International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2013.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
THE MULTI INPUT-MULTI OUTPUT STATE SPACE AVERAGE
MODEL OF KY BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER INCLUDING ALL
OF THE SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Mohammad Reza Modabbernia1, Seyedeh Shiva Nejati2 &
Fatemeh Kohani Khoshkbijari 3
1
Electrical Engineering Group, Technical and Vocational University, Rasht, Iran
Electrical Engineering Group, Sardar Jangal Higher Education Institute, Rasht, Iran
3
Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
2
ABSTRACT
In this paper a complete multi input-multi output state-space average model for the KY buck-boost converter is
presented. The introduced model includes the most of the regulator’s parameters and uncertainties. In
modeling, the load current is assumed to be unknown, and it is assumed that the inductor, capacitor, diode and
regulator active switches are non ideal and have a resistance in conduction condition. Some other non ideal
effects look like voltage drop of conduction mode of the diode and active switches are also considered. After
presenting the complete model, the KY buck-boost converter Benchmark circuit is simulated in PSpice and its
results are compared with our model simulation results in MATLAB SIMULINK. The results show the merit of
our model.
KEYWORDS: KY buck-boost converter, average model, SMPS, SIMULINK, PSpice.
I.
INTRODUCTION
In many applications such as portable devices, personal computers, car equipments, etc., there is a main
supply that must be converted to some other smaller or greater voltages. In these applications buckboost converters are very efficient. Recently, a new circuit was introduced for buck-boost converter by
Hwu based on the KY converter structure [1]. This regulator has a good transient response and its
performance is look like buck converter without any right half plan zeros [2]. One of the other
advantages of this converter is its continuous conduction mode (CCM) performance, which decreases
the output voltage ripple [1-2].
The topology of DC-DC converters consists of two linear (resistor, inductor and capacitor) and
nonlinear (diode and active switches) parts. Because of the switching properties of the power elements,
the operation of these converters varies by time. Since these converters are nonlinear and time variant,
to design a linear controller, we need to find a small signal model basis of linearization of the state
space average model about an appropriate operating point of it. The small signal analysis and modeling
in frequency domain for DC-DC converters are carried out by references [3-5].
A complete model with all of the converter parameters (such as turn-on resistance of the diode and
active switches, resistance of inductor and capacitor, and unidentified load current that it can receive
from the converter) is the main step in designing a non conservative robust controller for the regulators
[6-7]. The essential of KY converters and their derivatives are introduced by Hwu in 2009 [8], but a
model that consists of the aforementioned parameters was not presented yet.
The average model of KY buck-boost converter is presented in [1-2] without concerning the deviation
of input capacitance (C). A model for KY and second-order-derived KY converter is presented in [8-9].
In [10], a model for KY Boost converter is introduced. Inverse KY converter and its model are
demonstrated in [11]. The transfer function of negative-output KY buck converter and the steady state
model of KY voltage-boosting converter with leakage inductance and without leakage inductance are
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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2013.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
introduced in [12-13] respectively. In these references the model of converters were calculated by
minimum parameters and all of the switches and diodes assumed are ideal. Their on state resistance
and voltage drop are neglected and there are not any parasitic resistance for capacitances and inductors.
This paper is organized in seven parts. On the basis of state space average method [3], we first obtain
the state space equations of a KY buck-boost regulator in turn on and turn off modes by considering all
the system parameters such as an inductor with resistance, a capacitor with resistance, a diode and
switches on mode resistance and voltage drop, a load resistance and unidentified load current in section
II. Then in section III, the state equations are linearized around circuit operation point (input DC
voltage and current versus output DC voltage) in section IV. The coefficients of state space equations
will therefore be dependent on the DC operating point in addition to the circuit parameters. At the end
the duty cycle parameter “d” (control input) is extracted from the coefficients and introduced as an
input. This work was introduced for the Boost and Buck-boost converters in [14-15] respectively. The
effects of parasitic resistances, on state voltage drop of switches and the deviation of load current can
be studied with this completed model. In section V, by neglecting the parasitic resistances of the
regulator’s elements (rm rd rL rC rCo 0) , the steady state average model of KY buck-boost
converter will be simplified. Anybody can use this simple model to design a linear controller for the
converter and then utilize the complete model for analyzing the robustness of his or her controller [1617].
In section VI, the KY buck-boost converter Benchmark circuit is simulated in PSpice and its results are
compared with our complete model simulation results in MATLAB. The simulations were done in
three scenarios. The results are so closed to each other. Finally, in Section VII, some suggestions are
presented for future works.
II.
KY BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER STATE EQUATIONS FOR ON-OFF TIME
SWITCHING
In modeling of the state space, the state variable which principally are the elements that store the
energy of circuit or system (capacitance voltage and inductor current) have significant importance. In
an electronic circuit, the first step in modeling is converting the complicated circuit, into basic circuit in
which the circuit lows can be established. In switching regulators, there are two regions; the on region
and off region. The on time denoted by d T , and the off time is denoted by d T (1 d ) T , in which
T is the period of steady state output voltage. “Fig.1” shows a KY buck-boost converter. The switch is
turned on (off ) by a pulse with a period of T and its duty cycle is d. Therefore we can represent the
equivalent circuit of the system in two on and off modes with d T and d T seconds respectively, by
“Fig.2” and “Fig.3”. By considering iL , vC and vCo as our state variables ( x [iL
writing the KVL for the loops of “Fig.2”, we will have:
vC
vCo ]' ) and
Figure 1. KY Buck-boost regulator circuit
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Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 862-875
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2013.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
Figure 2. Equal circuit of KY Buck-boost regulator in on times
Figure 3. Equal circuit of KY Buck-boost regulator in off times
x A1 x B1 u
y C1 x D1 u
iL
x vC
vCo
vG
i
O
u vM 1
vM 2
vD
rL 2 rm rC R rCo
L
1
A1
C
R
R rCo Co
1
L
B1 0
0
R rCo
L
0
R
R rCo Co
0
1
C1
R rCo 0
864
1
L
0
0
iL
y
vO
R
R rCo L
0
1
R rCo Co
2
0 0
L
0 0 0
0 0 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
0
R
R rCo
(4)
0
0 0 0
0
D1
0 R rCo 0 0 0
(5)
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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2013.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
Also for off time or d' T seconds the KVL equations from “Fig.3” are given by “(2)”.
x A 2 x B2 u
y C2 x D 2 u
iL
x vC
vCo
rL rm R rCo
L
0
A2
R
R rCo Co
0
1
B2
rd rm rC C
0
R rCo
L
0
R
R
rCo Co
vG
i
O
u vM 1
vM 2
vD
0
1
rd rm rC C
0
iL
y
vO
(6)
R
R rCo L
0
1
R rCo Co
(7)
1
0
L
1
0
rd rm rC C
0
0
1
C2
R rCo 0
0
0
1
rd rm rC C
0
(8)
0
R
R rCo
(9)
0
0 0 0
0
D2
0 R rCo 0 0 0
(10)
The set of state equations “(1)” to “(10)” shows the state of KY buck-boost converter in the on and off
time of switches. We can combine these two set of equations as following [5]:
x A P x B P u
y CP x DP u
A P A1 d A 2 1 d
B p B1 d B 2 1 d
C p C1 d C2 1 d
D p D1 d D2 1 d
(11)
By substituting equations “(1)” to “(10)” we can obtain coefficients of AP to DP.
rL rm R rCo rm rC d
L
d
AP
C
R
R rCo Co
865
d
L
d
rd rm rC
0
R
R rCo L
0
1
R rCo Co
(12)
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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2013.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
d
L
d
BP
rd rm rC C
0
L
2 d
L
0
0
R
R rCo Co
0
R rCo
0
1
CP
R rCo 0
III.
d
L
d
rd rm rC C
0
d
rd rm rC C
0
0
(13)
0
R
R rCo
(14)
0
0 0 0
0
DP
0 R rCo 0 0 0
(15)
LINEARIZATION OFF STATE EQUATIONS AROUND OPERATING POINT
The results presented in section II are acceptable when the circuit time constant is much larger than the
period of switching. . If the duty cycle be a constant value (d = D), the state equations in “(11)” will
become linear. For regulating the voltage on a desired value, we have to change the value of D by a
controller. In general, the state equations of “(11)” are nonlinear and we have to linear them around an
operating point (D). When the system is in equilibrium and the duty cycle is on its nominal value (D),
then we can obtain the system state values in equilibrium points ( X [ I L VC VCo ]' ) and the DC
outputs values.
x AP
x Bp
d D
Y Cp
d D
d D
u0
X Dp
d D
VG
I I
O L
1
X A P B p VM 1 VC
VM 2 VCo
VD
U ,
I
Y L
VO
with
with d D
d D
(16)
(17)
Where X was calculated from equation “(16)”. Finally for linearization of the system, on basis of
classic method, we divided our variables into two parts. The first part is static part (a fixed DC level),
and the second part is a small amplitude that modulates the DC level. On this basis, the variables in the
state equations can be defined as follows:
x(t ) X xˆ
ˆ
d (t ) D d
u (t ) U uˆ
y (t ) Y yˆ
(18)
In which Y I L VO , X [ I L VC VCo ]' and U VG IO VM 1 VM 2 VD are the nominal
values of the DC outputs, state variables and no controllable inputs respectively. Each of them has
small variations (denoted with ^) around nominal values. By substituting equations “(18)” in “(11)”
and assumed that the duty cycle d has also variation d̂ (d= D + d̂ ), we will have
'
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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2013.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
X xˆ AP xˆ BP uˆ A1 A2 X B1 B2 U dˆ X
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
Y
y
C
x
D
u
C
C
X
D
D
U
1 2 dˆ Y
2
P
P
1
0
0
ˆ
xˆ A P xˆ BP uˆ E d
E A1 A 2 X B1 B 2 U
,
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
y
C
x
D
u
P
P
IV.
(19)
(20)
STATE SPACE AVERAGE MODEL
An important point in the set equation “(20)” is that AP and CP are related to d'=1-d. Since d = D
+ d̂ then AP and CP are related to d̂ . It can be shown that with good approximation this dependence is
negligible. By sub situation AP, BP, CP and DP by their equivalents in term of d, A1, B1, C1 and D1 we
will obtain:
xˆ A1 d A2 1 d xˆ B1 d B2 1 d uˆ E dˆ
yˆ C1 d C2 1 d xˆ D1 d D2 1 d uˆ
(21)
d = D + d̂ therefore, we have for the first above equation.
xˆ A1 D A2 1 D xˆ B1 D B2 1 D uˆ E dˆ A1 A2 dˆ xˆ B1 B2 dˆ uˆ
(22)
Since d̂ , û and x̂ denotes small variation of the duty cycle, input and state of system respectively, their
product is very small and we can neglect terms such as dˆ xˆ and dˆ uˆ .
xˆ A xˆ B uˆ E dˆ
(23)
In the same manner, the effect of dˆ xˆ and dˆ uˆ in second equation of “(21)” is negligible. Therefore we
can represent the KY buck-boost regulator state equations like this:
xˆ A xˆ B uˆ E dˆ
yˆ C xˆ D uˆ
iL
xˆ vC
vCo
rL rm R rCo rm rC D
L
D
A
C
R
R rCo Co
867
vG
i
O
uˆ vM 1
vM 2
vD
D
L
D
rd rm rC
0
iL
yˆ
vO
R
R rCo L
0
1
R rCo Co
(24)
(25)
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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2013.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
D
L
D
B
rd rm rC C
0
D
L
D
rd rm rC C
D
rd rm rC C
0
L
2 D
L
0
0
R
R rCo Co
0
0
0
1
C
R rCo 0
0
R
R rCo
(27)
0
0 0 0
0
D
0 R rCo 0 0 0
(28)
R rCo
0
(26)
E can be calculated with equation “(20)”.
V.
A SPECIAL CASE
By neglecting the parasitic resistances of the regulator’s elements (rm rd rL rC rCo 0) , the
steady state average model of KY buck-boost converter will be simplified. During the off state of M 2
and M 4 Mosfets (d T (1 D)T Toff ) , the voltage of input capacitance (C ) will be
constant (VC VG VM 1 VD ) . This capacitance is charged rapidly and saved its voltage during the
time dT interval. In this situation, one of the state of the converter (vC ) was neglected and the steady
state average model of KY buck-boost converter will be replaced by equations set “(29)”.
x A x B u E d
y C x D u
0
A
1
Co
1
L
1
RCo
0 0 0 0 0
D
0 0 0 0 0
iL
x
vCo
2D
L
B
0
0
2 D
L
1
Co
0
vG
i
O
u vM 1
vM 2
vD
1 2D D
L
L
0
0
iL
y
vO
1 0
C
0 1
(29)
2
2
2
1
VG VM 1 VM 2 VD
E L
L
L
L
0
Applying the laplace transform to model equations “(29)” yields 12 transfer functions which the
following output voltage and inductor current to duty-cycle (d) and input voltage transfer functions
have been shown:
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1
2VG 2VM 1 2VM 2 VD
vo LCo
d
1
1
S2
S
RCo
LCo
vo
vG
VI.
(30)
2D
LCo
1
1
S2
S
RCo
LCo
(31)
1
1
2VG 2VM 1 2VM 2 VD S
RCo
iL L
d
1
1
S2
S
RCo
LCo
(32)
2D
1
S
L
RCo
iL
vG
1
1
S2
S
RCo
LCo
(33)
SIMULATION WITH PSPISE AND MATLAB
To show the accuracy of our model, we simulate the KY buck-boost benchmark circuit with PSpice
and then compare its consequences with the simulation results of presented model in MATLAB
SIMULINK. “Fig. 4” and “Fig. 5” show the KY buck-boost benchmark circuit in PSpice and “Fig. 6”
and “Fig. 7” show its equivalent model in SIMULINK respectively. The simulations were performed
under the following conditions: L = 10 mH, C =1 mF, CO = 1 F, R =10 Ω, rm=rd=rC = 0.1Ω, rL = 0.2
Ω and VG = 12 V. The switching frequency is 50 kHz and various cases of simulation have been
considered.
Figure 4. The KY buck-boost benchmark circuit in PSpice with Switch
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©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
Figure 5. The KY buck-boost benchmark circuit in PSpice with Mosfet
Figure 6. The KY buck-boost benchmark circuit in SIMULINK
Figure 7. Equivalent model of KY Buck-boost regulator in SIMULINK
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©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
6.1. Analog switches with 1V forward voltage drop and disturbance in output current
In this scenario, “Fig. 4” with PSpice analog switches has been used. The resistance of switches and
their forward voltage drop are rm= 0.1Ω and Vm1= Vm2 = 1V respectively. Also, the diode on state
resistance and its forward voltage drop has been considered 0.1Ω and 0.9V. The output current is
IO=2A and there is a 1A sudden rise in it. The simulation results with D=0.4 were shown by “Fig. 8”
and “Fig. 9” in PSpice and MATLAB respectively. The regulator works look like a Buck converter
because its duty cycle is D=0.4, therefore, its output voltage will be 8.35V and 8.537V in PSpice and
MATLAB respectively. In table I, the results of these two simulations have been compared with each
other.
Figure 8. PSpice Output voltage and Load Current with IO = 2 A, VD = 0.9 V, VM = 1 V and 1A sudden rise in IO
Figure 9. MATLAB Output voltage and Load Current with IO = 2A,VD = 0.9V,VM = 1V and 1A sudden rise in IO
TABLE 1. COMPARING THE RESULTS WITH IO = 2 A, VD = 0.9 V, VM = 1 V AND 1A SUDDEN RISE IN IO
Steady State Output
Steady State Output
Voltage
Current
PSpice
7.4269 V
2.743 A
MATLAB
7.427 V
2.743 A
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Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 862-875
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2013.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
6.2. Analog switches with 1V forward voltage drop and disturbance in output voltage
In this scenario, “Fig. 4” with PSpice analog switches has been used. The resistance of switches and
their forward voltage drop are rm= 0.1Ω and Vm1= Vm2 = 1V respectively. Also, the diode on state
resistance and its forward voltage drop has been considered 0.1Ω and 0.9V. The output current is
IO=0A. The simulation results with D=0.8 and a 12V sudden rise in input voltage were shown by “Fig.
10” and “Fig. 11” in PSpice and MATLAB respectively. The regulator works look like a Boost
converter because its duty cycle is D=0.8, therefore, its output voltage will be 14.691V and 14.77V in
PSpice and MATLAB respectively. In table 2, the results of two simulations have been compared with
each other.
Figure 10. PSpice Output voltage and Load Current with IO = 0 A, VD = 0.9 V, VM = 1 V and 12V sudden rise
in input Voltage
Figure 11. MATLAB Output voltage and Load Current with IO = 0 A, VD = 0.9 V, VM = 1 V and 12V sudden
rise in input Voltage
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©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
TABLE 2. COMPARING THE RESULTS WITH IO = 0 A, VD = 0.9 V, VM = 1 V AND 12V SUDDEN RISE IN INPUT
VOLTAGE
Steady State Output
Steady State Output
Voltage
Current
PSpice
14.691 A
1.47 A
MATLAB
14.77 V
1.477 A
6.3. 12V and 1A disturbances in the input voltage and load current with IRF450 and
IRF9130 Mosfets
If we consider three IRF450 n-Mosfet instead of M1 , M2 and M4 switches, and one IRF9130 p-Mosfet
instead of M3 switch, we will have a practical simulation in PSpice. The results of simulation with IO =
0 A, 12V sudden rise in input voltage and 1A pulse disturbance in output current were shown by
“Fig.12” and “Fig. 13” in PSpice and MATLAB respectively. In table 3, the results of these
simulations have been compared with each other.
Figure 12. PSpice Output voltage and Load Current with Real Mosfet and Diode. There are a 12V and 1A
disturbances in input voltage and load current respectively
Figure 13. MATLAB Output voltage and Load Current with IO = 0 A, VD = 0.9 V, VM = 1 V. There are a 12V
and 1A disturbances in input voltage and load current respectively ively
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ISSN: 2231-1963
TABLE 3. COMPARING THE RESULTS WITH VD = VM = 1 V .THERE ARE A 12V AND 1A DISTERBANCES IN
INPUT VOLATGE AND LOAD CURRENT RESPECTIVILY
PSpice
MATLAB
VII.
Steady State Output
Voltage
5.8737 V
5.695 V
Steady State Output
Current
0.584 A
0.6595 A
FUTURE WORK
Converting this complete model to the P-Δ-K configuration of μ-theorem. With this configuration,
any linear controller can be analyzed by μ-synthesis theorem. This work was done in [16] for the
boost converter.
Design a precise controller that can satisfy robust stability and robust performance of the KY buckboost converter in the presence of all the converter parameters. This work was done in [17] for the
boost converter.
VIII.
CONCLUSION
There are a lot of parameters in KY buck-boost converters. These are capacitances and their resistance,
inductance and its resistance, resistance of diode and active switches and their conductive voltage drop,
resistance and current of load and uncontrollable input voltage. In this paper, an average model with
multi-input multi-output is presented for KY buck-boost converter with all of the above parameters. By
neglecting some of them, this complete model can be easily converted to any other simple model. The
simplified steady state average model of KY buck-boost converter with (rm rd rL rC rCo 0)
was presented in the paper. Based on our complete average model a SIMULINK block was presented
to simulate the performance of the converter. Anybody can use it to evaluate the performance of its
controller which was designed for the converter. Finally, the KY buck-boost converter Benchmark
circuit is simulated in PSpice and its results are compared with our model simulation results in
MATLAB. The results are so closed to each other.
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ISSN: 2231-1963
[12] K. I. Hwu, and Y. T. Yau, (May-June 2011) “Negative-Output Soft Switched KY Buck Converter,”
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Review on Modelling and Simulation, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp 2396-2408.
AUTHORS
Mohammad Reza Modabbernia was born in Rasht, IRAN, in 1972. He received the B.S. degree
in Electronics Engineering and M.S. degree in control engineering from KNT, the University of
Technology, Tehran, IRAN in 1995 and 1998 respectively. He is the staff member of Electronic
group of Technical and Vocational university, Rasht branch, Rasht, IRAN. His research interests
include Robust Control, Nonlinear Control and Power Electronics.
Seyedeh Shiva Nejati was born in Bandar-Anzali, Iran in 1982. She received her B.Sc. degree in
electrical engineering from Guilan University, Iran, in 2005 and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical
Engineering from Tabriz University, Iran, in 2008. Her research interests include optical fiber,
optoelectronics and optical devices. She is a university lecturer at higher education Institute of
Sardar Jangal, Rasht, Iran.
Fatemeh Kohani Khoshkbijari was born in Rasht, Iran in 1982. She received her B.Sc. degree in
electrical engineering from Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran, in 2005 and the
M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Islamic Azad University Tehran South Branch,
Tehran, Iran, in 2008. As a novel research in nanotechnology, her M.Sc. thesis was awarded by
Iranian Nanotechnology Initiative Council. She is a university lecturer at Sama Technical and
Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch since 2009. Her research
interests include Low Power Design, Device Physics, Process/Device Design, CAD Development for Process
and Device Design, Simulation, Modelling and Characterization of Nanoscale Semiconductor Devices.
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Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 862-875