons…
3
1 Let’s continue to discuss the idea of which language should be
spoken in an interstellar voyage that would last for many
generations together with its reasons…
4
2 Whichever language is to be used for both formal communication
and dialogue, that language would most likely undergo almost no
change between the 1st and 50th generations, even on a voyage
anticipated to last for 6,500 years and 350 generations.
2 Languages drift apart as communities grow more isolated from each
other, so the long isolation of a traveling community may lead to enough
difference to render its language unintelligible to the original community it
left.
5
1 This paper explores the consequences that language change might trigger
in the languages of crew members during a long journey in space or
interplanetary settlement.
2 Whichever language is to be used for both formal communication
and dialogue, that language would most likely undergo almost no
change between the 1st and 50th generations, even on a voyage
anticipated to last for 6,500 years and 350 generations.
5 We also weigh the effects of multilingualism amongst the crew, with or
without a common lingua franca in use, as well as the effects of time and
the role that children play in language change and creation.
6
1
QTY.
Outlining the general aspects of language problem between space vessel and
the Earth during a generations-long interstellar voyage and also the colony
and the Earth and suggesting a reliable solution to the problem.
Lin
e
Nr.
KAMİL KARTAL
in the
Article
1 Let’s continue to discuss the idea of which language should be
spoken in an interstellar voyage that would last for many
generations together with its reasons…
6 As we lay out possible outcomes, we also suggest possible methods of
shaping this development within limits.
263 This paper has considered some of the outcomes concerning language
during a long interstellar voyage, or a colonization scenario.
2 Whichever language is to be used for both formal communication
and dialogue, that language would most likely undergo almost no
change between the 1st and 50th generations, even on a voyage
anticipated to last for 6,500 years and 350 generations.
12 For if a trip takes several generations to complete, the language of the
vessel community may differ significantly at arrival from that of the
passengers at departure.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
3 It is highly possible to envision that a voyage originating from the
Earth and conducted in English would experience little, if any,
change in terms of language or dialect, and for that vessel to arrive
at Proxima B with its passengers continuing to use the same
language and dialect.
3 It is highly possible to envision that a voyage originating from the
Earth and conducted in English would experience little, if any,
change in terms of language or dialect, and for that vessel to arrive
at Proxima B with its passengers continuing to use the same
language and dialect.
4-5-6 For sure, some new concepts would emerge during those 6,500
years. And thus, new words would enter the language due to the
voyage. But it is also certain that these would consist of very
narrow terminology.
4-5-6 For sure, some new concepts would emerge during those 6,500
years. And thus, new words would enter the language due to the
voyage. But it is also certain that these would consist of very
narrow terminology.
7 I hypothesize that the language would not undergo a natural
change due to the nonexistence of sound in space: those
individuals on a 6,500-year, 350-generation adventure of
interstellar travel are unlikely to experience any new sounds.
8 As we know, there is no sound in space, for there is no atomic
environment and conditions at the density where sound
mechanics can take place; thus, there are no circumstances where
sound waves would occur and spread, progressing by jumping
from atom to atom.
10 However, language comes into existence as a function depending
on more than 80 percent of the sense of hearing.
12 No linguistic and dialectical change can take place in a space
where no sound waves exist.
20 For instance, Thomason suggests that English-language crew would be
ideal to achieve genetic diversity within the crew, and given a journey of
200 years, we might not expect major change.
22 These changes might not render the crew language unintelligible to
English speakers, but can lead to a new dialect that creates social issues
for the crew and any other crews arriving after them.
110- The main reason that languages diverge is that their speaking communities
111 cease speaking to one another. Each little change adds up over time, until
two communities speak distinct dialects.
100 These changes to language are grammatically significant, and while no
single change would make a vessel’s language incomprehensible to us back
on Earth, each little change to the system adds up until the system no
longer obviously resembles the original.
159 The lack of consistent, external pressures or influences on the crew
language would make this very similar to the case of Polynesian
exploration and language change, while the presence of any external
influences at the point of arrival would predict a development more like
Malagasy.
8 When we think of language in space, our minds usually imagine how
intelligent non-humans might communicate [1].
9 However, it is no less crucial to consider what will happen to the humans’
language on a long interstellar voyage.
9 However, it is no less crucial to consider what will happen to the humans’
language on a long interstellar voyage.
13 Here, the importance of time is minimal, if it exists at all.
14 This question needs to be considered for any mission containing
generations-long travel or development.
15 Since humans would not hear new sounds, they are limited to
using other senses to define new movements in outer space,
conceptually.
15 In this paper we discuss the nature of language change, and look at history
to show how much a language can evolve when a part of a speech
community isolates itself from other parts for years or even generations
17
18
22 Concerns regarding changes in the language that could occur
between generations, and that might render effective
communication and dialogue impossible, are idle and unnecessary
from this point.
111 Each little change adds up over time, until two communities speak distinct
dialects.
19
22 Concerns regarding changes in the language that could occur
between generations, and that might render effective
communication and dialogue impossible, are idle and unnecessary
from this point.
112 As divergence continues, mutual intelligibility is reduced to the point that
speakers no longer understand one another, and their varieties are now
distinct languages.
20
22 Concerns regarding changes in the language that could occur
between generations, and that might render effective
communication and dialogue impossible, are idle and unnecessary
from this point.
129 The physical isolation of an interstellar voyage fosters divergence from
Earth varieties, especially as social isolation grows without any no other
communities to grow convergent toward.
23 Under normal circumstances, formal language in a space vehicle
would not be altered. The most significant measure necessary to
secure this important detail is to keep the Catholic church and its
missions away from the vessel.
128- These social factors are well observed occurring around the world, in all
129- types of societies, so we can predict that they will apply to any crew on an
130 interstellar vessel, even if we cannot predict exact changes. The physical
isolation of an interstellar voyage fosters divergence from Earth varieties,
especially as social isolation grows without any no other communities to
grow convergent toward. This isolation also offers an ideal environment
for a speech community to form, with crew members’ speech converging.
23 Moreover, these changes will continue during a colonization phase after
the vessel’s arrival.
24
25 Language change is not fully predictable, so there will be a lot of necessary
vagueness in a voyage that has to be prepared for.
30 And this would also drive a rapid divergence in language, a new
and persistent language creation altogether.
113 Languages also change when they come into contact with new languages,
and show convergence.
25
25 Problematic, on the other hand, is the end of 6,500 years and 350
generations; in other words, the time of the arrival at the
destination.
27 In a different atmospheric environment, the most important and
shocking change that the human race will immediately face are
disparate acoustic conditions.
49 Sometimes the change occurs in the underlying processes that build
linguistic structures, and is reflected in a series of phenomena.
30 And this would also drive a rapid divergence in language, a new
and persistent language creation altogether.
146 Nonetheless, the various speaking communities were largely isolated from
other ones, and new, mutually unintelligible varieties emerged.
26
23
22
21
17 Language is an exceptional technical mechanism formed by
listening and imitating within our environment and circumstances,
and is a fundamental need for existence.
31 Yes, this should be an enduring and constant language and utmost
care should be taken to ensure that the language shall bear
acoustic values appropriate to the nature of the new planet.
49 Sometimes the change occurs in the underlying processes that build
linguistic structures, and is reflected in a series of phenomena.
27
28
31 Yes, this should be an enduring and constant language and utmost
care should be taken to ensure that the language shall bear
acoustic values appropriate to the nature of the new planet.
135 The paths of divergence and convergence depended on the social
conditions of the voyagers as well as the environments they landed in.
32 The grammatical structure, vocabulary, syntax and morphology
should definitely respond to the acoustic atmosphere and
circumstances of the new planet.
32 The grammatical structure, vocabulary, syntax and morphology
should definitely respond to the acoustic atmosphere and
circumstances of the new planet.
43 Systematicity also applies to changes in other modules of language
systems, like word structures (morphology) and sentence structures
(syntax).
32 The grammatical structure, vocabulary, syntax and morphology
should definitely respond to the acoustic atmosphere and
circumstances of the new planet. Otherwise, survival and
development are not possible.
45 Language systems also changed in syntax.
32 The grammatical structure, vocabulary, syntax and morphology
should definitely respond to the acoustic atmosphere and
circumstances of the new planet.
32 The grammatical structure, vocabulary, syntax and morphology
should definitely respond to the acoustic atmosphere and
circumstances of the new planet.
33 Otherwise, survival and development are not possible.
45 Language systems also changed in syntax.
37
36
35
34
33
30
43-44 Systematicity also applies to changes in other modules of language
systems, like word structures (morphology) and sentence structures
(syntax). Most European languages are notable for inflectional systems
simplifying over the medieval period; this process did not apply to just one
word, but throughout the system. Language systems also changed in
syntax.
41 One of the oldest observations about language change is that much of it is
systematic: Changes do not merely affect individual words or sounds, but
can affect the grammatical system [4].
31
32 The grammatical structure, vocabulary, syntax and morphology
should definitely respond to the acoustic atmosphere and
circumstances of the new planet. Otherwise, survival and
development are not possible.
87 Linguists in the 1950s tried a glottochronological approach seeking general
consistent rates of language change [8], in analogy to radioactive decay,
but language change is more like a biological process than a fully
predictable chemical one.
32
29
31 Yes, this should be an enduring and constant language and utmost
care should be taken to ensure that the language shall bear
acoustic values appropriate to the nature of the new planet.
93 Given more time, new grammatical forms can completely replace current
ones.
180 A common language or set of languages is generally crucial to cooperation,
and on a mission, cooperation is crucial to success.
35 On the other hand, as the distance and time between the vessel or
colony and the Earth increase, two-way communication may be
precluded.
227 Such identity marking may become a critical early factor in linguistic
divergence when two-way communication is possible between Earth and
the ship or colony at relatively short time lapses.
35 On the other hand, as the distance and time between the vessel or
colony and the Earth increase, two-way communication may be
precluded.
234 As time and distance increase between Earth and the ship or colony, direct
two-way communication will become impossible, as messages may be
received years after transmission.
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
36 The reason for this is not a probable divergence in the vessel or
colony language but, on the contrary, the Earth-bound languages'
addiction to change.
10 Our languages are always changing, no matter what we do, and the
necessary conditions for interstellar travel are precisely those that
promote significant language change
36 The reason for this is not a probable divergence in the vessel or
colony language but, on the contrary, the Earth-bound languages'
addiction to change.
16 We then look at the facets of modern life that affect language variation,
though they cannot stop it.
36 The reason for this is not a probable divergence in the vessel or
colony language but, on the contrary, the Earth-bound languages'
addiction to change.
75 Systematic language change is inevitable.
36 The reason for this is not a probable divergence in the vessel or
colony language but, on the contrary, the Earth-bound languages'
addiction to change.
147 A spatial crew or colony would also not be fully cut off from other
speakers, because of long-distance communication tools, so we can expect
over time that the language(s) of our space explorers will undergo a similar
shift relative to the Earthbound language users they left behind.
36 The reason for this is not a probable divergence in the vessel or
colony language but, on the contrary, the Earth-bound languages'
addiction to change.
172 Given enough generations, we can expect the crew and colonists to have
formed a distinct language altogether— without even taking into account
changes back on Earth.
36 The reason for this is not a probable divergence in the vessel or
colony language but, on the contrary, the Earth-bound languages'
addiction to change.
235 With the divergence of languages on the ship relative to Earth, and with
the Earth-bound languages still changing, such messages are likely to
employ a preserved form of the common, pre-change version of the
languages in a standardized, ritualized way.
37 If this language, namely the formal communication and dialogue
language of the vessel or the colony, is English, the English
language spoken on the planet Earth in 2319 will absolutely differ
from the English language spoken on the vessel departing from
Earth in 2019. In any case, due to the reason that I explained in my
previous article, the language spoken in the vessel 200 years later
cannot be different than the language spoken 200 years before.
37 If this language, namely the formal communication and dialogue
language of the vessel or the colony, is English, the English
language spoken on the planet Earth in 2319 will absolutely differ
from the English language spoken on the vessel departing from
Earth in 2019.
20 For instance, Thomason suggests that English-language crew would be
ideal to achieve genetic diversity within the crew, and given a journey of
200 years, we might not expect major change. However, we will point out
that 200 years is long enough for significant changes to occur, especially if
the crew is physically and socially disconnected from Earth. These changes
might not render the crew language unintelligible to English speakers, but
can lead to a new dialect that creates social issues for the crew and any
other crews arriving after them. Moreover, these changes will continue
during a colonization phase after the vessel’s arrival.
94 About two hundred years ago, the English sentence My house is currently
being built, which employs the progressive passive, was ungrammatical.
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
37 If this language, namely the formal communication and dialogue
language of the vessel or the colony, is English, the English
language spoken on the planet Earth in 2319 will absolutely differ
from the English language spoken on the vessel departing from
Earth in 2019. In any case, due to the reason that I explained in my
previous article, the language spoken in the vessel 200 years later
cannot be different than the language spoken 200 years before.
39 In this case, it is not the vessel’s passengers who are responsible
for a loss in the two-way communication (Earth-Vessel, colony)
due to language changes, but Earth itself. And this seems
impossible to avoid.
100 These changes to language are grammatically significant, and while no
single change would make a vessel’s language incomprehensible to us back
on Earth, each little change to the system adds up until the system no
longer obviously resembles the original.
39 In this case, it is not the vessel’s passengers who are responsible
for a loss in the two-way communication (Earth-Vessel, colony)
due to language changes, but Earth itself. And this seems
impossible to avoid.
234 As time and distance increase between Earth and the ship or colony, direct
two-way communication will become impossible, as messages may be
received years after transmission.
41 The English that is used in science, art, politics, education and
culture in our current world has transformed into an entirely
different language in nearly every 200-year period.
182 In international aviation that language is generally English.
41 The English that is used in science, art, politics, education and
culture in our current world has transformed into an entirely
different language in nearly every 200-year period.
183 English serves in science as well, though Latin served that purpose for
many years.
42 The English used by Chaucer in the 1400s and by Shakespeare in
the 1600s is almost two completely different languages. In just 200
years, the Great Vowel Change - among other changes engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial change - not natural!
The Jesuits have touched the English language.
42 The English used by Chaucer in the 1400s and by Shakespeare in
the 1600s is almost two completely different languages. In just 200
years, the Great Vowel Change - among other changes engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial change - not natural!
The Jesuits have touched the English language.
42 The English used by Chaucer in the 1400s and by Shakespeare in
the 1600s is almost two completely different languages. In just 200
years, the Great Vowel Change - among other changes engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial
227 Such identity marking may become a critical early factor in linguistic
divergence when two-way communication is possible between Earth and
the ship or colony at relatively short time lapses.
67 A common change of this type is the chain vowel shift, wherein vowels
move around the mouth in the language system.
71 The most well-known vowel shift is simply called the Great Vowel Shift,
and also occurred in English.
72 From 1400 to 1600, the vowels of English nearly all changed in
pronunciation.
54
56
43 In just 200 years, the Great Vowel Change – among other changes
- engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial change – not natural!
The Jesuits have touched the English language.
78 Languages do not develop or evolve in any particular direction or with any
particular end-stage to approach.
43 In just 200 years, the Great Vowel Change – among other changes
- engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial change – not natural!
The Jesuits have touched the English language.
79 Nor are grammatical systems designed or planned.
57
77 Language change is not teleological.
43 In just 200 years, the Great Vowel Change – among other changes
- engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial change – not natural!
The Jesuits have touched the English language.
80
58
55
102 Most of the Great Vowel Shift took place in less than 200 years, between
Chaucer’s time and Shakespeare’s. Chaucer in print is extremely difficult
for modern English speakers to make out. If it’s read aloud, few would
recognize it at all.
43 In just 200 years, the Great Vowel Change – among other changes
- engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial change – not natural!
The Jesuits have touched the English language.
81
59
42 The English used by Chaucer in the 1400s and by Shakespeare in
the 1600s is almost two completely different languages. In just 200
years, the Great Vowel Change - among other changes engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial change - not natural!
The Jesuits have touched the English language.
43 In just 200 years, the Great Vowel Change – among other changes
- engendered a total shift from one language to another - both
called English; and this is a purely artificial change – not natural!
The Jesuits have touched the English language.
62
43 The Jesuits have touched the English language.
44 The 15th-century Shakespearean English cannot be read, spelled
or written by English speakers of the 21st century; it is another
language filled with a forgotten thousand words.
63
61
60
43 The Jesuits have touched the English language.
44 The 15th-century Shakespearean English cannot be read, spelled
or written by English speakers of the 21st century; it is another
language filled with a forgotten thousand words.
Language use is generally subconscious, and so is language change.
It usually occurs piece by piece, impercetibly to most speakers.
107 We cannot consider language systems without also considering the people
who know them. That requires a look at cognition, but it also requires
examination of social factors. Our species is a social one, and language as a
trait permits us to communicate in ways that other animals simply cannot,
to our general benefit.
108 That requires a look at cognition, but it also requires examination of social
factors.
48 Again, this was a language-wide shift [5].
105 Even Shakespeare in 1600 could not have heard it without learning a
different language—and Shakespeare’s dialect is quite different from
modern ones as well.
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
45 In other words, only 300 years later, Shakespearean English is
completely out of common use, and yet this also happened in the
same way, as a result of the Jesuit touch.
47 The place where language will change is not a space vessel or
colony, but the Earth.
133 Crews of intrepid voyagers travelled long distances to form new
communities cut off from others who spoke their language. Given just a
few hundred years, these communities' language developed into new
dialects and into completely new languages by diverging from other
varieties and converging on a new one. The paths of divergence and
convergence depended on the social conditions of the voyagers as well as
the environments they landed in.
235 With the divergence of languages on the ship relative to Earth, and with
the Earth-bound languages still changing, such messages are likely to
employ a preserved form of the common, pre-change version of the
languages in a standardized, ritualized way.
51 Because all of them, just like English, have consistently undergone
enormous changes within 200- to 300-year periods, and none of
those changes are natural; they are artificial!
147 A spatial crew or colony would also not be fully cut off from other
speakers, because of long-distance communication tools, so we can expect
over time that the language(s) of our space explorers will undergo a similar
shift relative to the Earthbound language users they left behind.
53 The language for communication and dialogue that will be used in
the communication between Earth, the vessel upon departure,
and the colony to be established at Proxima B after arrival, must
be TURKISH, as a natural and sound-reflected language, for the
interest and sake of both the Earth and the colony. It is an
extremely critical decision to take.
53 The language for communication and dialogue that will be used in
the communication between Earth, the vessel upon departure,
and the colony to be established at Proxima B after arrival, must
be TURKISH, as a natural and sound-reflected language, for the
interest and sake of both the Earth and the colony. It is an
extremely critical decision to take.
55 The myth of the Tower of Babel, emerging from biblical literature
and maintained by the Catholic Church, has made our world an
unlivable place in just 4,000 years, and has driven the great and
beautiful planet crazy.
65 Yet, it doesn’t seem that the Jews and the Catholic Church have
any intention to apologize from the TURKS, the #SUNLANGUAGE,
our Earth, and life nor to seek for any way of compensation.
187 Any colony or long-term voyage will need to set a course in terms of
language policy that takes these trends into account.
66 Whether or not they apologize or duly compensate, they would
have to speak TURKISH to survive at Proxima B.
181 Consequently, in many domains, interested parties agree to employ a
lingua franca, a language chosen to be the common one for the mission.
214 On a long voyage, or in a colonization situation where everyone spoke a
single language (say English for the sake of example), we would probably
see the same situation unfold.
236 Such preservation may be viewed as analogous to the preservation and
use of dormant languages in liturgical or other religious settings, like the
use of Latin by the Catholic Church, Biblical Hebrew in Jewish traditions,
Classical Arabic in Islam, or Sanskrit in the religions of India.
236 Such preservation may be viewed as analogous to the preservation and
use of dormant languages in liturgical or other religious settings, like the
use of Latin by the Catholic Church, Biblical Hebrew in Jewish traditions,
Classical Arabic in Islam, or Sanskrit in the religions of India.
72
68-69 And the crew should be open to great surprises. It is likely that not
only life but also an established civilization may be found on
Proxima B; it could be similar to that of Earth, or even more
advanced, and its language might very well be TURKISH…
277 Not to mention, the voyage would provide a significant natural experiment
for linguistic science, if crew members are capable of conducting it.
APEENDIX 1: Word frequency Table
This table was generated after removal of irrelevant texts and text enhancements in the suspected document.
KAMİL KARTAL
Word
arrival
biblical
catholic
century
change
chaucer
church
colony
communication
completely
concerns
conditions
conducted
consider
consist
continues
creation
crew
critical
culture
dangerous
decision
define
departure
development
dialect
dialectical
differ
different
discuss
disparate
distance
divergence
diverse
Frequency Frequency
A
3
8
B
1
1
C
3
1
2
2
11
22
1
2
3
1
9
8
8
7
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
1
1
1
1
D
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
5
3
9
1
9
1
1
6
4
1
1
1
3
1
5
2
2
1
1
Prof Dr.
Prof. Dr.
Word
arrivals
biblical
catholic
century
change
chaucer
church
colony
communication
completely
concerning
conditions
conducted
considered
consistent
continue
creates
crew
critical
culture
decades
decay
demonstrate
departure
development
dialect
dialects
differ
different
discussed
distance
distinct
diversity
divided
earth
earthbound
education
effective
emerge
emerging
engendered
english
environment
established
experience
explained
extremely
15
3
1
4
2
1
1
13
3
3
2
1
1
forgotten
1
generation
generations
grammatical
great
1
5
1
3
hear
human
2
2
idea
imitating
impossible
increase
individuals
interstellar
1
1
2
1
1
3
jews
1
knowledge
1
language
let’s
linguistic
literature
47
1
1
1
maintained
maintenance
measure
mission
modern (21st century,
today)
1
1
1
2
E
16
5
2
1
2
1
1
5
3
2
1
1
1
F
1
G
1
6
2
1
H
1
1
I
4
1
2
1
1
7
J
1
K
1
L
59
1
8
1
M
1
1
1
3
1
5
earth
earthbound
education
effect
emerge
emerging
endangered
english
environments
established
experiment
exploration
extremely
forgotten
generation
generations
grammatical
grow
heard
human
identity
imagine
impossible
increase
individual
interstellar
jewish
knowing
language
lead
linguistic
liturgical
maintained
manner
measure
mission
modern
morphology
1
nature
necessary
necessities
7
2
1
observation
occur
original
1
2
1
passengers
period
permanence
politics
precluded
present
problematic
progressing
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
rarity
read
reason
reflective
requirements
1
1
4
1
1
science
seek
seeking
shakespeare
shift
shuttle
sight
significant
solution
sound
space
speak
speakers
spelled
spoken
spread
start
structure
syntax
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
9
9
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
task
1
1
N
3
1
1
O
1
2
1
P
1
1
1
5
1
2
1
1
R
1
1
1
1
1
S
2
1
3
1
3
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
T
5
morphology
nature
necessity
needs
observations
occurs
original
passengers
period
permits
policy
precisely
predictable
problem
progress
rates
read
reason
reflexes
regulations
science
see
seeking
shakespeare
shift
ship
show
significant
solutions
sound
space
speak
speaking
speech
spoke
spread
strata
structures
syntax
tasks
transformed
travel
turkish
turks
two
1
1
6
1
3
undergone
unknown
used
1
1
5
values
vehicle
vessel
visual
vowel
voyage
1
1
12
1
1
6
way
words
world
4
4
3
1
1
2
1
1
U
1
2
2
V
1
1
6
2
1
1
W
16
2
1
transmission
travel
triggered
trip
two
undergo
unintelligible
users
value
variety
vessel
viewed
vowel
voyage
way
words
world
APPENDIX 2: Word Cloud
KAMİL KARTAL’S ARTICLE
’S &
’S ARTICLE
This word cloud was generated after removal of irrelevant texts and text enhancements in the suspected document
APPENDIX 3: ACADEMIA.edu Website Suspicious Activity Report (The United States)
APPENDIX 4: Evidence of my continuous
interest on the topic / My Earlier Public Drafts
APPENDIX 5: COPYRIGHT PUBLIC WARNING ON
MY MATERIAL